Volume 416 Biographies 203: Cheng Xueqi, He Antai, Zheng Guokui, Liu Mingchuan, Zhang Shushan younger brother: Shu Ping, Zhou Shengbo

程學啟，字方忠，安徽桐城人。初陷賊中，陳玉成奇其勇，使佐葉芸來守安慶。咸豐十一年，率三百人自拔來歸。曾國荃使領一營，戰輒請先。安慶北門石壘三最堅，學啟力攻拔之，絕賊糧道。未幾，遂克安慶，學啟功最，擢游擊，賜花翎。從國荃克無為、銅陵諸城，擢參將。

Cheng Xueqi, whose courtesy name was Fangzhong, came from Tongcheng in Anhui. He had first been trapped in rebel territory, but Chen Yucheng took notice of his courage and assigned him to assist Ye Yunlai in the defense of Anqing. In the eleventh year of the Xianfeng reign (1861), he led three hundred men in breaking away from the rebels and defecting to the Qing side. Zeng Guoquan put him in command of a battalion, and in every engagement he volunteered to lead the assault. The three stone redoubts at Anqing's north gate were the hardest to crack; Xueqi stormed and took them, severing the rebels' supply line. Before long Anqing fell; Xueqi's contribution ranked first, and he was promoted to brevet major and awarded the peacock feather insignia. Serving under Guoquan, he helped take Wuwei, Tongling, and other towns, and was raised to the rank of colonel.

同治元年，李鴻章率淮軍規江蘇，請於曾國籓，以學啟隸麾下。瀕行，國籓勉之曰：「江南人譽張國樑不去口，汝好為之，亦一國樑也！」三月，抵上海，立開字營，凡千人，最為勁旅。屯虹橋，賊猝至，敗之。次日又至，擊退，追至七里堡，大破之，會諸軍克南鎮橋。五月，從鴻章援松江，軍於泗涇，賊酋陳炳文糾悍黨突營，分股繞攻上海，學啟營被圍，力禦，斃賊無算，仍不退。學啟開壁衝突，賊披靡，與諸軍夾攻，乃大潰。松江圍解，擢副將，賜號勃勇巴圖魯。進破賊於青浦東北，復其城。八月，賊酋譚紹光由蘇州來犯，敗之七寶鎮，進戰北新涇，平其壘數十，以總兵記名。

In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), Li Hongzhang led the Huai Army in operations to recover Jiangsu and asked Zeng Guofan to assign Xueqi to his staff. Before he set out, Guofan urged him: "In Jiangnan they never stop praising Zhang Guoliang—apply yourself, and you may prove another Guoliang!" In the third month he arrived at Shanghai, organized the Kaizi Battalion of a thousand men—the crack force of the army. He encamped at Hongqiao; when rebels struck without warning, he beat them back. They returned the next day; he drove them off, pursued to Qilibao and inflicted a crushing defeat, then joined the allied columns in capturing Nanzhen Bridge. In the fifth month he marched with Hongzhang to relieve Songjiang and camped at Sijing. The rebel leader Chen Bingwen rallied hardened fighters for a surprise assault on the camp while other columns swung around to threaten Shanghai. Xueqi's battalion was encircled; he held firm and killed rebels beyond numbering, but the enemy would not pull back. Xueqi threw open the palisade and led a sortie; the rebels broke and fled, and with allied troops closing in from both flanks the enemy collapsed in complete rout. The siege of Songjiang was raised; he was promoted to deputy commander and honored with the title Boyong Batür. He advanced, routed the rebels northeast of Qingpu, and recovered the city. In the eighth month the rebel commander Tan Shaoguang marched out from Suzhou; Xueqi defeated him at Qibao, fought on at Beixinjing, and leveled dozens of rebel stockades, earning nomination to the rank of major general.

九月，紹光復大舉窺上海，圍水陸各營於四江口，學啟會諸軍進擊，賊扼橋布陣。學啟陷陣，截斷賊隊，胸受砲傷，裹創疾鬥，賊卻走，未渡河者悉殲之。三路圍擊，殲斃落水者數万，盡毀賊營，以總兵記名加提督銜，授江西南贛鎮總兵。自虹橋、泗涇、四江口三捷，皆以少擊眾，於是增軍至三千人。

In the ninth month Shaoguang launched another major thrust toward Shanghai and hemmed in the land and naval camps at Sikou. Xueqi united with the allied forces in a counterattack, but the rebels held the bridge and formed their battle line. Xueqi charged into the enemy line, severed the rebel column, and took a cannonball in the chest; he bound the wound and kept fighting. The rebels fell back, and every man who had not yet crossed the river was wiped out. A three-pronged encirclement killed or drowned rebels by the tens of thousands and destroyed every rebel camp. He was nominated major general with the honorary title of provincial military governor and appointed commander of the Nangan Garrison in Jiangxi. At Hongqiao, Sijing, and Sikou he had won three victories in succession, each time defeating larger forces with fewer troops; his command was accordingly expanded to three thousand men.

二年，進規蘇州，偕鴻章弟鶴章及英將戈登克太倉，賊酋蔡元隆詐降，擊殲之。鴻章令學啟總統諸軍，學啟曰：「崑山三面阻水，一面陸路達蘇州，先斷其陸，乃可克。」偕郭松林破蘇州援賊於正儀鎮，遂克崑山，以提督記名，予一品封典。連拔花涇、同里，克吳江。賊憑太湖結寨，學啟扼飛虹橋，殲其酋徐尚友，乘勝破湖賊，悉平洞庭東山諸壘。

In the second year of Tongzhi he pressed the campaign against Suzhou. Alongside Hongzhang's brother Hezhang and the British officer Gordon he captured Taicang; when the rebel leader Cai Yuanlong pretended to surrender, they attacked and destroyed him. Hongzhang placed Xueqi in overall command of the forces. Xueqi said, "Kunshan is penned in by water on three sides, with only one land corridor to Suzhou—we must sever that corridor first, or the city cannot be taken." With Guo Songlin he routed Suzhou's relief force at Zhengyi, then captured Kunshan. He was nominated provincial military governor and granted a first-rank patent of nobility. He took Huajing and Tongli in succession, then captured Wujiang. The rebels had fortified themselves along Lake Tai; Xueqi seized Feihong Bridge, killed their leader Xu Shangyou, pressed the advantage against the lake forces, and cleared every rebel stronghold on Dongshan in the Dongting region.

七月，直抵蘇州婁門外永定橋駐軍。蘇州城大，四面阻水，寶帶橋為太湖鎖鑰，賊死力爭拒，合水陸軍大破之，平其壘，親督軍扼守。李秀成自江寧率眾來援，大戰竟日，擊走之。城賊數万復來爭，亦擊退。進破五龍橋賊壘，留營駐守，分兵破嘉、湖援賊於百龍橋、八坼，逐北至平望。

In the seventh month he advanced directly to Yongding Bridge outside Suzhou's Lou Gate and made camp. Suzhou was a great walled city ringed by water on every side. Baodai Bridge was the strategic lock on Lake Tai, and the rebels fought to the death to hold it. The combined land and naval forces broke them decisively, leveled their redoubts, and Xueqi personally supervised the garrison that sealed the crossing. Li Xiucheng marched from Nanjing with a relief army; after a full day of fierce fighting Xueqi drove him off. Tens of thousands of rebels sallied from the city to contest the position again, and he repulsed them as well. He advanced and stormed the rebel stockade at Wulong Bridge, left a garrison in place, detached troops to rout the Jiaxing and Huzhou relief columns at Bailong Bridge and Bache, and pursued north as far as Pingwang.

十月，李秀成糾李侍賢同踞無錫以為援，為劉銘傳、李鶴章所綴，學啟督戰益急，連破賊於蠡口、黃埭，攻破滸墅關及十里亭、虎丘賊壘，於是蘇州之圍遂合。賊自槃門至婁門連壘十餘裡，號曰「長城」，亦悉破。秀成知不可為，又江寧被圍急，遂以城守付其黨譚紹光，自出走。

In the tenth month Li Xiucheng joined Li Shixian in holding Wuxi as a relief base, but Liu Mingchuan and Li Hezhang tied them down. Xueqi pressed the fighting harder still, routing rebels in succession at Likou and Huangdai and storming Xushuguan together with the stockades at Shiliting and Tiger Hill, until the ring around Suzhou closed tight. From Pan Gate to Lou Gate the rebels had thrown up a continuous line of fortifications for more than ten li, which they called the "Great Wall"—and these too were smashed in turn. Xiucheng saw the situation was hopeless, and with Nanjing itself under tightening siege he handed the defense of Suzhou to his lieutenant Tan Shaoguang and slipped away.

賊酋郜雲官與副將鄭國魁舊識，密介通款，學啟與國魁及戈登單舸見雲官於洋澄湖，令斬紹光為信。秀成行三日，紹光會諸酋議事，雲官即座上殺之，開齊門降。明日，學啟入城，賊酋列名者八人，雲官外，曰伍貴文、汪安均、周文佳、範啟發、張大洲、汪懷武、汪有為，皆歃血為誓，然未薙發，乞總兵副將官職，署其眾為二十營，劃半城為屯。學啟佯許，密請李鴻章誅之。鴻章謂殺降不祥，且堅他賊死拒心，未決。學啟曰：「今賊眾尚不下二十萬，多吾軍數倍，徒以戰敗畏死乞降，心故未服。分城而處，變在肘腋，何以善其後？」鴻章乃許之。次日，諸酋出城謁鴻章，留宴軍中。酒半，健卒百餘挺矛入，刺八人皆死。學啟嚴陣入城，以雲官等首示眾眾曰：「八人反側，已伏誅矣！」賊黨驚擾，殺其悍者數百人，餘不問，分別遣留，皆帖服，蘇州平。乘勝偕李朝斌水師克平望，复嘉善。

The rebel commander Gao Yunguan was an old friend of Deputy Commander Zheng Guokui and secretly opened negotiations. Xueqi, Guokui, and Gordon rowed out alone on Yangcheng Lake to meet Yunguan and insisted that Shaoguang be killed as proof of good faith. Three days after Xiucheng left, Shaoguang called the chiefs together for a council; Yunguan struck him down at the table and opened Qi Gate to surrender. The next day Xueqi entered the city. Eight rebel leaders were named besides Yunguan: Wu Guiwen, Wang Anjun, Zhou Wenjia, Fan Qifa, Zhang Dazhou, Wang Huaiwu, and Wang Youwei. They all swore binding oaths in blood, but had not yet cut their queues; they petitioned for major-general and deputy-commander commissions, reorganized their men into twenty battalions, and demanded half the city as their cantonment. Xueqi feigned assent and secretly urged Li Hongzhang to have them killed. Hongzhang argued that slaughtering men who had surrendered would be ill-omened and would only steel the resolve of rebels elsewhere to fight to the death; he could not bring himself to decide. Xueqi replied, "The rebels still number at least two hundred thousand men—several times our strength. They are begging to surrender only because they lost and fear death; their hearts are not yet won. If we split the city and let them camp inside it, trouble will be at our very elbow—how can we hope to manage what comes after?" Hongzhang at last gave his consent. The next day the chiefs came out to pay their respects to Hongzhang and were kept for a feast in the military camp. Midway through the banquet, more than a hundred picked soldiers burst in with spears and ran all eight men through. Xueqi marched into the city in tight formation, displayed the heads of Yunguan and his fellows to the crowd, and proclaimed, "These eight were treacherous and have already paid with their lives!" The rebel rank and file panicked; several hundred of the most hardened fighters were put to death, while the rest were left unmolested, sorted out, and either dismissed or kept on—all of whom submitted, and Suzhou was pacified. Pressing the advantage, he joined Li Chaobin's river flotilla in capturing Pingwang and recovering Jiashan.

三年春，進規嘉興，薄城下，破西門、北門賊壘七，分兵克秋涇、吳涇、合歡橋諸賊壘，逼賊築砲台。賊自盛澤、新塍來援，皆擊走之，圍攻匝月，毀賊砲台二十餘。發地雷，裂城百丈，揮軍肉薄而登，忽中槍貫腦，踣而復起，部將劉士奇繼之，遂克嘉興。捷聞，詔嘉其身受重傷，攻拔堅城，命安心醫治，頒賞珍品。尋以創重卒於軍。李鴻章疏陳其兩年之間，复江、浙名城十數，克蘇州為東南第一戰功。優詔賜卹，稱其謀勇兼優，贈太子太保，特遣員賜祭一壇，安慶、蘇州、嘉興建專祠，諡忠烈，予騎都尉兼雲騎尉世職，又加恩予三等輕車都尉世職，並為三等男爵。初學啟投誠時，妻子皆為賊殺，以弟子建勳嗣，襲爵。

In the spring of the third year he moved against Jiaxing, closed on the walls, stormed seven rebel redoubts at the west and north gates, detached columns to seize the stockades at Qiujing, Wujing, and Hehuan Bridge, and forced the rebels to throw up gun emplacements. Relief columns from Shengze and Xincheng were beaten back, and after a month-long siege more than twenty rebel batteries were demolished. A mine was detonated, breaching a hundred zhang of wall; he led the troops in a close assault up the breach, was suddenly struck by a bullet through the brain, fell, and rose again. His brigade commander Liu Shiji pressed the attack, and Jiaxing fell. When news of the victory arrived, the throne commended him for taking grave wounds in the storming of a fortified city, ordered him to convalesce under medical care, and sent rare gifts in reward. Soon afterward he succumbed to his wounds in camp. Li Hongzhang memorialized that in the space of two years Xueqi had recovered more than a dozen famous cities across Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and that the fall of Suzhou ranked as the greatest single feat of arms in the southeast. An imperial edict granted posthumous honors, praising the excellence of both his strategy and his courage. He was posthumously appointed Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent; a special envoy was dispatched to perform the sacrificial rites; dedicated shrines were erected at Anqing, Suzhou, and Jiaxing; he received the posthumous name Zhonglie (Loyal and Fierce); hereditary ranks as Cavalry Commandant and Cloud Cavalry Commandant were conferred, with an additional grant of third-rank Commandant of Light Chariots, and he was ennobled as a third-rank baron. When Xueqi first defected, the rebels had killed his wife and children; his nephew Jianxun was adopted as heir and succeeded to the title.

何安泰，安徽舒城人。少為傭，陷賊，從學啟來歸，轉戰，無役不從。積功至記名總兵，加提督銜。從攻嘉興，履冰薄城，躍登中槍，死之，贈太子少保，予騎都尉世職。嘉興人哀之，為祠以祀。

He Antai came from Shucheng in Anhui. In his youth he had worked as a hired hand, fell in with the rebels, and followed Xueqi when he defected; he fought in campaign after campaign and was present at every engagement. His accumulated service earned nomination as major general with the honorary title of provincial military governor. In the assault on Jiaxing he crossed the ice to the foot of the wall, sprang up to scale it, was shot, and killed. He was posthumously appointed Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and granted the hereditary rank of Cavalry Commandant. The people of Jiaxing mourned him and erected a shrine in his honor.

鄭國魁，安徽合肥人。咸豐十年，兩江總督何桂清令募勇屯無錫高橋，桂清棄軍走，國魁從提督曾秉忠於上海。初李鴻章督師江蘇，檄領親兵水師後營，四江口、崑山、寶帶橋諸戰，功皆最，累擢至副將。蘇州既合圍，郜雲官與譚紹光不協，國魁遣人說之降，從程學啟會雲官，許雲官等二品武職，折箭誓不殺降，雲官如約獻城。國魁先往宣諭，次日，大軍始入。既而云官等駢誅，國魁涕泣不食，自謂負約，辭不居功，仍以總兵記名，賜號勃勇巴圖魯。從克嘉興、江陰、常州，予一品封典。同治五年，從剿東捻，駐防山東嶧縣。捻平，以提督記名。光緒中，署天津鎮總兵。卒，附祀學啟專祠，蘇州士民思其功，建祠祀之。

Zheng Guokui came from Hefei in Anhui. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Governor-General He Guiqing of the Two Jiangs ordered militia raised and posted at Gaobridge in Wuxi. When Guiqing abandoned his troops and fled, Guokui joined Provincial Commander Zeng Bingzhong at Shanghai. When Li Hongzhang first took command in Jiangsu, Guokui was ordered to lead the rear battalion of the personal guard river force. At Sikou, Kunshan, Baodai Bridge, and other engagements his contributions always ranked first, and he rose by stages to deputy commander. After Suzhou was fully invested, Gao Yunguan fell out with Tan Shaoguang. Guokui sent envoys to negotiate his surrender and, with Cheng Xueqi, met Yunguan on the lake. He promised Yunguan and his fellows second-rank military commissions, broke an arrow in oath not to harm those who surrendered, and Yunguan delivered the city as pledged. Guokui went in first to announce the terms; only the next day did the main army enter the city. When Yunguan and his companions were then put to death together, Guokui wept and would not eat, believing he had broken his oath. He refused any share of the credit, remained on the rolls as major general, and was granted the title Boyong Batür. He took part in the capture of Jiaxing, Jiangyin, and Changzhou and was granted a first-rank patent of nobility. In the fifth year of Tongzhi (1866) he joined the campaign against the Eastern Nian and was posted to garrison Yixian in Shandong. After the Nian were suppressed, he was nominated provincial military governor. During the Guangxu reign he served as acting commander of the Tianjin Garrison. He died and was given a place in the shrine dedicated to Xueqi; the scholars and common people of Suzhou, remembering his service, erected a shrine in his honor.

劉銘傳，字省三，安徽合肥人。少有大志。咸豐四年，粵匪陷廬州，鄉團築堡自衛。其父惠世為他堡豪者所辱，銘傳年十八，追數里殺之，自是為諸團所推重。從官軍克六安，援壽州，獎敘千總。

Liu Mingchuan, whose courtesy name was Sheng San, came from Hefei in Anhui. Even as a youth he harbored great ambitions. In the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), when the Taiping rebels seized Luzhou, local militia threw up fortified stockades for self-defense. When a bully from a neighboring stockade humiliated his father Huishi, the eighteen-year-old Mingchuan pursued him for several li and killed him, and from that day forward the local militia held him in high regard. He marched with the imperial forces to take Lu'an and relieve Shouzhou, and was rewarded with registration as a company commander.

同治元年，李鴻章募淮軍援江蘇，銘傳率練勇從至上海，號銘字營。招撫南匯降賊吳建瀛、劉玉林眾四千人，簡精銳隸其軍。賊由川沙來犯，擊敗之，連克奉賢、金山衛，累功擢參將，賜號驃勇巴圖魯。又破賊野雞墩、四江口，擢副將。常熟守賊以城降，被圍。二年春，銘傳會諸軍克福山，大破賊，解常熟圍，以總兵記名。進規江陰，楊厙為沿江要衝，悍賊堅守，銘傳會黃翼升水師進攻，賊由無錫、江陰兩路來援，迭受創退。李秀成糾眾十餘萬分水陸復來援，銘傳力戰敗之。七月，乘勝攻江陰，擒斬二萬，克其城，以提督記名。尋复無錫，加頭品頂戴。是年冬，進攻常州，敗賊於奔牛鎮。賊目邵小雙降，令扼丹陽。援賊以輪舟至，犯奔牛，以掣圍城之師，奮擊，破三十餘壘，毀其舟。三年春，合圍，破闉而入，擒斬賊首陳坤書，克常州，賜黃馬褂。進屯句容，江寧尋下，餘黨擁洪福瑱踞廣德，會諸軍擊走之。

In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), when Li Hongzhang raised the Huai Army to relieve Jiangsu, Mingchuan led his militia to Shanghai, where his unit became known as the Mingzi Battalion. He took into service four thousand surrendered rebels under Wu Jianying and Liu Yulin from Nanhui, picked out the best fighters, and incorporated them into his command. When rebels advanced from Chuansha he routed them, then captured Fengxian and Jinshanwei in succession. His accumulated merits earned promotion to colonel and the title Biaoyong Batür. He also defeated the rebels at Yejidun and Sikou and was promoted to deputy commander. The rebel garrison at Changshu surrendered the city, only to find themselves besieged in turn. In the spring of the second year he joined the allied columns in capturing Fushan, inflicted a crushing defeat on the rebels, and raised the siege of Changshu, earning nomination as major general. He pressed the campaign against Jiangyin. Yangshe was a critical point on the river line, held stubbornly by hardened rebels. Mingchuan coordinated with Huang Yisheng's river flotilla in the assault; relief columns from Wuxi and Jiangyin were beaten back again and again. Li Xiucheng rallied more than a hundred thousand men by land and river to relieve the city once more; Mingchuan fought them off in a hard-fought victory. In the seventh month he pressed the advantage, assaulted Jiangyin, killed or captured twenty thousand rebels, and took the city, earning nomination as provincial military governor. He soon recovered Wuxi and was awarded the first-rank official's hat knob. That winter he moved against Changzhou and routed the rebels at Benniu. The rebel officer Shao Xiaoshuang surrendered and was ordered to block the route at Danyang. Relief forces arrived in steam launches and struck at Benniu to draw off the besieging troops. Mingchuan counterattacked fiercely, stormed more than thirty stockades, and destroyed their vessels. In the spring of the third year the siege closed tight; the outer works were breached and the city entered. The rebel leader Chen Kunshu was captured and executed, Changzhou fell, and Mingchuan was awarded the yellow riding jacket. He advanced and encamped at Jurong. Nanjing fell soon afterward, while remnant bands rallied around Hong Futian at Guangde; Mingchuan joined the allied forces and drove them off.

四年，曾國籓督師剿捻匪，主用淮軍。淮軍自程學啟歿後，銘傳為諸將冠。調駐濟寧，尋分重兵為四鎮。銘傳移駐周家口，迭破賊瓦店、南頓、扶溝，改為移擊之師，擢直隸提督。援湖北，克黃陂，追賊至潁州，大敗之。銘傳建議平原追賊不能制其死命，乃築長堤，自河南至山東運河，驅賊沙河以南蹙之。工甫竣，豫軍防地為賊所破，乃分軍追剿，破之於鉅野。捻酋張總愚竄陝西，任柱、賴文光留山東，自此分為東西。

In the fourth year (1865) Zeng Guofan took command of operations against the Nian rebels, relying chiefly on the Huai Army. After Cheng Xueqi's death, Mingchuan stood at the head of the Huai Army's commanders. He was transferred to garrison Jining, and soon the main forces were split into four regional commands. Mingchuan shifted his headquarters to Zhoujiakou, routed the rebels in succession at Wadian, Nandun, and Fugou, was reorganized as a mobile strike force, and was promoted to provincial military governor of Zhili. He marched to relieve Hubei, captured Huangpi, pursued the rebels to Yingzhou, and inflicted a crushing defeat. Mingchuan argued that chasing the rebels across open country would never bring them to bay, and proposed building a long embankment from Henan to the Shandong section of the Grand Canal to drive them south of the Sha River and pen them in. The embankment had scarcely been finished when rebels breached the Henan army's defensive line; he detached columns in pursuit and routed them at Juye. The Nian leader Zhang Zongyu broke west into Shaanxi, while Ren Zhu and Lai Wenguang remained in Shandong, and from that point the movement split into eastern and western wings.

李鴻章代國籓督師，銘傳專剿東捻，東至鄆城，西至京山，大小數十戰。六年春，賊走尹隆河，與鮑超約期會擊。銘傳先期至，戰失利，部將唐殿魁死之。休屯信陽，整軍復進，追賊至山東。复議自運河至膠、萊，長圍困賊，杜其西趨。時兵、賊俱疲，朝命督戰益急，鴻章專倚銘傳。八月，解沭陽圍。戰贛榆，購降賊內應，槍斃任柱於陣，賊大潰。邀擊濰縣、壽光，薄之洋河、瀰河之間，殲賊幾盡。賴文光走揚州就擒，東捻遂平。國籓、鴻章奏捷，論銘傳為首功，予三等輕車都尉世職。以積勞致疾，乞假去軍。

When Li Hongzhang replaced Guofan as supreme commander, Mingchuan took charge of operations against the Eastern Nian, campaigning from Yuncheng in the east to Jingshan in the west in several dozen engagements large and small. In the spring of the sixth year the rebels retreated toward the Yinlong River, and Mingchuan arranged a coordinated strike with Bao Chao. Mingchuan reached the rendezvous early, but the engagement went against him and his brigade commander Tang Diankui was killed. He halted at Xinyang to regroup, then marched again in pursuit of the rebels into Shandong. He renewed his proposal for a long encirclement from the Grand Canal to the Jiao and Lai peninsula to pen the rebels in and cut off their escape westward. Both armies were by then exhausted, yet the court pressed ever harder for results; Hongzhang placed his sole reliance on Mingchuan. In the eighth month he raised the siege of Shuyang. At Ganyu he bribed defectors to act as agents within the enemy ranks; Ren Zhu was gunned down in battle and the rebel army collapsed in rout. He intercepted the fleeing columns at Weixian and Shouguang, cornered them between the Yang and Mi rivers, and all but wiped them out. Lai Wenguang fled to Yangzhou and was taken prisoner, and the Eastern Nian rebellion was at last suppressed. Guofan and Hongzhang memorialized the victory, crediting Mingchuan with the leading share of the merit and conferring the hereditary rank of third-rank Commandant of Light Chariots. Worn down by years of campaigning, he fell ill and requested leave to retire from active service.

七年春，張總愚突犯畿輔，急起銘傳赴援，以遲緩被譴責。及至東昌，會諸軍進剿鹽山、滄州、德平，仍用長圍策，蹙之運河東，縱橫合擊，殲賊殆盡，總愚走茌平，陷水死。西捻平，錫封一等男爵。詔屯張秋，九月，命督辦陝西軍務。率唐定奎、滕學義、黃桂蘭等搜剿北山回匪，疏陳大勢，引病乞罷，歸里。

In the spring of the seventh year Zhang Zongyu suddenly struck into the metropolitan region; Mingchuan was urgently recalled to the rescue but was rebuked for his delay. By the time he reached Dongchang he had joined the allied columns in operations against Yanshan, Cangzhou, and Dezhou. Again employing the long encirclement strategy, he drove the rebels east of the Grand Canal and closed in from every direction until they were nearly exterminated. Zongyu fled to Chiping and drowned. With the Western Nian suppressed, he was ennobled as a first-rank baron. He was ordered to garrison Zhangqiu, and in the ninth month was appointed to direct military operations in Shaanxi. He led Tang Dingkui, Teng Xueyi, Huang Guilan, and others in operations against Hui rebels in the northern hills, submitted a memorial on the strategic situation, pleaded illness to resign, and returned to his native place.

光緒六年，俄羅斯議還伊犁，有違言，急備邊。召銘傳至京，疏陳兵事，略謂：「練兵造器，固宜次第舉行，其機括則在鐵路。鐵路之利，不可殫述，於用兵尤為急不可緩。中國幅員遼闊，防不勝防，鐵路一開，南北東西呼吸相通，無徵調倉皇之慮，無轉輸艱阻之虞，從此裁兵節餉，並成勁旅，一兵可得十兵之用。權操自上，不為疆臣所牽制，立自強之基礎，杜外人之覬覦，胥在於此。」疏上，雖格未行，中國鐵路之興，實自銘傳發之。

In the sixth year of Guangxu, when Russia was negotiating the return of Ili but talk of a breach arose, the frontier defenses were urgently strengthened. Mingchuan was summoned to Beijing and memorialized on military affairs, arguing in essence: "Drilling troops and manufacturing arms should certainly proceed step by step, but the key lies in railways. The advantages of railways are beyond full enumeration, and for military purposes they are a matter that brooks no delay. China's territory is vast beyond guarding everywhere at once. Once railways are built, the four directions will be linked as if in a single breath: no more frantic last-minute mobilizations, no more crippling transport bottlenecks. Troops could then be reduced and pay saved while elite forces were consolidated, so that one soldier might do the work of ten. Central authority would hold the reins, unhampered by provincial strongmen; the foundation of national self-strengthening would be laid and foreign encroachment checked—all of this hinged on railways." Though the memorial was set aside and not adopted, the movement to build railways in China in fact originated with Mingchuan.

十一年，法蘭西兵擾粵、閩，詔起銘傳，加巡撫銜，督台灣軍務。條上海防武備十事，多被採行。抵台灣未一月，法兵至，毀基隆砲台，銘傳以無兵艦不能海戰，伺登陸，戰於山後，殲敵百餘人，斃其三酋，復基隆，而終不能守。扼滬尾，調江南兵艦，阻不得達。敵三犯滬尾，又犯月眉山，皆擊退，殲敵千餘，相持八閱月。十一年，和議成，法兵始退。初授福建巡撫，尋改台灣為行省，改台灣巡撫。增改郡、廳、州、縣，改澎湖協為鎮，檄將吏入山剿撫南、中、北三路，前後山生番，薙發歸化。丈田清賦，溢舊額三十六萬兩有奇，增茶、鹽、金、煤、林木諸稅。始至，歲入九十餘萬，後增至三百萬。築砲台，興造鐵路、電線，防務差具。加太子少保。十六年，加兵部尚書銜，命幫辦海軍事務。屢因病陳請乞罷，久始允之。

In the eleventh year French forces threatened Guangdong and Fujian; Mingchuan was recalled to service, granted the brevet rank of governor, and placed in command of Taiwan's military affairs. He submitted ten proposals on coastal defense and armaments, most of which were adopted. Within a month of his arrival in Taiwan the French landed and destroyed the Keelung batteries. Without warships Mingchuan could not contest the sea; he waited for the enemy to come ashore and fought them in the hills behind the port, killing more than a hundred French troops and three of their officers, and briefly retook Keelung—but could not hold it in the end. He held the line at Huwei and called for warships from Jiangnan, but they could not break through the blockade. The French attacked Huwei three times and also struck at Yuemei Hill; Mingchuan beat them back each time, killing more than a thousand of the enemy, and the two sides remained locked in stalemate for eight months. In the eleventh year a peace settlement was reached and the French withdrew. He was first appointed governor of Fujian; soon afterward Taiwan was elevated to provincial status and he became its governor. He reorganized the administrative divisions, elevated the Penghu garrison command, and dispatched officers into the mountains to pacify the aboriginal peoples of the southern, central, and northern routes. The hill tribes of eastern and western Taiwan cut their queues and accepted Qing rule. He conducted a land survey and cleaned up the tax registers, raising revenue more than three hundred and sixty thousand taels above the old quota, and introduced new levies on tea, salt, gold, coal, timber, and other resources. Annual revenue stood at just over nine hundred thousand taels when he arrived; by the end of his tenure it had risen to three million. He constructed fortifications, promoted railways and telegraph lines, and brought Taiwan's defenses to a workable state. He was appointed Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the sixteenth year he was granted the brevet rank of Minister of War and assigned to assist in naval affairs. He repeatedly pleaded illness and asked to resign; only after a long delay was his request granted.

二十一年，朝鮮兵事起，屢召，以病未出。尋卒，詔念前功，贈太子太保，賜卹，建專祠，諡壯肅。

In the twenty-first year war broke out in Korea; he was summoned repeatedly but did not take the field, pleading illness. He died soon afterward. The throne remembered his past service, posthumously appointed him Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, granted mourning honors, erected a dedicated shrine, and gave him the posthumous name Zhuangsu (Stalwart and Stern).

張樹珊，字海柯，安徽合肥人。咸豐三年，粵匪入安徽，樹珊與兄樹聲練鄉兵自衛，淮軍之興，自張氏始。五年，擊賊巢湖，率壯士數十人敗賊，擒斬賊目五人，進破巢縣賊營，敘外委。六年，復來安，隨官軍克無為州，擢千總。又克潛山，至太湖，遇賊數万，樹珊僅五百人，軍糧火藥皆盡。賊屯堤上，樹珊選死士緣堤下蛇行入賊中，大呼擊殺，賊驚潰。七年，敗捻首張洛行於官亭。粵匪方與捻相勾結，皖北幾無完區，獨合肥西鄉以團練築堡差安，時出境從勦賊。九年，克霍山。十年，兩解六安圍。十一年，赴援壽州，克三河，擢都司，賜花翎。

Zhang Shushan, whose courtesy name was Haige, came from Hefei in Anhui. In the third year of Xianfeng, when the Taiping rebels invaded Anhui, Shushan and his elder brother Shusheng organized local militia for self-defense—the origins of the Huai Army lay with the Zhang family. In the fifth year he fought rebels at Lake Chaohu, led a few dozen picked men to rout them, captured and beheaded five rebel officers, stormed the rebel camp at Chaoxian, and was registered as an external commissioner. In the sixth year he recovered Lai'an, marched with the imperial forces to take Wuwei, and was promoted to company commander. He also captured Qianshan, but at Lake Taihu he ran into tens of thousands of rebels while he had only five hundred men and his supplies of food and gunpowder were exhausted. The rebels were camped atop the dike; Shushan picked volunteers to crawl along its base into the enemy ranks, then sprang up shouting and slashing. The rebels panicked and fled. In the seventh year he defeated the Nian leader Zhang Luoxing at Guanting. The Taiping rebels were then in league with the Nian, and almost no part of northern Anhui remained intact. Only the western townships of Hefei, where militia had thrown up fortified stockades, enjoyed relative security, and from time to time sent men across the border to join government campaigns. In the ninth year he captured Huoshan. In the tenth year he twice raised the siege of Lu'an. In the eleventh year he marched to relieve Shouzhou, captured Sanhe, was promoted to battalion commander, and awarded the peacock feather insignia.

同治元年，從李鴻章赴上海，名其軍曰樹字營。李秀成犯上海，會諸軍夾擊走之。七月，會克青浦。賊圍北新涇，樹珊偕程學啟力戰旬餘，賊始遁，擢游擊。進克嘉定，賊大舉圍四江口，樹珊偪賊而營，會諸軍奮擊，連破二十餘壘，遂解圍，擢參將，賜號悍勇巴圖魯。是年冬，常熟及福山賊以城降，而福山賊复叛，圍常熟。二年正月，樹珊率軍航海抵福山西洋港，風潮作，飄舟近賊巢，潮退不得行。樹珊曰：「兵法危地則戰。」登岸結壘未就，賊大至，樹珊疾搗中堅，槍傷左肘不少卻，拔出諸營之被圍者，進解常熟之圍，擢副將。會諸軍進攻江陰，樹珊扼南門，斷賊去路，城复，賊無得脫者，以總兵記名。進攻無錫，悍酋陳坤書、李世賢方以十萬眾圍大橋角，樹珊助剿，火賊輪船二、砲船十，殲斃甚眾，解其圍。李秀成復率眾數万至，連營數十里，樹珊與諸軍夾擊，賊大潰。會蘇州已下，秀成率死黨入太湖，結常州賊，水陸分進，援無錫；時銘傳專擊外援賊，樹珊與諸軍合圍，十一月，拔之，以提督記名。偕兄樹聲及劉銘傳進攻常州，三年四月，克之，予一品封典，授廣西右江鎮總兵。

In the first year of Tongzhi he followed Li Hongzhang to Shanghai, where his unit became known as the Shuzi Battalion. When Li Xiucheng threatened Shanghai, Shushan joined the allied forces in a pincer attack and drove him off. In the seventh month he took part in the capture of Qingpu. When rebels besieged Beixinjing, Shushan fought alongside Cheng Xueqi for more than ten days until the enemy withdrew, and was promoted to brevet major. He advanced and captured Jiading. When rebels launched a major assault on Sikou, Shushan pitched camp close against the enemy line, joined the allied forces in a furious attack, stormed more than twenty stockades in succession, and raised the siege. He was promoted to colonel and granted the title Hanyong Batür. That winter the rebel garrisons at Changshu and Fushan surrendered their cities, but the Fushan force rebelled again and laid siege to Changshu. In the first month of the second year Shushan led his troops by sea to Xiyang Harbor near Fushan. A storm drove his boats aground near the rebel stronghold, and when the tide fell they were stranded. Shushan said, "The art of war teaches that in desperate ground one must fight." He went ashore and began throwing up a stockade before it was half finished the rebels swarmed in. Shushan charged straight at their center; a bullet struck his left elbow but he scarcely slowed, broke through to relieve the encircled camps, and raised the siege of Changshu. He was promoted to deputy commander. In the assault on Jiangyin he sealed the south gate and cut off the rebels' escape. When the city fell, none got away, and he was nominated major general. In the advance on Wuxi, the hardened rebel commanders Chen Kunshu and Li Shixian had a hundred thousand men besieging Daqiaojiao. Shushan joined the relief effort, set fire to two rebel steamers and ten gunboats, killed a great many of the enemy, and broke the siege. Li Xiucheng returned with tens of thousands of men and pitched a camp line several li long; Shushan and the allied forces struck from both flanks and routed them completely. By then Suzhou had fallen; Xiucheng led his diehard followers into Lake Taihu, linked up with the Changzhou rebels, and advanced by land and river in separate columns to relieve Wuxi; while Mingchuan concentrated on the relief columns. Shushan and the allied armies closed the ring; in the eleventh month Wuxi fell, and he was nominated provincial military governor. Alongside his brother Shusheng and Liu Mingchuan he pressed the attack on Changzhou, which fell in the fourth month of the third year. He received a first-rank patent of nobility and appointment as commander of the Youjiang Garrison in Guangxi.

四年，曾國籓督師剿捻，駐徐州，以樹珊所部為親軍，令援山東，破賊於魚台。議設四鎮，陳州之周家口為最要，初以劉銘傳駐之，既改銘傳為游擊之師，乃令樹珊移駐。五年三月，擊賊沙河，賊竄撲周家口，回軍夾擊敗之。五月，又敗賊於沙河東，樹珊以賊騎飄勿靡常，恥株守，請改為游擊之師。九月，馳解許州之圍。十月，逐賊山東境，連敗之豐南、定陶、曹縣。十一月，回軍周家口。賊竄湖北，偕總兵周盛波追剿。會郭松林敗績於臼口，賊焰愈熾，樹珊自黃岡追至棗陽，賊竄黃州、德安，樹珊馳援。諸將皆言賊悍且眾，宜持重，樹珊率親軍二百人窮追，抵新家徬。賊橫走抄官軍後，樹珊力戰陷陣，至夜半，馬立積尸中不能行，下馬鬥而死。後隊據鄉莊發槍砲拒賊，賊亦尋退，全軍未敗。事聞，詔惜其忠勇，從優議卹，予騎都尉兼一云騎尉世職，建專祠，諡勇烈。七年，捻平，加贈太子少保。

In the fourth year Zeng Guofan took command of anti-Nian operations and encamped at Xuzhou, keeping Shushan's troops as his personal guard. Shushan was sent to relieve Shandong and defeated the rebels at Yutai. Four regional commands were established, with Zhoujiakou in Chenzhou as the most critical post. Liu Mingchuan was first stationed there; when his force was reorganized as a mobile strike column, Shushan was ordered to take his place. In the third month of the fifth year he fought the rebels along the Sha River; when they doubled back to strike Zhoujiakou, he wheeled his force and crushed them in a pincer attack. In the fifth month he routed the rebels again east of the Sha River. Shushan, finding static garrison duty ill-suited to the Nian cavalry's elusive tactics, asked that his command be reorganized as a mobile strike force. In the ninth month he raced to raise the siege of Xuzhou. In the tenth month he pursued the rebels into Shandong and routed them in succession at Fengnan, Dingtao, and Caoxian. In the eleventh month he marched his army back to Zhoujiakou. When the rebels broke into Hubei, he joined Major General Zhou Shengbo in pursuit. When Guo Songlin was defeated at Jiukou the rebels' momentum surged. Shushan pursued from Huanggang to Zaoyang; when the rebels veered toward Huangzhou and De'an he raced to intercept. The other commanders urged caution against fierce and numerous rebels, but Shushan pressed on with two hundred men of his personal guard and caught up with the enemy at Xinjia Bang. The rebels swung around to strike the imperial force from the rear. Shushan charged into the enemy line and fought on until midnight, when his horse could no longer move for the heaped corpses around it. He dismounted and fought on foot until he was killed. The rearguard held a village and opened fire with muskets and cannon; the rebels soon withdrew, and the army as a whole was not broken. When word reached the court, an edict mourned his loyal courage, granted the highest posthumous honors, conferred hereditary ranks as Cavalry Commandant and Cloud Cavalry Commandant, erected a dedicated shrine, and gave him the posthumous name Yonglie (Brave and Fierce). In the seventh year, when the Nian were finally suppressed, he was posthumously appointed Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

弟樹屏，從諸兄治團練，積勞至千總。從樹珊至江蘇，轉戰松江、蘇州、常州，屢有功，累擢副將。從剿捻匪，迭破賊於豐縣、沛縣、魚台。及樹珊戰歿德安，樹屏分領樹字三營駐周家口。東捻平，論功以提督記名，賜號額騰額巴圖魯。

His younger brother Shuping had joined his elder brothers in organizing the militia and rose by accumulated service to company commander. He followed Shushan to Jiangsu and fought through Songjiang, Suzhou, and Changzhou with repeated distinction, rising by stages to deputy commander. In the campaign against the Nian he routed the rebels in succession at Fengxian, Peixian, and Yutai. After Shushan fell at De'an, Shuping took over three battalions of the Shuzi force and garrisoned Zhoujiakou. When the Eastern Nian were suppressed, he was nominated provincial military governor and granted the title Eteng'e Batür.

同治六年，山西巡撫李宗羲奏調，令募新軍六營分駐大寧、吉州、壺口防回匪。十二年，兼統水陸駐河津，分防歸化、包頭。光緒二年，甘肅流賊犯河套後山，督軍追擊，連敗之，擒其渠曹洪照。事平，加頭品頂戴。四年，授太原鎮總兵，值旱災，樹屏捐運賑糧，出軍食之餘平糶濟饑民。六年，移防包頭。九年，調大同鎮。十三年，因傷病乞罷，十七年，卒，以前勞賜卹。

In the sixth year of Tongzhi, Governor Li Zongyi of Shanxi requested his transfer and ordered him to raise six new battalions to garrison Daning, Jizhou, and Hukou against Hui rebels. In the twelfth year he took joint command of land and river forces at Hejin, with detachments guarding Guihua and Baotou. In the second year of Guangxu, when Gansu bandits raided the rear hills of the Hetao region, he led the pursuit, routed them in successive engagements, and captured their leader Cao Hongzhao. When the disturbance was quelled, he was awarded the first-rank official's hat knob. In the fourth year he was appointed commander of the Taiyuan Garrison. During a severe drought he donated grain for relief transport and sold army surplus rations at fair prices to feed the starving populace. In the sixth year he was transferred to garrison Baotou. In the ninth year he was transferred to the Datong Garrison. In the thirteenth year he resigned, citing wounds and illness; he died in the seventeenth year and was granted posthumous honors for his past service.

周盛波，字海舲，安徽合肥人。咸豐三年，粵匪陷安慶，皖北土匪紛起，盛波兄弟六人，團練鄉勇保衛鄉里，屢出殺賊。兄盛華及弟三人皆死事，惟存盛波與弟盛傳，以勇名。陳玉成、陳得才等屢擾境，盛波等以練丁二千隨方迎敵，相持數年，遂越境出剿近縣，餉械皆所自備，累獎守備。

Zhou Shengbo, whose courtesy name was Hailing, came from Hefei in Anhui. In the third year of Xianfeng, when the Taiping rebels seized Anqing and banditry erupted across northern Anhui, Shengbo and his five brothers organized local militia to defend their home district and repeatedly sallied forth against the rebels. His elder brother Shenghua and three younger brothers all died in action; only Shengbo and his brother Shengchuan survived, both renowned for courage. Chen Yucheng, Chen Decai, and others raided the district repeatedly. Shengbo and his men, two thousand militia strong, met every threat as it came and held their ground for years before crossing into neighboring counties on punitive expeditions, supplying their own pay and arms. He was repeatedly commended and promoted to garrison commander.

同治元年，李鴻章募淮軍援江蘇，令盛波就所部選募成軍，曰盛字營。從至上海，破賊於北新涇，擢游擊。又大破賊於四江口，賜號卓勇巴圖魯。二年，克太倉，進崑山，扼雙鳳橋，复縣城。破麥市橋賊壘，擢副將。進攻江陰，擊敗援賊。會克縣城，以總兵記名。會攻無錫，毀賊船百餘，破惠山石卡，擒賊酋黃子隆，以提督記名，予一品封典。三年，合圍常州，盛波由小南門攻入。賊首就擒，以總兵侭先題奏。時江寧已復，餘黨黃文英走踞廣德，盛波追之至橫山，文英遁走。城賊拒戰，敗之，复廣德，進至寧國境而還，賜黃馬褂。

In the first year of Tongzhi, when Li Hongzhang raised the Huai Army for Jiangsu, Shengbo was ordered to select and recruit from his followers into a formal regiment, the Shengzi Battalion. He followed the army to Shanghai, routed the rebels at Beixinjing, and was promoted to brevet major. He won another crushing victory at Sikou and was granted the title Zhuoyong Batür. In the second year he captured Taicang, advanced on Kunshan, seized Shuangfeng Bridge, and recovered the county seat. He stormed the rebel stockade at Maishi Bridge and was promoted to deputy commander. In the assault on Jiangyin he routed the relief columns. He joined in the capture of the county seat and was nominated major general. In the attack on Wuxi he destroyed more than a hundred rebel vessels, stormed the stone barrier at Huishan, and captured the rebel leader Huang Zilong. He was nominated provincial military governor and granted a first-rank patent of nobility. In the third year, when the siege of Changzhou closed, Shengbo led the assault through the Lesser South Gate. The rebel leaders were taken prisoner, and as major general he was among the first to report the victory to the throne. Nanjing had already fallen to the Qing, but the remnant leader Huang Wenying seized Guangde. Shengbo pursued him to Hengshan, where Wenying escaped. The rebels in the city resisted and were defeated; Guangde was recovered; he advanced to the border of Ningguo and withdrew, and was awarded the yellow riding jacket.

四年，從曾國籓剿捻匪。張總愚圍雉河集，盛波赴援，循渦河岸破賊。英翰軍突圍夾擊，圍始解。授甘肅涼州鎮總兵，敗捻匪於寧陵。五年，拔菏澤遊莊寨、方埠賊巢，被珍賚。牛洛紅竄亳州，截擊於白龍王廟，大破之。是年冬，追賊雲夢，連敗之於兩河口、沙河、胡家店。六年，躡追任柱至信陽，與弟盛傳分路蹙之台子畈山中，賊舍騎四竄，追及談家河，擒賊目汪老魁等。賴文光來援，复擊敗之。九月，破沭陽程寨賊，又敗之於石榴寨、高家寨，追至海州阿胡鎮，殲悍黨趙天福，東捻尋平。

In the fourth year he joined Zeng Guofan in the campaign against the Nian rebels. When Zhang Zongyu besieged Zhiheji, Shengbo marched to relieve the town and routed the rebels along the Guo River. Yinghan's force broke out of the encirclement in a pincer attack, and the siege was finally raised. He was appointed commander of the Liangzhou Garrison in Gansu and defeated Nian rebels at Ningling. In the fifth year he stormed the rebel strongholds at Youzhuang and Fangbu near Heze and received imperial rewards. When Niu Luohong broke into Bozhou, Shengbo intercepted him at Bailongwang Temple and inflicted a crushing defeat. That winter he pursued the rebels into Yunmeng and routed them in succession at Lianghekou, Shahe, and Hujiadian. In the sixth year he pursued Ren Zhu to Xinyang and, with his brother Shengchuan, split forces to corner him in the Taizifan hills. The rebels abandoned their horses and scattered in all directions; Shengbo caught up at Tanjia River and captured the rebel officers Wang Laokui and his fellows. When Lai Wenguang came to relieve them, Shengbo defeated him as well. In the ninth month he stormed the rebel camp at Chengzai in Shuyang, routed them again at Shiliuzhai and Gaojiazhai, pursued them to Ahu in Haizhou, and wiped out the hardened fighter Zhao Tianfu. The Eastern Nian were soon suppressed.

七年，西捻張總愚竄畿輔，盛波追至陵縣土橋，馬步合擊，賊潰走。五月，盛波駐毛家莊，賊由吳橋來犯，設伏痛擊，斬級數千。襲賊於楊丁莊，陣斬總愚之侄張三彪。六月，會擊於茌平，總愚走死。西捻平，晉號福齡阿巴圖魯。

In the seventh year Zhang Zongyu and the Western Nian broke into the metropolitan region. Shengbo pursued them to Tuqiao in Ling County, where a combined cavalry and infantry assault sent the rebels fleeing in rout. In the fifth month, while garrisoned at Maojia Village, he ambushed rebels advancing from Wuqiao and killed several thousand of them. He surprised the rebels at Yangding Village and killed Zongyu's nephew Zhang Sanbiao on the field. In the sixth month he joined the assault at Chiping, where Zongyu fled to his death. With the Western Nian suppressed, he was promoted to the title Fuling'a Batür.

軍事定，以母老陳請回籍終養，尋以前年所部攻破河南唐縣民寨，慘斃多命，為巡撫李鶴年所劾，褫職，交李鴻章按治，以盛波身在前敵，免其科罪。九年，鴻章疏陳盛波功多，復原官。光緒十年，命在淮北選募精壯十營赴天津備防，責司訓練。丁母憂，奏，許弟盛傳回籍治喪，盛波仍留營。盛傳尋卒，所遺湖南提督即以盛波代署，疏辭，不允。服闋，實授。十四年，卒。

When the fighting ended he asked to return home to care for his aged mother. Soon afterward, however, his troops' assault the previous year on a civilian stockade in Tang County, Henan, in which many innocents were killed, led Governor Li Henian to impeach him and strip him of rank. The case was referred to Li Hongzhang for investigation, but because Shengbo had been at the front in person, he was spared formal punishment. In the ninth year Li Hongzhang memorialized on Shengbo's many services, and his former rank was restored. In the tenth year of Guangxu he was ordered to raise ten battalions of picked men north of the Huai for the Tianjin garrison and placed in charge of their training. When his mother died he memorialized the court; his brother Shengchuan was allowed to return home for the funeral while Shengbo stayed with the troops. Shengchuan died soon afterward, and Shengbo was appointed acting Hunan provincial military governor in his place. He memorialized to decline but was overruled. When the mourning period ended, he received the appointment in full. He died in the fourteenth year of Guangxu.

李鴻章疏陳戰績，謂其治軍嚴而不苛，人樂為用。善察地勢，審賊情，部曲經其指授，輒有家法。防海以來，所部為淮軍最大之軍，諸軍勳望無出其右。詔優恤，建專祠，諡剛敏。

Li Hongzhang memorialized his battle record, praising his command as strict but fair, so that his men served willingly. He had a keen eye for terrain and enemy dispositions, and the units he trained fought by methods all their own. Since the coastal defense campaigns his command had been the largest formation in the Huai Army, and no other general matched his record or prestige. An edict granted generous posthumous honors, a dedicated shrine was erected, and he received the posthumous name Gangmin (Steadfast and Keen).

周盛傳，字薪如，盛波之弟。盛傳偕諸兄集丁壯團練。咸豐三年，粵匪擾合肥，率百餘人擊敗之，擒賊目馬千祿。五年，兄盛華陣亡，盛傳與盛波分領團從，防戰數有功，獎敘把總。十一年，赴援壽州，擢千總。

Zhou Shengchuan, whose courtesy name was Xinru, was the younger brother of Zhou Shengbo. Shengchuan and his elder brothers gathered local militia from among the able-bodied men of the district. In the third year of Xianfeng, when Taiping rebels raided Hefei, he led a little over a hundred men to defeat them and captured the rebel officer Ma Qianlu. In the fifth year his brother Shenghua was killed in action. Shengchuan and Shengbo split command of the militia, and after several successful defensive engagements he was registered as a platoon leader. In the eleventh year he marched to relieve Shouzhou and was promoted to company commander.

同治元年，盛波從李鴻章援江蘇，盛傳充親兵營哨官，從克嘉定及戰四江口，累擢游擊。二年，回籍增募勇丁，會攻太倉，賊酋蔡元隆詐降，設伏狙擊官軍，盛傳獨嚴備，不為所挫。越數日，偕諸軍一鼓克之，駐軍雙鳳鎮，為賊所圍，連戰三晝夜，破之，克崑山，賜號勳勇巴圖魯。攻江陰，毀東門賊營，城复，擢參將。迭戰東亭鎮、興隆橋、鴨城橋、西倉，遂克無錫，功尤多，超擢以總兵記名。進攻常州，三年，進逼郡城南門，賊突出拒，盛傳且戰且築營，賊屢抄後路，皆擊退。登石橋督戰，橋斷墮水，又受砲傷，絕而復甦。越數日，裹創會攻，攀城先登。克常州，詔以總兵遇缺先行題奏，加提督銜。以撫標親兵三營改為傳字營，盛傳始獨領一軍，移防溧陽。尋會銘軍克廣德州。

In the first year of Tongzhi, when Shengbo followed Li Hongzhang to Jiangsu, Shengchuan served as an officer in the personal guard battalion, took part in the capture of Jiading and the battle at Sikou, and rose by stages to brevet major. In the second year he returned home to recruit more troops and joined the assault on Taicang. When the rebel leader Cai Yuanlong pretended to surrender and laid an ambush for the imperial forces, Shengchuan alone kept his men on strict alert and was not caught off guard. Days later he joined the allied columns in a single assault that took the city. He garrisoned Shuangfeng Town, was besieged by rebels, and fought for three days and nights before breaking the encirclement and capturing Kunshan. He was granted the title Xunyong Batür. In the attack on Jiangyin he destroyed the rebel camp at the east gate; when the city fell he was promoted to colonel. He fought in succession at Dongting, Xinglong Bridge, Yacheng Bridge, and Xicang, then captured Wuxi. His contributions ranked especially high, and he was exceptionally nominated major general. In the assault on Changzhou, in the third year he closed on the city's south gate. When rebels sallied out to resist, Shengchuan fought while throwing up camps, beating back every attempt to turn his rear. He climbed a stone bridge to direct the fighting; the bridge gave way and he plunged into the water. Struck by a cannonball, he lost consciousness but came to again. Days later, his wounds bound, he joined the assault and was the first man up the wall. When Changzhou fell, an edict directed that he be the first nominated when a major general vacancy opened, and he was granted the honorary title of provincial military governor. Three battalions of the governor's personal guard were reorganized as the Chuanzi Battalion, and Shengchuan commanded an independent force for the first time, transferred to garrison Liyang. He soon joined Liu Mingchuan's force in capturing Guangde.

四年，調剿捻匪，偕兄盛波援雉河集，自睢寧、宿州轉戰而前。將至，捻酋任柱以馬隊突犯，盛傳堅陣不動，出奇兵抄賊後，賊始卻，會諸軍夾擊，賊潰走，以提督記名。移防歸德。五年春，迭敗賊於考城、鉅野、城武、菏澤，詔嘉盛傳兄弟苦戰，同被珍賚。五月，偕盛波破牛洛紅於亳州，洛紅被創夜遁，道死。追賊扶溝、鄢陵、許州，扼防周家口。時以長圍困賊，盛傳築賈魯河長牆，檄調為游擊之師，解柘城、羅山圍。六年，授廣西右江鎮總兵，偕盛波蹙賊信陽譚家河，斬馘逾萬。追賊入山東，至江北海州，捻匪大衰。是年冬，任柱、賴文光均就殲。

In the fourth year he was assigned to operations against the Nian, marching with his brother Shengbo to relieve Zhiheji and fighting his way forward from Suining and Suzhou. As he approached, the Nian leader Ren Zhu charged with his cavalry. Shengchuan held his line firm, sent a flanking force around the enemy rear, and only then did the rebels pull back. A pincer attack with allied troops sent them fleeing in rout, and he was nominated provincial military governor. He was transferred to garrison Guide. In the spring of the fifth year he routed the rebels in succession at Kaocheng, Juye, Chengwu, and Heze. An edict commended the brothers' grueling campaigns, and both received imperial rewards. In the fifth month he and Shengbo defeated Niu Luohong at Bozhou; Luohong was wounded, fled by night, and died on the road. He pursued the rebels through Fugou, Yanling, and Xuzhou and sealed the line at Zhoujiakou. While a long encirclement strategy was in force, Shengchuan built a wall along the Jialu River, was reassigned as a mobile strike column, and raised the sieges of Zhecheng and Luoshan. In the sixth year he was appointed commander of the Youjiang Garrison in Guangxi. With Shengbo he cornered the rebels at Tanjia River near Xinyang and killed more than ten thousand. He pursued the rebels into Shandong as far as Haizhou on the north Jiangsu coast, and the Nian movement went into steep decline. That winter both Ren Zhu and Lai Wenguang were killed or captured.

七年春，偕盛波渡河會剿張總愚，敗賊於山東、直隸之間，守運河長牆。盛傳伏炸砲於吳橋毛家莊，合馬步逼賊入伏，砲發，賊屍蔽野。既而茌平合圍，總愚走死，賜黃馬褂。盛波乞假養親，盛傳代統全軍，從李鴻章移師湖北。

In the spring of the seventh year he crossed the river with Shengbo to join operations against Zhang Zongyu, defeated rebels in the Shandong–Zhili borderlands, and held the long embankment along the Grand Canal. Shengchuan set explosive charges at Maojia Village near Wuqiao, drove the rebels into the trap with combined cavalry and infantry, and detonated the mines until rebel dead covered the field. Soon the ring closed at Chiping; Zongyu fled to his death, and Shengchuan was awarded the yellow riding jacket. When Shengbo took leave to care for his parents, Shengchuan assumed command of the entire force and followed Li Hongzhang's transfer of operations to Hubei.

九年，從鴻章赴陝西剿回匪，賊踞宜川山中，督軍進剿，破之於河兒川、孔岩寨，分兵於宜、洛、鄜、延之間，以遠勢兜圍，先後擒賊酋馬志龍、戴得勝，北山悉平。

In the ninth year he followed Li Hongzhang to Shaanxi against Hui rebels who held the Yichuan hills. He directed the advance, routed them at He'erchuan and Kongyan Stockade, and deployed columns across Yichuan, Luochuan, Fuzhou, and Yan'an in a wide encirclement. He captured the rebel leaders Ma Zhilong and Dai Desheng in turn, and the northern hills were fully pacified.

是年秋，鴻章移督直隸，疏調盛傳率所部屯衛畿輔。十年，移屯青縣馬廠。十二年，興脩大沽北塘砲台，築內外土城各一，大砲台三，環置小砲七十有一。兵房、藥庫、倉廒、義塾及城外溝、河、橋、徬悉備，以所部任其役，捐盛軍欠餉以濟工費。十三年九月，工竣，詔遇提督缺出先行簡放。

That autumn, when Li Hongzhang was transferred to govern Zhili, he memorialized to bring Shengchuan and his troops to garrison the metropolitan region. In the tenth year he shifted his headquarters to Machang in Qing County. In the twelfth year he oversaw construction of the Beitang fortifications at Dagu: inner and outer earthen ramparts, three main batteries, and seventy-one smaller guns emplaced around them. Barracks, powder magazines, storehouses, charity schools, and the ditches, canals, bridges, and lodges outside the walls were all completed. His troops supplied the labor, and he donated unpaid back pay owed to the Sheng Army to cover construction costs. In the ninth month of the thirteenth year the works were finished, and an edict directed that he be the first appointed when a provincial military governor vacancy opened.

時鴻章奉敕興復京畿水利，盛傳任津沽屯田事，履勘天津東南縱橫百餘裡，沮洳蕪廢，議疏潦、濬河渠，引淡滌咸，以變斥鹵。光緒二年，調天津鎮，移屯興工，開南運減河，自靳官屯抵大沽海口，減河兩岸各開支河一、橫河六，溝澮河渠悉如法。建橋徬五十餘處，備蓄洩，使淡水鹹水不相滲混，成稻田六萬餘畝。濱河斥鹵地沾水利，可墾以億計。至六年工竣。

Li Hongzhang had been ordered to restore waterworks in the capital region, and Shengchuan was put in charge of the Tianjin garrison colonies. He surveyed on foot more than a hundred li southeast of Tianjin—waterlogged, abandoned land—and proposed flood drainage, canal dredging, and bringing fresh water to flush out salinity and reclaim the barren flats. In the second year of Guangxu he was appointed to the Tianjin Garrison and moved his base to Xinggong to begin works. He opened the southern Grand Canal relief channel from Jinguantun to the Dagu estuary, with one branch canal and six transverse canals on each bank, and subsidiary ditches laid out to standard. He built more than fifty bridges and sluice stations, regulated storage and drainage so fresh and salt water did not mix, and brought more than sixty thousand mu under rice cultivation. The saline flats along the river, once touched by the new water system, could be reclaimed on a scale beyond reckoning. The project was completed in the sixth year.

八年，擢湖南提督，仍留鎮訓練士卒，悉用西法，著操槍章程十二篇，軍中以為法式。

In the eighth year he was promoted to Hunan provincial military governor while remaining at his post to train troops entirely by Western methods. He wrote twelve chapters of musket drill regulations that became the army's standard.

十年，丁母憂，命改署理，予假回籍治喪。盛傳事親孝，未幾，以哀毀傷發卒，詔優恤，諡武壯，建專祠。

In the tenth year, when his mother died, he was placed on acting status and granted leave to return home for the funeral. Shengchuan had been devoted to his parents. He died soon afterward when grief brought on a relapse of old wounds. The court granted generous posthumous honors, gave him the name Wuzhuang (Martial and Stalwart), and erected a dedicated shrine.

潘鼎新，字琴軒，安徽廬江人。道光二十九年舉人，議敘知縣。咸豐七年，投★安徽軍營，從克霍山，擢同知。十一年，父璞領鄉團助剿，被執不屈死。鼎新誓殺賊復仇，請分兵攻三河鎮，克之，負父骸歸。曾國籓聞而壯之，時方創淮軍，令募勇立鼎字營。

Pan Dingxin, whose courtesy name was Qinxuan, came from Lujiang in Anhui. He passed the provincial civil examination in the twenty-ninth year of Daoguang and was registered for appointment as a county magistrate. In the seventh year of Xianfeng he entered service in the Anhui army, took part in the capture of Huoshan, and was promoted to sub-prefect. In the eleventh year his father Pu led local militia in support of government operations, was captured, refused to yield, and was killed. Dingxin swore to kill the rebels and avenge his father, secured a detachment to attack Sanhe, captured the town, and brought his father's body home. Zeng Guofan was impressed when he heard of it. As the Huai Army was being formed, he ordered Dingxin to raise troops and establish the Dingzi Battalion.

同治元年，從李鴻章援上海，連克奉賢、川沙、南匯，以知府用。克金山，又破賊虹橋，擢道員。二年，攻福山鎮，鼎新以開花砲炸賊壘，克之，解常熟圍，授江蘇常鎮通海道，以父喪未除，改署任。連破賊於楓涇及嘉善、西塘，加按察使銜。克平湖、乍浦、海鹽，獲賊銀三十餘萬兩充餉。破賊於興城、沈盪、新豐。三年，會克嘉興，戰吳漊、南潯，會攻湖州，賊拒守晟舍，攻兩晝夜，傷脅，破升山九壘，奪三里橋，直抵城下，克湖州，加布政使銜，賜號敢勇巴圖魯。蘇、浙既定，賜黃馬褂，駐屯松江。

In the first year of Tongzhi he followed Li Hongzhang to Shanghai, captured Fengxian, Chuansha, and Nanhui in succession, and was appointed acting prefect. He captured Jinshan and routed the rebels at Hongqiao, earning promotion to circuit intendant. In the second year he assaulted Fushan. Dingxin used explosive shells to demolish the rebel stockades, took the town, and raised the siege of Changshu. He was appointed to the Chang-Zhen-Tonghai circuit in Jiangsu, but because he was still in mourning for his father the post was made acting. He routed the rebels in succession at Fengjing, Jiashan, and Xitang, and was granted the honorary title of provincial surveillance commissioner. He captured Pinghu, Zhapu, and Haiyan and seized more than three hundred thousand taels of rebel silver for army pay. He defeated the rebels at Xingcheng, Shendang, and Xinfeng. In the third year he joined in the capture of Jiaxing and fought at Wulian and Nanxun. In the assault on Huzhou the rebels held Shengshe; after two days and nights of fighting he took a wound in the side, stormed nine stockades on Sheng Hill, seized Sanli Bridge, and pressed to the city walls. Huzhou fell; he was granted the honorary title of provincial administration commissioner and the name Ganyong Batür. With Jiangsu and Zhejiang pacified, he was awarded the yellow riding jacket and garrisoned Songjiang.

四年，僧格林沁戰歿，捻匪益熾，畿輔震動，詔徵勁旅入衛，李鴻章遣鼎新率砲隊航海赴天津。尋命所部十一營移駐濟寧，擢山東按察使。擊敗捻首賴文光於豐縣陳家莊，又追敗之於沛縣、魚台、定陶。五年，敗賊於鉅野，解鄆城圍。築運河沿岸長牆，開黑風口淤河，引泗水灌之。賊屢敗於西華、太康，竄至油坊岡，鼎新夾擊，殪其酋。又追賊鄆城、菏澤、曹縣、東明，竄入河南境，追擊於杞縣柿園、嘉祥臥龍山。六年，遷山東布政使。築新河、濰河長牆，會諸軍守之。賊由東軍汛地偷渡濰河，衝出南竄，都司董金勝率馬隊尾追，敗之莒州、沭陽。鼎新追至海州石榴橋，據山下擊，時賊尚五六萬，連戰於馬陵山、臥龍寨，賊張兩翼來犯，鼎新為圓陣，賊不能撼，伺懈突擊，斬馘甚眾。追敗之剡城柴戶店、海州上莊，斬級千餘，殪賊目楊天燕、陳天福，其酋李宗世等乞降，加頭品頂戴。捻首任柱、賴文光先後就殲擒。

In the fourth year, after Sengge Rinchen fell in battle and the Nian threat surged, the metropolitan region was thrown into alarm. The court summoned elite forces for its defense, and Li Hongzhang sent Dingxin with the artillery column by sea to Tianjin. Soon his eleven battalions were ordered to Jining, and he was promoted to provincial surveillance commissioner of Shandong. He defeated the Nian leader Lai Wenguang at Chenjiazhuang in Feng County and pursued him to further defeats at Peixian, Yutai, and Dingtao. In the fifth year he routed the rebels at Juye and raised the siege of Yancheng. He constructed a long embankment along the Grand Canal, dredged the silted channel at Heifengkou, and diverted the Si River to fill it. After repeated defeats at Xihua and Taikang the rebels fled to Youfang Gang, where Dingxin caught them in a pincer and killed their leader. He pursued them through Yancheng, Heze, Caoxian, and Dongming into Henan, catching up with them at Shiyuan in Qixian and Wolong Hill in Jiaxiang. In the sixth year he was appointed provincial administration commissioner of Shandong. He built long embankments along the Xin and Wei rivers and coordinated with allied forces to hold the line. Rebels slipped across the Wei River from the eastern army's sector and broke south. Battalion Commander Dong Jinsheng led the cavalry in pursuit and routed them at Juzhou and Shuyang. Dingxin pursued them to Shiliuqiao near Haizhou and attacked from the hills. The rebels still numbered fifty or sixty thousand. After battles at Maling Hill and Wolong Stockade, they advanced on both wings; Dingxin formed a circular defense they could not break, then struck when they slackened and killed a great many. He pursued and defeated them at Chaihudian and Shangzhuang, taking more than a thousand heads and killing the rebel officers Yang Tianyan and Chen Tianfu. Their leaders Li Zongshi and others surrendered, and Dingxin was awarded the first-rank hat knob. The Nian leaders Ren Zhu and Lai Wenguang were killed or captured in turn.

七年，馳援畿輔，鼎新至饒陽，賊趨保定，繞其前迎擊，敗之。尋破賊於滄州郭橋、柳橋，殪其酋羅六。又戰高唐、吳橋，於捷地開減河，築長牆，抵東昌。迭蹙賊於德平、陽信、商河，與諸軍合擊。西捻平，予雲騎尉世職，晉一等輕車都尉。

In the seventh year he raced to the metropolitan region. At Raoyang, when rebels marched on Baoding, he swung ahead to intercept and routed them. He soon defeated the rebels at Guoqiao and Liuqiao in Cangzhou and killed their leader Luo Liu. He fought again at Gaotang and Wuqiao, opened a relief canal at Jiedi, built a long embankment, and extended the line to Dongchang. He pressed the rebels in succession at Dezhou, Yangxin, and Shanghe, coordinating with allied forces in combined attacks. With the Western Nian suppressed, he received the hereditary rank of Cloud Cavalry Commandant and was promoted to first-rank Commandant of Light Chariots.

尋命從左宗棠剿回匪，鼎新請開缺省親。九年，丁母憂。服闋，李鴻章奏留辦天津海防。十三年，授雲南布政使。光緒二年，就擢巡撫，與總督劉長佑不合，三年，命來京另候簡用，乞假歸。五年，召天津隨辦防務，七年，回籍。

He was soon ordered to join Zuo Zongtang against the Hui rebels, but Dingxin asked to resign his post and return home. In the ninth year he entered mourning for his mother. When mourning ended, Li Hongzhang memorialized to keep him in charge of Tianjin's coastal defenses. In the thirteenth year he was appointed provincial administration commissioner of Yunnan. In the second year of Guangxu he was promoted to governor of Yunnan but clashed with Governor-General Liu Changyou. In the third year he was recalled to Beijing to await reassignment and asked leave to return home. In the fifth year he was called to Tianjin to assist in defense work; in the seventh year he went home.

十年，法越兵事起，起署湖南巡撫，調授廣西巡撫。時徐延旭出關兵挫，故以鼎新代之，命按治提督黃桂蘭等失律罪，讞擬輕縱，嚴旨斥責。命督軍進諒山，扼屯梅谷、松堅牢諸隘，鼎新奏請諸軍歸雲貴總督岑毓英節制，自為之副，不允。又私謂終歸和局，以節餉為主，不得士心。初戰船頭、紙作社，奏捷。十二月，法兵大舉來犯，諒山陷，師退，自請治罪，詔帶罪立功。十一年正月，鎮南關失守，總兵楊玉科戰死，喪提督劉恩河以次十餘員。鼎新傷肘墜馬，倉皇失措，退至龍州，詔奪職。法兵由艽封窺龍州，賴馮子材、蘇元春、王德榜諸軍力戰，大破之，复鎮南關，追躡連捷，克諒山。和議旋成，鼎新乃解任回籍。十四年，卒於家。李鴻章疏陳前功，乞恩復原官。

In the tenth year, when war broke out between France and Vietnam, he was recalled to serve as acting governor of Hunan and then appointed governor of Guangxi. Xu Yanxu had been defeated after leading troops across the border, so Dingxin replaced him. Ordered to try Provincial Commander Huang Guilan and others for disciplinary failures, he proposed overly lenient sentences and received a stern imperial rebuke. Ordered to advance on Lang Son and hold passes including Meigu and Songjianlao, Dingxin asked that all forces be placed under Yunnan-Guizhou Governor-General Cen Yuying with himself as deputy. The request was denied. He also let it be known privately that the war would end in negotiation and that cutting costs mattered most, and he never won the soldiers' loyalty. Early engagements at Chuantou and Zhizuoshe were reported as victories. In the twelfth month the French launched a major offensive; Lang Son fell and the army retreated. Dingxin asked to be punished, but an edict ordered him to redeem himself through further service. In the first month of the eleventh year Zhennan Pass fell. Major General Yang Yuke was killed in battle, and more than a dozen officers including Provincial Commander Liu Enhe were lost. Dingxin took a wound to the elbow and fell from his horse. In disarray he retreated to Longzhou, and an edict stripped him of his post. When French troops threatened Longzhou from Qiefeng, Feng Zicai, Su Yuanchun, Wang Debang, and other commanders fought them off decisively, recovered Zhennan Pass, pursued with repeated victories, and retook Lang Son. Peace was soon concluded, and Dingxin resigned and returned home. He died at home in the fourteenth year of Guangxu. Li Hongzhang memorialized his earlier services and asked that his former rank be posthumously restored.

吳長慶，字筱軒，安徽廬江人。父廷香，在籍治團練，咸豐四年，殉寇難，卹，予雲騎尉世職，見忠義傳。長慶襲世職，繼父領鄉團，先後從官軍克廬江、舒城，擢守備。十一年，會攻克三河。淮軍始創，領五百人，曰慶字營。

Wu Changqing, whose courtesy name was Xiaoxuan, came from Lujiang in Anhui. His father Tingxiang had organized local militia at home and died resisting invaders in the fourth year of Xianfeng. Posthumous honors were granted, including the hereditary rank of Cloud Cavalry Commandant; he is treated in the biographies of the loyal and righteous. Changqing inherited the hereditary rank and took over his father's militia. He marched with imperial forces to capture Lujiang and Shucheng and was promoted to garrison commander. In the eleventh year he took part in the capture of Sanhe. When the Huai Army was first formed, he commanded five hundred men in the Qingzi Battalion.

同治元年，從李鴻章至上海，破賊於虹橋，克奉賢、南匯、川沙，又破寶山竄賊，超擢游擊。二年，回籍募勇，會李秀成糾眾圍廬江，長慶登陴固守，出擊賊，走之。事定，率新募五營赴上海，進攻楓涇、西塘，克之，毀千窯賊巢，擢副將。規嘉善，破張涇匯賊壘。三年，會攻嘉興，左臂中槍，督士卒緣城上，克之，以總兵記名，賜號力勇巴圖魯。自是分兵援浙、閩，迭克郡縣。五年，追敘以提督總兵侭先題奏。

In the first year of Tongzhi he followed Li Hongzhang to Shanghai, routed rebels at Hongqiao, captured Fengxian, Nanhui, and Chuansha, beat back raiders from Baoshan, and was exceptionally promoted to brevet major. In the second year he returned home to recruit troops. When Li Xiucheng besieged Lujiang, Changqing held the walls, sallied out, and drove the rebels away. After order was restored he led five newly raised battalions to Shanghai, captured Fengjing and Xitang, destroyed the rebel stronghold at Qianyao, and was promoted to deputy commander. In operations against Jiashan he stormed the rebel stockade at Zhangjinghui. In the third year he joined the assault on Jiaxing. Shot in the left arm, he still directed his men up the wall and took the city. He was nominated major general and granted the title Liyong Batür. Thereafter he detached columns to support Zhejiang and Fujian and captured one prefecture and county after another. In the fifth year his past service earned him a place among those to be first nominated when provincial commander or major general vacancies opened.

七年，從李鴻章剿捻匪，轉戰河南內黃、滑、濬，山東臨邑、德州，直隸寧津。捻平，賜黃馬褂，晉號瑚敦巴圖魯。調防江北，駐軍徐州。八年，鼎軍譁變，長慶扼截，斬其倡亂者，眾懼服，分別資遣數千人，旬日而定。事聞，予議敘。九年，移駐揚州，丁母憂，予百日假，仍留軍濬鹽河，興水利。尋复移屯江浦、江陰。十三年，增募四營築江陰、江寧砲台。光緒元年，授直隸正定鎮總兵，仍留防江南。六合鄉民因漕重聚眾譁署，長慶馳至諭散，為請奏減漕額。寧國教民白會清不法，激變，毀教堂，構訟。建平人何渚被枉，長慶往按得實，為白於總督沈葆楨，平反之。率士卒濬江浦黑水河、四泉河、玉帶河，兩年始畢工。六年，擢浙江提督。尋調廣東水師提督，未之任，會法越軍事起，命幫辦山東軍務，四鎮皆歸節制，率所部屯登州。

In the seventh year he joined Li Hongzhang against the Nian, campaigning through Neihuang, Hua, and Jun in Henan, Linyi and Dezhou in Shandong, and Ningjin in Zhili. When the Nian were suppressed he was awarded the yellow riding jacket and promoted to the title Hudun Batür. He was transferred to garrison the region north of the Yangzi, with headquarters at Xuzhou. In the eighth year the Ding Army mutinied. Changqing intercepted them, executed the ringleaders, and within ten days had dismissed several thousand men with pay and restored order. When word reached the court, he was recommended for commendation. In the ninth year he moved to Yangzhou. When his mother died he was granted a hundred days' mourning leave but remained with the army dredging the salt canal and promoting irrigation works. He soon shifted his garrison to Jiangpu and Jiangyin. In the thirteenth year he raised four additional battalions to construct fortifications at Jiangyin and Nanjing. In the first year of Guangxu he was appointed commander of the Zhengding Garrison in Zhili while continuing to defend the Jiangnan region. When villagers in Liuhe rioted over heavy grain transport levies, Changqing rushed to disperse them and memorialized for a reduction in the transport tax. In Ningguo the Christian convert Bai Huiqing broke the law, sparked a disturbance, destroyed a church, and set off a legal dispute. When He Zhu of Jianping was wrongfully convicted, Changqing investigated, established the facts, appealed to Governor Shen Baozhen, and secured his exoneration. He led his troops in dredging the Heishui, Siquan, and Yudai rivers at Jiangpu, a project that took two years to complete. In the sixth year he was promoted to provincial military governor of Zhejiang. He was soon transferred to command the Guangdong naval forces but never took up that post. When the Franco-Vietnamese war broke out he was ordered to assist in Shandong military affairs with four garrisons under his command, and he encamped at Dengzhou.

八年，朝鮮內亂，禁軍犯王宮，殺大臣，王妃失踪，燔日本使館，日本且發兵。命長慶率兵艦三往按治，先日兵至。廉知事由朝鮮王父大院君李昰應所主，至則昰應尚踞王宮，來謁，留語及暮，遣隊擁赴海口，命兵艦致之天津，次日擊散亂黨，迎复王妃。日本初欲藉故多所要挾，見事已定，氣為之沮。詔嘉其功，予三等輕車都尉世職，遂留鎮漢城。長慶在朝鮮兩年，修治道塗，救災恤民，示以恩信，國人感之。

In the eighth year civil disorder erupted in Korea. Palace guards stormed the royal residence, killed ministers, the queen consort vanished, the Japanese legation was burned, and Japan prepared to send troops. Changqing was ordered to take three warships to restore order, but Japanese forces arrived first. Having learned that the trouble was instigated by the regent, Grand Prince Heungseon Daewongun Yi Haung, Changqing found Haung still in the palace when he arrived. He detained him in conversation until evening, then sent troops to escort him to the coast and a warship to carry him to Tianjin. The next day he dispersed the mutineers and restored the queen consort. Japan had initially hoped to exploit the crisis for extensive concessions, but when the situation was resolved their leverage collapsed. An edict commended his achievement, granted the hereditary rank of third-rank Commandant of Light Chariots, and he remained to garrison Seoul. During two years in Korea, Changqing repaired roads, relieved disasters, cared for the populace, and won their trust through consistent goodwill.

十年，命移防金州，尋卒。詔優恤，建專祠，諡武壯，予其次子保初主事。保初後官刑部，上書言時政，辭職歸。

In the tenth year he was ordered to garrison Jinzhou; he died soon afterward. An edict granted generous posthumous honors, a dedicated shrine was erected, he received the posthumous name Wuzhuang (Martial and Stalwart), and his second son Baochu was given a secretariat post at court. Baochu later served in the Ministry of Justice, submitted a memorial on current affairs, resigned, and returned home.

長慶好讀書，愛士，時稱儒將。保初亦文雅，有文風。

Changqing was a devoted reader who valued cultivated men and was known as a scholar-general. Baochu was likewise refined and showed a genuine literary sensibility.

論曰：李鴻章創立淮軍，一時人材蔚起，程學啟實為之魁，功成身殞，開軍遂微。銘軍最稱勁旅，樹軍、盛軍、鼎軍亦各驂靳。粵寇平而捻匪熾，曾國籓欲全湘軍末路，主專用淮軍，平捻多賴其力。其後北洋籌防，全倚淮軍，而以盛軍為之中堅。劉銘傳才氣無雙，不居人下，故易退難進。守台治台，自有建樹。二張、二周，治軍皆有家法。潘鼎新防邊失律，不保令名。吳長慶戰績雖亞諸人，朝鮮定亂，能弭大變。及甲午邊釁起，宿將彫零，衛汝貴、葉志超等庸才僨事，為全軍之玷。後起僅一聶士成，庚子殉難，淮軍遂熸。四十年中，盛衰得失，於此見焉。

The historian comments: When Li Hongzhang founded the Huai Army, talent rose in abundance, and Cheng Xueqi stood at its head. He died just as his greatest triumph was won, and the Kai Battalion force he had built never recovered its former strength. The Ming Battalion was regarded as the hardest-fighting unit, while the Shu, Sheng, and Ding forces each kept pace close behind. After the Taiping rebels were suppressed the Nian rebellion intensified. Zeng Guofan sought to preserve the Xiang Army's legacy but argued for relying chiefly on the Huai Army, whose strength proved decisive in suppressing the Nian. Later, when the Beiyang coastal defenses were organized, the Huai Army bore the entire burden, with the Sheng Battalion as its core. Liu Mingchuan's talent was unmatched and he would bow to no one, which made him quick to withdraw from office and slow to accept promotion. In defending and governing Taiwan he left achievements of his own. The two Zhang brothers and two Zhou brothers each commanded troops by methods all their own. Pan Dingxin discredited himself through disciplinary failures on the frontier and did not preserve his good name. Wu Changqing's battlefield record ranked below the others, but in quelling the Korean crisis he averted a far greater catastrophe. When the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 broke out, the old generals were gone. Mediocrities such as Wei Rugui and Ye Zhichao bungled the campaign and brought disgrace on the entire force. Among the later generation only Nie Shicheng distinguished himself; he died in the Boxer crisis of 1900, and the Huai Army passed into extinction. Within the space of forty years, its rise and fall, its gains and losses, may all be read here.

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