1
杜受田，字芝農，山東濱州人。 父堮，嘉慶六年進士，由翰林院編修累官禮部侍郎，重宴鹿鳴，加太子少保，卒贈太傅，諡文端。
Du Shoutian, whose courtesy name was Zhinong, came from Binzhou in Shandong. His father Fu had passed the jinshi examination in 1801; starting as a compiler in the Hanlin Academy, he rose to vice minister of rites, was honored with a second senior graduates' banquet, and was made junior guardian of the heir apparent. When he died he was posthumously ennobled as grand tutor and given the posthumous name Wenduan.
2
受田，道光三年進士，會試第一，殿試二甲第一，選庶吉士，授編修。 大考擢中允，遷洗馬，督山西學政。 十五年，特召還京，直上書房，授文宗讀。 四遷內閣學士，命專心授讀，毋庸到閣批本。 十八年，擢工部侍郎，調戶部。 二十四年，連擢左都御史、工部尚書，尋充上書房總師傅。 文宗自六歲入學，受田朝夕納誨，必以正道，歷十餘年。 至宣宗晚年，以文宗長且賢，欲付大業，猶未決。 會校獵南苑，諸皇子皆從，恭親王奕訢獲禽最多，文宗未發一矢，問之，對曰：「時方春，鳥獸孳育，不忍傷生以乾天和。」 宣宗大悅，曰：「此真帝者之言！」 立儲遂密定，受田輔導之力也。
Du Shoutian became a jinshi in 1823, topping both the metropolitan and palace examinations (first in the second class), entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and was appointed a compiler. After a palace examination promotion he rose to household attendant and then director of instruction, and was sent to supervise provincial examinations in Shanxi. In 1835 he was specially recalled to Beijing, assigned to the Upper Study, and charged with tutoring the future Emperor Xianfeng. Promoted four times to grand secretariat academician, he was ordered to focus entirely on teaching and was relieved of routine duty endorsing memorials at the Grand Secretariat. In 1838 he was made vice minister of works and then transferred to the Ministry of Revenue. In 1844 he was promoted in quick succession to left censor-in-chief and minister of works, and soon became chief tutor of the Upper Study. Xianfeng had begun his lessons at six; for more than a decade Shoutian guided him day and night along the right path. In Daoguang's last years, though the heir was eldest and clearly capable, the emperor still had not settled on him for the succession. During a hunt in the Southern Park all the princes were present. Prince Gong Yixin bagged the most game, but the prince who would become Xianfeng did not shoot once. Asked why, he answered: 'It is spring; the birds and beasts are breeding. I cannot bear to kill them and offend Heaven's harmony.' Daoguang was delighted and exclaimed: 'Those are truly a Son of Heaven's words!' The choice of heir was quietly fixed—owing in large part to Shoutian's tutelage.
3
三十年，文宗即位，加太子太傅，兼署吏部尚書，調刑部尚書、協辦大學士。 受田雖未入樞廷，國家大政及進退大臣，上必諮而後行。 廣西軍事亟，受田數陳方略，薦林則徐、週天爵，先後起用。 提督向榮老於軍事，以同列不和被謗，力陳輿論，數保全之。 咸豐元年，調管禮部。 二年，因河決豐北久未塞，山東、江北被災重，命偕福州將軍怡良往治賑務。 疏言：「災廣民眾，賑恤不可緩，尤在得人。」 薦山東布政使劉源灝、江寧布政使祁宿藻，皆持正有為，責成專任； 請截留江、廣漕米六十萬石分給兩省； 詔並允行。
When Xianfeng took the throne in 1850, Shoutian was made grand tutor of the heir apparent, briefly headed the Ministry of Personnel, then the Ministry of Justice, and was appointed associate grand secretary. Though he never sat on the Grand Council, the emperor consulted him on every major policy and every senior appointment or dismissal before acting. As the Guangxi crisis worsened, he repeatedly outlined strategy and urged the reinstatement of Lin Zexu and Zhou Tianjue, both of whom were eventually recalled to service. The veteran commander Xiang Rong was attacked for clashing with colleagues; Shoutian cited public opinion and several times kept him in post. In 1851 he was transferred to head the Ministry of Rites. In 1852, with the north Fengzhou breach still open and Shandong and north Jiangsu devastated, he was sent with Fuzhou general Yiliang to supervise relief. He memorialized: 'The disaster is vast and the people many—relief must not wait, and above all the right officials must be chosen.' He recommended Shandong treasurer Liu Yuanhao and Jiangning treasurer Qi Suzao—both upright and energetic—and gave each sole charge of relief; he asked that six hundred thousand shi of tribute grain from Jiangsu and Guangdong be held back and divided between the two provinces; The throne approved everything.
4
受田自侍文宗學，未嘗離左右，當陛辭，不覺感戀流涕。 在途觸暑染疫，力疾治事，與源灝、宿藻等覈定施賑章程，疏陳而不言病，至清江浦遽卒。 遺疏念賊氛未靖，河患未平，尤以敬天法祖、勤政愛民、崇節儉、慎好惡、平賞罰為言。 文宗震悼，贈太師、大學士，入祀賢良祠，賜金五千兩治喪，遣近臣慰視其父堮，擢其子檢討翰為庶子，孫三人並賜舉人。 复特詔曰：「杜受田品端學粹，正色立朝，皇考深加倚重，特簡為朕師傅。 憶在書齋，凡所陳說，悉本唐、虞、三代聖聖相傳之旨，實能發明蘊奧，體用兼賅。 朕即位後，週諮時政利弊，民生疾苦，盡心獻替，啟沃良多！ 援嘉慶朝大學士硃珪故事，特諡文正。」 謂其公忠正直，足當「正」字而無愧。 柩至京，上親奠，撫棺哭甚哀，晉其父堮禮部尚書銜。 明年，上臨雍講學，复詔褒受田曩日講貫之功，即家賜祭一壇。 及柩歸，命恭親王奠送，遣官到籍致祭，飾終之典，一時無與比。 子，由翰林院編修累官戶部侍郎，督辦山東團練。
Having never left the prince's side since tutoring began, he wept openly when bidding farewell at court. On the journey he fell ill in the heat but kept working; with Yuanhao, Suzao, and others he finalized relief rules and memorialized without mentioning his sickness, then died suddenly at Qingjiangpu. His deathbed memorial still worried that rebels were unbeaten and the river unrestored, and urged above all reverence for Heaven and the ancestors, diligent rule, love for the people, frugality, careful likes and dislikes, and fair rewards and punishments. Xianfeng was stricken: he posthumously made Shoutian grand tutor and grand secretary, enshrined him in the Shrine of Worthies, gave five thousand taels for the funeral, sent a close minister to console his father Fu, promoted his son Han from reviewer to chamberlain of the heir apparent, and granted all three grandsons the juren degree. A special edict read: 'Du Shoutian was upright in conduct and pure in learning, and spoke with moral authority at court. My late father relied on him deeply and chose him especially as my teacher. In the study, everything he taught drew on the succession of sage-kings from Tang and Yu through the Three Dynasties; he could unfold their deepest meaning with both principle and practice intact. After I came to the throne, whenever I asked about policy and the people's hardships, he gave his whole mind to counsel—guidance I cannot count! Following the Jiaqing precedent of Grand Secretary Zhu Gui, he was given the posthumous name Wen Zheng (Cultured and Upright). The edict held that his public loyalty and integrity fully deserved the word 'upright' without qualification. When the coffin reached Beijing the emperor sacrificed in person, stroked the bier, and wept bitterly, and raised his father Fu with the honorary rank of minister of rites. The next year, at the imperial lecture at the National University, he again praised Shoutian's teaching and granted a sacrificial altar at his home. When the coffin went home, Prince Gong was ordered to escort it; officials were sent to his native place for rites—funeral honors unequaled in the age. His son, rising from Hanlin compiler to vice minister of revenue, supervised militia training in Shandong.
5
翰，字繼園。 道光二十四年進士，選庶吉士，授檢討。 咸豐三年，降。 服闋，補庶子。 文宗念受田舊勞，數月間迭擢工部侍郎，命在軍機大臣上行走，辦理京城巡防事宜。 翰勇於任事，甚被倚任。 十年，隨扈熱河，以勞賜花翎。 上崩於行在，穆宗即位。 御史董元醇疏請兩宮皇太后垂簾聽政，載垣、端華、肅順等持不可，翰附之，抗言甚力，遂黜元醇議。 肅順曰：「君誠不愧杜文正之子也！」 既而載垣等以竊奪政柄被罪，翰連坐，議革職戍新疆，詔原之，褫職，免其發遣。 同治五年，卒。
His son Han, courtesy name Jiyuan. He became a jinshi in 1844, entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, and was made a reviewer. In 1853 he was demoted. After mourning he was restored as chamberlain of the heir apparent. Mindful of Shoutian's service, Xianfeng within months raised him repeatedly to vice minister of works and ordered him to serve above the Grand Councilors in charge of capital defense. Han was bold in action and deeply trusted. In 1860 he followed the court to Rehe and was rewarded with the peacock feather for his exertions. The emperor died at the traveling palace and Tongzhi succeeded. Censor Dong Yuanchun asked that the two empress dowagers rule from behind a screen; Zaiyuan, Duhua, Sushun, and their party objected; Han sided with them and argued fiercely, and Dong's proposal was set aside. Sushun said: 'You are indeed worthy of Du Wen Zheng's son!' When Zaiyuan and the others fell for usurping power, Han was implicated and sentenced to dismissal and banishment to Xinjiang; an edict pardoned him—he lost office but was spared exile. He died in 1866.
6
祁俊藻，字春圃，山西壽陽人。 父韻士，官戶部郎中，以事繫獄。 俊藻方幼，隨侍讀書不輟，賦春草詩以見志。 嘉慶十九年，成進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 道光元年，直南書房。 督湖南學政，累遷庶子。 十年，以母病陳情歸養，宣宗不許，予假省親。 逾年回京，補原官，遷侍講學士。 尋复予假省母，不開缺。 歷通政司副使、光祿寺卿、內閣學士。 母憂歸，十六年，將屆服闋，預授兵部侍郎，督江蘇學政。 歷戶部、吏部侍郎，留學政任，未滿，十九年，命偕侍郎黃爵滋視福建海防及禁煙事，連擢左都御史、兵部尚書。 迭疏陳總宜駐泉州治防務，改海口砲台為墩，查禁煙販，捕治漢奸，並禁漳、泉兩府行使夷錢，夾帶私鑄者治罪，嚴懲械鬥，並得旨允行。 在閩半載，還經浙江，按台、溫兩府私種罌粟，劾罷台州知府潘盛； 又劾溫州知府劉煜試行票鹽不善，被議，自呈枉屈，戍新疆。 時鄧廷楨奏擊英吉利兵船於廈門走之，忌者謂其不實，命俊藻復往按，具陳戰胜狀。 回京，仍直南書房。 二十一年，調戶部，命為軍機大臣。
Qi Junzao, whose courtesy name was Chunpu, came from Shouyang in Shanxi. His father Yunshi was a director in the Ministry of Revenue and was jailed over a case. Still a boy, he kept reading at his father's side and wrote a poem on spring grass to show his intent. He passed the jinshi in 1814, entered the Hanlin, and was made a compiler. In 1821 he was assigned to the Southern Study. He supervised Hunan examinations and rose to chamberlain of the heir apparent. In 1830, pleading his mother's illness, he asked to go home; Daoguang refused a full retirement but granted leave to visit. A year later he returned, resumed his post, and was made reader-in-waiting. He was soon given leave again to see his mother, without losing his rank. He rose through vice commissioner of the Transmission Office, minister of the Court of Imperial Entertainments, and grand secretariat academician. After his mother's death, in 1836, just before mourning ended, he was named in advance vice minister of war and Jiangsu education commissioner. He was vice minister of revenue and of personnel, kept the education post, and in 1839 was sent with Huang Juezi to inspect Fujian's coast and opium suppression, then promoted to left censor-in-chief and minister of war. In repeated memorials he urged basing defense at Quanzhou, turning seacoast batteries into blockhouses, banning opium, punishing collaborators, forbidding foreign coin in Zhang and Quan, punishing private minting, and cracking down on feuds—all approved. After six months in Fujian he passed through Zhejiang, found illicit poppy in Taizhou and Wenzhou, and impeached Taizhou prefect Pan Sheng; he also impeached Wenzhou prefect Liu Yu for botching a ticket-salt trial, was himself censured, protested injustice, and was sent to Xinjiang. When Deng Tingzhen reported driving British ships from Xiamen, rivals called it false; Junzao was sent to verify and confirmed the victory in full. Back in Beijing he again served in the Southern Study. In 1841 he moved to the Ministry of Revenue and joined the Grand Council.
7
二十六年，偕尚書文慶按長蘆鹽運使陳鑑挪撥鹽課，彌補加價，褫其職，歷任鹽政運司議譴有差。 二十九年，以戶部尚書協辦大學士，命赴甘肅偕琦善按前任總督布彥泰清查舛誤、縱容家丁，下嚴議。 回京，請便道省墓，途次聞宣宗崩，過里門不入。 文宗即位，拜體仁閣大學士，仍管戶部。 俊藻自道光中論洋務與穆彰阿不合，至是文宗銳意圖治，罷穆彰阿，俊藻遂領樞務，開言路，起用舊臣，俊藻左右之。
In 1846, with Wen Qing, he investigated Changlu transport commissioner Chen Jian for diverting salt revenue to cover surcharges; Chen was dismissed and past salt officials punished in varying degrees. In 1849, as revenue minister and associate grand secretary, he went to Gansu with Qi Shan to investigate ex-governor-general Buyantai for accounting errors and tolerating servants; Buyantai was severely punished. On the way back he asked to visit his ancestors' graves; hearing of Daoguang's death on the road, he passed his own gate without entering. When Xianfeng succeeded, Junzao became grand secretary of the Tiren Hall and still headed revenue. Since Daoguang he had clashed with Mujangga over foreign policy; now Xianfeng meant to govern vigorously, removed Mujangga, and Junzao led the council, reopened memorial channels, and brought back veteran ministers—Junzao at his side throughout.
8
咸豐元年，調管工部，兼管戶部三庫事務。 二年，復調戶部。 廣西匪日熾，出湖南，遂不可製，湖北、江南數省先後淪陷。 軍興財匱，議者試行鈔法，又鑄當百、當五百大錢，皆行之未久而滋弊。 尚書肅順同掌戶部事，尚苛刻。 又湘軍初起，肅順力言其可用，上鄉之，俊藻皆意與齟《齒吾》，屢稱病請罷，溫詔慰留。 四年冬，复堅以為請，乃允致仕。 十年，英法聯軍犯天津，車駕將幸熱河，俊藻密疏切諫。 又言關中形勝可建都，釐捐病民，北省尤宜急停，並報聞。
In 1851 he headed works and also oversaw the revenue ministry's three treasuries. In 1852 he returned to head revenue. Guangxi rebels grew bolder, poured into Hunan, and slipped beyond control; Hubei, Jiangnan, and province after province fell. War emptied the treasury; reformers tried paper notes and coins worth a hundred and five hundred cash—all failed quickly and bred corruption. Minister Sushun shared revenue duties and was notoriously harsh. When Zeng Guofan's Hunan Army was new, Sushun urged employing it and the emperor agreed; Junzao disagreed on every front, often pleaded illness to quit, and was warmly urged to remain. In the winter of 1854 he insisted again and was allowed to retire. In 1860, as Anglo-French forces threatened Tianjin and the court prepared to flee to Rehe, Junzao sent a secret, urgent remonstrance. He also argued that Guanzhong's terrain could anchor a capital, that the lijin tax oppressed the people and should stop at once in the north, and sent these views in.
9
十一年，穆宗即位，特詔起用。 疏陳時政六事：曰保護聖躬以崇帝學； 曰綏輯民心以清盜源； 曰重守令以固民心； 曰開制科以收人才； 曰速剿山東、河南賊匪，嚴防山西、陝西要隘，以衛畿輔； 曰敦崇節儉以培元氣。 言甚切摯，並被嘉納，次第施行。 命以大學士銜授禮部尚書。 同治元年，穆宗入學，命直弘德殿，偕翁心存、倭仁、李鴻藻同授讀，摘錄經史二帙進呈。 上讀大學畢，俊藻具疏推陳為人君止於仁之義，略曰：「大學一書，皇上已成誦，凡制治保邦之道，用人行政之源，胥在於是。 為人君之道，止於仁而已。 治國平天下兩章，言仁者六，終之以未有上好仁而下不好義。 蓋仁者必以仁親為寶，故能愛人，能惡人。 不好仁，則好人之所惡，惡人之所好。 仁者必以貪為戒，故忠信以得之，不仁者則驕泰以失之矣。 仁者以義為利，不以利為利，故以財發身，不仁者則以身發財，菑害並至矣。 千古治亂之機，判於義利，而義利之判，則由於上之好仁不好仁也。 如近日所講帝鑑圖說，下車泣罪，解網施恩，澤及枯骨等事，斯即帝王仁心所見端也。 若納諫求賢，尊儒遠佞，則仁親為寶，能好能惡之說也。 露台罷工，裘馬卻獻，則以義為利，不以利為利之說也。 帝鑑圖說講畢，請進講輿地，以會典諸圖簡明，易於指畫。 又耕織圖及內府石刻宋馬遠豳風圖為農桑衣食之原，皇上讀書之暇，隨時講求，庶知稼穡之艱難，懍守成之不易也。」
In 1861 Tongzhi succeeded and a special edict called Junzao back to office. He memorialized six reforms: protect the boy emperor and honor his schooling; pacify the people to dry up rebellion at its source; hold prefects and magistrates accountable to keep the people loyal; revive special examinations to gather talent; crush Shandong and Henan rebels quickly and fortify Shanxi and Shaanxi passes to shield the capital; and practice frugality to restore the dynasty's vital energy. His language was passionate; the throne praised it, adopted each point, and implemented them in turn. He was given grand secretary rank and made minister of rites. In 1862, when Tongzhi began lessons, Junzao joined Weng Xincun, Woren, and Li Hongzao in the Hongde Hall, presenting two volumes of excerpts from the classics and histories. When Tongzhi finished the Great Learning, Junzao memorialized on the ruler's duty to stop at benevolence, writing in part: 'Your Majesty has now mastered the Great Learning; in it are the ways to govern and secure the realm and the roots of appointing officials and conducting policy. For a ruler, the way ends in benevolence alone. The chapters on ordering the state and pacifying the realm speak of benevolence six times, ending with: never yet has a superior loved benevolence while inferiors did not love righteousness. The benevolent take loving kin as their treasure and so can love the worthy and hate the wicked. Without benevolence one loves what the good hate and hates what the good love. The benevolent shun greed and gain the realm through loyalty and trust; the unbenevolent lose it through arrogance and excess. The benevolent take righteousness as profit, not profit as profit; they use wealth to nurture life, while the unbenevolent use life to pile up wealth—and ruin follows together. Through the ages order and chaos turn on the choice between righteousness and profit—and that choice turns on whether the ruler loves benevolence. As in your recent lessons from the Mirror of Emperors—stepping down to weep over a criminal, opening the net in mercy, grace even to dry bones—these are the first marks of a ruler's benevolent heart. To heed remonstrance, seek worthies, honor the ru and banish sycophants—that is what the text means by taking benevolent kinship as treasure and loving and hating rightly. Stopping the terrace project and refusing gifts of fine furs and horses—that illustrates taking righteousness as profit rather than profit as profit. After the Mirror of Emperors was complete, he asked to teach geography, using the clear maps in the Collected Statutes for easy illustration. He also urged the Pictures of Tilling and Weaving and the palace copy of Song Ma Yuan's Bin Feng—sources of grain, silk, clothing, and food—so that in spare moments from reading the emperor might study them, learn how hard farming is, and respect how difficult it is to keep a dynasty intact.'
10
二年，上服除，俊藻偕倭仁、李鴻藻上疏曰：「皇上沖齡踐阼，智慧漸開。 當此釋服之初，吉禮舉行，聖心之敬肆於此分，風會之轉移即於此始，則玩好之漸可慮也，遊觀之漸可慮也，興作之漸可慮也。 嗜好之端一開，不惟分誦讀之心，海內之窺意旨者，且將從風而靡。 安危治亂之機，其端甚微，所關甚鉅，可無慎乎？ 方今軍務未平，生民塗炭，正君臣交儆之時，非上下恬熙之日。 伏原皇上恪遵慈訓，時時以憂勤惕厲為心，以逸樂便安為戒。 凡內廷服禦一切用項，稍涉浮靡，概從裁減； 向例所有，不妨量為撙節。 如是，則外務之紛華不接於耳目，詩書之啟迪益斂夫心思，聖學日新，聖德日固，而去奢崇儉之風，自不令而行矣。」 疏上，優詔褒答焉。
In 1863, when mourning ended, Junzao joined Woren and Li Hongzao in a memorial: 'Your Majesty took the throne very young and your mind is opening. At this first moment after mourning, when ceremonial rites resume, reverence and ease part ways and custom begins to shift—then one must fear creeping love of trinkets, creeping travel for pleasure, creeping building projects. Once a taste for luxury opens, it will not only distract from study; everyone watching the court will follow suit. The pivot of order and chaos starts in something tiny yet bears on everything—how can one not be careful? War is unfinished and the people suffer; this is a time for ruler and ministers to warn each other, not to relax. We beg Your Majesty to heed the empress dowagers' teaching, keep anxious diligence always in mind, and treat comfort as a warning. Every inner-court expense that smacks of luxury should be cut; and long-standing customs may be trimmed where possible. Then the world's glitter will not reach his eyes and ears, the classics will hold his mind more firmly, learning and virtue will strengthen daily, and frugality will prevail without needing to be ordered. The memorial went up and received a warm, praising reply.
11
俊藻提倡樸學，延納寒素，士林歸之。 疏言：「通經之學，義理與訓詁不可偏重。 後學不察，以訓詁專屬漢儒，義理專屬宋儒，使畫分界限，學術日歧。」 因舉素所知寒士端木埰、鄭珍、莫友芝、閻汝弼、王軒、楊寶臣，經明行修，堪資器使。 又疏言：「軍興以來，不講吏治，請下中外大臣，保舉循吏及伏處潛修之士，以備任用。」 自舉原任同知劉大紳、按察使李文耕、大順廣道劉煦，請宣付史館入循吏傳。 又薦直隸知縣張光藻、陳崇砥、王蘭廣，山東知縣蔣慶第，山西知縣程豫、吳輝祖及江南優貢端木埰，山西舉人秦東來。 並嘉納允行。 屢以病乞休，三年，詔致仕，食全俸。 五年，卒，晉贈太保，祀賢良祠，命鍾郡王奠醊，諡文端。 擢其子編修世長以侍讀用。
Junzao championed solid scholarship and welcomed poor scholars; the literati flocked to him. He wrote: 'Classical learning requires both moral principle and textual exegesis—neither may be overweighted. Later students wrongly assign exegesis to Han learning alone and principle to Song learning alone, drawing lines until scholarship splits. He named poor scholars he knew—Duanmu Cai, Zheng Zhen, Mo Youzhi, Yan Rubi, Wang Xuan, and Yang Baochen—learned and upright, fit for office. He also asked that, with war neglecting governance, ministers recommend honest local officials and reclusive scholars for appointment. He nominated Liu Dashen, Li Wengeng, and Liu Xu for the Biographies of Honest Officials. He also recommended magistrates Zhang Guangzao, Chen Chongdi, Wang Languang, Jiang Qingdi, Cheng Yu, and Wu Huizu, plus Duanmu Cai and Qin Donglai. The throne approved all. Illness made him beg retirement repeatedly; in 1864 he was allowed to retire on full pay. He died in 1866, was posthumously made grand guardian, enshrined among worthies, with Prince Zhong offering libations, and named Wenduan posthumously. His son Shizhang, a compiler, was appointed reader-in-waiting.
12
世長，字子禾。 咸豐十年進士。 年十三，侍父江蘇學政任，幕客俞正燮、張穆、苗夔諸人，並樸學通儒，世長濡染有素，尤篤守宋儒義理之說。 同治九年，服闋，補侍讀。 累遷內閣學士。 光緒初，連督安徽、順天、浙江學政，清勤愛士，一守俊藻舊規。 歷禮部、吏部侍郎，擢左都御史。 十年，命偕尚書延煦勘山東河工，疏言：「非疏海口不能洩盛漲。 修防以民埝為第一層屏障，守民埝即以守大堤。 巡撫陳士傑築修民埝多在大堤既決之後，殊為失計。 請乘時興修。」 從之。 迭疏陳時務，多持正議。 十六年，遷工部尚書，兼管順天府尹。 兩典會試，皆得士。 世長清操自勵，累世官卿貳，家如寒素，時以稱焉。 十八年，卒，優詔賜卹，諡文恪。 賜其孫師曾員外郎，子友蒙主事。
Shizhang, courtesy name Zihe. He became a jinshi in 1860. At thirteen he followed his father's Jiangsu education post; Yu Zhengxie, Zhang Mu, Miao Kui, and other plain-learning masters were on staff, and Shizhang grew up among them, devoted to Song moral philosophy. In 1870, after mourning, he resumed as reader-in-waiting. He rose to grand secretariat academician. Early in Guangxu he supervised examinations in Anhui, Shuntian, and Zhejiang, working hard for students and keeping Junzao's standards. He was vice minister of rites and personnel, then left censor-in-chief. In 1884 he and Minister Yanchi inspected Shandong river works and wrote: 'Without opening the sea mouth the flood cannot be released. Repairs should treat folk levees as the first barrier—guarding folk levees guards the main dike. Governor Chen Shijie rebuilt folk levees mostly after the main dike had already broken—a serious mistake. We urge timely repairs. The court agreed. He memorialized often on public affairs, usually with upright views. In 1890 he became minister of works and also governed Shuntian. Twice he ran the metropolitan exams and both times chose strong graduates. Shizhang lived plainly; though his family had held high office for generations, they lived like poor scholars, to everyone's praise. He died in 1892 with imperial condolence and the posthumous name Wenke. His grandson Shizeng was made an outer-office secretary; his son You an inner-office secretary.
13
翁心存，字二銘，江蘇常熟人。 父咸封，官海州學正。 知州唐仲冕見心存有異才，奇之，授之學。 道光二年，成進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 大考擢中允，督廣東學政。 任滿，入直上書房，授惠郡王讀。 尋督江西學政，累遷大理寺少卿。 十七年，复直上書房，授六阿哥讀。 逾年，以母老乞養。 家居十年，終母喪。 會子同書督貴州學政，陛辭，宣宗命傳諭促之來。 二十九年，至京，仍入直，授八阿哥讀。 補祭酒。 歷內閣學士、工部侍郎，調戶部。 江蘇巡撫請蘇州、松江、太倉漕米改徵折色，心存謂：「三屬額徵米一百十四萬餘石，一旦改折，慮京倉不敷支放，州縣假折色抑勒倍徵，便民適以累民。」 主駁議，事乃寢。
Weng Xincun, courtesy name Erming, came from Changshu in Jiangsu. His father Xianfeng was Haizhou director of studies. Prefect Tang Zhongmian saw unusual talent in him, took him in, and taught him. He became a jinshi in 1822, entered the Hanlin, and was made a compiler. After a palace examination promotion he supervised Guangdong examinations. When his term ended he joined the Upper Study and tutored Prince Hui. He soon supervised Jiangxi examinations and rose to vice minister of the Court of Judicial Review. In 1837 he returned to the Upper Study to tutor the sixth prince. A year later he asked leave to care for his aged mother. He stayed home ten years and completed his mother's mourning. When his son Tongshu left for Guizhou as education commissioner, Daoguang sent word urging Xincun to return. In 1849 he reached Beijing, resumed duty, and tutored the eighth prince. He was made libationer of the National University. He rose through grand secretariat academician, vice minister of works, and revenue. When Jiangsu asked to collect Suzhou, Songjiang, and Taicang tribute rice in cash, Xincun warned that 1.14 million shi could not be switched overnight without starving the capital granaries or letting counties extort double levies—what seemed convenient would crush the people. He led opposition and the plan died.
14
咸豐元年，擢工部尚書。 三年，江寧陷，心存疏陳兵事，請乘賊勢未定，飭向榮渡江，陳金綬進屯浦口，以上海水師溯流沖其前，江忠源、鄧紹良之師掩其後，四路進攻； 增重兵守江、淮杜北竄； 急清兗、豫、鳳、潁捻匪，毋令與粵寇合勢； 並覈軍需，卹災黎； 籌京倉積貯，整飭紀綱，以維根本。 疏上，多被採用。 又薦湖北按察使江忠源，請畀統帥重任，尋即擢為巡撫。 調刑部，再調工部，兼管順天府尹。
In 1851 he was made minister of works. In 1853, after Nanjing fell, he urged striking before the rebels settled: Xiang Rong across the Yangzi, Chen Jinshou at Pukou, Shanghai ships upstream, Jiang Zhongyuan and Deng Shaoliang from behind—a four-way assault; mass troops on the Yangzi and Huai to block a northward breakout; crush Nian bandits in Shandong, Henan, Anhui, and Henan before they joined the Taiping; audit supplies and relieve the suffering; stock the capital granaries, restore discipline, and secure the dynasty's base. Much of the memorial was adopted. He recommended Jiang Zhongyuan for high command; he was soon made governor. He moved to justice, then works again, and also governed Shuntian.
15
粵匪北犯，心存疏言賊氛逼近，請扼河而守，畿南直駐重兵，河南、山西、陝西各要隘並力堵截，速調駐熱河、綏遠之蒙古馬隊進口內衛京畿； 京師九門嚴緝姦宄，運通倉存糧入城； 並敕琦善、鄧紹良規复揚州、鎮江，為會剿江寧之計。 又疏陳順天防務，畫分汛地，舉行團練； 府屬各營舊隸總督管轄，請旨暫歸調遣。 未幾，賊犯天津，僧格林沁率師進剿，命順天府設糧台。 心存請發內帑三十二萬兩、京倉米二千六百石以給軍食，添制軍需火藥。 又偕團防大臣會議京城防守事宜，舉光祿寺卿宋晉、太僕寺卿王茂廕綜理其事，並詔允行。 時議行鈔幣，心存疏言：「軍營搭放票鈔，諸多窒礙。 鈔幣之法，施行當有次第，此時甫經頒發，並未試用，勢難驟用之軍營。」 詔斥為阻撓，即責籌次等施行之法，俾無阻滯。 會言官論通州捕役勾結土匪行劫，命刑部侍郎文瑞鞫得實，心存以徇庇革職。
As Taiping forces marched north he urged holding the river line, massing troops south of Beijing, blocking Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi passes, and bringing Mongol cavalry from Rehe and Suiyuan to guard the capital; hunt traitors at the nine gates and move Tongcang grain into the city; and order Qi Shan and Deng Shaoliang to recover Yangzhou and Zhenjiang as prelude to retaking Nanjing. He also divided Shuntian defense zones and organized militia; and asked that camps formerly under the governor-general answer to him for the moment. Soon rebels threatened Tianjin; Sengge Rinchen marched out and Shuntian set up a grain bureau. Xincun secured 320,000 taels from the inner treasury and 2,600 shi of capital grain for the army, plus more gunpowder. He met defense commissioners, put Song Jin and Wang Maoyin in charge of capital defense, and won approval. When paper money was debated, he wrote: 'Paying troops in paper notes faces many obstacles. Currency reform needs stages; notes have just been issued and untested—they cannot be forced on the army yet.' An edict called this obstruction and ordered him to devise workable steps at once. When censors exposed Tongzhou constables colluding with bandits, Wen Rui proved it and Xincun was dismissed for shielding them.
16
四年，起授吏部侍郎，調戶部，擢兵部尚書，調吏部。 六年，疏陳江南軍事，略曰：「蘇、松、常、太三府一州，及浙之杭、嘉、湖三府，久為賊所窺伺。 今寧國先陷，逼近宜興，向榮近守丹陽，溧水、句容相繼失守，宜責向榮嚴扼丹陽，令張國樑率精兵駐宜興扼東壩，別簡水師駐太湖，庶蘇、常兩郡可保無事。 又近有按畝捐輸，失政體，竭民財，請查明停止。」 是年冬，兼翰林院掌院學士，以吏部尚書協辦大學士，尋調戶部。
In 1854 he was recalled as vice minister of personnel, moved to revenue, made war minister, then personnel minister. In 1856 he warned that Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Taicang, and Zhejiang's Hang, Jia, and Hu had long been rebel targets. With Ningguo fallen near Yixing and Lishui and Jurong lost, he urged Xiang Rong to hold Danyang, Zhang Guoliang to block Dongba from Yixing, and a fleet on Taihu to save Suzhou and Changzhou. He also asked to end per-mu war levies that drained the people. That winter he also headed the Hanlin, became associate grand secretary while personnel minister, then moved to revenue.
17
八年，充上書房總師傅。 英法聯軍北犯，天津戒嚴。 心存疏請聖駕還宮，以定眾志，力言京師重地，不可駐外國領事； 長江形勢不可失； 綏芬邊地不可捐； 兵費不可再償； 傳教不可推廣； 和議難成，宜速進剿。 湖北巡撫胡林翼奏除漕務中飽之弊，請改徵折色。 心存力贊其議； 由部定章程五事，滿、漢兵糧折價支給，上下衙門一切陋規概行裁革焉。 拜體仁閣大學士，管理戶部。 與肅順同官不相能，屢乞病，不許。 九年，复固請，乃予告去職。
In 1858 he became chief tutor of the Upper Study. Anglo-French forces marched north and Tianjin went on alert. He urged the emperor back to Beijing to steady morale and insisted foreign consuls must not stay in the capital; the Yangzi must not be abandoned; Suifen territory must not be surrendered; war indemnities must not be paid again; missionary activity must not expand; peace would be hard—strike quickly instead. Hubei governor Hu Linyi asked to end tribute-grain graft by collecting in cash. Xincun strongly backed him; the ministry set five rules, paid troops in cash, and abolished corrupt practices throughout. He became grand secretary of the Tiren Hall and headed revenue. He clashed with colleague Sushun and repeatedly begged sick leave in vain. In 1859 he insisted again and was allowed to retire.
18
十年，戶部迭興大獄，肅順主之，多所羅織。 怡親王載垣等會鞫，謂司員忠麟、王熙震以短號鈔兌換長號，曾面啟心存，心存回奏部院事非一二人所能專政，斷無立談數語改舊章之理。 載垣等遂請褫頂帶歸案訊質，文宗鑑其誣，僅以失察議處，免傳訊，議降五級，改俟補官，革職留任。 復以五「宇」商號添支經費，心存駁令議減，未陳奏，司員即列入奏銷，下嚴議，革職留任。 是年秋，車駕將幸熱河，心存上疏切諫。
In 1860 revenue launched major prosecutions directed by Sushun that ensnared many. At trial Prince Yi Zaiyuan's faction claimed clerks Zhonglin and Wang Xizhen swapped short for long banknotes after briefing Xincun; Xincun replied that revenue policy was not decided in a hallway chat. They demanded his arrest; Xianfeng saw the frame-up and only punished lax oversight—no interrogation, a five-rank demotion, then retention in post pending reassignment. When five Yu firms padded expenses, Xincun ordered cuts but clerks slipped them into accounts before he could memorialize; he was severely censured and kept on in disgrace. That autumn, as the court prepared to flee to Rehe, Xincun sent an urgent remonstrance.
19
十一年，文宗崩於行在，梓宮還京，心存偕諸臣迎謁，特詔起用，以大學士銜管理工部。 疏舉人材，詔嘉其不失以人事君之義。 又疏言：「東南之民鄉義甚堅，各郡縣陷後，流亡渡江者，日夜思招練義勇，克復鄉里。 請敕曾國籓擇能辦賊者馳赴通州東台，收拾將散之人心，激勵方興之義旅，進搗蘇、常，退保下河。 上海一隅賦稅所出，宜取江海關無窮之利，以供曾國籓有用之兵。」 疏上，被嘉納。 同治元年，入直弘德殿，偕祁俊藻等授穆宗讀。 兩宮皇太后慎重師傅之選，倚畀彌篤。 是年冬，寢疾，子安徽巡撫同書方緣事繫獄，詔暫釋侍疾。 尋卒，優詔賜卹，稱其「品端學粹，守正不阿」，贈太保，入祀賢良祠，諡文端。 賜其孫曾源進士，曾榮舉人，曾純、曾桂並以原官即用，曾翰賜內閣中書。 逾年，文宗實錄告成，以心存曾充監修總裁，賜祭一壇。 子同書、同龢自有傳，同爵官湖北巡撫。
In 1861 Xianfeng died at Rehe; Xincun met the returning coffin and was recalled as grand secretary heading works. He recommended talent; the throne praised his loyalty in staffing the state. He wrote that southeastern villagers were fiercely loyal: refugees crossing the Yangzi dreamed of raising militia to retake their homes. He asked that Zeng Guofan send able commanders to Tongzhou and Dongtai to rally morale, spur loyal militia, advance on Suzhou and Changzhou, and hold the lower Yangzi. Shanghai's customs revenue, he urged, should fund Zeng Guofan's army. The memorial was praised and adopted. In 1862 he tutored Tongzhi in the Hongde Hall alongside Qi Junzao and others. The two empress dowagers chose tutors carefully and relied on him ever more. He fell ill that winter while his son Tongshu, Anhui governor, was in prison; Tongshu was briefly released to nurse him. He soon died; the throne mourned his 'upright character and pure learning,' made him grand guardian posthumously, enshrined him among worthies, and named him Wenduan. His grandson Zengyuan received the jinshi degree; Zengrong the juren; Zengchun and Zenggui kept their ranks; Zenghan became a grand secretariat secretary. When Xianfeng's Veritable Record was finished the next year, he received a sacrificial altar for having directed it. His sons Tongshu and Tonghe have their own biographies; Tongjue was governor of Hubei.
20
彭蘊章，字詠莪，江蘇長洲人，尚書啟豐曾孫。 由舉人入貲為內閣中書，充軍機章京。 道光十五年，成進士，授工部主事，仍留直軍機處。 累遷郎中，歷鴻臚寺少卿、光祿寺少卿、順天府丞、通政司副使、宗人府丞。 督福建學政，遷左副都御史。 二十八年，疏言：「漕船衛官需索旗丁日益增多，沿途委員及漕運衙門、倉場花戶皆有費，慾減旗丁幫費，宜探本窮源。 又州縣辦漕，應令督撫察其潔己愛民者，每歲酌保一二員； 辦理不善者，劾一二員。 運漕官及坐糧廳如能潔己剔弊，準漕督、倉場保奏，不稱職者劾罷。」 下部議行。 擢工部侍郎，仍留學政任。 咸豐元年，命在軍機大臣上行走。 四年，調禮部，尋擢工部尚書。 五年，協辦大學士。 六年，拜文淵閣大學士，管理工部及戶部三庫事務，充上書房總師傅。
Peng Yunzhang, courtesy name Yong'e, came from Changzhou in Jiangsu and was great-grandson of Minister Qifeng. A provincial graduate, he bought office as a grand secretariat secretary and served as a Grand Council clerk. He became a jinshi in 1835, was made a works director, and stayed on the Grand Council. He rose through director, vice minister of sacrifices and of imperial entertainments, Shuntian vice governor, transmission vice commissioner, and imperial clan vice director. He supervised Fujian examinations and became left vice censor-in-chief. In 1848 he wrote that grain-boat guards extorted banner crews ever more, with fees all along the route—to cut those fees one must strike at the root. He urged governors to reward clean, humane county officials handling tribute grain each year; and impeach the worst offenders. Clean transport officials could be recommended; corrupt ones impeached. The ministries adopted the plan. He was made vice minister of works while keeping the education post. In 1851 he was ordered to serve above the Grand Councilors. In 1854 he moved to rites, then soon became minister of works. In 1855 he became associate grand secretary. In 1856 he became Wenyuan grand secretary, headed works and revenue's three treasuries, and chief tutor of the Upper Study.
21
八年，京師旱，糧價踴貴，旗民生計益艱，蘊章奏請撥款採米，允之。 复疏言：「自改用大錢，城中米貴，疊荷加恩賑濟，又加米折，然民生疾苦未見轉機。 臣聞兵丁所領止有實米二成，其餘折色定價，每石京錢四千至三千不等，大米一石市價京錢三十千。 持此折價買米，不過升斗。 民生之蹙，不獨在無銀，並在無米。 本年海運多於上年，可將兵米酌量加增。 又各營養育兵及鰥寡孤獨小口米不過四萬餘名，每名歲支一石六斗，擬請此項酌給米，毋庸折色。 自前年以來，有提存部庫採買銀，又存四川、山東、山西、河南、陝西解京米價銀，共有四十七萬餘兩，堪以採買米石，加放兵米。 又有河南停運節省運腳銀二萬兩，堪為轉運之用。 伏乞飭部採買，以資搭放，實於旗兵生計大有裨益。」 疏入，下部議行。
In 1858 drought drove up Beijing grain prices; Yunzhang secured funds to buy rice for the banners. He wrote that since large cash coins rice had stayed dear despite repeated relief—the people's plight had not eased. Soldiers received only twenty percent in grain; the rest was paid in cash at three to four thousand per shi while market rice cost thirty thousand. That cash bought only a cup or two of rice. The poor suffered from lack of rice as much as lack of silver. Sea transport exceeded last year's; military grain rations could be raised. He proposed giving rice in kind to some forty thousand dependents instead of cash. Some 470,000 taels in treasury reserves could buy rice for troops. Henan's saved transport funds of 20,000 taels could pay shipping. He asked the ministry to buy rice for distribution—a great boon to banner livelihoods. The ministries approved.
22
蘊章久直樞廷，廉謹小心，每與會議，必持詳慎。 鈔票、科場諸大獄，婉體調護，與肅順等意忤。 兩江總督何桂清素以才敏自負，蘊章誤信之，數於上前稱薦。 十年，江寧大營潰，蘊章猶言桂清可恃。 未幾，蘇、常相繼陷，桂清逮治。 文宗以蘊章無知人鑑，眷注浸衰。 適有足疾，扶掖入直，命毋庸在軍機大臣上行走，以示體恤。 尋奏乞罷職，出都就醫。 詔曰：「卿久任樞垣，備悉時事。 現在軍務如有見及，並採訪輿論民情，隨時具疏交地方官大吏代遞。」 蘊章密陳時務六則，報聞。 十一年，病痊，署兵部尚書，尋兼署左都御史。 同治元年，復以病乞休。 未幾，卒，依大學士例賜卹，諡文敬。 子祖賢，官至湖北巡撫。
Long on the council, Yunzhang was honest and cautious in every deliberation. In note and examination scandals he softened blows and clashed with Sushun. He Guiqing of Liangjiang was clever and self-confident; Yunzhang wrongly praised him repeatedly to the throne. In 1860, after the Nanjing camp collapsed, Yunzhang still insisted He Guiqing could be trusted. Soon Suzhou and Changzhou fell and He Guiqing was arrested. Xianfeng lost confidence in Yunzhang's judgment of men. Foot trouble made him lean on attendants; he was relieved of Grand Council duty as a kindness. He soon resigned and left Beijing for treatment. An edict said: 'You know the times from long council service. If you see anything in military affairs, gather opinion and memorialize through local officials. Yunzhang sent six secret points on current affairs. In 1861, recovered, he acted as war minister and then left censor-in-chief. In 1862 he again begged retirement on illness. He soon died with grand-secretary funeral honors and the posthumous name Wenjing. His son Zuxian became governor of Hubei.
23
論曰：文宗初政，杜受田以師傅最被信任，贊畫獨多。 祈俊藻、彭蘊章皆久領樞務，翁心存數論軍事，久筦度支。 三人者並與肅順不協，先後去位； 同治初元，聯翩復起。 俊藻、心存三朝耆碩，輔導衝主，一時清望所歸焉。
The historians note: early in Xianfeng's reign Du Shoutian, as tutor, was most trusted and shaped policy most. Qi Junzao and Peng Yunzhang long led the council; Weng Xincun often debated war and long ran revenue. All three clashed with Sushun and left office; at Tongzhi's start they returned in succession. Junzao and Xincun were three-reign elders tutoring a child emperor—the age's moral authority gathered around them.