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列傳一百四十九
Biography 149
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方積硃爾漢楊頀廖寅陳昌齊硃爾賡額查崇華方積，字有堂，安徽定遠人。 拔貢生。 以州判發四川，補閬中知縣，署梁山。 達州東鄉賊起，梁山當其衝，賊犯縣境，營白兔山守兵潰。 積以一百人據小山為疑兵，賊不敢進。 築砦二百餘所，令人自為守。 他縣流民依集者三十餘萬人，賊至無所掠食，屢出奇兵擊走之。 堅壁清野之法，蓋自梁山始。 既而萬縣寶靈寺賊起，越境剿平之，又助大兵殲伍文相於石壩山，卻林亮功於望牛埡，斃亮功弟廷相，賜花翎。 擢寧遠知府，仍留駐梁山，凡四年。 至嘉慶六年，諸路賊漸平，調夔州，繼劉清為建昌道。 涼山生番叛，率師討平之。 未幾，里塘正土司索諾木根登殺副土司，奪其印，副將德寧兵為所困。 積單騎往，密授舊頭目希拉工布方略，以其眾破之。 歷川北道、鹽茶道，擢按察使。 馬邊、峨眉嶺諸夷結梁山生番盜邊，積偕提督丰紳由馬邊三河口鑿山深入，克六拔夷巢，遂出赤夷間道，進攻嶺夷十二地。 浹旬之間，每戰皆捷。 曲曲烏助逆死拒，潛師出其後，殄之。 遷布政使。
Fang Ji, Zhu Erhan, Yang Hu, Liao Yin, Chen Changqi, Zhu Ergenge, and Cha Chonghua. Fang Ji, whose style name was Youtang, came from Dingyuan in Anhui. He entered official life as a selected tribute student. Posted to Sichuan as a subprefectural judge, he was appointed magistrate of Langzhong and acted as magistrate of Liangshan. When rebels broke out in Dongxiang, Dazhou, Liangshan stood directly in their path. Bandits crossed into the county, and the garrison posted at White Rabbit Mountain was routed. With only a hundred men, Ji seized a low hill and posed as a larger force, and the rebels held back. He erected over two hundred fortified hamlets and organized the people to defend each one themselves. Over three hundred thousand displaced people from neighboring counties gathered under his protection. When rebels arrived they found nothing left to loot, and he again and again sent raiding parties to beat them back. The strategy of sealing the towns and stripping the countryside of supplies appears to have begun at Liangshan. When rebels later rose at Baolin Temple in Wan County, he crossed into that jurisdiction and put them down. He then helped the main force destroy Wu Wenxiang at Stone Dam Mountain, drove Lin Lianggong back from Wangniu Pass, killed Lianggong's brother Tingxiang, and received the peacock feather as a reward. Promoted to prefect of Ningyuan, he nevertheless stayed on at Liangshan for four years altogether. By Jiaqing 6 the rebels along the various routes were largely subdued. He was moved to Kuizhou and succeeded Liu Qing as Jianchang intendant. When the aboriginal tribes of Liangshan rose in revolt, he led an expedition that brought them back under control. Soon afterward the chief native ruler of Litang, Sonam Genden, murdered his deputy and seized the official seal, trapping Vice Commander Dening's force. Ji rode in alone, privately briefed the former headman Xilagongbu on a plan of attack, and with that man's followers broke the siege. After serving as Chuanbei intendant and Salt and Tea intendant, he was raised to surveillance commissioner. Tribes around Mabian and Emei Ridge allied with Liangshan aborigines to raid the border. Ji marched with Regional Commander Feng Shen from Sanhekou at Mabian, cutting a path deep into the mountains, seized six Ba Yi strongholds, then slipped through a Red Yi trail to strike twelve Ling Yi settlements. In less than ten days he won victory after victory. Ququwu had backed the rebels and fought to the death; Ji sent a concealed column around his rear and wiped him out. He was promoted to financial commissioner.
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積官四川二十餘年，馳驅殆遍，山川風土，了然於胸，用兵輒獨當一面。 及任籓司，僚屬多故交，一無瞻徇。 清節自勵，尤為時稱。 卒於官，祀名宦。 硃爾漢，字麗江，順天大興人。 少為戶部吏。 乾隆中，官甘肅靖遠典史，母憂去官。 服闋待次，時平涼回酋田五作亂，爾漢與通判吳廷芳、知縣黃家駒守靖遠城，賊來攻。 靖遠回豪哈得城等期夜半為內應，爾漢得其情，令守者悉登城不得下，至哈得成家，陽科其穀餉軍，因拘之； 分遣人誘擒城下賊，賊之雜守者在城上已數十人，縣役鐵光保最為劇賊，猝擒之。 角聲起，扼城上賊無脫者，外賊覺，遂引去。 由是以知兵聞，擢隆德知縣。 徙底店砦降回，擢涇州直隸州知州。 擒教匪劉松，擢鞏昌知府。
Ji spent more than twenty years in Sichuan service, riding to nearly every corner of the province until its terrain and customs were fixed in his mind. Whenever troops were sent out, he was entrusted with an independent command. Once he held a provincial commissioner's post, many of his subordinates were former colleagues, yet he never showed them favor. He held himself to scrupulous honesty and won particular praise from contemporaries. He died in office and was entered in the temple of distinguished local administrators. Zhu Erhan, whose style name was Lijiang, came from Daxing in Shuntian. He began his career as a clerk in the Ministry of Revenue. Under Qianlong he held the post of registrar at Jingyuan in Gansu, then left office to observe mourning for his mother. After mourning he waited for a new posting. The Muslim leader Tian Wu of Pingliang had risen in revolt, and Erhan, together with Subprefect Wu Tingfang and Magistrate Huang Jiaju, held Jingyuan when the rebels assaulted the walls. The Jingyuan Muslim notables Hade Cheng and others had arranged a midnight betrayal from inside the walls. Erhan uncovered the plot, ordered every defender to stay atop the ramparts, then visited Hade's house under the pretense of requisitioning grain for the garrison and arrested him on the spot. He then sent parties to lure and seize rebels outside the gate. Dozens of infiltrators were already mixed among the defenders on the wall, and the county runner Tie Guangbao, the boldest of the lot, was seized in a sudden rush. At the blast of the horn his men sealed the wall and not one infiltrator got away. The rebels outside realized the plot had failed and pulled back. This exploit made his name as a soldier, and he was promoted to magistrate of Longde. Transferred to settle surrendered Muslims at Didian Stockade, he was next raised to magistrate of Jingzhou Direct Prefecture. After capturing the sect rebel Liu Song, he was made prefect of Gongchang.
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嘉慶元年，教匪起，蔓延三省。 二年，四川賊尤熾，總統宜綿駐達州，檄爾漢參軍事。 是時王三槐踞方山坪，白岩山者，地險固，賊渠林亮功、樊人傑屯山上，與方山坪為聲援。 將軍舒亮、提督穆克登布屯山前之韓彭坳，爾漢兵三百、鄉勇三千屯山後之排亞口。 排亞口之上曰金鳳觀，曰草店，曰鴨坪，一日盡攻克之。 復進，有木柵當隘，不見賊，惟以犬守。 兵躍攀柵，賊自崖旁斫傷之，鳴鑼掣旗，左右賊大至，爾漢慮斷後路，退師。 先是與韓彭坳諸師為期，中道而止，賊得專力山後，故不克。 既而奉節賊千餘來援，敗之，擒賊渠邱廣福。 岩賊久困欲走，傾巢來犯，戰一晝夜不得路，仍退。 爾漢攻之三閱月，博戰被創，乃回鞏昌。
In Jiaqing 1 the White Lotus rebels erupted and swept across three provinces. In the second year the Sichuan rebels burned hottest. Commander-in-chief Yimian held Dazhou and summoned Erhan to his staff. Wang Sanhuai then held Fangshan Flat, while White Cliff Mountain was a rugged stronghold where rebel leaders Lin Lianggong and Fan Renjie camped in support of the main position at Fangshan. General Shuliang and Regional Commander Mukedengbu blocked the Hanpeng Pass on the mountain's front face, while Erhan camped at Paiyakou on the rear slope with three hundred regulars and three thousand militia. Above Paiyakou lay Golden Phoenix Temple, Grass Shop, and Duck Flat, and he took all three in a single day. Pressing forward again, he found a timber palisade across the defile. No rebels showed themselves—only dogs left on watch. His men scrambled up the palisade, but rebels on the cliff hacked at them from the flank. Gongs rang, flags dropped, and rebels swarmed in from both sides. Fearing his line of retreat would be severed, Erhan pulled his force back. He had arranged a coordinated attack with the troops at Hanpeng Pass, but they stopped halfway. The rebels were free to throw their full weight against the rear slope, and the assault failed. When more than a thousand rebels from Fengjie marched to relieve the mountain, he routed them and captured the rebel leader Qiu Guangfu. The mountain rebels, worn down by the siege and desperate to break out, hurled their whole force against him. After a full day and night of fighting they found no opening and fell back. Erhan pressed the siege for three months, was wounded in close combat, and finally returned to Gongchang.
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三年，運麥十萬石餉軍，行至成縣，賊渠高均德來奪，敗之於格樓壩，擒其黨李德勝。 四年，張漢潮犯秦州，爾漢赴成縣會剿。 鞏昌警至，馳還，賊已據城東鴛鴦河，夜掠賊卡而入，城守始固，以功擢鞏秦階道。 生番鐵布者，居西傾山中，眾十餘萬，乘教匪猖獗，時出盜內地。 爾漢以鐵布未叛亂，且地險，一構兵非數年不能平。 鐵布奉回教，乃召其阿渾諭之，於是來首者踵至。 一日書姓名一紙，曰：此鐵布黨也。 又出一圖，曰：盜巢及要隘盡於此。 分遣百餘人捕之，悉就擒，鐵布遂定。 六年，川、楚、陝賊漸蹙，餘賊多竄甘肅，率兵扼剿，凡數十戰皆捷。 八年，甘肅匪平，上功最，賜花翎。
In the third year he convoyed a hundred thousand piculs of wheat to the front. At Cheng County the rebel chief Gao Junde tried to seize the grain, but Erhan routed him at Gelou Dam and took his lieutenant Li Desheng prisoner. In the fourth year Zhang Hanchao struck into Qinzhou, and Erhan hurried to Cheng County to join the campaign. When Gongchang raised the alarm he galloped back to find rebels already holding Mandarin Duck River east of the city. He struck their outpost by night, broke through, and stiffened the defense. For this he was promoted intendant of Gongchang, Qinzhou, and Jiezhou. The aboriginal leader Tiebu dwelt in the Western Slope Mountains with more than a hundred thousand followers. While the sect rebels ran wild, he repeatedly raided into the interior. Erhan reasoned that Tiebu had not yet declared open rebellion and that the country was too rugged: once fighting started, pacification would take years. Tiebu was a Muslim, so Erhan summoned his religious teachers and won them over. Surrenders then began to arrive in a steady stream. One day he handed over a written list of names and said, "These men are Tiebu's confederates." He then produced a map and said, "Every rebel nest and every vital pass is marked on this." He dispatched more than a hundred parties to seize them, and every man named was taken. Tiebu's following was thus brought to heel. By the sixth year the rebels in Sichuan, Hubei, and Shaanxi were being squeezed hard, and most of the survivors slipped into Gansu. Erhan led blocking operations and won dozens of engagements in succession. In the eighth year Gansu was cleared of rebels. His service was judged foremost, and he received the peacock feather.
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爾漢有識斷，能得人死力，奴客悉以兵法部之。 自出仕即在行間，後遂與教匪相終始。 用兵有法，所用鄉勇侯達海，侍衛李榮華，武舉劉養鵬，千總鄒坤、桂攀桂皆操刺勇健善戰，故所至有功。 尋調廣東肇羅道，擢廣西按察使，署布政使。 十二年，卒於官。 楊頀，字邁功，江西金谿人。 乾隆四十九年進士，授刑部主事。 總辦秋審，執法平。 內監訟其弟妻，頀按律杖贖守夫墓。 和珅方總刑部，意有所徇，駁詰之，頀面爭。 和珅叱曰：「司員敢爾！」 頀厲聲曰：「司員主稿，知為刑獄得其平耳！ 何叱為？」 和珅不能奪。 及珅敗，擢員外郎。 仁宗召見，嘉其有守，命解餉四十萬兩赴四川濟軍。 川、陝大吏交章論薦，授陝西延榆綏道。 時三省清釐叛產，撫卹難民，事方殷，詔責疆吏慎選公正大員如《音蒦》及劉清者任其事。 頀週曆田野，綜覈不苟，民漸復業。 巡撫秦承恩檄府縣募民補伍，頀曰：「農工商賈各有其業，若預選送營，曠日失業，與抽丁何殊？」 議乃寢。 調甘肅平慶涇固鹽法道。
Erhan was decisive and knew how to win men to fight to the death. He drilled even his household retainers according to formal military doctrine. From his first appointment he served in the field, and he remained entangled with the sect rebels until the very end of the war. He fought with real method. The militia captain Hou Dahai, imperial bodyguard Li Ronghua, military licentiate Liu Yangpeng, and company commanders Zou Kun and Gui Pangui—all expert with thrusting weapons, hardy, and fierce in combat—were the reason his campaigns so often succeeded. He was soon moved to the Zhaoluo circuit in Guangdong, then promoted to surveillance commissioner of Guangxi and appointed acting financial commissioner. In the twelfth year he died in office. Yang Hu, whose style name was Maigong, came from Jinxi in Jiangxi. He took his jinshi degree in Qianlong 49 and was appointed a secretary in the Ministry of Justice. Put in charge of the autumn assizes, he applied the code even-handedly. When a palace eunuch brought suit against his younger brother's wife, Hu sentenced her under statute to a beating commuted by fine and service at her husband's grave. Heshen then headed the Ministry of Justice and wanted the case bent his way. He sent the draft back with objections, and Hu argued with him to his face. Heshen snapped, "How dare a junior clerk behave like this!" Hu answered sharply, "A drafting secretary's only concern is that the punishment fit the crime! Why shout at me for that?" Heshen could not budge him. After Heshen's downfall he was promoted to vice director. Emperor Renzong received him in audience, praised his moral backbone, and ordered him to convey four hundred thousand taels of silver to Sichuan for the army. Senior officials in Sichuan and Shaanxi memorialized jointly in his favor, and he was made Yan-Yu-Sui intendant in Shaanxi. The three provinces were then sorting confiscated rebel property and relieving war refugees, work that had grown urgent. An edict rebuked frontier governors and told them to appoint upright senior officials of the caliber of Yang Hu and Liu Qing. Hu toured the countryside, checked accounts without cutting corners, and the people gradually returned to their livelihoods. Governor Qin Chengen ordered local governments to recruit civilians to fill army quotas. Hu objected: "Farmers, artisans, merchants, and tradesmen each have their own livelihood. If we select them in advance and send them to camp, they lose their work for long stretches—how is that different from a draft levy?" The plan was abandoned. He was moved to the Ping-Qing-Jing-Gu Salt Monopoly circuit in Gansu.
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嘉慶九年，擢安徽按察使，捕六安州匪劉成巨置諸法。 十三年，遷江寧布政使。 淮、揚大水，乘舴艋歷災區訪問疾苦，渡湖幾覆，災黎感之。 尋以失察山陽知縣王仲漢冒賑，坐褫職。 詔頀查賑認真，平日實心辦事，留河工效力。 復起用，歷淮海道、浙江按察使、江蘇布政使。 二十二年，擢浙江巡撫。 未幾，坐臨海民毆差釀大獄，降四品京堂； 復不俟代去任，降禮部郎中。 引疾歸。 道光五年，重宴鹿鳴，加四品卿銜。 卒，年八十五。 廖寅，字亮工，四川鄰水人。 乾隆四十四年舉人。 家貧，不能常試禮部，十二年中，僅再至都。 以大挑知縣官河南，署葉縣。 時教匪方熾，葉當衝，寅撫民不擾。 民有從逆者，捕其魁乃定。 長子思芳有武略，省父至葉，任以守衛事。 詔捕教首劉之協，久不獲。 一日，思芳巡歷近郊，見二人縶馬坐樹下語，異之，歸戒門者伺狀。 俄二人入城飲肆中，有識之者，其一即之協。 寅趣思芳往與雜坐，出不意縛之，鞫得實，械至都伏法。 特擢江蘇鎮江知府。 濬丹陽九曲河，築徬，以時啟閉，民便之。 擢江西吉南贛道，兼筦關榷，正稅外無多取，吏胥奉法。 會南昌煽亂，捕首惡置法。 安遠复亂，單騎往諭，解散黨與，耆民等縛其魁以獻，事遂平。 歷署布政使、按察使。 嘉慶十六年，遷兩淮鹽運使。 卹灶丁，治私梟，鹽課漸增。 河北滑縣教匪起，總督百齡檄寅往徐州協守禦。 會捕逆匪劉第五，誤系同姓名者，坐失察降調，上念其擒劉之協功，許捐復原職。 以老病歸，遂卒。
In Jiaqing 9 he was raised to surveillance commissioner of Anhui, captured the bandit Liu Chengju of Liu'an, and brought him to justice. In the thirteenth year he became financial commissioner of Jiangning. When catastrophic floods hit the Huai and Yang regions, he toured the disaster zone in a small boat to hear people's grievances, nearly capsized crossing a lake, and won the gratitude of the survivors. He was soon dismissed for failing to detect that the magistrate of Shanyang, Wang Zhonghan, had embezzled relief funds. The throne ruled that Hu had investigated relief conscientiously and had always served faithfully, and allowed him to remain on river works instead of leaving office entirely. Reinstated, he served as Huai-Hai intendant, then as surveillance commissioner of Zhejiang and financial commissioner of Jiangsu. In the twenty-second year he was made governor of Zhejiang. Before long, after civilians at Linhai beat government runners and a major case erupted, he was demoted to fourth-rank capital official. He was demoted again to director in the Ministry of Rites for leaving his post before his successor arrived. He pleaded illness and retired. In Daoguang 5 he was honored again at the Luming banquet and granted the title of fourth-rank ministerial commissioner. He died at the age of eighty-five. Liao Yin, whose style name was Lianggong, came from Linshui in Sichuan. He received his provincial graduate degree in Qianlong 44. His family was poor, and he could rarely afford the journey to the capital for the metropolitan examination. In twelve years he made the trip only twice. Selected through the large civil-service intake, he was appointed a magistrate in Henan and served as acting magistrate of Ye County. The sect rebels were then at their height, and Ye County lay in their path, yet Yin governed without harassing the people. Some locals had joined the rebels, but once he seized the ringleaders the county quieted down. His eldest son Sifang was skilled in military affairs. When he came from the capital to visit his father at Ye, Yin put him in charge of the county's defense. An imperial order had gone out to capture the sect leader Liu Zhixie, but for a long time no one could find him. One day Sifang was patrolling the outskirts and noticed two men tie up their horses and talk beneath a tree. Struck by the sight, he went back and told the gatekeepers to watch for them. Soon the pair entered town and stopped at a tavern. Someone recognized them—and one of the men was Zhixie himself. Yin sent Sifang to join the men at their table; he seized them by surprise, obtained a full confession under interrogation, and had them sent in chains to the capital, where they were executed. He received a special promotion to prefect of Zhenjiang in Jiangsu. He dredged Danyang's Nine Bend River, built sluice gates, and regulated their opening and closing on schedule, which greatly benefited the people. Promoted to the Ji-Nan-Gan circuit in Jiangxi, he also oversaw customs collection, took nothing beyond the regular tax, and kept his clerks strictly within the law. When agitators stirred up trouble in Nanchang, he seized the ringleaders and brought them to justice. When Anyuan rose again, he rode in alone to reason with the people, broke up the factions, and the village elders bound the rebel chief and handed him over. The disturbance was quickly pacified. He later acted as financial commissioner and surveillance commissioner in succession. In Jiaqing 16 he was appointed salt transport commissioner of the Liang-Huai region. He eased the burdens on salt-boiler households, cracked down on smugglers, and salt revenues steadily rose. When sect rebels broke out in Huaxian, Hebei, Governor-General Bailin summoned Yin to Xuzhou to help with the defense. During the hunt for the rebel Liu Diwu he arrested the wrong man—someone who merely shared the name. Demoted for negligence, he was allowed to buy his way back to his former rank in recognition of his earlier capture of Liu Zhixie. He retired because of age and illness and died soon afterward.
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思芳少時居鄉治團練，從軍數有功，官至江蘇候補道。 在葉手擒劉之協，名聞天下。 後以捕劉第五獲罪下獄，尋赦之。 陳昌齊，字賓臣，廣東海康人。 乾隆三十六年進士，選庶吉士，授編修，累遷中允。 大學士和珅欲羅致之，昌齊以非掌院，無晉謁禮，不往。 大考，左遷編修。 尋授御史，遷給事中。
In his youth Sifang organized local militia in his home district, served in several campaigns with distinction, and rose to expectant circuit intendant in Jiangsu. His capture of Liu Zhixie at Ye County made his name known throughout the empire. He was later imprisoned for the botched arrest of Liu Diwu but was soon pardoned. Chen Changqi, whose style name was Binchen, came from Haikang in Guangdong. He took his jinshi degree in Qianlong 36, entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor, was appointed reviser, and rose step by step to vice director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments. Grand Secretary Heshen tried to draw him into his circle, but Changqi, not being head of his academy, had no formal occasion to pay a courtesy call and refused to go. At the triennial palace examination he was demoted to reviser. He was soon made a censor and then promoted to supervising secretary.
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昌齊生海邦，習洋盜情狀。 上疏論剿捕事，略曰：「洋匪上岸，率不過一二百人，陸居會匪助兇行劫。 沿海居民皆採捕為生，習拳勇，諳水勢，匪以利誘，往往從匪。 可以為盜，即可用以捕盜。 宜令地方官明示，有能出洋剿捕，或遇匪上岸，殲擒送官驗實者，船物一概充賞。 被誘從匪者，能擒盜連船投首，免罪。 則兵力所未及，丁壯亦必圖賞力捕。 仍令地方各官稽戶口，編保甲，以清其源。 於各埠訪拏濟匪糧物，各市鎮嚴緝代匪銷贓，俾絕水陸勾通之路。 庶幾洋面肅清，地方寧謐。」
Born on the coast, Changqi knew the habits of maritime pirates firsthand. He submitted a memorial on coastal defense, stating in part: "When maritime bandits come ashore, they usually number no more than one or two hundred men, aided on land by secret-society confederates who help them rob and kill. Coastal people live by fishing and foraging. They are trained in martial arts and know the tides. Pirates lure them with profit, and many join the pirates' side. Men who can serve as pirates can also be turned to catching pirates. Local officials should publicly announce that anyone who goes to sea to hunt pirates, or who kills or captures bandits when they land and delivers them to the authorities for verification, shall receive the captured ships and goods as reward. Those who were lured into following the pirates shall be pardoned if they capture the pirates together with their vessels and turn themselves in. Then even where regular troops cannot reach, able-bodied men will compete for rewards and hunt the pirates down. Local officials should still check household registers and organize mutual-responsibility groups to cut off the problem at its root. At every port they should hunt down supplies sent to the pirates; in every market town they should crack down on those who fence stolen goods for them, thereby severing the pirates' links by land and sea. In this way the seas may be cleared and the region restored to peace. (End of quoted passage.)
10
嘉慶九年，出為浙江溫處道。 時海寇蔡牽肆擾，昌齊修戰艦，簡軍伍，募人出海繪浙、閩海洋全圖，纖悉備具。 每牒報賊情及道里遠近稍有虛妄，必指斥之。 與提督李長庚深相結納，俾無掣肘，鞫海盜必詳盡得其情。 德楞泰奉命按閱閩、浙，議申海禁，謂不數月盜可盡斃。 昌齊曰：「環海居民耕而食者十之五，餘皆捕魚為業。 若禁其下海，數万漁戶無以為生，激變之咎誰任之？」 德楞泰改容稱善。 在任五年，以鞫獄遲延，部議鐫級。 江南、福建大吏闢調，皆不往。 歸里，主雷陽粵秀講席。 修通志。 考據詳覈，著書終老焉。 硃爾賡額，原名友桂，字白泉，漢軍正紅旗人，裔出明代。 王父孝純，工詩古文，有異才，由四川知縣歷官至兩淮鹽運使。
In Jiaqing 9 he was posted as Wen-Chu intendant in Zhejiang. The pirate Cai Qian was then terrorizing the coast. Changqi refitted warships, culled the ranks, and hired men to sail out and chart the full coastline of Zhejiang and Fujian in meticulous detail. Whenever a report on pirate movements or distances proved even slightly inaccurate, he called it out at once. He formed a close alliance with Regional Commander Li Changgeng so neither would hamper the other, and in interrogating captured pirates he always extracted every detail. Delengtai was sent to inspect Fujian and Zhejiang and proposed a total ban on going to sea, claiming the pirates could be wiped out within a few months. Changqi replied: "Of the people along the coast, half live by farming and the rest by fishing. If we forbid them to put to sea, tens of thousands of fishing families will have no way to live. Who will answer for the uprising that follows?" Delengtai's expression changed and he praised the argument. After five years in office he was demoted one grade on the ministry's recommendation for delays in adjudicating cases. Senior officials in Jiangnan and Fujian repeatedly tried to transfer him elsewhere, but he refused every offer. He returned home and took the chair at Leiyang's Yuexiu Academy. He compiled the local comprehensive gazetteer. His scholarship was meticulous and exacting, and he spent his remaining years writing. Zhu Ergenge, originally named Yougui and styled Baiquan, belonged to the Han Bordered Red Banner and traced his lineage to the Ming dynasty. His grandfather Xiaochun was a gifted poet and prose writer who rose from a county magistracy in Sichuan to salt transport commissioner of the Liang-Huai region.
11
硃爾賡額納貲為兵部主事，充軍機章京，累遷郎中，出為江安糧道。 兩江總督蘇凌阿閽人為和珅舊奴，恣睢用事，廉得其狀，白而逐之。 從總督赴安徽察治劉之協逆黨，株連數百人，多所省釋。 署安徽布政使，引疾歸。 以母老乞改京秩，授戶部郎中。 和珅奴劉全之婿號檳榔蔣者，倚勢奪民產，訟於部，刑責不稍貸。 西賈利旗產，嗾言官疏陳，使得與漢民通售買，下部議，啖以重賄，卻之，持不可。 大學士硃珪管部，聞而重之。 故事，自告改京官，不外用。 珪薦其才守可大受，復出為廣東潮州知府。 海盜方張，硃濆尤黠悍，乃親歷海壖，治鄉團，調鎮兵千守沿海，斷內奸接濟。 濆糧絕，屢敗走台灣，潮盜膽落，因其窮蹙解散之。 盜魁黃茂高、許雲湘、王騰魁、楊勝廣、黃德東、關兆奎受撫，選其強幹者編入練勇。 會匪李崇玉踞惠、潮山谷中，時游弋海上，使降人招之自首，硃濆部眾亦有來投者。 會以母憂去，未竟其事，服闋，補雲南曲靖。
Zhu Ergenge bought his way into a secretarial post in the Ministry of War, served as a Grand Council clerk, rose to director, and was posted as grain intendant at Jiang'an. Su Ling'a on the staff of the Liangjiang governor-general was a fellow townsman and former slave of Heshen who abused his power. Ergenge uncovered his misconduct, reported it, and had him removed. He accompanied the governor-general to Anhui to investigate Liu Zhixie's associates. Hundreds were implicated, but Ergenge secured the release of many who had been swept up unjustly. After serving as acting financial commissioner of Anhui, he pleaded illness and retired. Because his mother was elderly, he asked for a capital appointment and was made a director in the Ministry of Revenue. Betel-nut Jiang, son-in-law of Heshen's slave Liu Quan, used his connections to seize commoners' property. When the case came before the ministry, Ergenge punished him to the full extent of the law. Western merchants coveted banner estates and induced censors to memorialize that banner land be opened to free trade with Han Chinese. When the matter came before the ministry they offered him heavy bribes, which he refused, and he held firm against the proposal. Grand Secretary Zhu Gui, who headed the ministry, heard of this and came to esteem him highly. By precedent, officials who had petitioned for capital appointments were not sent back to provincial posts. Zhu Gui recommended him as a man of talent and integrity fit for high responsibility, and he was posted again as prefect of Chaozhou in Guangdong. Pirates were rampant along the coast, and Zhu Fen was especially cunning and fierce. Ergenge toured the shoreline in person, organized local militia, stationed a thousand garrison troops along the coast, and cut off supplies from collaborators within. Cut off from supplies, Fen was repeatedly defeated and driven to Taiwan. The Chaozhou pirates lost heart, and Ergenge took advantage of their desperation to disband them. The pirate leaders Huang Maogao, Xu Yunxiang, Wang Tengkui, Yang Shengguang, Huang Dedong, and Guan Zhaokui accepted amnesty, and their strongest followers were enrolled in trained militia units. The secret-society leader Li Chongyu held the mountains of Huizhou and Chaozhou and sometimes raided at sea. Ergenge sent surrendered pirates to offer him amnesty, and some of Zhu Fen's followers also defected. He left office to mourn his mother before the campaign was finished. After mourning he was assigned to Qujing in Yunnan.
12
嘉慶十四年，百齡為兩廣總督，疏請調硃爾賡額廣東，擢高廉道，署督糧道，剿匪事一以倚之。 勘海口砲台舊在山上，發砲輒從桅頂過，悉改建於山麓，屢碎盜艦，挫其鋒。 暫改運鹽由陸，撤紅單船入內港，以杜接濟。 戒並海郡縣嚴斷水米，如在潮州時。 匪勢漸蹙，用舊降人招郭學顯就撫。 未幾，鄭一妻與張保仔率眾逾萬泊虎門，要總督親至海口面議，文武噤莫敢決，硃爾賡額獨進曰：「保仔自知罪大，眾多無糧，拂其請，將死鬥。 請撤兵衛，單舟迳詣，諭以恩威，必可集事。」 先遣南海、番禺兩令往傳命，使熟籌而志堅。 翌晨，從百齡登舟，行四十里，見列艦數百，夾水如衢，舉砲迎，聲震城中。 請總督過舟，叱之曰：「保仔當泥首乞命，如仍驕肆遲疑，無死所矣！」 迨晡，保仔登舟，請留三千人招西路賊烏石二，不聽則擒之以自贖，許之，給米千石慰遣。 保仔乃使餘眾登岸受撫，自起椗出洋。 群謂其所散皆罷弱，自留精銳，得米將不可製，笑應之曰：「此不必以口舌爭。」 至期，保仔果誘烏石二至高州，誅之。 海盜悉平，以功獲優敘，賜花翎。 尋調署南韶道。
In Jiaqing 14 Bailin became governor-general of the two Guang provinces and requested Zhu Ergenge's transfer to Guangdong. Promoted to Gaolian intendant and appointed acting grain intendant under the governor, Ergenge was entrusted with the entire anti-pirate campaign. He inspected the Haikou batteries, which had been placed on the heights so that their shot sailed over enemy masts. He rebuilt them all at the foot of the hill, repeatedly smashed pirate vessels, and broke their offensive. Salt transport was temporarily routed overland, foreign merchant ships were barred from inner harbors, and pirate supply lines were severed. He ordered every coastal prefecture and county to cut off food and water supplies to the pirates, just as he had done at Chaozhou. As the pirates grew weaker, he used former defectors to persuade Guo Xuexian to surrender. Soon Zheng Yi's widow and Zhang Baozi anchored at Humen with more than ten thousand men and demanded that the governor-general come to the estuary in person for negotiations. Civil and military officials were too frightened to decide. Zhu Ergenge alone stepped forward and said: "Baozi knows his crimes are grave and his men are starving. If we refuse his request, they will fight to the death. Withdraw the military escort, go alone in a single boat, and address them with both kindness and sternness—the affair can surely be settled." He first sent the magistrates of Nanhai and Panyu to deliver the message, giving them time to plan carefully and steel their resolve. The next morning he boarded with Bailin and sailed forty li. Hundreds of pirate vessels lined the channel like a floating street, firing cannon in salute until the sound shook the city. He asked the governor-general to board the pirate vessel and shouted: "Baozi should prostrate himself and beg for mercy. If he remains arrogant and delays, he will have nowhere to die!" By late afternoon Baozi came aboard and asked to keep three thousand men to recruit the western pirate Wushi Er, promising to capture him if refused as proof of good faith. The request was granted, and a thousand piculs of rice were given to send them on their way. Baozi then sent the rest of his men ashore to accept amnesty and himself weighed anchor and sailed out to sea. Others said Baozi had sent ashore only his weakest men while keeping his best fighters, and that with the grain he would become impossible to control. Ergenge smiled and said, "There is no need to argue about this. When the appointed day came, Baozi did indeed lure Wushi Er to Gaozhou and killed him. The pirates were fully pacified. For his service he received special commendation and the peacock feather. He was soon transferred to act as Nanshao intendant.
13
十六年，河決李家樓，特命百齡為兩江總督治河事，調硃爾賡額為江南鹽巡道。 至則佐百齡定計，接築洪澤湖口束清壩，逼溜刷深太平河，使水有所歸。 次年，李家樓決口合龍，新築格堤遏水與大堤平。 初，當事主守格堤，奉嚴旨，失守者從軍法。 至是見事危急，請改守大堤，聽河溜穿格堤而下，免旁洩之險。 又新築減壩受水攻，展側上游築斜壩挑水，數日壩根掛淤乃穩固。 所籌措工事悉合機宜。 葦蕩營久為弊藪，樵兵空額無人，營員領帑，臨時僱募，弁目專其利。 又為灘棍所持，盪料歸灘棍者十五六。 歸弁目者十二三，歸工用者十一二，歲僅得葦十數万束。 百齡檄硃爾賡額督治其事，乃請以盪地不產柴者給樵兵，人四十畝，給牛具籽種，建棚廠以居，盪始有兵。 濬溝渠便筏出入，採運始及遠，建衙署俾營員常年駐盪，民挾制偷竊者有禁，盪始有官。 受事之年，採足正額二百四十萬束。 於是灘棍之利盡失，廳員得料抵價，少所沾潤，皆不便之。 適有船兵中途改束，斤重不敷，八廳藉欲撼搖全局。 百齡悉其奸，偕河督察訊，硃爾賡額往勘定十七年新葦，每束箍口以二尺八寸為率，增舊三寸，估右營得葦八百萬束； 會署江寧布政使，未及估左營。 時河督陳鳳翔為百齡所劾，自訴於朝，命尚書松筠、侍郎初彭齡按訊，牽及葦蕩事。 廳員熒說，嗾驗尾幫，舟載餘葦九百束，據其重率，以衡已收三百萬束之數，斥為不足，遂被劾虛糜錢糧，苦累樵兵，遣戍伊犁。 時冤之。
In the sixteenth year the Yellow River burst at Lijialou. Bailin was specially appointed Liangjiang governor-general to manage the river works, and Zhu Ergenge was made Jiangnan salt patrol intendant. On arrival he helped Bailin devise the plan: continue building the Shuqing Dam at the mouth of Hongze Lake, force the current to scour the Taiping River deeper, and give the floodwater somewhere to go. The following year the Lijialou breach was sealed, and the newly built check dike held the water level even with the main embankment. At first the authorities insisted on holding the check dike, and a stern edict declared that anyone who lost it would face military punishment. Seeing the situation grow critical, he asked to shift the defense to the main dike and let the current cut through the check dike, thereby avoiding the danger of lateral seepage. He also built new spill dams to take the brunt of the current, extended slanting deflector dams upstream, and within days silt lodged at the dam foot and the structure held firm. Every project he planned proved well suited to the circumstances. The reed-marsh camp had long been corrupt. The lumber corps existed only on paper, camp officers drew salaries while hiring temporary labor, and junior officers pocketed the profits. Marsh bullies controlled the trade as well, taking fifteen or sixteen parts in ten of all reed harvest. Junior officers took twelve or thirteen parts, actual work received eleven or twelve, and the state harvested only one or two hundred thousand bundles of reeds a year. Bailin ordered Zhu Ergenge to reform the system. Ergenge proposed assigning unproductive marshland to the lumber corps—forty mu per man—with oxen, tools, seed, and sheds for housing. Only then did the marsh actually have soldiers on the ground. He dredged channels so rafts could move freely and harvesting could reach distant areas. He built offices so camp officers lived in the marsh year-round and cracked down on locals who used their leverage to steal. Only then did the marsh have real official oversight. In his first year in charge, the full quota of 2.4 million bundles was harvested. The marsh bullies lost their profits, and bureau officers who had lived on kickbacks found their margins gone. Everyone with a stake in the old system was displeased. When boat crews altered bundle sizes en route so the weight fell short, the eight bureaus seized the chance to undermine the entire reform. Bailin saw through the scheme. Together with the river superintendent he investigated, and Zhu Ergenge went to set the standard for the new harvest of the seventeenth year: each bundle's mouth measured two chi eight cun, three cun more than the old gauge, with an estimated yield of eight million bundles for the right camp. He was then acting financial commissioner of Jiangning and had not yet surveyed the left camp. River Superintendent Chen Fengxiang, whom Bailin had impeached, appealed to the throne. Ministers Songyun and Vice Minister Chu Pengling were ordered to investigate, and the reed-marsh affair was dragged into the case. Bureau officers spread false reports and instigated an inspection of the rear convoy, where a boat was found carrying nine hundred extra bundles. By that weight standard they challenged the three million bundles already delivered, declared the harvest insufficient, and impeached Ergenge for wasting public funds and oppressing the lumber corps. He was exiled to Yili. At the time many regarded this as a grave injustice.
14
硃爾賡額因百齡前劾鳳翔詞不盡實，獄無結正，原以身任，遂不辯。 在戍六年，放還，久之，卒。 查崇華，字九峰，安徽涇縣人。 少孤，遊福建傭書。 久之，福州將軍魁倫闢佐幕，甚見信任。 魁倫劾總督伍拉納、巡撫浦霖，即命署總督，治其獄。 閩地瘠苦，歷任大吏責供張無藝，所屬羅織大戶勒賄，民不堪命，至是貪酷之吏悉伏辜。 崇華名聞於時。 納貲為通判，留福建。
Because Bailin's earlier impeachment of Fengxiang had not been fully truthful and the case could not be properly closed, Zhu Ergenge was willing to bear the blame himself and made no defense. After six years in exile he was released and returned home, and died some years later. Cha Chonghua, whose style name was Jiufeng, came from Jing County in Anhui. Orphaned young, he went to Fujian and made a living copying books for hire. In time, Fuzhou General Kuilun brought him onto his staff, where he won deep trust. Kuilun impeached Governor-General Wulana and Governor Pulin, was at once appointed acting governor-general, and presided over their trials. Fujian was a poor, hard province where successive governors demanded extravagant hospitality and their subordinates framed wealthy families for bribes until the people were driven to despair. Under Chonghua's prosecution, the greedy and cruel officials were all brought to justice. Chonghua's reputation spread far and wide. He bought his way into a subprefect's post and stayed on in Fujian.
15
嘉慶十四年，海盜蔡牽平，以功賜花翎。 硃渥欲歸誠，未決，崇華隻身至海舶，諭以禍福，遂受降。 十七年，署台灣淡水同知。 高媽達妖言惑眾，捕獲，訊得劉林、祝現謀以次年閏八月望在京師舉事，四方起應之。 崇華牒請奏聞，大吏以其語不經，置之，僅以傳教罪誅高媽達。 至十八年九月十五日，果有林清、祝現之變，劉林者即林清別名也。 自高媽達伏法，福建匪黨巳解散，得無事。 尋以道員謁選，授河南南汝光道。 教匪鉅魁劉松久在逃，懸緝十餘載，偵知潛匿安徽宿州傳教，捕獲之。 母憂去官。
In Jiaqing 14 the pirate Cai Qian was pacified, and Chonghua received the peacock feather for his service. Zhu Wo wanted to surrender but hesitated. Chonghua went alone to his vessel, explained the consequences of his choice, and won his submission. In the seventeenth year he served as acting subprefect of Tamsui in Taiwan. Gao Mada was arrested for spreading sedition. Under interrogation he revealed that Liu Lin and Zhu Xian planned an uprising in the capital on the full moon of the intercalary eighth month the following year, with supporters to rise across the empire. Chonghua urgently memorialized the court, but senior officials dismissed his report as incredible and executed Gao Mada only for illegal preaching. On the fifteenth day of the ninth month of the eighteenth year, the uprising of Lin Qing and Zhu Xian broke out exactly as foretold—Liu Lin being Lin Qing's alias. After Gao Mada's execution the rebel cells in Fujian had already broken up, and the province escaped further trouble. Soon selected as an expectant intendant, he was appointed to the Nan-Ru-Guang circuit in Henan. Liu Song, a leading sect rebel who had been at large for more than a decade, was discovered preaching secretly in Suzhou, Anhui, and captured. He left office to observe mourning for his mother.
16
道光二年，補陝西鳳邠道。 值大軍徵張格爾，調駐嘉峪關治軍需。 自川、楚軍興，將吏習於糜費，崇華一主覈實，以內地馬駝出關不耐寒苦，關外有台站應付，長僱徒糜芻秣，悉罷之，節帑甚鉅。 凡三署按察使，治獄明慎。 以老乞歸，卒。
In Daoguang 2 he was posted to the Feng-Bin circuit in Shaanxi. When the empire launched its campaign against Jahangir Khoja, he was stationed at Jiayuguan to manage military supplies. Since the Sichuan and Hubei campaigns, officers had grown used to waste. Chonghua insisted on strict accounting: interior horses and camels could not survive the cold beyond the pass, frontier stations could supply transport, and long-term hiring that squandered fodder was abolished, saving enormous sums from the treasury. He served three times as acting surveillance commissioner and handled cases with clarity and care. He pleaded old age and retired, then died.
17
論曰：剿平教匪，不獨賴將帥戮力，一時守土之吏，與有勞焉。 最顯者為四川劉清，而方積亦倡行堅壁清野，保障一方，後復屢定番亂，蜀人與清並稱。 他如硃爾漢之保鞏昌，楊頀之清叛產、撫難民，廖寅之擒劉之協，皆卓有建樹。 陳昌齊、硃爾賡額於治海寇並具謀略，而硃爾賡額功尤顯矣。 查崇華預發林清逆謀，為疆臣所格； 及筦西征軍需，以撙節稱，故同著於篇。
The historian comments: Pacifying the White Lotus rebels depended not only on the generals' exertions—the local officials of the day also bore their share of the burden. The most celebrated was Liu Qing of Sichuan, but Fang Ji also pioneered the strategy of sealing towns and stripping the countryside, securing his district, and later quelled tribal revolts again and again—the people of Sichuan ranked him alongside Liu Qing. Others too made distinguished contributions: Zhu Erhan's defense of Gongchang, Yang Hu's sorting of rebel property and relief of refugees, and Liao Yin's capture of Liu Zhixie. Chen Changqi and Zhu Ergenge both showed strategic talent against maritime pirates, though Zhu Ergenge's achievements stood out above all. Cha Chonghua had forewarned of Lin Qing's conspiracy but was overruled by provincial governors; and when he managed supplies for the western campaign he won renown for thrift. For these reasons he is included in this chapter as well.