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列傳一百八十五
Biography 185
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宗室祥厚霍隆武福珠洪阿恩長陳勝元祁宿藻陳克讓劉同纓
Imperial clansman Xianghou; Huo Longwu; Fu Zhu Hong'a; En Chang; Chen Shengyuan; Qi Suzao; Chen Kerang; Liu Tongying
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瑞昌杰純錫齡阿
Rui Chang; Jie Chun; Xi Ling'a
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宗室祥厚，隸鑲紅旗，襲騎都尉世職，授鑾儀衛整儀尉。 累擢鑲紅旗蒙古副都統，歷山海關、熊岳、金州副都統。 道光二十八年，擢江寧將軍。
Xianghou, a member of the imperial clan, was registered in the Bordered Red Banner. He inherited a hereditary commandant-of-cavalry post and was appointed an orderly in the Imperial Procession Guard. He rose through the ranks to become Mongol deputy commander-in-chief of the Bordered Red Banner, and held deputy commandancies at Shanhaiguan, Xiongyue, and Jinzhou. In 1848 he was appointed general commanding the Jiangning garrison.
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咸豐三年正月，粵匪既陷武昌，兩江總督陸建瀛赴上游督師，祥厚偕江蘇巡撫楊文定留守江寧。 賊已蔽江而下，壽春鎮總兵恩長戰歿，建瀛遽退，文定亦不候旨迳赴鎮江。 祥厚偕副都統霍隆武、提督福珠洪阿、布政使祁宿藻疏言：「督臣藉口江寧吃緊，趕回佈置，沿途險要，並不屯紮，上駛師船，一概撤回，專守水路之東西梁山。 蕪湖為江蘇門戶，亦不設防。 十八日隻身抵省，遂致闔城驚擾。 臣等函勸速統舟師迎擊，乃督臣晏坐衙齋，三日不覆。 撫臣執意移駐鎮江，挽留不顧，民情加倍驚惶。 自今固結民心，尚恐緩急難恃； 若任其紛紛遷徙，土匪因而竊發，奸細尤易勾結。 是未禦外侮，將成內變。 現在督撫臣首鼠兩端，進退無據，以致省城震動。 雖有旗兵志切同仇，無如兵力太單。 賊船順流下竄，朝發夕至，守禦萬分緊迫，督同道府等官及八旗協領，激勵官兵，安慰居民，竭盡血誠，認真辦理。 請飭琦善、陳金綬迅速繞出賊前，協力堵剿，以固省城根本，維持南北大局。」 疏入，詔逮建瀛治罪，命祥厚兼署總督，與霍隆武、福珠洪阿、祁宿藻悉心防禦，以在籍前廣西巡撫鄒鳴鶴熟悉賊情，命同籌辦。
In the first month of 1853, after the Taiping forces had captured Wuchang, Governor-General Lu Jianying of the Two Jiangs went upriver to take command of the campaign, while Xianghou and Jiangsu governor Yang Wending stayed behind to defend Nanjing. The rebels were already sweeping down the Yangtze. Shouchun commander En Chang was killed in action. Jianying pulled back in haste, and Wending likewise rushed off to Zhenjiang without waiting for orders from the throne. Xianghou, Deputy Commander Huo Longwu, Regional Commander Fu Zhu Hong'a, and Provincial Commissioner Qi Suzao submitted a joint memorial: "The governor-general, pleading the crisis at Nanjing, hurried back to make dispositions; yet he left no garrisons at any of the strategic points along the way, recalled every war-junk that had been sent upriver, and concentrated his efforts only on holding the Eastern and Western Liang hills on the water route. Wuhu, the gateway to Jiangsu, was left undefended as well. On the eighteenth he reached the capital by himself, throwing the entire city into panic. We wrote urging him to assemble the fleet and strike the rebels at once, but the governor-general remained idle in his yamen and did not answer for three days. The governor insisted on shifting his headquarters to Zhenjiang and ignored our pleas to remain; public fear only grew worse. Even if we rally the people now, we fear they will not stand by us when the crisis comes; and if the populace is allowed to flee in disorder, local bandits will rise in the confusion and enemy agents will find it all the easier to collude with them. We shall face internal disorder before we have even repelled the invader. At present the governor-general and governor waver and cannot decide whether to advance or withdraw, and the provincial capital is in turmoil. Though the banner garrison is eager to fight, our numbers are far too few. The rebel fleet is racing downstream and may reach us overnight. The defense is desperately urgent. We, together with the circuit intendants, prefects, and Eight Banners assistant commanders, are doing all we can to hearten the troops, reassure the people, and carry out the defense in earnest. We beg that Qi Shan and Chen Jinshou be ordered to get ahead of the rebels at once and join in blocking and destroying them, to secure Nanjing and uphold the balance of power between north and south." When the memorial reached the throne, an edict ordered Jianying arrested and punished. Xianghou was appointed acting governor-general and, with Huo Longwu, Fu Zhu Hong'a, and Qi Suzao, charged to organize the defense. Zou Minghe, the former Guangxi governor now at home and familiar with the rebels, was ordered to assist in planning.
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江寧城周九十六里，合旗、漢兵僅五千，城外江寧鎮、龍江關、上河分駐鄉勇不及三千，臨時召募，皆不足恃。 賊過蕪湖，福山鎮總兵陳勝元率舟師戰歿，遂無御者，長驅直抵城下，四面環攻。 守逾旬，賊於儀鳳門穴地轟城，傾十餘丈，復由水西門、旱西門、南門緣梯而登，城遂陷。 祥厚偕霍隆武斂兵守駐防城，婦女皆助戰，逾日亦陷。 祥厚手刃數賊，身被數十創，死之。 事聞，贈太子太保，予二等輕車都尉世職，諡忠勇。 入祀京師昭忠祠，於江寧建專祠，死事者附祀焉。
Nanjing's walls ran ninety-six li around the circuit. Banner and Han troops together numbered only five thousand. Militia posted outside at Jiangning town, Longjiang Pass, and Shanghe came to fewer than three thousand, and men recruited at the last moment could not be relied upon. After the rebels passed Wuhu, Fushan commander Chen Shengyuan led the river fleet into battle and was killed. With no one left to stop them, the rebels marched straight to the city and attacked on every side. The defense held for more than ten days. At Yifeng Gate the rebels mined under the wall and blew a breach more than ten zhang wide, then scaled the ramparts by ladder at the Water West, Dry West, and South gates. The outer city fell. Xianghou and Huo Longwu drew their forces back into the banner garrison quarter. Women joined the fighting as well. A day later that stronghold too was lost. Xianghou killed several rebels with his own blade, took dozens of wounds, and died. When word reached the court, he was posthumously made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, granted a hereditary second-rank commandant-of-light-chariots title, and honored with the posthumous name Loyal and Brave. He was enshrined in the Zhaozhong Memorial Hall in Beijing, and a dedicated shrine was built for him at Nanjing, with others who died in the defense worshipped there as well.
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霍隆武，鈕祜祿氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人，福州駐防。 由武舉前鋒校歷官福建水師旗營協領。 咸豐元年，擢江寧副都統。 賊圍城，偕祥厚登陴固守，歷十餘晝夜，外城陷，同守內城，策馬督戰，受傷墮，力竭陣亡，贈都統，予騎都尉兼雲騎尉世職，諡果毅。
Huo Longwu, of the Niohuru clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner stationed at Fuzhou. He had risen from military licentiate and vanguard captain to assistant commander of the Fujian naval banner camp. In 1851 he was appointed deputy commander at Jiangning. When the rebels besieged the city, he and Xianghou held the ramparts for more than ten days and nights. After the outer city fell they defended the inner quarter together. He rode out to direct the fighting, was wounded and thrown from his horse, and died when his strength gave out. He was posthumously made commander-in-chief, granted a hereditary cavalry command with an additional cloud-cavalry title, and honored as Resolute.
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當時駐防旗兵戰最力。 錫齡額者，事母孝，將軍本智異之，擢為參領。 曰：「求忠臣必於孝子之門。」 事急，戒其妻：「國家豢養，無所報； 脫不利，當闔門死。」 自守城，即不返家，舉室皆殉。 炳元，官佐領，勇力冠軍。 儀鳳門之陷，率死士奮鬥，賊為之卻，忽有狙擊者，殞於陣。 賊破內城，屠戮尤慘，男婦幾無孑遺。
At the time the garrison banner troops fought harder than anyone. Xi Ling'e was devoted to his mother. General Benzhi took notice and promoted him to company commander. He remarked, "If you want a loyal minister, look among filial sons." When the crisis came he warned his wife: "The state has supported us, and we have done nothing to repay it. If fortune turns against us, the whole household must die together." From the day the siege began he never went home again, and his whole family died with him. Bingyuan, an assistant company commander, was the strongest fighter in the garrison. When Yifeng Gate was breached, he led a band of die-hards in a fierce counterattack and drove the rebels back, until a sniper's shot killed him on the field. When the rebels took the inner quarter the slaughter was especially dreadful; almost no one, man or woman, was left alive.
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福珠洪阿，蘇完瓜爾佳氏，滿洲正黃旗人，副都統佛安子。 由鑾儀衛整儀尉累擢總兵，歷鎮筸、伊犁、西寧、天津諸鎮。 道光末，授江南提督，調陝西。 粵匪起，江南籌防，仍調回舊任，駐守省城，所部兵僅數百人。 地雷發，迎擊於城缺，斬悍賊，而諸門先後破。 賊四面至，往來巷戰，死之。 贈太子少保，予二等輕車都尉世職，諡壯敏。
Fu Zhu Hong'a, of the Suwan Guwalgiya clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Yellow Banner and the son of Deputy Commander Fu'an. He rose from an orderly in the Imperial Procession Guard to regional commander, commanding garrisons at Zhenqian, Ili, Xining, Tianjin, and elsewhere. Late in the Daoguang reign he was appointed regional commander of Jiangnan, then transferred to Shaanxi. When the rebellion broke out, Jiangnan mobilized for defense and he was sent back to his old post at the provincial capital with only a few hundred men under his command. When the mine blew open the wall he met the enemy at the breach and killed several of their best fighters, but the gates fell one after another. Rebels poured in from every direction. He fought street by street through the lanes until he was killed. He was posthumously made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, granted a hereditary second-rank commandant-of-light-chariots title, and honored with the posthumous name Stalwart and Keen.
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恩長，赫舍里氏，滿洲鑲紅旗人。 由親軍、十五善射，累遷安徽寧國營副將。 道光中治江防，被獎。 累擢壽春鎮總兵。 初率兵守安慶，陸建瀛赴九江上游，調充翼長，為軍鋒。 與賊戰江中，毀賊船三十餘艘，眾寡不敵，死之。 贈提督，予騎都尉兼雲騎尉世職，諡武壯。
En Chang, of the Heseri clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Red Banner. He had served as an imperial guardsman and as one of the Fifteen Master Archers before rising to brigade vice-commander of the Ningguo garrison in Anhui. During the Daoguang reign he managed river defenses and was commended for his work. He was eventually promoted to commander of the Shouchun garrison. At first he held Anqing with his troops. When Lu Jianying went upriver to Jiujiang, En was made wing commander and placed at the head of the army. He fought the rebels on the river and destroyed more than thirty of their boats, but was overwhelmed and killed. He was posthumously made regional commander, granted a hereditary cavalry command with an additional cloud-cavalry title, and honored with the posthumous name Martial and Stalwart.
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陳勝元，福建同安人。 由行伍歷官福建參將。 捕洋盜有功，累擢江南福山鎮總兵。 率水師防江，賊至太平四合山，迎擊，追至蕪湖，中砲落水，死之。 贈提督，予騎都尉世職，諡剛勇。
Chen Shengyuan was a native of Tong'an in Fujian. He had risen from the ranks to brigade commander in Fujian. He distinguished himself capturing foreign pirates and was eventually promoted to commander of the Fushan garrison in Jiangnan. He commanded the river fleet on the Yangtze defense. When the rebels reached Sihe Mountain in Taiping he engaged them, pursued them as far as Wuhu, was struck by cannon fire, fell into the river, and drowned. He was posthumously made regional commander, granted a hereditary commandant-of-cavalry title, and honored with the posthumous name Hard and Brave.
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祁宿藻，字幼章，山西壽陽人，大學士俊藻弟也。 道光十八年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 以召對受宣宗知，特簡授湖北黃州知府，調武昌。 連年大水，城幾沒，堵禦獲全。 治急賑，煮粥施錢及衣棺藥餌，全活災民甚眾，政聲最。 超擢廣東鹽運使，遷按察使，又遷湖南布政使。 會韶州數縣土匪起，詔留宿藻督兵往剿，七戰皆捷，匪首就擒。 事平，賜花翎。 調江寧布政使。 咸豐元年，河決豐北，山東、江北皆被水。 大學士杜受田奉命臨賑，疏請以宿藻督辦江北賑務，章程出其手定，奏頒兩省行之。
Qi Suzao, courtesy name Youzhang, was a native of Shouyang in Shanxi and the younger brother of Grand Secretary Qi Junzao. In 1838 he passed the jinshi examination, entered the Hanlin Academy as a bachelor, and was appointed a compiler. An imperial audience won him the favor of the Daoguang Emperor, who personally appointed him prefect of Huangzhou in Hubei and soon transferred him to Wuchang. Year after year the floods rose until the city was nearly submerged, but by building dikes and organizing the defense he kept Wuchang intact. He organized emergency relief, distributing gruel, cash, clothing, coffins, and medicine, and saved a great many lives. His reputation as an official was unrivaled. He was promoted ahead of schedule to Guangdong salt transport commissioner, then made provincial judge, and later provincial administration commissioner of Hunan. When bandits rose in several counties around Shaozhou, the throne ordered Suzao to remain in office and lead troops against them. He won seven engagements in a row and captured the ringleaders. When the campaign ended he was awarded the peacock feather. He was transferred to Nanjing as provincial administration commissioner. In 1851 the Yellow River burst its banks at Fengbei, flooding Shandong and the country north of the Yangtze. Grand Secretary Du Shoutian was sent to supervise relief on the spot and memorialized that Suzao be put in charge of relief north of the Yangtze. Suzao drafted the regulations himself, and after imperial approval they were implemented in both provinces.
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及粵匪將東下，宿藻馳返江寧，括庫儲治軍械，盡移兵糈及南門外商市囤米入城，號召義勇之士備戰守。 見督撫倉皇失措，各存意見，勸諫不聽，乃偕祥厚等密疏上聞。 建瀛既被罪失眾心，宿藻獨任事，賊至，力疾登陴指揮，曆三晝夜，城大兵單，援師不至，知事不可為，在城上嘔血數升，卒。 文宗悼惜，加等優血卩，贈右都御史，廕一子以知州用。 同治初，江南平，兄俊藻遣尋其遺櫬，得之城北僻地。 曾國籓以聞，請附祀祥厚專祠，追諡文節。 當城陷時，署布政使鹽巡道塗文鈞、江安糧道陳克讓、江寧知府魏亨逵、同知承恩、通判程文榮、上元知縣劉同纓、江寧知縣張行澍同死之。
When the rebels were about to march east down the Yangtze, Suzao raced back to Nanjing, drew on the treasury to arm the garrison, moved all military grain and the rice hoarded by foreign merchants south of the South Gate into the city, and rallied volunteers for the defense. Finding the governor-general and governor panicked and at odds with each other, he urged them in vain to pull together and finally joined Xianghou and others in a secret memorial to the throne. After Jianying was punished and lost all authority, Suzao alone shouldered the work of defense. When the rebels arrived he dragged himself, though ill, onto the ramparts and directed the fighting for three days and nights. The city was vast and the garrison thin; no relief came. Seeing that all was lost, he vomited blood on the wall and died. The Xianfeng Emperor mourned his loss and granted enhanced posthumous honors. Suzao was posthumously made Right Censor-in-Chief, and one son was given the privilege of appointment as prefect. Early in the Tongzhi reign, after Jiangnan was pacified, his elder brother Junzao sent men to search for his remains and found the coffin in a secluded spot north of the city. Zeng Guofan reported the find and asked that Suzao be worshipped in Xianghou's memorial shrine. He was posthumously honored with the name Cultured and Upright. When the city fell, Acting Commissioner Tu Wenjun, Grain Transport Commissioner Chen Kerang, Prefect Wei Hengkui, Subprefect Cheng En, Assistant Prefect Cheng Wenrong, Shangyuan magistrate Liu Tongying, and Jiangning magistrate Zhang Xingshu all died in the defense.
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克讓，奉天承德人。 道光三年進士，授吏部主事。 累擢四川綏遠知府，調成都。 咸豐元年，擢江安糧道，居官清正。 賊將至，或勸以督運出。 克讓曰：「江寧東南都會，失則大局危。 去將焉往？」 又請徙其孥，其妻泣曰：「去為民望，不如死！」 宿藻死而不瞑，克讓撫之曰：「庫尚有儲金，當募死士以成君志。」 克讓守清涼山，督兵戰，殞於陣。 弟克誠，子鬆恩，同遇害。 妻李，自經死。 賜卹，予騎都尉世職，本籍請建專祠，追諡忠節。
Chen Kerang was a native of Chengde in Fengtian. In 1823 he passed the jinshi examination and was appointed a principal clerk in the Ministry of Personnel. He rose to prefect of Suiyuan in Sichuan and was later transferred to Chengdu. In 1851 he was appointed Jiang'an grain transport commissioner and earned a reputation for integrity in office. When the rebels were approaching, some urged him to supervise the evacuation of grain stores from the city. Kerang replied: "Nanjing is the great metropolis of the southeast. If it falls, the whole strategic situation is lost. Where would I go if I fled?" When he was urged to send his family away, his wife wept and said, "If you leave, you abandon the people's hope. Better to die!" When Suzao died with his eyes still open, Kerang laid a hand on the body and said, "The treasury still holds reserve funds. We shall recruit die-hards to finish what you began." Kerang held Qingliang Hill, led the troops in battle, and was killed on the field. His younger brother Ke Cheng and his son Song'en were killed with him. His wife, née Li, hanged herself. The court granted mourning honors and a hereditary commandant-of-cavalry title. His home district petitioned for a dedicated shrine, and he was posthumously honored as Loyal and Upright.
15
同纓，江西石城人。 拔貢。 歷官鹽城、泰興、江浦、上元、六合、江寧諸縣，皆有聲。 江寧治防，儲糧練團，胥賴其力。 賊初至，假向榮書請入城，同纓察其詐，卻之。 砲裂城，率死士禦擊复完。 及城陷，賦絕命詞，投水死，卹典加等，贈道銜，諡武烈。
Liu Tongying was a native of Shicheng in Jiangxi. He had passed the provincial tribute-student examination. He served as magistrate of Yancheng, Taixing, Jiangpu, Shangyuan, Luhe, and Jiangning in turn, earning a fine reputation at every post. Nanjing's preparations for defense—stockpiling grain and drilling militia—depended largely on his efforts. When the rebels first arrived they forged a letter from Xiang Rong asking to be admitted into the city. Tongying saw through the ruse and refused. When cannon fire breached the wall he led a band of die-hards in a counterattack and sealed the breach. When the city fell he wrote a final poem, threw himself into the water, and drowned. The court raised his mourning honors, posthumously granted him circuit-intendant rank, and honored him with the posthumous name Martial and Fierce.
16
瑞昌，字云閣，鈕祜祿氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人。 六世祖敖德，以軍功予騎都尉世職。 瑞昌由拜唐阿授鑾儀衛整儀尉，累遷冠軍使。 道光二十九年，擢正白旗漢軍副都統，歷金州、吉林副都統。
Rui Chang, courtesy name Yunge, of the Niohuru clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner. His sixth-generation ancestor Aode had been granted a hereditary commandant-of-cavalry title for military merit. Rui Chang entered service as a baitang'a and was appointed an orderly in the Imperial Procession Guard, rising in time to champion envoy. In 1849 he was appointed Han Chinese deputy commander-in-chief of the Plain White Banner and served deputy commandancies at Jinzhou and Jilin.
17
咸豐三年，擢杭州將軍，未之任，率盛京兵赴淮、徐，專辦山東防剿。 尋從僧格林沁、勝保勦賊畿輔。 四年，連戰靜海、河間、東光。 五年，會攻連鎮，扼河西，毀賊巢木城。 賊首林鳳祥就擒，被詔嘉獎，命赴本任。 十年二月，粵匪由廣德入浙境，省城兵單，分防湖州、孝豐、餘杭。 賊分股突犯杭州，瑞昌令副都統來存出武林門御之，自守錢塘門，偕巡撫羅遵殿佈置甫定，賊已麕至，縱火撲城。 越十日，地雷發，城陷。 瑞昌率旗兵迎擊於湧金門，殺傷相當。 退守駐防子城，賊屢攻，力拒卻之。 相持六日，會張玉良率援兵至，夾擊，賊棄城走，遂復杭州，特詔嘉獎，賜黃馬褂，予二等輕車都尉世職。
In 1853 he was appointed general at Hangzhou but never took up the post. Instead he led troops from Mukden to the Huai and Xu region to organize defense and suppression in Shandong. He soon joined Senggelinqin and Sengbao in campaigns against the rebels in the capital region. In 1854 he fought a series of engagements at Jinghai, Hejian, and Dongguang. In 1855 he took part in the assault on Lianzhen, held the west bank of the river, and destroyed the rebels' wooden fort. When the rebel leader Lin Fengxiang was captured, the throne commended him and ordered him to take up his post at Hangzhou. In the second month of 1860 the rebels entered Zhejiang from Guangde. Hangzhou's garrison was thin, and troops were posted to defend Huzhou, Xiaofeng, and Yuhang. Rebel columns struck Hangzhou. Rui Chang sent Deputy Commander Laicun out through Wulin Gate to meet them while he held Qiantang Gate himself. He and Governor Luo Zundian had barely finished their dispositions when the rebels swarmed in and set fires along the walls. Ten days later a mine blew open the wall and the outer city fell. Rui Chang led the banner troops out at Yongjin Gate. Casualties on both sides were heavy. He withdrew into the banner garrison quarter. The rebels attacked again and again, but each assault was beaten back. After six days Zhang Yuliang arrived with relief troops. In a pincer attack the rebels abandoned the city and fled, and Hangzhou was recovered. The throne issued a special commendation, awarded him the yellow riding jacket, and granted a hereditary second-rank commandant-of-light-chariots title.
18
既而江南大營潰，常、蘇兩郡陷。 張玉良以罪黜，命瑞昌總統江南諸軍，江長貴副之，規復甦州，而賊已陷長興、武康，复諭先顧杭城，再圖進取。 嘉興尋為賊踞，命瑞昌督張玉良往攻，亦未果。 十月，賊陷富陽、餘杭，复撲杭州，瑞昌親督副都統傑純、副將吳再升擊走之。 十一年，賊勢益張，由嘉興進陷石門，湖州亦被圍，浙東諸郡相繼失守。 自紹興為賊踞，杭州愈危，遂被圍，瑞昌偕巡撫王有齡嬰城固守逾兩月。 張玉良戰城下，傷殞，軍心益渙。 外援不至，糧道皆絕。 瑞昌憂憤成疾，旗兵精壯多傷亡，乃集將校，誓死報國，家給火藥。 及城陷，瑞昌先舉火自焚，闔營次第火起，同死者，杭州副都統關福及江蘇糧儲道赫特赫納以下男婦四千餘人。 事聞，詔優恤，贈太子太保，晉一等輕車都尉世職，諡忠壯。 入祀京師昭忠祠，杭州建專祠，死事者附祀焉。
Soon afterward the great Jiangnan camp collapsed, and Changzhou and Suzhou were lost. Zhang Yuliang was dismissed in disgrace. Rui Chang was placed in overall command of the Jiangnan armies with Jiang Changgui as his deputy, with orders to recover Suzhou. But the rebels had already taken Changxing and Wukang, and he was told to secure Hangzhou first and plan further advances later. Jiaxing soon fell to the rebels. Rui Chang was ordered to direct Zhang Yuliang in an assault on the city, but the attempt failed. In the tenth month the rebels took Fuyang and Yuhang and struck at Hangzhou again. Rui Chang personally directed Deputy Commander Jie Chun and Brigadier Wu Zaisheng in driving them back. In 1861 the rebels grew stronger still. Advancing from Jiaxing they took Shimen and besieged Huzhou, while prefecture after prefecture in eastern Zhejiang fell. Once Shaoxing fell, Hangzhou grew still more desperate and was besieged. Rui Chang and Governor Wang Youling held the city in a desperate defense for more than two months. Zhang Yuliang fought below the walls, was wounded and killed, and army morale collapsed further. No relief came, and every supply route was cut. Rui Chang fell ill with grief and rage. Most of the banner garrison's best fighters were dead or wounded. He gathered his officers, swore to die for the dynasty, and distributed gunpowder to every household in the garrison. When the city fell, Rui Chang was the first to set himself ablaze. Fires rose one after another through the garrison quarter. More than four thousand men and women died with him, including Deputy Commander Guan Fu and Jiangsu grain commissioner Hetehna. When word reached the court, an edict granted enhanced posthumous honors. Rui Chang was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, his hereditary rank was raised to first-class commandant of light chariots, and he was honored with the posthumous name Loyal and Stalwart. He was enshrined in the Zhaozhong Memorial Hall in Beijing, and a dedicated shrine was built for him at Hangzhou, with others who died in the defense worshipped there as well.
19
同治三年，杭州复，左宗棠奏瑞昌妾吳，於城破時挈兩幼子緒成、緒恩出走失散。 事定，尋得緒恩，護送回京。 詔念瑞昌忠烈，命本旗傳交其長子內閣中書緒光收養，飭宗棠購訪緒成下落，迄未得。 後以兩世職並為三等子爵。
In 1864, after Hangzhou was recovered, Zuo Zongtang reported that Rui Chang's concubine Wu had fled the fallen city with two young sons, Xucheng and Xu'en, and been separated from them in the chaos. After order was restored, Xu'en was found and escorted back to Beijing. Moved by Rui Chang's martyrdom, the throne ordered his banner to place the boy in the care of his eldest son, Secretariat drafter Xuguang, and instructed Zuo Zongtang to search for Xucheng. He was never found. Later the two hereditary offices were combined into a third-rank baronage.
20
傑純，布庫魯氏，蒙古正白旗人，杭州駐防。 由驍騎校累遷協領。 忠勇得士心，為瑞昌所倚。 杭州初破，瑞昌欲自剄，傑純與副都統來存言賊以偏師疾至，未有後繼，猶可力保駐防城以待外援，瑞昌從之，乃登陴守禦。 傑純當武林門，日與賊戰，長子前鋒校納蘇鏗陣亡，不之顧，殮其屍，不哭，曰：「汝先得所歸矣！」 及援兵至，怒馬突出，賊披靡，追擊出城十里外。 以復城功，賜花翎。 擢寧夏副都統，留浙協同團練大臣統率練勇，出省复富陽。 是年冬，賊复犯杭州，迎剿於觀音橋，手刃數賊，率西湖水勇截擊，斬馘甚眾，又連破撲城之賊，追至留下，進克餘杭，賜號額騰伊巴圖魯。 調授乍浦副都統，仍留防省城。
Jie Chun, of the Bukuru clan, was a Mongol of the Plain White Banner stationed at Hangzhou. He had risen from captain of the vanguard cavalry to company commander. Brave and loyal, he won the soldiers' devotion and became Rui Chang's right hand. When Hangzhou first fell, Rui Chang meant to take his own life. Jie Chun and Deputy Commander Laicun urged that the rebels had arrived with only a vanguard and no reserves, and that the garrison quarter could still be held until relief came. Rui Chang agreed and took to the ramparts. Jie Chun held Wulin Gate and fought the rebels day after day. His eldest son, vanguard captain Nasu Keng, was killed in action. He gave no sign of grief, laid out the body, and said without weeping, "You have found your rest before me!" When relief arrived he charged out on a furious horse. The rebels broke and fled, and he pursued them more than ten li beyond the walls. For his part in recovering the city he was awarded the peacock feather. He was promoted to deputy commander at Ningxia but remained in Zhejiang to assist the militia commissioner in commanding local forces, and led troops out to recover Fuyang. That winter the rebels struck at Hangzhou again. He met them at Guanyin Bridge, killed several with his own blade, and led West Lake boatmen in an ambush that took many heads. He broke repeated assaults on the walls, pursued the enemy to Liuxia, and recaptured Yuhang. The throne granted him the honorific title Eteng Ilbatu. He was appointed deputy commander at Zhapu but remained to defend the provincial capital.
21
十一年，城再陷，傑純戰一晝夜，所部傷亡略盡，遣次子出避，以存宗祀，闔門自焚，獨策馬入賊陣，死之。 詔嘉其一門忠烈，依都統例賜卹，予騎都尉兼雲騎尉世職，杭州、乍浦並建專祠，子婦孫僕皆附祀。 後復加恩入祀京師昭忠祠，諡果毅。 擢次子固魯鏗知府，改歸京旗。
In 1861 the city fell again. Jie Chun fought for a day and a night until his command was nearly destroyed. He sent his second son away to preserve the family line, his household set themselves ablaze, and he alone rode into the rebel ranks and was killed. The throne commended the martyrdom of his entire household, granted mourning honors on the commander-in-chief precedent, and awarded a hereditary cavalry command with an additional cloud-cavalry title. Dedicated shrines were built at Hangzhou and Zhapu, with sons, daughters-in-law, grandchildren, and servants all worshipped there. Later he was further honored with a place in the Zhaozhong Memorial Hall in Beijing and the posthumous name Resolute. His second son Gulu Keng was promoted to prefect and transferred back to the capital banner.
22
錫齡阿，扎哈蘇氏，蒙古正白旗人，荊州駐防。 以佐領率兵從戰沔陽、監利、潛江、應城、漢陽、宜昌。 積功累擢福州副都統，調乍浦副都統。 十一年，賊來犯，督兵出戰，城中內應起，折回巷戰，全軍皆沒，與兩子榮輝、榮耀同殞於陣。 贈都統銜，予騎都尉兼雲騎尉世職，諡武烈，入祀京師昭忠祠。 嗣以荊州紳民感念保境功，請建專祠。 子榮輝、榮耀並予雲騎尉世職。
Xi Ling'a, of the Zhahasu clan, was a Mongol of the Plain White Banner stationed at Jingzhou. As assistant company commander he led troops in campaigns at Mianyang, Jianli, Qianjiang, Yingcheng, Hanyang, and Yichang. For accumulated merit he was promoted to deputy commander at Fuzhou and later transferred to Zhapu. In 1861 the rebels attacked. He led his troops out to meet them, but collaborators rose inside the city. He turned back to fight street by street until his whole force was destroyed. He and his two sons Ronghui and Rongyao were killed on the field. He was posthumously granted commander-in-chief rank, a hereditary cavalry command with an additional cloud-cavalry title, and the posthumous name Martial and Fierce, and was enshrined in the Zhaozhong Memorial Hall in Beijing. Later the gentry and people of Jingzhou, grateful for his defense of the region, petitioned for a dedicated shrine. His sons Ronghui and Rongyao were both granted hereditary cloud-cavalry titles.
23
論曰：清製，行省要區置旗兵駐防，其尤重都會，兵額多者，以將軍領之。 蓋監製疆臣，備不虞也。 承平恬嬉，非復國初勁旅，小有變動，可資鎮懾； 鉅寇燎原，力不足以御之。 江南之失，誤於陸建瀛不預設防。 祥厚倉猝專任，以孤城當方張之寇，寧有幸焉。 杭州初陷，賊僅偏師，故瑞昌能守內城以待援； 及蘇、常既失，輔車無依，終不能保，大勢然也。 然二人者，皆能以忠義激勵，城亡與亡，婦嬰皆知效死，烈已！ 祁宿藻孤忠盡瘁，傑純智勇能軍，並一時傑出之才。 炎岡同燼，世尤惜之。
The commentators say: Under the Qing system, banner garrisons were posted in the strategic districts of each province. In the greatest cities, where troop quotas were largest, a general was placed in command. The purpose was to keep provincial officials in check and guard against emergencies. In long peace they grew soft and complacent and were no longer the crack troops of the founding era. For minor disturbances they could still serve as a deterrent; but when rebellion blazed across the empire, their strength was not enough to hold it back. The loss of Jiangnan was due to Lu Jianying's failure to prepare defenses in advance. Xianghou, thrust suddenly into sole command with a lone city against a rebel army at the height of its power, could hardly have hoped to succeed. When Hangzhou first fell, the rebels had sent only a vanguard, so Rui Chang could hold the inner quarter and wait for relief; but once Suzhou and Changzhou were lost and he had no supporting territories to rely on, the city could not be saved. That was the force of circumstances. Yet both men roused others by their loyalty and courage. When their cities fell they fell with them, and even women and children knew how to die for the cause. How fierce their devotion was! Qi Suzao gave his life in solitary devotion to the throne. Jie Chun was wise, brave, and skilled in command. Both were outstanding men of their time. They perished together in the same blaze, and the age mourns them all the more.