1
=常大淳=常大淳，字蘭陔，湖南衡陽人。 道光三年進士，選庶吉士，授編修，遷御史。 湖南鎮筸兵變，戕營官，鎮道莫敢誰何，大淳疏劾之。 出為福建督糧道，署按察使。 晉江縣獲洋盜三百八十餘人，總督欲駢誅之，大淳力爭，全活脅從者近三百人。 司獄囚滿，大淳曰：「囚不皆死罪，獄無隙地，疫作且死。」 乃分別定擬遣釋，囹圄一清。 歷浙江鹽運使、安徽按察使。 母憂歸，服闋，授湖北按察使，遷陝西、湖北布政使。 三十年，擢浙江巡撫。
Chang Dachun, courtesy name Lan'ai, was a native of Hengyang in Hunan. He passed the jinshi examination in the third year of the Daoguang reign (1823), entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor, was appointed compiler, and was later promoted to censor. When the garrison at Zhenqian in Hunan mutinied and killed their camp officers, the territorial commander and circuit intendant did not dare confront them; Dachun submitted a memorial impeaching them. He was appointed grain intendant of Fujian and served concurrently as acting provincial judicial commissioner. When Jinjiang County seized more than three hundred eighty foreign pirates, the governor-general wanted them all executed at once; Dachun argued strenuously and saved nearly three hundred who had been coerced into joining. When the prisons were overcrowded, Dachun said, "Not every prisoner is under sentence of death; the cells have no room left, and if plague breaks out they will all perish." He then reviewed cases individually, arranging releases and deportations until the prisons were entirely cleared. He later served as salt transport commissioner of Zhejiang and provincial judicial commissioner of Anhui. After his mother's death he returned home to observe mourning; when the mourning period ended he was appointed provincial judicial commissioner of Hubei and later served as provincial treasurer of Shaanxi and Hubei. In the thirtieth year of Daoguang (1850) he was promoted to governor of Zhejiang.
2
咸豐元年，海盜布興肆擾，疏劾黃岩、溫州、乍浦三鎮總兵應調遲延，親赴寧波，與提督會剿，降其渠，凡五月事定。 二年，調湖北。 粵匪犯長沙，土匪蜂起，或議停文武鄉試，大淳不可，終事無譁。 尋調山西，未行，時總督程矞採駐防湖南，失機獲罪，徐廣縉代之，駐湖南督師，而賊勢益張。 兩湖集兵長沙，防岳州者僅千人，大淳奏調陝甘兵未至，岳州土匪王萬里等踞桃林，檄防兵討之，萬里遁，而粵匪己走寧鄉，破益陽，出臨資口。
In the first year of the Xianfeng reign (1851), pirates under Bu Xing spread disorder along the coast; Dachun memorialized against the regional commanders of Huangyan, Wenzhou, and Zhapu for tardy mobilization, went personally to Ningbo, coordinated a joint campaign with the provincial military commander, induced the rebel leader to surrender, and within five months the disturbance was settled. In the second year of Xianfeng (1852) he was transferred to Hubei. When Cantonese rebels threatened Changsha and local bandits rose in numbers, some proposed canceling the provincial civil and military examinations; Dachun refused, and the examinations were held without incident. He was soon transferred to Shanxi but had not yet left when Governor-General Cheng Yucai, stationed in Hunan on defensive duty, was punished for missing his chance; Xu Guangjin replaced him and took command in Hunan while rebel strength continued to grow. Forces from Hunan and Hubei were massed at Changsha, yet only a thousand men guarded Yuezhou; Dachun reported that the Shaanxi-Gansu troops he had requested had not arrived; Yuezhou bandits led by Wang Wanli held Taolin until he ordered the garrison to attack and Wanli fled—but the Cantonese rebels had already passed through Ningxiang, seized Yiyang, and advanced toward Linzikou.
3
先是，大淳檄巴陵紳士吳士邁練漁勇防水路，扼土星港設柵，千人守之，商賈民船萬餘，皆阻柵不得行。 及賊至，漁勇潰，船悉為賊有，水陸並下。 提督博勒恭武守岳州，不戰而走，城遂陷。 武漢大震，兵不滿五千，奏留江南提督雙福募勇繕城為守禦計，而兩司以下亦少應變才。 大淳性仁柔，但以好語拊循士卒，莫能得其死力。 賊至，先陷漢陽，作浮橋攻武昌。 提督向榮自湖南來援，距城十餘裡，阻賊不得前。 十二月，賊由江岸穴地轟城，遂陷，大淳死之，妻劉、子集松、子婦馬、孫女淑英並殉。 詔贈總督，諡文節，祀昭忠祠，並於湖北建立專祠。
Earlier Dachun had instructed the Baling gentleman Wu Shimai to train fishing-boat militia to defend the waterways; they blocked Tuxing Harbor with a barrier manned by a thousand men, and more than ten thousand merchant and civilian vessels were held up and could not pass. When the rebels arrived the fishing militia broke and fled; the rebels seized every boat and pressed forward by land and water together. Provincial Military Commander Bole Gongwu held Yuezhou but retreated without a fight, and the city fell. Panic spread through Wuhan; the garrison numbered fewer than five thousand; Dachun memorialized to keep Jiangnan Military Commander Shuang Fu to recruit militia and repair the walls for defense, yet among the provincial commissioners and subordinates few showed talent for crisis management. Dachun was gentle by nature and could only soothe the troops with kind words; he could not win their willingness to die for him. When the rebels arrived they first seized Hanyang, threw a pontoon bridge across the river, and attacked Wuchang. Military Commander Xiang Rong marched from Hunan to relieve the city but halted more than ten li away, blocked by rebel forces and unable to advance. In the twelfth month the rebels dug under the riverbank and blasted the walls; the city fell and Dachun was killed; his wife Liu, his son Jisong, his daughter-in-law Ma, and his granddaughter Shuying all died with him. An edict posthumously promoted him to governor-general, conferred the posthumous title Wenjie, enshrined him in the Shrine of Manifest Loyalty, and ordered a dedicated shrine built for him in Hubei.
4
同城文武被難者，提督雙福，學政、光祿寺卿馮培元，布政使梁星源，按察使瑞元，道員王壽同、王東槐、林恩熙，知府明善、董振鐸，同知周祖銜，知縣繡麟，而總兵王錦繡、常祿皆以援師入城助守，同殉焉。 馮培元、王東槐自有傳。
Civil and military officials who perished in the same city included Military Commander Shuang Fu; Educational Commissioner and Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices Feng Peiyuan; Provincial Treasurer Liang Xingyuan; Provincial Judicial Commissioner Rui Yuan; circuit intendants Wang Shoutong, Wang Donghuai, and Lin Enxi; prefects Ming Shan and Dong Zhenduo; subprefect Zhou Zuyin; and magistrate Xiulin; regional commanders Wang Jinxiu and Chang Lu had entered with relief columns to help defend and died there as well. Feng Peiyuan and Wang Donghuai have separate biographies.
5
雙福，他塔拉氏，滿洲正白旗人。 由護軍從征喀什噶爾，洊升參領，出為湖北副將。 剿崇陽匪鍾人傑，功最，賜號烏爾瑪斯巴圖魯，累擢河北、古州兩鎮總兵，江南提督。 大淳疏請留防，改授湖北提督。 城陷，死之。 子德齡，同遇害。 予騎都尉兼雲騎尉世職，諡武烈。
Shuang Fu, of the Tatara clan, was a Manchu of the Plain White Banner. Beginning as a guardsman he campaigned in Kashgar, rose through repeated promotions to company commander, and was appointed deputy regional commander of Hubei. In the campaign against the Chongyang rebel Zhong Renjie his merit ranked first; he received the title Urumqi Baturu and rose through successive promotions to regional commander of the Hebei and Guzhou garrisons and provincial military commander of Jiangnan. At Dachun's request he was kept for the defense of Hubei and appointed provincial military commander there. When the city fell he was killed in its defense. His son Deling was killed in the same attack. He was granted the combined hereditary ranks of Commandant of Cavalry and Cloud Cavalry Captain, with the posthumous title Wulie.
6
王錦繡，廣西馬平人。 由行伍累擢雲南曲尋協副將。 率滇兵赴廣西剿匪，擢鄖陽鎮總兵。 常祿，富察氏，滿洲鑲白旗人。 由護軍校洊擢雲南副將。 剿廣西匪，擢河北鎮總兵，賜號強謙巴圖魯。 錦繡、常祿轉戰廣西、湖南，皆有功績。 及湖北告警，偕同赴援，戰於蒲圻，獲勝，遂入武昌嬰城固守。 城陷，巷戰，同死之，並優恤，予騎都尉兼雲騎尉世職。 錦繡諡壯節，常祿諡剛節。
Wang Jinxiu was a native of Maping in Guangxi. Rising through the ranks he was repeatedly promoted to deputy regional commander of the Qujing garrison in Yunnan. He led Yunnan troops into Guangxi to suppress bandits and was promoted to regional commander of the Yunyang garrison. Chang Lu, of the Fuca clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered White Banner. Beginning as a guards officer he rose through repeated promotions to deputy regional commander of Yunnan. After suppressing bandits in Guangxi he was promoted to regional commander of the Hebei garrison and granted the title Qiangqian Baturu. Jinxiu and Chang Lu campaigned through Guangxi and Hunan in turn, both with distinguished records of service. When Hubei was threatened they marched together to its relief, won a battle at Puqi, entered Wuchang, and shut themselves in to hold the city. When the city fell they fought street by street and died together; both received exceptional posthumous honors and the combined hereditary ranks of Commandant of Cavalry and Cloud Cavalry Captain. Jinxiu was given the posthumous title Zhuangjie; Chang Lu was given the posthumous title Gangjie.
7
王壽同，江蘇高郵人，尚書引之子。 捐納刑部郎中。 道光二十四年進士。 用原官遷御史，出為貴州黎平知府，擢湖北漢黃德道。 在黃州募勇，令子恩晉訓練，得精銳四百人。 武昌被圍，壽同率以赴援。 衝賊營縋城入，任戰守，屢擊斬攻城賊。 以甕德法知賊由江岸穴地道，方鑿穴出擊，地雷發，壽同率恩晉巷戰，同遇害。 予騎都尉世職，祀京師昭忠祠，與子恩晉同於本籍建忠孝祠，賜兩子恩錫、恩炳並為舉人。 後左都御史單懋謙疏陳壽同治績，追諡忠介。
Wang Shoutong, a native of Gaoyou in Jiangsu, was the son of Minister Yin. He purchased appointment as a director in the Ministry of Justice. He passed the jinshi examination in the twenty-fourth year of the Daoguang reign (1844). He was transferred to censor under his purchased rank, appointed prefect of Liping in Guizhou, and promoted to Hankou-Huangzhou-Dezhou circuit intendant in Hubei. At Huangzhou he recruited militia and put his son Enjin in charge of training them, raising four hundred crack troops. When Wuchang came under siege Shoutong led his troops to its relief. He broke through the rebel camp and was lowered into the city by rope, took charge of the defense, and repeatedly killed rebels assaulting the walls. Weng Defa informed him that the rebels were tunneling under the riverbank; as he was digging out to counterattack a mine detonated; Shoutong led Enjin in street fighting and both were killed. He was granted the hereditary rank of Commandant of Cavalry and enshrined in the capital Shrine of Manifest Loyalty; a joint shrine of loyalty and filial piety was built for him and his son Enjin in their home district; his sons Enxi and Enbing were both granted the rank of provincial graduate. Later Left Censor-in-Chief Shan Maoqian memorialized detailing Shoutong's record in office, and he was posthumously granted the title Zhongjie.
8
=蔣文慶=蔣文慶，字蔚亭，漢軍正白旗人。 嘉慶十九年進士，授吏部主事，遷員外郎。 出為雲南曲靖知府，調雲南府。 道光十二年，擢甘肅寧夏道。 在邊十年，濬渠，興水利。 遷浙江按察使，護理巡撫，遷安徽布政使。 文宗即位，下詔求賢，巡撫王植薦之，咸豐元年，就擢巡撫。 奏請鳳、潁所屬宜練團，與保甲並行。
Jiang Wenqing, courtesy name Weiting, was a Hanjun Bannerman of the Plain White Banner. He passed the jinshi examination in the nineteenth year of the Jiaqing reign (1814), was appointed a director in the Ministry of Personnel, and was promoted to vice director. He was appointed prefect of Qujing in Yunnan and later transferred to the Yunnan prefecture. In the twelfth year of the Daoguang reign (1832) he was promoted to Ningxia circuit intendant in Gansu. During ten years on the frontier he dredged canals and developed irrigation works. He was transferred to provincial judicial commissioner of Zhejiang, served as acting governor, and was then appointed provincial treasurer of Anhui. When Emperor Wenzong came to the throne he issued an edict calling for worthy men; Governor Wang Zhi recommended Wenqing, and in the first year of Xianfeng (1851) he was promoted directly to governor. He memorialized that districts under Fengyang and Yingzhou should train militia companies alongside the baojia household-registration system.
9
二年，粵匪犯長沙，命遣安徽兵一千赴援湖北。 總督陸建瀛慮賊窺吉安，請所調兵改赴江西。 文慶疏言：「安慶、潛山等營已起程者，毋庸北還； 其未出境之徽、寧二營改赴江西； 仍各募足千人，俾資援應。 惟安徽兵僅六千，各有分防汛地，省垣單危。 潁、鳳民團強勁，臣擬增募二千； 如賊氛益熾，請調江蘇兵三千。 統計庫帑撥解甘肅、河工及本省兵餉銀五十五萬兩，近又以十餘萬解楚，實已無餘。 乞將續收地丁契雜及蕪、鳳兩關稅入截留備用。」 建瀛以文慶張皇，漸生異議。 及賊至岳州，復申募勇留餉前議，始奉總理安徽防剿之命，遣按察使張熙宇、游擊賡音布扼小孤山，自與壽春鎮總兵恩長籌守禦。
In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), when Cantonese rebels threatened Changsha, he was ordered to dispatch a thousand Anhui troops to reinforce Hubei. Governor-General Lu Jianying feared the rebels might threaten Ji'an and asked that the troops be redirected to Jiangxi. Wenqing memorialized: "The Anqing, Qianshan, and other battalions already on the march need not be recalled north; the Huizhou and Ningguo battalions not yet beyond the border should be sent to Jiangxi instead; each should still recruit a full thousand men to provide mutual support. Yet Anhui has only six thousand troops, each with assigned garrison and flood-defense duties, leaving the provincial capital dangerously exposed. The militia of Yingzhou and Fengyang are formidable; I propose recruiting two thousand more; if rebel activity intensifies, I request three thousand troops from Jiangsu. In all the treasury has disbursed five hundred fifty thousand taels to Gansu, river works, and provincial military pay; recently more than a hundred thousand more went to Hubei, leaving nothing in reserve. I ask that ongoing receipts of land tax, deed tax, miscellaneous levies, and customs revenue from the Wuhu and Fengyang passes be retained for local use. Jianying regarded Wenqing as alarmist and gradually grew at odds with him. When the rebels reached Yuezhou he renewed his proposals to recruit militia and retain funds; only then was he appointed to take overall charge of Anhui's defense; he sent Provincial Judicial Commissioner Zhang Xiyu and Colonel Gengyinbu to hold Xiaogushan while he joined Regional Commander Enchang of the Shouchun garrison in planning the defense.
10
三年正月，賊已陷武昌，陸建瀛督師迎剿，令福山鎮總兵王鵬飛以二千人防安慶，而調恩長為行營翼長。 鵬飛駐兵北門外，以客將馭新兵，安慶勢益危。 文慶母年八十餘，久病，送之登舟。 建瀛方溯江而上，見之大怒，將具疏劾之，語頗聞。 及至，文慶稱病不出，曰：「我旦夕且得罪去耳！」 建瀛至黃州，賊連舟蔽江下，恩長戰歿，兵潰於武穴，建瀛遂返，過安慶，文慶要入城計事，已不及，熙宇、鵬飛皆棄防地走。 漕督週天爵奉命助守安慶，方留剿鳳、潁土匪，書抵文慶畫退守廬州之策。 文慶奏上其書，賊遽至，城北兵潰，而城中譁言將退廬州，紛紛縋城下，斬之不可止。 文慶吞金不死，飲藥悶絕，家人輿之出，遇賊於門，遂被害。 從僕以席覆屍，赴桐城呈報，漏言自裁事。 賊既去，子長綬集僚屬耆老集視，然後殮。
In the first month of the third year of Xianfeng (1853), after Wuchang had fallen, Lu Jianying took command to meet the rebels, ordered Regional Commander Wang Pengfei of the Fushan garrison to defend Anqing with two thousand men, and transferred Enchang to wing commander of his field headquarters. Pengfei camped outside the north gate; as an outsider commanding raw recruits, Anqing's position grew ever more precarious. Wenqing's mother was over eighty and had been ill for years; he put her aboard a boat to leave. Jianying was proceeding upriver at the time; seeing this he flew into a rage and prepared a memorial of impeachment; word of it spread. When Jianying arrived Wenqing pleaded illness and refused to meet him, saying, "I shall soon be dismissed in disgrace!" Jianying reached Huangzhou as rebel fleets filled the river downstream; Enchang was killed in battle and the army broke at Wuxue; Jianying turned back and, passing Anqing, wanted Wenqing to enter the city to confer, but it was too late—Xiyu and Pengfei had both abandoned their posts and fled. Grain Transport Commissioner Zhou Tianjue had been ordered to help defend Anqing but was still engaged against bandits in Fengyang and Yingzhou; he wrote to Wenqing proposing a withdrawal to Luzhou. Wenqing forwarded the letter to the throne; the rebels arrived suddenly; the northern garrison broke; rumor spread through the city that they would withdraw to Luzhou, and soldiers scrambled down the walls by rope in numbers that even executions could not halt. Wenqing swallowed gold but failed to die; he took poison and lost consciousness; his family carried him out on a litter and met the rebels at the gate, where he was killed. A servant covered the body with a mat, went to Tongcheng to report the death, and let slip that Wenqing had tried to take his own life. After the rebels withdrew his son Changshou gathered officials and local elders to view the body, and only then was it encoffined.
11
詔詰遺疏與呈報不符，向榮疏陳本末，乃賜卹如例，予騎都尉世職，入祀昭忠祠，安慶建專祠，諡忠愨。
An edict questioned the discrepancy between his final memorial and the official report; Xiang Rong memorialized explaining the full sequence of events; compassionate grants were then awarded as usual, with the hereditary rank of Commandant of Cavalry, enshrinement in the Shrine of Manifest Loyalty, a dedicated shrine at Anqing, and the posthumous title Zhongque.
12
=陶恩培=陶恩培，字益之，浙江山陰人。 道光十五年進士，選庶吉士，授編修，遷御史。 出為湖南衡州知府。 咸豐元年，廣西賊起，衡州奸民左家發謀響應，捕誅之，晉秩道員。 二年春，粵匪犯衡陽。 總督程矞採方駐郡，聞警，遽欲退保省城。 恩培曰：「衡州，楚之門戶，棄則全楚震矣！」 勿聽。 乃與約，毋撤糧台，得便宜行事。 恩培誅鋤內奸，撫循兵士。 賊知有備，由他道竄陷道州，犯長沙，所至皆破，惟衡州獨完。 御史黎吉雲以狀聞，文宗嘉之。 三年，超擢湖南按察使。 剿平衡山、安仁、瀏陽、醴陵土匪，遷山西布政使。 巡撫駱秉章以恩培在湖南久，疏留襄辦防務，允之。 尋調任江蘇。
Tao Enpei, courtesy name Yizhi, was a native of Shanyin in Zhejiang. He passed the jinshi examination in the fifteenth year of the Daoguang reign (1835), entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor, was appointed compiler, and was later promoted to censor. He was appointed prefect of Hengzhou in Hunan. In the first year of Xianfeng (1851), when rebels rose in Guangxi, the Hengzhou troublemaker Zuo Jiafa plotted to join them; Enpei captured and executed him and was promoted to circuit intendant. In the spring of the second year of Xianfeng (1852), Cantonese rebels threatened Hengyang. Governor-General Cheng Yucai was stationed in the prefecture; on hearing the alarm he immediately wanted to withdraw to the provincial capital. Enpei said, "Hengzhou is the gateway to Hunan; if we abandon it the whole province will be shaken!" Cheng would not listen. Enpei then secured an agreement not to withdraw the grain depot and to act at his own discretion. Enpei rooted out collaborators within the city and steadied the troops. Finding the city prepared, the rebels slipped away by another route, seized Daozhou, and attacked Changsha, sweeping through every place they reached—only Hengzhou held firm. Censor Li Jiyun reported these facts to the throne, and Emperor Wenzong commended him. In the third year of Xianfeng (1853) he was promoted out of turn to provincial judicial commissioner of Hunan. After suppressing bandits at Pingshan, Anren, Liuyang, and Liling he was appointed provincial treasurer of Shanxi. Governor Luo Bingzhang, noting Enpei's long service in Hunan, memorialized to keep him to assist in defense work, and the request was granted. He was soon transferred to Jiangsu.
13
四年，擢湖北巡撫。 時武漢再复，城郭殘破，旁近皆賊踪，總督楊霈擁兵廣濟，按察使胡林翼出省防剿。 或說恩培曰：「省城不可守，宜遷治他郡。」 恩培斥其非，兼程進，歲將盡蒞任，文武員弁不足三十，兵不盈千，餉不逾萬。 恩培馳書曾國籓乞援，檄胡林翼回保省城。 會楊霈敗走蘄州，次於德安。 五月正月，漢陽、漢口並為賊踞，興國、通山、嘉魚土匪應之，武昌益孤。 恩培盡焚沿江木植，盡驅諸船，故賊未得渡，而道員李孟群、知府彭玉麟以水師至，胡林翼以陸師至，聲勢稍壯。 賊城沙坡堆，恩培欲先發製之，令林翼統諸軍冒雪出不意，三路攻賊。 士卒畏寒不欲戰，渡江營沌口，師期頗洩，賊得為備。 林翼慮兵力分，並為一路。 舟師先薄小龜山，陸師繼進。 賊出馬步數千，從漢口鈔我軍，复敗退大軍山。 賊舟大集，晝夜攻城。 楊霈約三路來援，以火為號。 林翼、孟群整軍以待，屢見火起，為所紿，而霈軍不至。 二月，賊由興國、通山來助攻。 林翼兵隔江為賊所綴，不能渡。 城中出兵連戰於青山、望江樓，皆挫。 直逼大小東門，恩培自當之，令武昌知府多山守西北城。 方戰，忽報漢陽門破，多山戰死。 至暮賊麕集，士卒死傷略盡，恩培投蛇山紫陽塘殉焉。 詔優恤，予騎都尉兼雲騎尉世職，諡文節，祀昭忠祠。 後在湖北與吳文鎔合建一祠。
In the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854) he was promoted to governor of Hubei. Wuhan had been retaken but the city lay in ruins, with rebel activity all around; Governor-General Yang Fu massed troops at Guangji while Provincial Judicial Commissioner Hu Linyi was away campaigning. Some urged Enpei, "The provincial capital cannot be defended; you should relocate the government elsewhere." Enpei rejected the advice and pressed on by forced marches, arriving as the year was ending with fewer than thirty civil and military officers, fewer than a thousand troops, and funds of barely ten thousand taels. Enpei wrote urgently to Zeng Guofan begging for reinforcements and ordered Hu Linyi by dispatch to return and defend the provincial capital. Meanwhile Yang Fu was defeated and retreated to Qizhou, halting at De'an. In the first month of the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855), Hanyang and Hankou both fell to the rebels; local bandits in Xingguo, Tongshan, and Jiayu rose in support, leaving Wuchang increasingly isolated. Enpei burned riverside timber and cleared away all boats so the rebels could not cross; when Circuit Intendant Li Mengqun and Prefect Peng Yulin arrived with the fleet and Hu Linyi with the army, government strength improved somewhat. The rebels fortified Shapodui; Enpei wanted to strike first and ordered Linyi to lead the armies out through the snow in a surprise attack on three routes. The troops shrank from the cold and refused to fight; they crossed the river and camped at Zhunkou; battle plans leaked, and the rebels were ready. Linyi, fearing his forces were too divided, combined them into a single column. The fleet advanced first against Little Tortoise Hill, with the army following. The rebels sent out several thousand horse and foot, outflanked the government forces from Hankou, and were driven back again to Dajunshan. Rebel fleets massed and assaulted the city day and night. Yang Fu promised relief on three routes, with fire as the signal. Linyi and Mengqun arrayed their troops and waited; fires rose repeatedly, but they were deceived, and Yang Fu's army never arrived. In the second month rebels from Xingguo and Tongshan joined the assault. Linyi's troops were cut off across the river by rebel forces and could not cross. Forces sent from the city fought repeatedly at Qingshan and Wangjiang Tower and were beaten back each time. They pressed straight toward the Great and Small East Gates; Enpei took charge himself and ordered Wuchang Prefect Duoshan to defend the northwest wall. Mid-battle came word that the Hanyang Gate had fallen and Duoshan had been killed in action. By evening the rebels had massed; the garrison was nearly annihilated; Enpei drowned himself in Ziyang Pond on Snake Hill and died with the city. An edict granted exceptional posthumous honors, the combined hereditary ranks of Commandant of Cavalry and Cloud Cavalry Captain, the posthumous title Wenjie, and enshrinement in the Shrine of Manifest Loyalty. Later a joint memorial shrine was built for him in Hubei together with Wu Wenrong.
14
多山，赫舍里氏，滿洲鑲藍旗人。 道光十四年舉人，刑部郎中。 出為襄陽知府，舉行團練，勦賊有功，晉秩道員。 調武昌府，署按察使。 時司道多駐城外督戰，惟多山助城守，城陷，力戰死之，予騎都尉世職，諡忠節。
Duoshan, of the Heseri clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Blue Banner. He passed the provincial examination in the fourteenth year of the Daoguang reign (1834) and served as a director in the Ministry of Justice. As prefect of Xiangyang he organized militia training, suppressed bandits with distinction, and was promoted to circuit intendant. He was transferred to Wuchang prefecture and served as acting provincial judicial commissioner. Most senior officials were stationed outside the city directing campaigns; only Duoshan remained to help defend the walls; when the city fell he fought to the death, was granted the hereditary rank of Commandant of Cavalry, and received the posthumous title Zhongjie.
15
=吉爾杭阿=吉爾杭阿，字雨山，奇特拉氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人。 由工部筆帖式洊遷郎中，充坐糧廳監督。 咸豐三年，以孝和睿皇后奉安山陵，晉秩道員。 揀發江蘇，補常鎮道，署按察使。 粵匪已踞江寧、鎮江，會匪劉麗川陷上海。 巡撫許乃釗檄吉爾杭阿偕總兵虎嵩林、參將秦如虎合師進剿。
Ji Erhang'a, courtesy name Yushan, of the Qitela clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Beginning as a clerk in the Ministry of Works he rose through repeated promotions to director and served as supervisor of the Grain Transport Office. In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), for attending the burial of Empress Xiaohui Rui at the imperial mausoleum, he was promoted to circuit intendant. Assigned to Jiangsu, he was appointed to the Chang-Zhen circuit and served as acting provincial judicial commissioner. Cantonese rebels already held Nanjing and Zhenjiang; secret-society rebel Liu Lichuan seized Shanghai. Governor Xu Naigang ordered Ji Erhang'a, Regional Commander Hu Songlin, and Colonel Qin Ruhu to combine forces and advance against the rebels.
16
劉麗川者，廣東香山人。 貿易上海，習於洋商，與蘇松太道吳健彰有舊。 素行不法，見粵匪勢盛，遂倡亂，糾客籍粵、閩、江右會黨二千人，於三年秋襲上海城，戕知縣袁祖德，劫道庫，吳健彰遁入領事署。 鄰境亂民紛起應之，寶山、嘉定、青浦、南匯、川沙五城連陷。 蘇紳捐募川勇千人，刑部主事劉存厚領之，隸於吉爾杭阿為軍鋒，連克青浦、嘉定。 諸軍至，五城以次復。 合圍上海，分南北兩營。
Liu Lichuan was a native of Xiangshan in Guangdong. He traded in Shanghai, was familiar with foreign merchants, and had long-standing ties with Suzhou-Songjiang-Taicang Circuit Intendant Wu Jianzhang. Long known for lawless conduct, he saw Cantonese rebel strength rising and raised a revolt, rallying two thousand migrants from Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi secret societies; in the autumn of the third year of Xianfeng (1853) they stormed Shanghai, killed Magistrate Yuan Zude, looted the circuit treasury, and Wu Jianzhang fled into the foreign consulate. Neighboring districts rose in support; the cities of Baoshan, Jiading, Qingpu, Nanhui, and Chuansha fell one after another. Jiangsu gentry funded a thousand Sichuan militia led by Ministry of Justice Director Liu Cunhou; placed under Ji Erhang'a as the vanguard, they captured Qingpu and Jiading in succession. When government forces arrived the five cities were recovered one by one. They combined to besiege Shanghai, establishing northern and southern camps.
17
四年春，存厚穴地轟城，以援兵不繼退。 賊由北門出犯，吉爾杭阿親燃砲擊卻之。 賊又劫北營，虎嵩林兵挫。 吉爾杭阿固守，得不潰，复擊退西門撲營之賊，超擢布政使，賜花翎，尋擢巡撫。 复於南門掘地道，火發，副將清長先登，沒於陣，兵又退。 地鄰租界，匪人暗濟餉械，久不下，乃於洋涇浜築牆塞濠，斷其糧道，賊始困。 負嵎已經年，洋商貿易不便，吉爾杭阿開誠曉以利害，於是法國兵官請助剿，英、美領事允讓地設防。 築土牆於陳家木橋，移營進逼，下令投誠免死，縋城出者日以千計。 賊襲陳家木橋，擊敗之，擒斬悍黨偽將軍林阿朋。 除夕，乘賊不備，地雷發，督兵躍城入，麗川縱火逸，追擒伏誅，餘賊盡殲。 捷聞，文宗嘉其功，加頭品頂戴，賜號法施善巴圖魯。
In the spring of the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), Cunhou tunneled under the walls and detonated mines, but withdrew when reinforcements failed to arrive. Rebels sallied from the north gate; Ji Erhang'a personally fired the guns and drove them back. The rebels raided the northern camp again and Hu Songlin's force was defeated. Ji Erhang'a held firm and prevented a rout, then repelled rebels who stormed the western camp; he was promoted out of turn to provincial treasurer, granted the peacock feather, and soon after appointed governor. They dug another tunnel at the south gate; when the mine exploded Deputy Regional Commander Qingchang was first over the wall and was killed; the troops withdrew again. Adjacent to the foreign settlement, rebels received secret supplies of funds and arms; the city held out for months until walls were built at Yangjingbang to block the moat and cut supply lines, and only then did the rebels begin to suffer. The rebels had held out for more than a year, disrupting foreign trade; Ji Erhang'a spoke frankly about the stakes; the French military officer offered to assist in suppression, and the British and American consuls agreed to cede land for defensive positions. They built an earthen wall at Chenjiamuqiao, advanced the camps, promised amnesty to defectors, and each day a thousand or more rebels lowered themselves from the walls to surrender. Rebels attacked Chenjiamuqiao and were defeated; the fierce partisan and self-styled general Lin Apeng was captured and executed. On New Year's Eve, catching the rebels unprepared, a mine was detonated and troops scaled the walls; Lichuan set fires and fled but was pursued, captured, and executed; the remaining rebels were annihilated. When victory was reported Emperor Wenzong commended his achievement, granted the first-rank official's hat ornament, and bestowed the title Fashishan Baturu.
18
五年，命率得勝之兵馳往向榮大營，幫辦軍務，專任鎮江一路。 鎮江賊酋吳汝孝最桀黠，恃金山為犄角，銀山、寶蓋山並有伏賊。 是年秋，迭攻鎮江西門、南門，堵截金山、瓜洲沿江援賊，累戰皆捷。 虎嵩林克寶蓋山，吉爾杭阿駐營其上，乘黃山發巨砲轟城，賊卡盡毀。 江寧賊集大股由北岸渡江來援，吉爾杭阿策高資鎮為賊糧道，遣兵截擊，賊退棲霞石埠橋。 偕總兵德安扼剿，留劉存厚率三營守高資煙墩山。
In the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855) he was ordered to lead his victorious troops to Xiang Rong's grand camp to assist in military affairs and take sole charge of the Zhenjiang front. The Zhenjiang rebel leader Wu Ruxiao was the fiercest and most cunning; he used Jinshan as a flank position, with hidden rebel forces on Yinshan and Baogai Hill. That autumn he repeatedly assaulted Zhenjiang's west and south gates, blocked rebel relief along the river from Jinshan and Guazhou, and won battle after battle. Hu Songlin captured Baogai Hill; Ji Erhang'a camped there and, from Huangshan, fired heavy cannon at the city until every rebel stockade was destroyed. A large Jiangning relief force crossed from the north bank; Ji Erhang'a identified Gaozi as the rebels' supply route, sent troops to intercept them, and drove them back to Qixia Shibuqiao. Together with Regional Commander De'an he pressed the pursuit, leaving Liu Cunhou with three battalions to hold Yandun Hill at Gaozi.
19
六年春，賊糾悍黨陳玉成、李秀成等來援，提督張國樑御之於倉頭鎮。 賊潛由小港出江順流下，城賊突出應，官軍為所乘，賊遂長驅進金雞嶺，逼寶蓋山大營。 吉爾杭阿拒，賊未得逞，乃渡江犯儀徵、揚州。 五月，賊數万复犯高資，存厚告急。 大營兵僅八千，或謂：「賊眾且銳，不可當，姑舍高資，徐圖大舉為便。」 吉爾杭阿奮然曰：「一戰絕賊糧道，鎮江旦夕且下。 吾寧以死報國耳！」 遂馳抵煙墩，被圍，鏖戰五晝夜，親執旗指麾，猝中砲，殞。 存厚護屍突圍出，為賊所要截，歿於陣，並遺骸失之。 副都統繃闊投江死。 鎮江軍亦潰，副將周兆熊死之。 事聞，文宗震悼，追贈吉爾杭阿總督，予一等輕車都尉世職，諡勇烈。 於殉難地方建專祠，上海亦建專祠。 子文鈺襲世職，賜員外郎。
In the spring of the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), rebels rallied fierce leaders Chen Yucheng and Li Xiucheng to relieve the city; Military Commander Zhang Guoliang met them at Cangtou Town. Rebels slipped out through Little Harbor and swept downstream while city garrison forces sallied to meet them; government troops were caught off guard; the rebels drove straight to Jinjiling and threatened the great camp on Baogai Hill. Ji Erhang'a held them off and the rebels failed to break through; they then crossed the river and attacked Yizheng and Yangzhou. In the fifth month tens of thousands of rebels again attacked Gaozi, and Cunhou sent urgent appeals for help. The grand camp had only eight thousand men; some urged, "The rebels are numerous and fierce; we cannot face them; abandon Gaozi for now and plan a larger campaign later." Ji Erhang'a declared spiritedly, "One battle will cut the rebels' supply line, and Zhenjiang will fall within days. I would rather die serving the dynasty!" He galloped to Yandun, was surrounded, and fought fiercely for five days and nights, personally directing operations with the banner in hand, until he was struck by cannon fire and killed. Cunhou tried to protect the body and break out, but was intercepted by rebels, killed in battle, and even the remains were lost. Vice Commander-in-Chief Beng Kuo threw himself into the river and drowned. The Zhenjiang army also collapsed, and Deputy Regional Commander Zhou Zhaoxiong was killed. When word reached the throne Emperor Wenzong was deeply grieved; Ji Erhang'a was posthumously promoted to governor-general, granted the first-class hereditary rank of Commandant of Light Chariots, and given the posthumous title Yonglie. A dedicated shrine was built at the site of his death, and another in Shanghai. His son Wenyü inherited the hereditary rank and was granted the office of vice director.
20
存厚，字仲山，四川榮縣人。 捐納刑部主事。 好談兵，侍郎王茂廕疏薦，命赴江南大營，向榮命率勇擊賊，輒勝。 上海之役，始自領一軍，吉爾杭阿甚倚之。 克青浦，冒矢石先登，洊保知府。 及攻上海，誤殺洋婦，洋人憤，將發兵相攻。 存厚單騎往曰：「此不足啟邊釁，請以一身償。 若欲戰，雖死不相下也！」 卒議償卹而定。 圍攻凡數月，方略多出存厚。 既克，以首功頒賞荷囊，授江寧知府，記名道員。 從攻鎮江，奪銀山，破瓜洲援賊，爭金雞嶺，皆功最。 吉爾杭阿以存厚有謀略，故令守高資，及赴援戰歿，存厚大慟，力戰突圍，欲返其屍，中道遇伏，殺賊數百人，馬陷淖，被戕。 予騎都尉世職，諡剛愍。
Liu Cunhou, courtesy name Zhongshan, was a native of Rongxian in Sichuan. He purchased appointment as a director in the Ministry of Justice. He was fond of military discussion; Vice Minister Wang Maoyin recommended him by memorial; he was ordered to the Jiangnan grand camp, where Xiang Rong put him in charge of militia against the rebels, and he won repeatedly. In the Shanghai campaign he first commanded his own force, and Ji Erhang'a relied on him heavily. In capturing Qingpu he braved arrows and stones to be first over the wall and was repeatedly recommended for promotion to prefect. During the assault on Shanghai his troops mistakenly killed a foreign woman; foreigners were enraged and prepared to send troops against him. Cunhou rode alone to them and said, "This is not grounds for a frontier incident; let me answer for it with my own life. If you want a fight, I will not yield even in death!" In the end compensation was agreed and the matter was settled. The siege lasted several months, and most of the strategy came from Cunhou. After the victory he received the presentation pouch for foremost merit, was appointed prefect of Jiangning, and registered as a circuit intendant. In the Zhenjiang campaign he captured Yinshan, broke rebel relief at Guazhou, and fought for Jinjiling—his merit ranked first in each action. Ji Erhang'a valued Cunhou's strategic talent and left him to hold Gaozi; when Ji Erhang'a died in battle Cunhou grieved deeply, fought to break out and recover the body, was ambushed en route, killed several hundred rebels, but his horse sank in the mire and he was slain. He was granted the hereditary rank of Commandant of Cavalry and the posthumous title Gangmin.
21
繃闊，戴佳氏，滿洲正白旗人。 官頭等侍衛。 從僧格林沁剿林鳳祥，戰連鎮、高唐、馮官屯，積功授正紅旗蒙古副都統。 調京口，偕吉爾杭阿援高資，軍潰，墮水中，從人拯之，曰：「吾與吉公偕！ 吉公死，吾不獨生。」 复投江死，諡勇節。
Beng Kuo, of the Daijia clan, was a Manchu of the Plain White Banner. He served as a first-class imperial bodyguard. He followed Senggelinqin against Lin Fengxiang, fought at Lianzhen, Gaotang, and Fengguantun, and through accumulated merit was appointed vice commander-in-chief of the Mongol Plain Red Banner. Transferred to Jingkou, he joined Ji Erhang'a to relieve Gaozi; when the army collapsed he fell into the water; his attendants pulled him out, but he said, "I go with Lord Ji! Lord Ji is dead; I will not live on alone." He threw himself into the river again and drowned, receiving the posthumous title Yongjie.
22
兆熊，四川成都人。 官副將。 從攻鎮江，駐軍城南破子岡，當賊衝。 吉爾杭阿既歿，破子岡為賊困，汲道斷，兆熊固守，時以計誘擊賊，殺傷甚多。 乞援於張國樑，未至，圍益逼，素得士心，無一逃者。 營破，燃火藥自焚，一軍同死，諡果愍。
Zhou Zhaoxiong was a native of Chengdu in Sichuan. He held the rank of deputy regional commander. In the Zhenjiang campaign he stationed troops at Pozigang south of the city, directly in the rebels' line of attack. After Ji Erhang'a's death Pozigang was besieged; the water supply was cut off; Zhaoxiong held firm and repeatedly lured rebels into ambushes, killing and wounding many. He begged Zhang Guoliang for relief, but help never came; the siege tightened; he had long won his men's loyalty, and not one deserted. When the camp fell he ignited gunpowder and burned himself to death; the entire force perished with him, and he received the posthumous title Guomin.
23
=羅遵殿=羅遵殿，字澹村，安徽宿松人。 道光十五年進士，直隸即用知縣，歷南樂、唐山、清苑諸縣，冀州直隸州，皆有聲績。 擢浙江湖州知府，調杭州，擢湖北安襄鄖荊道。 遵殿在浙，以捕盜名。 至湖北，檄所屬治團練，楚北民團自此始。
Luo Zundian, courtesy name Dancun, was a native of Susong in Anhui. He passed the jinshi examination in the fifteenth year of the Daoguang reign (1835), was appointed an expectant magistrate of Zhili, and served successively in Nanle, Tangshan, Qingyuan, and Jizhou in Zhili, earning a distinguished reputation at each post. He was promoted to prefect of Huzhou in Zhejiang, transferred to Hangzhou, and then promoted to intendant of the Anxiang-Yun-Jing circuit in Hubei. While serving in Zhejiang, Zundian won renown for suppressing banditry. On reaching Hubei he ordered his subordinates to organize militia training, and civilian defense corps in northern Hubei date their origin to this initiative.
24
咸豐二年，粵匪陷武昌，土匪郭大安謀應賊，捕斬之。 三年，署按察使。 會捻匪窺襄、樊，遵殿還襄陽籌防。 總督張亮基疏陳遵殿得民心，請提標歸其調遣。 四年，武昌再陷，皖賊竄德安、安陸、荊門，遵殿率五千人出屯王家河遏賊衝，克潛江，賜花翎。 尋破賊於京山，復其城，屢遣襄勇助總督楊霈防剿。 五年春，武昌复陷，襄陽有備，賊不犯境。 六年，遷兩淮鹽運使，留湖北治糧台。 游勇煽饑民為亂，蔓延荊、襄、鄖、宜四郡，遵殿固守，待援兵至，大破之。 是年秋，武漢克復，遵殿力固上游。 以盜賊起於飢寒，勸置義倉七十餘所，以稅餘銀修老龍堤捍水患，就遷湖北按察使。 八年，遷布政使。 時胡林翼為巡撫，百廢具舉，重遵殿清德，吏事悉倚之。
In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), when Cantonese rebels seized Wuchang, the local bandit Guo Da'an plotted to join them; Zundian captured and executed him. In the third year of Xianfeng (1853) he served as acting provincial judicial commissioner. When Nian rebels threatened Xiangyang and Fancheng, he returned to Xiangyang to organize the defense. Governor-general Zhang Liangji memorialized that Zundian had won popular support and asked that the provincial banner troops be placed under his command. In the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), after Wuchang fell again and rebels from Anhui raided De'an, Anlu, and Jingmen, he led five thousand men to Wangjiahe to block their advance, recovered Qianjiang, and was awarded the peacock feather insignia. He soon defeated the rebels at Jingshan and recovered the city, and repeatedly dispatched Xiangyang militia to assist Governor Yang Zhe in defense and suppression. In the spring of the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855), Wuchang was recovered and then lost again; Xiangyang stood ready, and the rebels did not cross into his jurisdiction. In the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856) he was transferred to salt transport commissioner of the Lianghuai region but remained in Hubei to run the grain supply bureau. Roving soldiers incited hungry civilians to revolt across the Jing, Xiang, Yun, and Yi prefectures; Zundian held his ground until reinforcements arrived and inflicted a crushing defeat. That autumn, when Wuhan was recovered, he labored to secure the upper Yangtze. Convinced that banditry sprang from hunger and cold, he urged the establishment of more than seventy charity granaries and devoted surplus tax revenue to repairing the Laolong embankment against floods; he was then promoted to provincial judicial commissioner of Hubei. In the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858) he was promoted to provincial treasurer. Hu Linyi was then governor of the province, reviving every neglected institution; he prized Zundian's integrity and entrusted him with virtually all administrative affairs.
25
九年，擢福建巡撫，未之任，調浙江。 自賊踞江寧，皖南軍事餉事悉隸浙江。 屯兵寧國，恃為屏蔽。 及胡興仁為巡撫，不欲餉鄰軍，又劾統將鄭魁士他調去，賊窺浙益急。 遵殿到官，痛吏習浮競，乃嚴舉劾，察營伍，或不便其所為，多毀之。 省垣獨總兵李定太軍六千人，知不足恃，與胡林翼商調楚軍，倉猝難應。 賊已由寧國竄入浙境。 遣李定太出防湖州，而廣德已陷。
In the ninth year of Xianfeng (1859) he was promoted to governor of Fujian but before taking office was transferred to Zhejiang. Once the rebels held Nanjing, military operations and supplies for southern Anhui all fell under Zhejiang's jurisdiction. Government troops were stationed at Ningguo and counted on as a shield for the province. When Hu Xingren became governor he refused to provision neighboring armies and impeached the commanding general Zheng Kuishi for transfer elsewhere, and rebel probes against Zhejiang grew steadily more threatening. On taking office Zundian detested the officials' habit of empty rivalry; he enforced strict impeachments and inspected the camps, and those who found his conduct inconvenient spread slander against him. The provincial capital had only Brigadier-general Li Dingtai's six thousand men, which he knew were insufficient; he consulted Hu Linyi about transferring Hunan troops, but in the emergency no help could arrive in time. The rebels had already broken out of Ningguo into Zhejiang. He dispatched Li Dingtai to defend Huzhou, but Guangde had already fallen.
26
十年二月，賊由獨松關逼杭州，湖南遣蕭翰慶、李元度兩軍來援，翰慶戰死，元度道阻不得前。 賊壁城南山上，下臨城中。 乞師江南，未至，兵少，實不能戰。 浙西初經寇亂，人不知兵，議戰議守，紛紜不定。 會久雨，遵殿徒步泥淖中，守浹旬，城陷，仰藥死，妻女同殉，詔予優恤。 尋以御史高延祜奏劾遵殿不能禦賊，罷其卹典。
In the second month of the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), rebels pressed Hangzhou through Dusong Pass; Hunan dispatched the armies of Xiao Hanqing and Li Yuandu to relieve the city; Hanqing was killed in battle and Yuandu was blocked on the road and could not advance. The rebels fortified on the hills south of the city and looked down on the streets below. He begged for troops from Jiangnan, but they did not arrive; his forces were too few to offer a real fight. Western Zhejiang had only lately been ravaged by rebels; civilians knew nothing of war, and debate over whether to fight or hold the walls raged without resolution. As the rains dragged on, Zundian walked barefoot through the mud and held the city for ten days; when it fell he took poison and died, his wife and daughters dying with him, and the court granted generous posthumous honors. Soon afterward Censor Gao Yanhu memorialized that Zundian had failed to repel the rebels, and his posthumous honors were revoked.
27
遵殿任外吏二十年，廉介絕俗，家僅土屋數椽，胡林翼集賻，乃克歸喪。 同治初，詔允曾國籓之請，念其歷官有聲，到浙未久，追贈右都御史，予騎都尉世職，諡壯節。
Zundian had served as a local official for twenty years with an integrity beyond the common run; his household owned only a few mud-walled rooms, and only when Hu Linyi raised funeral contributions could his coffin be brought home. Early in the Tongzhi reign (1862), the court granted Zeng Guofan's request, recalling his distinguished record though his tenure in Zhejiang had been brief; he was posthumously promoted to Right Vice Censor-in-Chief, granted the hereditary office of Rider Captain, and given the posthumous name Zhuangjie (Stalwart Integrity).
28
城陷時，署布政使王友端、署按察使繆梓、杭嘉湖道葉堃、寧紹台道仲孫懋、署杭州知府馬昂霄、署仁和知縣李福謙同殉節。
When the city fell, Acting Provincial Treasurer Wang Youduan, Acting Provincial Judicial Commissioner Mou Zi, Hang-Jia-Hu Circuit Intendant Ye Kun, Ning-Shao-Tai Circuit Intendant Zhongsun Mao, Acting Hangzhou Prefect Ma Angxiao, and Acting Renhe Magistrate Li Fuqian all died in its defense.
29
友端，安徽婺源人。 道光二十七進士，授戶部主事，遷郎中。 出為浙江糧道，署布政使。 當粵匪之窺浙也，言於遵殿曰：「皖邊軍弱，湖州空虛，請速備廣德。」 遵殿至事急始遣軍，已無及。 賊遂長驅至城下，友端復請列塹湧金、清波兩門為犄角，亦不用其言。 賊穴道攻城，友端懸金三千募死士縋擊，遇雨，火器不燃而敗。 臨死，自書「浙江布政使王友端」八字於衿上，予騎都尉世職，諡貞介。
Youduan was a native of Wuyuan in Anhui. He passed the jinshi examination in the twenty-seventh year of the Daoguang reign (1847), was appointed a secretary in the Ministry of Revenue, and was promoted to director. He was appointed grain intendant of Zhejiang and served concurrently as acting provincial treasurer. When Cantonese rebels threatened Zhejiang he told Zundian, "The troops on the Anhui border are weak and Huzhou lies exposed; prepare Guangde at once." Zundian sent troops only when the crisis was upon him, and it was already too late. The rebels then drove straight to the walls; Youduan again urged entrenchments at the Yongjin and Qingbo gates as mutual supports, but again his advice went unheeded. The rebels tunneled under the walls; Youduan offered three thousand taels of gold to recruit desperados to be lowered by rope for a sortie, but rain fell, their firearms failed to ignite, and the attack was beaten back. Before he died he wrote on his collar the eight characters "Zhejiang Provincial Treasurer Wang Youduan"; he was granted the hereditary office of Rider Captain and given the posthumous name Zhenjie (Upright and Incorruptible).
30
梓，江蘇溧陽人。 道光八年舉人，大挑知縣。 歷署仙居、石門、奉化諸縣。 罣誤去官。 值清查倉庫、水災籌賑，奉檄佐理，皆得其力。 準捐輸复官，晉同知。 咸豐二年，河決阻漕，獻策行海運，即以任之。 蕆事，擢知府。 上海為賊陷，率兵助剿； 复創議疏濬劉河海口以通漕運。 歷寧波、杭州知府，署杭嘉湖道，兼鹽運使。 六年，署按察使。 粵匪由江西窺浙，梓統軍駐常山防之，授金衢嚴道。 八年，粵匪陷江山，犯衢州，偕總兵李定太合擊走之，再署按察使。 當賊圍杭州，梓署鹽運使兼按察使，管營務處，城守事專任之。 臨時調集，兵不滿四千，城大，不敷守堞。 人心惶懼，動輒譁譟。 或以閉城為張皇，繼又謂戰緩為退縮。 梓奔走籌守禦，兩次縋城攻賊皆失利。 城紳促戰急，而民與兵相仇。 梓知不可為，以死自誓。 守清波門雲居山，偵賊掘地道，急開內壕。 未竣，地雷猝發，城圮軍潰。 身被數十創，死之。 事聞，賜卹。 巡撫王有齡追論梓創議株守，奪卹典。 及杭州再复，舉人趙之謙訴於京，下巡撫左宗棠確查。 疏言：「梓居官廉幹，臨難慘烈，請還卹典。」 後巡撫李瀚章、楊昌濬屢為疏請，贈太常寺卿，祀昭忠祠，並建專祠，予騎都尉世職，諡武烈。
Mou Zi was a native of Liyang in Jiangsu. He passed the provincial examination in the eighth year of the Daoguang reign (1828) and through the great selection was appointed magistrate. He served successively as acting magistrate of Xianju, Shimen, Fenghua, and other counties. Caught up in an official error, he was dismissed from office. During the granary inspection and flood-relief campaigns he was ordered to assist and proved indispensable in both. Permitted to restore his office through a contribution, he was promoted to sub-prefect. In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), when a breach of the Yellow River blocked the grain route, he proposed shifting transport to the sea and was immediately put in charge. When the task was completed he was promoted to prefect. When Shanghai fell to the rebels he led troops to assist in the suppression; He also pioneered a proposal to dredge the mouth of the Liu River to restore the grain transport route. He served as prefect of Ningbo and Hangzhou, acted as intendant of the Hang-Jia-Hu circuit, and concurrently held the salt transport commissionership. In the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856) he served as acting provincial judicial commissioner. When Cantonese rebels from Jiangxi threatened Zhejiang, Mou Zi commanded troops at Changshan to block them and was appointed intendant of the Jin-Qu-Yan circuit. In the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858), when Cantonese rebels seized Jiangshan and attacked Quzhou, he and Brigadier-general Li Dingtai jointly routed them, and he again served as acting provincial judicial commissioner. When rebels besieged Hangzhou, Mou Zi served as acting salt transport commissioner and provincial judicial commissioner, managed the camp affairs office, and bore sole responsibility for the city's defense. Troops gathered in haste numbered fewer than four thousand; the city was vast and there were not enough men to man the walls. Panic spread through the populace, and clamor broke out at every turn. Some denounced closing the gates as alarmism; others then accused slow fighting of cowardice. Mou Zi rushed about organizing the defense; twice he sent men lowered by rope from the walls to attack the rebels, and both sorties failed. The city's gentry urgently pressed for battle while civilians and soldiers were at odds with one another. Mou Zi knew the situation was hopeless and vowed to die in the city's defense. He defended Qingbo Gate at Yunju Hill, detected rebels digging a tunnel, and urgently ordered an inner moat dug. Before the work was finished a mine detonated, the wall collapsed, and the garrison broke. He suffered dozens of wounds and died. When word reached the court, posthumous honors were granted. Governor Wang Youling retrospectively blamed Mou Zi for advocating passive entrenchment and stripped his posthumous honors. After Hangzhou was recovered, provincial graduate Zhao Zhiqian appealed in the capital, and the court ordered Governor Zuo Zongtang to investigate. Zuo memorialized: "Mou Zi served with integrity and ability; in the crisis he met a fierce and tragic death; I ask that his posthumous honors be restored." Later Governors Li Hanzhang and Yang Changjun repeatedly memorialized on his behalf; he was posthumously made Grand Secretary of the Grand Secretariat of Rites, enshrined at the Shrine of Loyal Martyrs, granted a dedicated temple, awarded the hereditary office of Rider Captain, and given the posthumous name Wulie (Martial Fierceness).
31
=徐有壬=徐有壬，字鈞卿，順天宛平人，原籍浙江烏程。 道光九年進士，授戶部主事，洊升郎中。 出為四川成綿龍道，署按察使。 治啯匪，擒其魁，餘黨解散。 遷廣東鹽運使，署按察使，清遠土匪戕官，馳剿平之。 遷四川按察使。 文宗即位，下詔求言，司道率引嫌，罕所陳奏。 有壬獨密疏，論事切直。 遷雲南布政使，調湖南。 咸豐五年，以母憂回原籍。 浙江巡撫何桂清奏起有壬治團防。 粵匪由寧國窺湖州，有壬扼長興，設伏敗之，賊去。 八年，服闋，命筦江蘇糧台，擢江蘇巡撫。 槍船匪首程鵬士擾嘉興、湖州，地方官不能制，潛至蘇州，偵獲之，置諸法。
Xu Youren, courtesy name Junqing, was a native of Wanping in Shuntian, with ancestral roots in Wucheng in Zhejiang. He passed the jinshi examination in the ninth year of the Daoguang reign (1829), was appointed a secretary in the Ministry of Revenue, and rose to director. He was appointed intendant of the Cheng-Mian-Long circuit in Sichuan and served concurrently as acting provincial judicial commissioner. He suppressed the Gun bandits of eastern Sichuan, captured their leader, and the remaining followers dispersed. He was transferred to salt transport commissioner of Guangdong and served as acting provincial judicial commissioner; when Qingyuan bandits killed an official he rushed to suppress them and restored order. He was transferred to provincial judicial commissioner of Sichuan. When the Xianfeng Emperor ascended the throne he issued an edict seeking counsel; circuit and prefect officials mostly held back for fear of giving offense and rarely submitted memorials. Youren alone submitted a secret memorial, speaking frankly and to the point. He was transferred to provincial treasurer of Yunnan and then to Hunan. In the fifth year of Xianfeng (1855) he returned home to observe mourning for his mother. Zhejiang Governor He Guiqing memorialized to recall Youren from mourning to organize militia defense. When Cantonese rebels from Ningguo threatened Huzhou, Youren blocked them at Changxing, ambushed and defeated them, and the rebels withdrew. In the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858), when his mourning ended, he was ordered to manage the Jiangsu grain bureau and was promoted to governor of Jiangsu. The musket-boat bandit chief Cheng Pengshi harassed Jiaxing and Huzhou beyond the power of local officials to restrain; when he slipped into Suzhou, Youren detected and seized him and had him executed.
32
有壬之起，由何桂清所薦。 及同官江蘇，無所阿附。 十年春，粵匪复犯湖州。 有壬諮商桂清，遣游擊曾秉忠率舟師往援。 水陸夾擊，賊被創退。 尋復出東壩、溧陽，間道徑趨杭州。 急請調提督張玉良馳援，杭州甫陷旋复。 桂清奏捷，惟言籓司王有齡功，得擾擢，有壬僅予議敘。 未幾，和春等師潰，退守丹陽，有壬急運糧械濟之，而張國樑、和春先後戰歿，何桂清棄常州不守。 四月，賊遂長驅犯蘇州。 有壬移檄責讓，桂清抗疏劾之。 張玉良自請助守城，令屯葑門外，忽夜遁。 明日，有壬巡城，廣勇通賊，開門納賊。 短兵巷戰，賊矛刺有壬冠，抗聲{罒馬}賊，遇害。 子震翼與妾、女同死。 詔優恤，予騎都尉世職，諡莊愍，蘇州建專祠。
Youren's recall from mourning was He Guiqing's recommendation. When they served together in Jiangsu he did not curry favor with him. In the spring of the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Cantonese rebels again attacked Huzhou. Youren consulted He Guiqing and dispatched Raider Zeng Bingzhong with a naval force to relieve the city. Land and naval forces attacked in concert; the rebels were wounded and driven back. Soon afterward they emerged from Dongba and Liyang and by a back route drove straight toward Hangzhou. He urgently requested Provincial Commander Zhang Yuliang for relief; Hangzhou had just fallen and was quickly recovered. Guiqing memorialized the victory crediting only Provincial Treasurer Wang Youling, who was promoted; Youren received only routine commendation. Before long the armies under Hechun were routed and fell back on Danyang; Youren urgently shipped grain and arms to sustain them, but Zhang Guoliang and Hechun were killed in succession and He Guiqing abandoned Changzhou without a fight. In the fourth month the rebels drove straight against Suzhou. Youren issued a dispatch rebuking him; Guiqing responded with a counter-memorial impeaching Youren. Zhang Yuliang volunteered to help defend the city and was ordered to encamp outside Feng Gate, but fled suddenly in the night. The next day, as Youren was inspecting the walls, local militia colluded with the rebels and opened the gates to admit them. Fighting at close quarters in the streets, a rebel spear pierced his hat; he shouted abuse at the rebels and was killed. His son Zhenyi perished together with his concubine and daughter. The throne granted him exceptional posthumous honors, a hereditary Captain of Cavalry commission, the posthumous name Zhuangmin, and a dedicated shrine in Suzhou.
33
有壬幼時嘗覽族譜，得遠祖應鑣闔門殉節事，慨然曰：「吾他日當如此！」 至是果驗。 八歲解勾股術，父死，依叔父於京師，師事姚學塽。 學必求有用，尤精曆算，著有務民義齋算學行世。
As a boy Youren once read the clan genealogy and learned how his distant ancestor Yingbiao and his entire household had died in loyalty to the throne. Moved, he declared: "One day I too shall be like that!" And so it came to pass. At eight he mastered right-triangle mathematics; after his father's death he lived with his uncle in the capital and studied under Yao Xueheng. He pursued only useful learning, excelled above all at calendrical calculation, and published Wumin Yizhai Suanxue.
34
=王有齡=王有齡，字雪軒，福建侯官人。 道光中，捐納浙江鹽大使，改知縣。 歷慈谿、定海、鄞、仁和，皆有聲。 以勞晉秩知府。 咸豐五年，授杭州知府。 巡撫何桂清器其幹略，迭署鹽運使、按察使，擢雲南糧儲道，仍留浙治防。 桂清總督兩江，奏調赴上海議通商稅則。 七年，擢江蘇按察使，遷布政使。 有齡長於理財，桂清素信之深，一切倚畀，益得發舒，事皆專斷，巡撫受成而已。
Wang Youling, courtesy name Xuexuan, was a native of Houguan in Fujian. During the Daoguang reign he purchased an appointment as Zhejiang salt commissioner and later entered service as a county magistrate. His stints as magistrate in Cixi, Dinghai, Yin, and Renhe all won him a strong reputation. He was promoted to prefect in recognition of his service. In the fifth year of the Xianfeng reign he was appointed prefect of Hangzhou. Governor He Guiqing admired his executive ability and repeatedly entrusted him as acting salt transport commissioner and provincial judicial commissioner; though promoted to Yunnan grain superintendent, he was kept in Zhejiang to manage defense. After Guiqing became governor-general of the Two Jiangs, he memorialized to send Youling to Shanghai to negotiate commercial treaty tariffs. In the seventh year of Xianfeng he was promoted to Jiangsu judicial commissioner and then provincial treasurer. Youling excelled at financial management; Guiqing had long placed deep trust in him and delegated everything. Youling grew ever bolder in exercising authority, deciding matters on his own while the governor merely signed off on the results.
35
十年，粵匪陷杭州，將以掣動江南全，局故援兵至，賊即不戰而走。 桂清推功於有齡，遂擢浙江巡撫。 詔趣率兵速赴，會辦軍務及善後事宜，而賊已回撲江南大營。 和春等軍潰，常州、蘇州相繼陷，進逼嘉興，提督張玉良迎擊，敗績，杭州戒嚴。 有齡率閩兵屯北新關外，遣撫標兵要賊於賣魚橋，夾擊敗之，賊乃卻。 設捐輸局，奏請派在籍前左副都御史王履謙、前漕運總督邵燦督同辦理。 賊眾十餘萬由徽州入浙，陷嚴州，合嘉興、廣德兩路分撲省城，有齡偕將軍瑞昌調兵迎擊走之，圍得解，复餘杭，加頭品頂戴。 尋复嚴州。
In the tenth year, when Cantonese rebels took Hangzhou to pin down the whole Jiangnan front, relief troops arrived and the rebels withdrew without a fight. Guiqing credited Youling with the success, and Youling was promoted to governor of Zhejiang. An edict ordered him to hurry with troops to jointly handle military affairs and recovery, but the rebels had already swung back against the Jiangnan Grand Camp. The armies under Hechun collapsed; Changzhou and Suzhou fell in turn; as the rebels pressed toward Jiaxing, Regional Commander Zhang Yuliang gave battle and was beaten. Hangzhou went on high alert. Youling led Fujian troops to encamp outside Beixin Pass, sent provincial garrison troops to block the rebels at Maiyu Bridge, and defeated them in a pincer; the rebels fell back. He set up a donation bureau and memorialized to appoint former Left Censor-in-Chief Wang Lüqian and former Grain Transport Director Shao Can, both resident in their home districts, to supervise collections jointly. More than a hundred thousand rebels entered Zhejiang from Huizhou, took Yanzhou, and converged on the provincial capital from Jiaxing and Guangde; Youling and General Ruichang rallied troops, drove them off, lifted the siege, recovered Yuhang, and earned the first-grade official's button. Yanzhou was recovered shortly afterward.
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十一年，复江山、常山、富陽、遂安、海寧、臨安等縣。 賊擾太湖東山，總兵王之敬戰失利。 至夏，賊复陷江山、常山、長興、金華、遂昌、松陽、處州、永康、義烏，革職留任。 張玉良扼要隘為諸軍應援，兵先潰，賊勢益橫。 檄諸將往援，無應者，處州鎮總兵文瑞率江西援兵三千，有齡待之素厚，乃自請行。 進駐金華孝順街，聞蘭谿兵敗，遽潰； 退守浦江，賊躡之，檄師往援，半途复潰：浦江、嚴州相繼陷。 總兵劉季三、副將劉芳戰死於富陽。 諸將見賊多走，不任戰，惟要索軍食。 富民捐輸已倦，而有司持之急。 於是團練大臣王履謙劾有齡虐捐，遇事多齟《齒吾》，上疏互訐。 十月，蕭山、諸暨及紹興府皆陷，餉源遂絕。 時援軍多不足恃，有齡復奏用李元度為按察使，募湘勇八千入浙，至龍遊，阻不得前。 賊酋李秀成悉眾圍杭州城，副將楊金榜敗死，張玉良攻克羅木營賊壘，亦中飛砲死：城中奪氣，且食盡，饑民死者枕藉。 十二月，賊梯城入，兵潰，有齡服毒不死，縊於閣，秀成見之，為具棺殮焉。
In the eleventh year he recovered Jiangshan, Changshan, Fuyang, Suian, Haining, Lin'an, and other counties. Rebels raided Dongshan on Lake Tai and Regional Commander Wang Zhijing was beaten in the fighting. By summer the rebels had retaken Jiangshan, Changshan, Changxing, Jinhua, Suichang, Songyang, Chuzhou, Yongkang, and Yiwu; Youling was dismissed from office but kept on duty. Zhang Yuliang held key passes to support the other armies, but his men broke first and rebel strength grew unchecked. He summoned the generals to reinforce the front, but none answered; Chuzhou garrison commander Wen Rui had three thousand Jiangxi relief troops—Youling had always treated him generously and now volunteered to go in person. He advanced to Xiaoshun Street in Jinhua, but on news of defeat at Lanxi his men suddenly broke and fled; He fell back to hold Pujiang, but the rebels pressed close; relief troops routed again halfway—and Pujiang and Yanzhou fell in turn. Regional Commander Liu Jisan and Vice Commander Liu Fang were killed fighting at Fuyang. The generals, outnumbered, fled rather than stand and fight, demanding only rations. The wealthy had grown weary of giving, yet officials pressed them all the harder. Militia Commissioner Wang Lüqian then impeached Youling for brutal donation drives; on nearly every issue they clashed, trading memorials accusing each other. In the tenth month Xiaoshan, Zhuji, and Shaoxing prefecture all fell, and the province's supply lines were severed. Most relief armies could not be relied upon; Youling again memorialized to appoint Li Yuandu judicial commissioner and raise eight thousand Hunan braves for Zhejiang, but they reached Longyou and could go no farther. Rebel chief Li Xiucheng threw his whole army against Hangzhou; Vice Commander Yang Jinbang was beaten and killed; Zhang Yuliang took the rebel stronghold at Luomuying but was killed by a chance shell—and inside the city morale collapsed, provisions ran out, and the starving dead lay piled in the streets. In the twelfth month rebels scaled the walls; the garrison broke; Youling swallowed poison without dying and hanged himself in a pavilion. Xiucheng had him coffined and buried with honor.
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事聞，言官顏宗儀、高延祜、硃潮先後疏劾勒捐斂怨，下曾國籓按，奏言：「有齡在浙，官紳不和，不能馭兵，以致僨事； 仍以糧盡援絕，見危授命，大節無虧。」 詔依例賜卹，諡壯愍。 入祀昭忠祠，浙江，福建建專祠。 同殉者，學政張錫庚、提督饒廷選、總兵文瑞、署布政使麟趾、按察使甯曾綸、督糧道暹福、仁和知縣吳保豐。 錫庚、廷選、文瑞並自有傳。
When the news reached court, censors Yan Zongyi, Gao Yanhu, and Zhu Chao memorialized in succession denouncing his coercive fund-raising; the case was referred to Zeng Guofan, who reported: "In Zhejiang Youling could not harmonize officials and gentry or command the army, and affairs failed for it; yet with grain gone and relief cut off he faced death unflinching—his ultimate loyalty was beyond reproach. The throne granted posthumous compensation by statute and the posthumous name Zhuangmin. He was enshrined in the Shrine of Loyal Faithful Service, with dedicated temples built in Zhejiang and Fujian. Those who died with him included Education Commissioner Zhang Xigeng, Regional Commander Rao Tingxuan, Regional Commander Wen Rui, Acting Provincial Treasurer Linzhi, Judicial Commissioner Ning Zenglun, Grain Superintendent Xianfu, and Renhe Magistrate Wu Baofeng. Xigeng, Tingxuan, and Wen Rui each have separate biographies.
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=【論】=論曰：粵匪自陷岳州，勢不可遏。 及犯武昌，援兵雖至，無能為力。 安慶倉猝籌防，益無措手矣。 武昌凡三陷，湖北兵不可用，曾國籓言之痛切。 杭州初陷，由於無兵，後則蘇、常已失，脣亡齒寒。 蘇州素倚江南大軍為屏蔽，大軍潰，則勢難幸全。 常大淳、蔣文慶、陶恩培、羅遵殿、徐有壬諸人，皆不失為承平良吏，短於應變，或因受事於已危，莫能挽救。 王有齡素負才略，以掊克失人心，措施亦未盡當焉。 吉爾杭阿治兵有法，克上海為全功，朝廷倚以規复鎮江，使非中道而殞，必有成效，其建樹非諸人所可同語也。
Commentary: Once the Cantonese rebels took Yuezhou, their momentum could no longer be checked. When they struck Wuchang, relief armies arrived but could do nothing. Anqing was scrambling to prepare defenses, and even that was beyond reach. Wuchang fell three times; Hubei troops were useless—Zeng Guofan wrote of it with bitter anguish. Hangzhou fell the first time for lack of troops; later, after Suzhou and Changzhou were lost, the teeth felt the cold when the lips were gone. Suzhou had always relied on the Jiangnan Grand Army as its shield; once that army collapsed, survival was unlikely. Chang Dachun, Jiang Wenqing, Tao Enpei, Luo Zundian, Xu Youren, and their like were all capable peace-time administrators, ill suited to crisis—or charged with cities already beyond saving. Wang Youling was a man of real talent, but exactions cost him the people's hearts, and his policies were not always sound. Ji Erhanga drilled his troops with discipline; his capture of Shanghai was a complete victory, and the court looked to him to recover Zhenjiang. Had he not died mid-campaign, he would surely have achieved much—accomplishments none of the others could equal.