Volume 425 Biographies 212: Li Hui, Wu Tang, Ying Han, Liu Rong, Qiao Songnian, Qian Dingming, Wu Yuanbing

=李僡=李僡，字惠人，陝西華陰人。道光二年進士，直隸即用知縣，補撫寧，調青縣。舉卓異，歷滄州、深州，擢大名知府。調保定，擢大順廣道，遷按察使。二十一年，擢順天府尹。二十三年，南河決，命偕侍郎成剛馳往督工。二十六年，出為江蘇布政使，以病歸。三十年，起授甘肅布政使。咸豐元年，擢河南巡撫。長蘆鹽政疲敝，言官請變通懸岸，僡偕直隸總督訥爾經額議改直、豫懸岸，分別官辦、商販。二年，調山東。粵匪由武昌東下趨江寧，僡遣精兵二千馳援，親赴兗、沂、曹諸府察形勢，分兵扼隘防守。履行河堤，令黃河渡船悉歸曹縣劉家口、單縣董家口，斷他口私渡。檄候補道慶凱等駐兵要隘，搜捕捻匪。

Li Hui, whose style was Huiren, came from Huayin in Shaanxi. He received his jinshi degree in the second year of Daoguang, entered service as an expectant magistrate in Zhili, took up Funing, and was later moved to Qing County. After an outstanding merit rating he served in Cangzhou and Shenzhou in turn before being promoted to prefect of Daming. He was transferred to Baoding, promoted to intendant of the Da-Shun-Guang Circuit, and later appointed provincial judicial commissioner. In his twenty-first year of service he was raised to governor of Shuntian Prefecture. In the twenty-third year, when the South River breached its banks, he was sent with Vice Minister Cheng Gang to oversee repairs on an urgent commission. In the twenty-sixth year he was appointed Jiangsu provincial treasurer, but illness forced him to retire home. In the thirtieth year he was recalled to office as Gansu provincial treasurer. In the first year of Xianfeng he was made governor of Henan. When the Changlu salt administration fell into decay, censors called for reforms to the suspended-shore system. Hui joined Zhili governor-general Ne'erjing'e in planning changes to the Zhili and Henan shores, splitting management between official operation and merchant sales. In the second year of Xianfeng he was transferred to Shandong. As the Taiping rebels advanced east from Wuchang toward Jiangning, Hui sent two thousand picked troops to reinforce the defense, inspected conditions in person across Yanzhou, Yizhou, and Caozhou, and deployed detachments to guard the strategic passes. He toured the river dikes, concentrated Yellow River ferries at Liujiakou in Caoxian and Dongjiakou in Shanxian, and shut down illicit crossings at other points. He directed expectant circuit intendant Qing Kai and others to hold the key passes and hunt down Nian rebels.

三年，江寧陷，徐州捻、梟諸匪蜂起，僡再赴兗、沂、曹諸府督防。未幾，揚州陷，僡令防軍分三路：游擊王鳳祥等駐郯縣紅花埠為東南路，總兵百勝等駐嶧縣韓莊閘及陰平為中路，總兵三星保巡劉家、董家二口，遏賊北竄，為西南路。傳駐宿遷迤北，與百勝等犄角。四月，賊自浦口北竄安徽，陷滁州，逼鳳陽臨淮關。僡進駐宿遷，慮徐州守兵弱，請移山西、陝西、綏遠諸路援兵策應。五月，賊自亳州經米家集竄河南，陷歸德、擾劉家口。僡命防軍進擊，民團繼之，毀北岸船，賊不得渡。有由曹河駛入者，乘半渡擊沉之，賊敗退。尋自河南汜水北渡溫縣，西路告警，僡自曹州分兵馳援，督師繼之。比賊圍懷慶，僡會諸軍力戰，解其圍。捻匪擾歸德境，毗連曹、單、僡留陝、甘兵九百會剿，自引師回防東路。

In the third year, after Jiangning fell, Nian rebels and local outlaw bands flared up around Xuzhou, and Hui returned to Yanzhou, Yizhou, and Caozhou to direct the defenses. Soon afterward Yangzhou fell. Hui split his defensive forces into three lines: Colonel Wang Fengxiang held Honghuabu in Tancheng on the southeast; Brigadier Bai Sheng held Hanzhuang Sluice in Yixian and Yinping on the center; and Brigadier Sanxingbao patrolled the Liujia and Dongjia crossings to stop any rebel drive northward on the southwest. Fu took position north of Suqian, coordinating with Bai Sheng's force in a pincer defense. In the fourth month the rebels broke north from Pukou into Anhui, took Chuzhou, and threatened Fengyang and Linhuaiguan. Hui moved forward to Suqian. Concerned that Xuzhou was thinly held, he asked that reinforcements from Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Suiyuan be redeployed to support his line. In the fifth month the rebels slipped from Bozhou through Mijiaji into Henan, seized Guide, and raided Liujiakou. Hui sent his defenders forward with local militia in support, destroyed the boats on the north bank, and kept the rebels from crossing. Any who tried to enter by the Cao River channel were attacked midstream and sunk, and the rebels fell back in defeat. The rebels soon crossed the Si River in Henan and pushed north into Wen County, raising alarms on the western front. Hui detached troops from Caozhou for urgent relief and followed with his main force. When the rebels besieged Huaiqing, Hui joined the allied armies in a hard fight and broke the siege. Nian rebels raided the Guide frontier near Caoxian and Shanxian. Hui left nine hundred Shaanxi and Gansu troops to pursue them jointly and led his main force back to hold the eastern line.

自粵匪起，所至各行省皆瓦解，疆吏能禦賊不使入境且出境勦賊者，惟僡一人。文宗深嘉之，屢欲擢任總督，以山東為畿輔屏蔽，倚僡為重，故未果。尋卒於官，優詔悼惜，贈總督、太子少保，諡恭毅。子啟詔，署湖南桂陽州，殉難，贈道銜。

After the Taiping rebellion erupted, province after province fell apart wherever the rebels passed; of all the frontier officials, only Hui both kept the enemy from entering his jurisdiction and drove them back across the border. Emperor Wenzong admired him deeply and several times meant to make him a governor-general, yet Shandong was the capital's outer shield and the court leaned on Hui too heavily to move him, so the appointment never came through. He soon died in office. The throne issued a gracious edict of mourning, posthumously raised him to governor-general and Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, and gave him the posthumous name Gongyi. His son Qi Zhao, who was acting prefect of Guiyang in Hunan, died in the line of duty and was posthumously granted circuit-intendant rank.

=吳棠=吳棠，字仲宣，安徽盱眙人。道光十五年舉人，大挑知縣，分南河，補桃源。調清河，署邳州。山東捻匪入境，率團勇擊走之，還清河。咸豐三年，粵匪陷揚州，時圖北竄，棠招集鄉勇，分設七十二局，合數万人，聯絡鄰近十餘縣，合力防禦，有聲江、淮間。丁母憂，士民攀留，河道總督楊以增疏請令治喪百日後，仍署清河。太常寺少卿王茂廕疏薦，詔詢以增，亦以治績上，特命以同知直隸州即補，賜花翎。六年，丁父憂，仍留江蘇，以剿匪功，累擢以道員即補。十年，補淮徐道，命幫辦江北團練。皖北捻匪出入，以徐、宿為孔道，山東土匪時相勾結，一歲數擾，棠督軍屢擊走之。

Wu Tang, whose style was Zhongxuan, came from Xuyi in Anhui. He became a provincial graduate in the fifteenth year of Daoguang, was chosen as a magistrate in the great assignment, was assigned to the South River service, and took up Taoyuan. He was moved to Qinghe and served concurrently as acting magistrate of Pizhou. When Nian rebels from Shandong crossed the border, he led local militia to beat them back and returned to Qinghe. In the third year of Xianfeng, after the Taiping rebels took Yangzhou and turned north, Tang rallied local militia into seventy-two bureaus totaling tens of thousands of men, coordinated defenses with more than ten neighboring counties, and became celebrated throughout the Jiang-Huai region. When he went into mourning for his mother, local gentry and commoners pleaded with him to remain. Canal director-general Yang Yizeng memorialized that after a hundred days of mourning he should continue to serve at Qinghe. Wang Maoyin of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices recommended him in a memorial. The throne asked Yang Yizeng, who likewise praised his record, and Tang was specially ordered to immediate appointment as subprefect of Zhili Prefecture with the peacock feather. In the sixth year he mourned his father yet stayed in Jiangsu, and for his success against bandits he was repeatedly advanced to immediate appointment as circuit intendant. In the tenth year he took up the Huai-Xu circuit and was ordered to help organize militia in northern Jiangsu. Nian rebels in northern Anhui used the Xuzhou-Suzhou corridor as their main route, often in league with Shandong brigands, and raided repeatedly through the year. Tang commanded the troops and beat them back again and again.

十一年，擢江寧布政使，署漕運總督，督辦江北糧台，轄江北鎮、道以下，令總兵龔耀倫等破賊於阜寧、山陽，解安東圍。漕督舊駐淮安府城，棠以清江浦地當衝要，築土城駐之。捻匪大舉來撲，督軍力戰擊退，賊踞眾興集相持，令驍將陳國瑞進攻，戰十日，大破之，賊遁泗州。督屬縣築圩寨，堅壁清野，收撫海州，贛榆土匪，先後遣將擊捻匪，擒李麻子於曹八集，斬何申元於洞里莊，殲卜裡於半截樓，又破山東幅匪於郯城徐家圩、鎰陽集、長城等處。

In the eleventh year he became Jiangning provincial treasurer and acting director-general of grain transport, took charge of the northern Jiangsu grain depot with authority over the brigades and circuits north of the river, and ordered Brigadier Gong Yaolun and others to defeat the rebels at Funing and Shanyang and lift the siege of Andong. The grain-transport governor had long been based in Huai'an city, but Tang judged Qingjiangpu the critical point, built an earthen walled camp there, and made it his headquarters. When Nian rebels struck in force, he led a hard fight and threw them back. The enemy held Zhongxingji in a standoff until he sent Chen Guorui forward; after ten days of battle the rebels were shattered and fled toward Sizhou. He had the subordinate counties build fortified stockades and clear the countryside, pacified outlaws in Haizhou and Ganyu, and sent generals in succession against the Nian: Li Mazi was captured at Caobaji, He Shenyuan beheaded at Donglizhuang, Bu Li wiped out at Banjielou, and Shandong roving bandits broken at Xujiawei in Tancheng, Yiyangji, Changcheng, and elsewhere.

同治二年，實授漕運總督。令陳國瑞進剿沂州，迭殲渠魁，國瑞遂隸僧格林沁軍。苗沛霖叛陷壽州，棠令總兵姚慶武、黃開榜水陸赴援。疏言：「欲拯臨淮之急，必須一軍由宿、蒙直搗懷遠，使苗逆急於回顧，臨淮始可保全。削平之策，尤須數道進兵，方能制其死命。」又密陳：「皖北隱患，淮北鹽務疲敝，悉由李世忠盤剝把持，其勇隊在懷、壽一方盤踞六年，焚掠甚於盜賊。苗平而淮北粗安，李存而淮南仍困，請早為之計。」詔下僧格林沁等籌辦。

In the second year of Tongzhi he was formally appointed director-general of grain transport. He sent Chen Guorui to campaign in Yizhou, where one rebel chief after another was destroyed, after which Chen Guorui entered Sengge Rinchen's command. When Miao Peilin rebelled and took Shouzhou, Tang sent Brigadiers Yao Qingwu and Huang Kaibang overland and by water to its relief. He wrote in a memorial: "To save Linhuai, a force must drive straight from Suzhou and Mengcheng against Huaiyuan and force Miao to turn back; only then can Linhuai be held. To crush him completely, troops must advance on several fronts at once." He also submitted a secret memorial: "Northern Anhui's underlying trouble and the decay of northern Huai salt affairs all come from Li Shizhong's extortion and grip on power. His braves have held the Huai-Shou region for six years, looting worse than common bandits. Pacify Miao and northern Huai may recover a measure of peace; leave Li in place and southern Huai will remain in distress. I beg that this be planned in advance." The throne ordered Sengge Rinchen and others to take the matter in hand.

三年，加頭品頂戴，署江蘇巡撫。四年，調署兩廣總督。棠疏陳：「江境尚未全平，請收回成命，專辦清淮防剿。」詔嘉其不避難就易，仍留漕督任。軍事初定，即籌复河運。署兩江總督，未幾，回任。五年，調閩浙總督。

In the third year he received the first-class hat button and served as acting governor of Jiangsu. In the fourth year he was transferred to serve as acting governor-general of the Two Guangs. Tang memorialized: "The Jiangsu frontier is not yet fully pacified. I ask that the order be rescinded so that I may devote myself entirely to defense and suppression along the Qing-Huai line." The throne praised him for refusing the easier post and left him in charge of grain transport. Once fighting had subsided, he set about restoring the canal transport system. He briefly served as acting governor-general of the Two Jiangs, then soon returned to his former duties. In the fifth year he was appointed governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang.

六年，調四川總督。時蜀中軍事久定，養兵尚多，而協濟秦、隴、滇、黔，歲餉不貲。棠令道員唐炯剿貴州龍井苗匪，复麻哈州。道員張文玉等克黃平州，疏請遣周達武一軍入黔助剿，即調達武貴州提督，餉仍由四川任之。平苗之役，賴其力焉。

In the sixth year he was made governor-general of Sichuan. By then Sichuan's wars had long ended, yet the province still maintained a large army while subsidizing Shaanxi, Gansu, Yunnan, and Guizhou, and annual military expenses could not be covered. Tang sent Circuit Intendant Tang Jiong against the Longjing Miao rebels in Guizhou and recovered Mahazhou. Zhang Wenyu and others took Huangping Prefecture. Tang memorialized for an army under Zhou Dawu to enter Guizhou as reinforcement, appointed Zhou Dawu provincial military commissioner of Guizhou, and kept his supplies charged to Sichuan. The campaign to pacify the Miao depended heavily on his support.

八年，雲貴總督劉岳昭劾棠赴川時僕從需索屬員饋送，言官亦劾道員鍾峻等包攬招搖，命湖廣總督李鴻章往按。鴻章覆奏：「川省習尚鑽營，棠遇事整頓，猾吏造言騰謗。」詔責棠力加整飭，勿稍瞻顧，斥岳昭率奏失實，惟坐失察鍾峻等薄譴。十年，署成都將軍，奏撥捐輸銀二十萬兩賑饑民。十三年，雲南、貴州軍事先後肅清，以協餉功被優敘。灌縣山匪作亂，令提督李有恆剿平之，斬其渠余其隆。疏言：「部章新班遇缺先人員補官較易，服官川省者，報捐不惜重利借貸，其中即有可用之才，夙累既重，心有所分，官債雖清，民生必困。請敕部另議變通，俾試用甄別年滿、歷練較久諸員，得有敘補之期，實於吏治有益。」

In the eighth year Liu Yuezhao of Yunnan-Guizhou impeached Tang for allowing his attendants to extort gifts from subordinates on his arrival in Sichuan. Censors also accused Zhong Jun and others of patronage and solicitation. Li Hongzhang of Huguang was sent to investigate. Li Hongzhang replied: "Sichuan is steeped in intrigue. Tang has been tightening discipline, and slippery officials have invented slander against him." The throne ordered Tang to tighten discipline without holding back, rebuked Liu Yuezhao for careless and unfounded accusations, and imposed only mild penalties on Zhong Jun and others for lax oversight. In the tenth year he served as acting general of Chengdu and memorialized for two hundred thousand taels of contribution silver to relieve famine victims. In the thirteenth year the wars in Yunnan and Guizhou were successively brought to order, and he received special commendation for supplying military funds. When mountain bandits rose in Guan County, he sent Provincial Military Commissioner Li Youheng to suppress them and had their leader Yu Qilong executed. He memorialized: "Under the new ministry rules, candidates with seniority in the vacancy queue gain office more easily. Officials in Sichuan who purchase posts borrow at ruinous interest without hesitation. Some are capable men, yet once crushed by debt their attention is divided: even if official debt is cleared, the people still suffer. I ask that the ministry devise a more flexible rule so probationary officials who have completed screening and those with longer experience may finally receive regular promotion; that would truly improve governance."

光緒元年，剿敘永廳匪及雷波叛蠻，平之。以病乞罷。二年，卒，詔優恤，諡勤惠。

In the first year of Guangxu he suppressed bandits in Xuyong and rebellious tribes in Leibo and restored order. Illness forced him to request retirement. He died in the second year. The throne granted special mourning honors and gave him the posthumous name Qinhui.

=英翰=英翰，字西林，薩爾圖氏，滿洲正紅旗人。道光二十九年舉人。咸豐四年，揀發安徽，以知縣用。九年，署合肥。粵匪擾皖北，督鄉團擊敗之。又破賊華子岡、小河灣，擢同知。十一年，署宿州。同治元年，捻匪來犯，英翰偕總兵田在田克高黃山寨，進破湖溝，擢知府，賜花翎。二年，捻首張洛行為僧格林沁大軍所敗，回老巢，英翰擊敗之於青甿。會攻克雉河集，英翰授策降人，擒洛行送僧格林沁大營誅之，授潁州知府。巡撫唐訓方及袁甲三交章薦英翰沉勇有謀，剿澮北匪圩功多。苗沛霖复叛，攻蒙城、壽州，英翰督兵攻克蒙城附近賊圩，又擊敗沛霖所遣攻壽州兵。會總兵姚廣武破韓村賊寨，攻狼山，賊棄壘遁，蒙城糧道始通。署廬鳳道，擢按察使。复督兵援蒙城，攻蔡家圩，斷賊糧道，遣參將程文炳等四出截擊，夷賊壘數十。僧格林沁、富明阿諸軍先後至，大破賊，沛霖就殲，附沛霖諸圩盡克，賜號格洪額巴圖魯。

Ying Han, whose style was Xilin, belonged to the Sartu clan and came from the Plain Red Banner. He became a provincial graduate in the twenty-ninth year of Daoguang. In the fourth year of Xianfeng he was selected for service in Anhui as a magistrate. In the ninth year he served as acting magistrate of Hefei. When Taiping rebels raided northern Anhui, he led local militia and drove them off. He also defeated the rebels at Huazigang and Xiaohewan and was promoted to subprefect. In the eleventh year he served as acting prefect of Suzhou. In the first year of Tongzhi, when Nian rebels attacked, Ying Han and Brigadier Tian Zaitian took Gaohuangshan Stockade, pushed on to break Hugou, and he was promoted to prefect and granted the peacock feather. In the second year Nian leader Zhang Luoxing, beaten by Sengge Rinchen's main force, retreated to his old base, and Ying Han defeated him at Qingmeng. When Zhiji fell, Ying Han worked through defectors to capture Luoxing and sent him to Sengge Rinchen's headquarters for execution; he was then appointed prefect of Yingzhou. Governors Tang Xunfang and Yuan Jiasan jointly recommended Ying Han as resolute, brave, and shrewd, citing his many successes against rebel stockades north of the Hui River. When Miao Peilin rebelled again and attacked Mengcheng and Shouzhou, Ying Han took the nearby rebel stockades and also defeated the force Miao sent against Shouzhou. Brigadier Yao Guangwu broke the rebel camp at Hancun and attacked Langshan; the rebels abandoned their fort and fled, and Mengcheng's supply line was finally restored. He served as acting Luzhou-Fengyang circuit intendant and was promoted to provincial judicial commissioner. He again led troops to relieve Mengcheng, attacked Caijia Stockade, severed the rebels' supply line, and sent Colonel Cheng Wenbing and others on four sides to intercept, destroying dozens of rebel forts. Sengge Rinchen, Fu Ming'a, and other armies arrived in turn, routed the rebels, destroyed Miao Peilin, captured all stockades under him, and Ying Han was granted the title Gehong'e Baturu.

三年，粵匪合捻匪由陝南竄湖北，將遙為江寧聲援，其鋒甚銳。僧格林沁調英翰赴援，賊方圍麻城，襲破柏子塔賊屯，賊渠陳得才等自白臬走閻家河，英翰督軍迎戰，破之。尋以請獎冒濫，奪勇號，降五級留任。賊自松子關竄皖境，巡撫喬松年奏調英翰回援，克金家寨。賊竄六安、青山，會諸軍擊走之。群賊麕聚英山、霍山，連破之於樂兒嶺、土門、黑石渡。時江寧已下，僧格林沁大軍進逼，賊皆攜貳，陳得才仰藥死。馬融和有眾數万，英翰令郭寶昌招致之。賊首藍成春亦降，餘小頭目紛紛求撫。僧格林沁以成春乃粵中老賊，斬之以徇。未至者遂散走，而張總愚、牛洛紅、任柱、賴文光等勾結复熾。論功，英翰复賜號鏗僧額巴圖魯，擢安徽布政使。

In the third year Taiping and Nian forces broke from southern Shaanxi into Hubei to support Jiangning from a distance, and their advance was fierce. Sengge Rinchen sent Ying Han to reinforce Hubei while the rebels were besieging Macheng. Ying Han stormed the rebel camp at Baizita; when Chen Decai and other chiefs fled from Baixian toward Yanjiahe, he met them in battle and routed them. He was soon stripped of his brave title and demoted five ranks for excessive reward claims, though he was kept in office. When the rebels broke from Songziguan into Anhui, Governor Qiao Songnian had Ying Han recalled to reinforce the province, and Jinjiazhai was taken. The rebels fled toward Lu'an and Qingshan, and he joined the allied armies in driving them off. Rebel bands massed at Yingshan and Huoshan, and he defeated them in succession at Le'erling, Tumen, and Heishidu. Jiangning had already fallen, Sengge Rinchen's main force was closing in, and the rebels began to waver; Chen Decai took poison and died. Ma Ronghe commanded tens of thousands of men, and Ying Han sent Guo Baochang to win him over. Rebel chief Lan Chengcun also surrendered, and lesser leaders came forward one after another seeking amnesty. Sengge Rinchen had Chengcun executed as an example, deeming him an old rebel chieftain from Guangdong. Those who had not yet come in scattered and fled, while Zhang Zongyu, Niu Luohong, Ren Zhu, Lai Wenguang, and others joined forces and flared up again. For his merits Ying Han was again granted the title Kengseng'e Baturu and promoted to Anhui provincial treasurer.

四年，捻匪自河南竄山東，僧格林沁戰歿，遂大舉犯安徽，覬复踞蒙、宿舊巢，英翰屯雉河集，為賊所圍。道員史念祖佐英翰且戰且守，凡四十五日，援軍至，突圍夾擊，大破之，賊乃解圍引去，晉號達春巴圖魯。五年，就擢巡撫。前撫喬松年調陝西，剿西捻張總愚，以皖軍郭寶昌從行，其餉仍由英翰籌供。東捻由固始犯皖境，皖軍扼之，复竄麻城，英翰率軍防六安。六年，賊復由楚、豫入山東，方議就運河築長圍圈賊，英翰分撥皖軍，令黃秉鈞扼宿遷，張得勝扼貓兒窩灘，程文炳以騎兵備游擊，余承先率水師由洪湖入運河，捻勢漸蹙。英翰丁父憂，予假一月治喪，改署任。是年冬，捻首任柱為淮軍所殲，餘黨散撲運河，皖軍截擊，收降數千人，賴文光走揚州就擒。東捻平，論功，予三等輕車都尉世職。

In the fourth year Nian rebels broke from Henan into Shandong. After Sengge Rinchen fell in battle they swept into Anhui, hoping to recover their old bases at Mengcheng and Suzhou. Ying Han held Zhiji and was surrounded. Circuit Intendant Shi Nianzu helped Ying Han fight and hold the line for forty-five days until reinforcements arrived. They broke out, struck from both sides, and routed the enemy. The rebels lifted the siege and withdrew, and Ying Han was advanced to the title Dachun Baturu. In the fifth year he was appointed governor. Former governor Qiao Songnian was sent to Shaanxi against the western Nian leader Zhang Zongyu, taking Anhui forces under Guo Baochang with him while Ying Han continued to supply their pay. The eastern Nian struck Anhui from Gushi, were checked by Anhui troops, then broke toward Macheng, and Ying Han led forces to defend Lu'an. In the sixth year the rebels again entered Shandong from Huguang and Henan while officials debated building a long canal cordon to trap them. Ying Han deployed Anhui troops with Huang Bingjun at Suqian, Zhang Desheng at Mao'erwotan, Cheng Wenbing's cavalry in reserve, and Yu Chengxian's fleet from Honghu into the canal, and the Nian position steadily narrowed. When Ying Han went into mourning for his father he was granted one month's leave for the funeral and an acting official took his place. That winter Nian leader Ren Zhu was killed by the Huai Army. The remnants scattered against the canal, were cut off by Anhui troops, and several thousand surrendered; Lai Wenguang fled to Yangzhou and was taken. After the eastern Nian were suppressed he received the hereditary rank of third-class commandant of light chariots for his services.

再疏請終制，報可，而西捻渡河北犯。七年春，畿輔戒嚴，英翰率軍馳援，命駐河南。英翰奏以所部交河南巡撫李鶴年調遣，請回旗守制，詔慰留之。遂會諸軍圍賊於運河東，捻眾聚殲，加太子少保，辭，不許。八年，回旗營葬，請留京，予假兩月，期滿仍回任。十年，於亳州捕叛捻宋景詩，誅之。

He again asked to complete his mourning period and was granted permission, but the western Nian crossed the Yellow River and invaded the north. In the spring of the seventh year the capital region was placed on alert. Ying Han rushed north with his army and was ordered to hold Henan. Ying Han placed his troops under Henan governor Li Henian and asked to return to his banner to complete mourning. The throne comforted him and kept him at his post. He then joined the allied armies in trapping the rebels east of the canal and destroyed the main Nian force. He was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent, declined the honor, and was not allowed to refuse. In the eighth year he returned to his banner for the burial, asked to remain in the capital, was granted two months' leave, and then returned to duty when it ended. In the tenth year he captured the rebel Nian Song Jingshi at Bozhou and had him executed.

十三年，擢兩廣總督。粵匪悍酋楊輔清敗逸後，猶潛匿福建晉江，令降將馬融和等往捕，至是始就擒，奏請誅之。光緒元年，入覲，晉二等輕車都尉世職。廣東闈姓捐奉旨嚴禁，英翰奏請弛禁助餉，又因隨員招搖，為廣州將軍長善等所劾，召還京，被議，褫職。未幾，命還世職，以二品頂戴署烏魯木齊都統。二年，實授。尋卒，贈太子太保，复勇號，賜卹，諡果敏。安徽省城及鳳陽、壽州、宿州、阜陽、蒙城、渦陽並立專祠，賜其母銀二千兩，人葠六兩。無嗣，弟英壽襲世職。

In the thirteenth year he was appointed governor-general of the Two Guangs. After the Taiping chieftain Yang Fuqing was beaten and fled, he remained hidden in Jinjiang, Fujian. Ying Han sent the surrendered general Ma Ronghe and others to capture him, and when Yang was finally taken he memorialized for his execution. In the first year of Guangxu he had an audience at court and was advanced to hereditary second-class commandant of light chariots. The throne had strictly forbidden Guangdong examination contributions by surname, but Ying Han asked that the ban be relaxed to raise military funds. His attendants also solicited bribes, and Guangzhou general Chang Shan and others impeached him. He was recalled to the capital, censured, and dismissed. Soon afterward he was ordered to restore his hereditary rank and appointed acting commander-in-chief at Urumqi with a second-rank hat button. In the second year his appointment was made permanent. He soon died and was posthumously made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, his brave title was restored, mourning honors were granted, and he received the posthumous name Guomin. Dedicated shrines were erected in the Anhui capital and at Fengyang, Shouzhou, Suzhou, Fuyang, Mengcheng, and Woyang. His mother received two thousand taels of silver and six taels of ginseng. He left no son, and his younger brother Ying Shou inherited the hereditary rank.

=劉蓉=劉蓉，字霞仙，湖南湘鄉人。諸生。少有志節，與曾國籓、羅澤南講學。軍事起，佐澤南治團練。咸豐四年，從國籓軍中，既克武昌，轉戰江西。五年，澤南由江西回援湖北，蓉從之，領左營。弟蕃，戰歿於蒲圻，蓉送其喪歸，遂辭軍事。尋丁父憂，胡林翼奏徵之，不出。十一年，駱秉章督師四川，聘參軍事，疏薦其才，詔以知府加三品頂戴，署四川布政使，尋實授。秉章於軍事吏治，悉倚蓉贊助，亦時出視師，藍、李諸匪以次削平。事詳秉章傳。

Liu Rong, whose style was Xiaxian, came from Xiangxiang in Hunan. He held licentiate status. From youth he showed strong character and studied with Zeng Guofan and Luo Zexian. When war broke out he helped Zexian organize local militia. In the fourth year of Xianfeng he joined Guofan's army, and after Wuchang fell he fought through Jiangxi. In the fifth year Zexian marched back from Jiangxi to relieve Hubei, and Rong followed him in command of the Left Battalion. His younger brother Fan was killed at Puqi. Rong escorted the body home and then left military service. He soon went into mourning for his father. Hu Linyi memorialized summoning him, but he refused to return. In the eleventh year Luo Bingzhang commanded in Sichuan, hired him as military adviser, and recommended his ability. The throne appointed him prefect with a third-rank hat button, then acting and finally full Sichuan provincial treasurer. Bingzhang relied on Rong for both military and civil affairs, sometimes inspected the armies himself, and the Lan, Li, and other rebel bands were suppressed one after another. These events are recounted in full in Bingzhang's biography.

同治元年，石達開由滇、黔邊境入四川。預調諸軍羅布以待，秉章令蓉赴前敵督戰，達開不得逞，徘徊於土司地，窮蹙就擒。蓉親往受俘，檻送成都誅之，被旨嘉獎。時粵、捻諸匪藍成春、陳得才等竄擾陝南，踞漢中、城固等城，川匪餘孽亦入陝蔓延，勢方熾。多隆阿督師關中，注重北路回匪，於南路未能兼顧。官文疏薦蓉堪當一面，於是命蓉督辦陝南軍務，擢陝西巡撫。秉章分兵四千授蓉，總兵蕭慶高、何勝必兩軍先赴援，亦隸之。又遣將赴湖南增募萬人，蓉於十月進屯廣元。三年春，漢中粵、捻諸匪因江寧被圍急，促其回援，遂自退，趨湖北。蓉入漢中部署屯防，清餘匪。

In the first year of Tongzhi Shi Dakai entered Sichuan from the Yunnan-Guizhou frontier. Troops were deployed in advance. Bingzhang sent Rong to the front to direct operations. Dakai could not break through, wandered among the native chieftaincies, was cornered, and captured. Rong went in person to take the prisoner, sent him in a cage to Chengdu for execution, and received an imperial commendation. Taiping and Nian forces under Lan Chengcun, Chen Decai, and others were raiding southern Shaanxi and holding Hanzhong, Chenggu, and other towns, while Sichuan rebel remnants spread into Shaanxi and the threat was at its peak. Duolong'a commanded in Guanzhong, concentrating on Hui rebels in the north and unable to cover the southern front as well. Guan Wen recommended Rong as fit for independent command. He was ordered to supervise southern Shaanxi military affairs and promoted to governor of Shaanxi. Bingzhang gave Rong four thousand men. Brigadiers Xiao Qinggao and He Shengbi marched ahead with their armies and also came under his command. He also sent officers to Hunan to raise another ten thousand troops, and in the tenth month Rong advanced and encamped at Guangyuan. In the spring of the third year the Taiping and Nian forces in Hanzhong, pressed to return and relieve the siege of Jiangning, withdrew on their own toward Hubei. Rong entered Hanzhong, deployed garrisons, and cleared out the remaining bandits.

多隆阿圍盩厔久未下，聞蓉將至，督攻益急，克之，而多隆阿受重傷。三月，蓉抵省城，多隆阿尋卒於軍，其所部雷正綰、陶茂林諸軍剿西路回匪，入甘肅；穆圖善一軍議令赴援湖北。五月，川匪合粵、捻由鎮安、孝義突犯省城，蓉集諸軍擊之於鄠、盩厔之間，尋偕穆圖善會擊於郿縣，賊西走略陽，入甘肅，陷階州，令何勝必等會川軍周達武攻之。四年，克階州，川匪餘孽悉平。雷正綰軍譁變，其部將胡士貴率叛兵回擾涇州，蓉遣軍扼隘，散其脅從，誅士貴。

Duolong'a had besieged Zhouzhi for a long time without success. Hearing Rong was coming, he pressed the assault harder, took the city, and was himself seriously wounded. In the third month Rong reached the provincial capital. Duolong'a soon died in camp, while his subordinates Lei Zhengwan and Tao Maolin took their forces against western Hui rebels into Gansu; Mutushan's army was under discussion for dispatch to relieve Hubei. In the fifth month Sichuan bandits and Taiping-Nian forces suddenly struck the provincial capital from Zhen'an and Xiaoyi. Rong gathered his armies and hit them between Hu and Zhouzhi, then joined Mutushan at Mei County. The rebels fled west through Lueyang into Gansu and took Jiezhou, and he ordered He Shengbi and others to join Zhou Dawu's Sichuan force against them. In the fourth year Jiezhou was taken and the last Sichuan rebel remnants were suppressed. Lei Zhengwan's army mutinied. His officer Hu Shigui led rebel troops back to raid Jingzhou. Rong sent troops to hold the passes, broke up their forced followers, and executed Shigui.

會編修蔡壽祺疏劾恭親王奕訢，牽及蓉，指為夤緣，詔詰蓉令自陳。蓉奏辦，自言薦舉本末，並訐壽祺前在四川招搖，擅募兵勇，為蓉所阻，挾嫌構陷。復為內閣侍讀學士陳廷經所劾，命大學士瑞常、尚書羅惇衍按究，坐漏洩密摺，降調革任。陝甘總督楊岳斌疏言陝西士民為訴枉乞留，詔蓉仍署巡撫。

Compiler Cai Shouqi then impeached Prince Gong Yixin and implicated Rong as a patronage ally. The throne questioned Rong and ordered a personal explanation. Rong replied in a memorial, explaining how the recommendation had come about and accusing Shouqi of earlier solicitation and unauthorized recruitment in Sichuan, which Rong had blocked, and of framing him out of resentment. Chen Tingjing of the Hanlin impeached him again. Grand Secretary Ruichang and Minister Luo Dunyan were sent to investigate. He was found guilty of leaking secret memorials, demoted, transferred, and dismissed. Shaanxi-Gansu governor-general Yang Yuebin reported that Shaanxi gentry and commoners pleaded Rong had been wronged and asked him to stay. The throne ordered Rong to continue as acting governor.

五年，奏薦賢能牧令龔衡齡等，請予升階，下部議駮。蓉疏言：「近來登進之途，多出於從軍，而究心民瘼者，仍潦倒於下吏。陝西瘡痍未起，急應旌舉賢能以為之勸。」上特允之。先是，蓉任鳳邠道黃輔辰經理回民叛產，設法墾治，歲獲穀數百萬斛，成效甚著，因奏：「陝西兵後荒蕪，以招徠開墾為急務。應視兵災輕重，荒地多少，以招墾成數為州官吏勸懲。」報可。尋以病乞開缺，上允其請，以喬松年代之，仍留陝西治軍。捻匪張總愚入陝，逼省城，蓉與松年議不合，所部楚軍三十營，統將無專主，士無戰心，屯灞橋，為賊所乘，大潰。詔斥蓉貽誤，奪職回籍。十二年，卒。湖南巡撫王文韶疏聞，命复官，陝西請祀名宦祠。

In the fifth year he recommended able magistrates such as Gong Hengling for promotion, but the ministry deliberated and rejected the request. Rong wrote: "Advancement lately comes chiefly through military service, while officials who truly care for the people's hardships still languish in low posts. Shaanxi has not yet recovered from its wounds, and able officials should be commended at once as encouragement." The emperor specially granted his request. Earlier Rong had put Huang Fuchen in charge of rebel Hui estates in the Feng-Bin circuit, organized reclamation, and harvested several million hu of grain a year with striking results. He memorialized: "After the wars Shaanxi lies in ruins; attracting settlers and opening land is the urgent task. Officials should be rewarded or punished according to the severity of war damage, the extent of wasteland, and how much land they brought under cultivation." The proposal was approved. He soon asked to resign on account of illness, and the emperor agreed. Qiao Songnian replaced him but remained in Shaanxi to command the armies. Nian leader Zhang Zongyu entered Shaanxi and threatened the provincial capital. Rong and Songnian could not agree. His thirty battalions of Hunan troops had no single commander, the men lacked fighting spirit, and while encamped at Baqiao they were overrun and routed. An edict blamed Rong for the disaster, stripped him of office, and sent him home. He died in the twelfth year. Hunan governor Wang Wenshao reported his death. The throne posthumously restored his rank, and Shaanxi asked that he be honored in the shrine of eminent officials.

=喬松年=喬松年，字鶴儕，山西徐溝人。道光十五年進士，授工部主事，再遷郎中。咸豐三年，以知府發江蘇，除松江，調蘇州。會匪劉麗川據上海，省城潮勇潛與通，松年偵知之，白上官誅其為首者。丁父憂，總督怡良奏留，從克上海，擢道員，賜花翎，授常鎮通海道。六年，從怡良駐常州，署兩淮鹽運使。八年，丁本生父憂，總督何桂清復奏留。

Qiao Songnian, whose style was Hechai, came from Xugou in Shanxi. He received his jinshi degree in the fifteenth year of Daoguang, entered the Ministry of Works as a secretary, and was later promoted to director. In the third year of Xianfeng he was sent to Jiangsu as prefect, took Songjiang, and was moved to Suzhou. When Liu Lichuan of the Small Sword Society held Shanghai, Chaozhou braves in the provincial capital were secretly in contact with him. Songnian uncovered the plot and reported it; the ringleaders were executed. When he went into mourning for his father, governor Yiliang asked that he be kept in service. He took part in recovering Shanghai, was promoted to circuit intendant, granted the peacock feather, and appointed to the Chang-Zhen-Tonghai circuit. In the sixth year he followed Yiliang to Changzhou and served as acting Liang-Huai salt controller. In the eighth year he mourned his biological father, and governor He Guiqing again asked that he remain in service.

九年，授兩淮鹽運使，兼辦江北糧台。十年，奏劾南河河道總督庚長擅提淮北存鹽變價充餉，又截留山西解江北糧台餉銀；复劾庚長在清江聞警猶演劇設宴，迨寇急，倉皇退守。命侍郎文俊往按得實，庚長褫職逮問。又疏論用勇不如用兵，請發京師護軍營暨北五省綠營赴江北防剿。英吉利、法蘭西兵入犯，京師戒嚴，松年請赴畿輔督兵禦敵，諭止之。十一年，設江南北兩糧台，仍命松年辦理。敘勞，以按察使記名。

In the ninth year he was appointed Liang-Huai salt controller and also took charge of the northern Jiangsu grain depot. In the tenth year he impeached South River director-general Geng Chang for seizing stored salt north of the Huai, selling it for military funds, and intercepting Shanxi silver meant for the northern Jiangsu grain depot; He also accused Geng Chang of staging plays and banquets at Qingjiang after the alarm was raised, then fleeing in panic when the enemy pressed close. Vice Minister Wen Jun was sent to investigate, confirmed the charges, and Geng Chang was dismissed and arrested. He also argued that militia were inferior to regular troops and asked that the capital guard battalion and Green Standard forces from the five northern provinces be sent to northern Jiangsu. When British and French forces invaded and the capital was placed on alert, Songnian asked to command troops in the capital region, but the throne ordered him to remain. In the eleventh year the two Jiangnan grain depots were established, and Songnian was again put in charge. His services were recognized and he was noted for promotion to provincial judicial commissioner.

同治二年，擢江寧布政使，仍留辦糧台，擢安徽巡撫。三年，抵任，駐防臨淮。時苗匪已平，李世忠亦解兵柄，捻匪竄河南、湖北。松年增募勇千人，就潁、宿間設防，奏請雉河集地處交衝，當建縣設官，從之。又奏苗沛霖餘黨自非積惡，請予寬貸；李世忠散遣勇丁，恐流為盜，飭州縣整頓捕務。粵、捻諸匪自湖北麻城、羅田東竄入皖境，松年移軍壽州，急調英翰自湖北迴援，令硃淮森屯正陽關，蔣凝學迎擊於英山，克金家寨。英翰等敗賊於陶家河、黑石渡，僧格林沁大軍追至合擊，諸賊窮蹙，紛紛乞降，先後凡十餘萬。賊首陳得才後至，為蔣凝學擊敗，服毒死，獲其屍。上飭英翰等移軍進剿，松年請留英翰防皖境，郭寶昌援河南，蔣凝學赴湖北。

In the second year of Tongzhi he became Jiangning provincial treasurer while keeping charge of the grain depot, then was promoted to governor of Anhui. In the third year he took up his post and made his headquarters at Linhuai. By then the Miao rebels had been suppressed, Li Shizhong had given up military command, and Nian forces were breaking into Henan and Hubei. Songnian raised another thousand militiamen and posted defenses between Ying and Su. He memorialized that Zhiji, a strategic crossroads, should be made a county with regular officials, and the request was approved. He also asked leniency for Miao Peilin's followers, arguing they were not deeply guilty themselves; As Li Shizhong disbanded his braves, fearing they would turn to banditry, he ordered prefectures and counties to tighten policing. Taiping and Nian forces broke east from Macheng and Luotian in Hubei into Anhui. Songnian moved to Shouzhou, urgently recalled Ying Han from Hubei, posted Zhu Huaisen at Zhengyangguan, and had Jiang Ningxue meet the enemy at Yingshan and take Jinjiazhai. Ying Han and others defeated the rebels at Taojiahe and Heishidu. Sengge Rinchen's main force came up and joined the attack. Cornered, the rebels surrendered in waves totaling more than a hundred thousand. Rebel chief Chen Decai arrived later, was beaten by Jiang Ningxue, took poison and died, and his body was recovered. The throne ordered Ying Han and others to advance in pursuit. Songnian asked that Ying Han stay to defend Anhui, Guo Baochang reinforce Henan, and Jiang Ningxue go to Hubei.

四年，僧格林沁戰歿，上命曾國籓督師山東。松年奏：「國籓久治軍務，氣體較遜於前。李鴻章才識亞於國籓，而年力正強，如以代國籓督師山東，必能迅奏蕩平。」疏上，報聞。時捻匪大舉犯皖北，圍英翰於雉河集，國籓遣援軍至，乃擊走之。

In the fourth year Sengge Rinchen fell in battle, and the throne ordered Zeng Guofan to command in Shandong. Songnian wrote: "Guofan has commanded armies for many years, but his health is no longer what it was. Li Hongzhang is somewhat less able than Guofan, but he is in his prime. If he replaced Guofan in Shandong, he would surely bring the campaign to a swift end." The memorial was received and merely noted. Nian rebels then swept into northern Anhui and besieged Ying Han at Zhiji until Guofan sent reinforcements and drove them off.

五年，調陝西巡撫，前任巡撫劉蓉奉命留陝辦理軍務。時捻匪張總愚竄入陝境，松年初至，與蓉意見不合，奏劾蓉軍政隳壞，留陝無益，蓉亦劾松年掣肘，貪利徇私。十二月，賊逼省城，蓉軍潰於灞橋。六年正月，提督劉松山援軍至，破賊雨花寨，連戰皆捷，省城始安。迭奏請師，鮑超軍援陝迄不至，皖軍郭寶昌應調來援，偕劉松山轉戰涇、渭之間，屢捷。總愚窺同州，欲渡河，未得逞，趨陝北。六月，總督左宗棠至陝，軍事始有統轄。松山、寶昌等連破賊於北路，至冬，總愚由垣曲渡河，循太行東趨，松山、寶昌尾追。七年春，宗棠率師入衛畿輔，陝西自捻匪出境，西路回氛仍未靖，松年以病乞假歸。九年，病痊，授倉場侍郎。

In the fifth year he was made governor of Shaanxi while former governor Liu Rong was ordered to remain there to handle military affairs. Nian leader Zhang Zongyu had entered Shaanxi. Songnian had just arrived and clashed with Rong. He impeached Rong for ruining military affairs and said keeping him in Shaanxi was useless. Rong impeached Songnian in turn for obstruction, greed, and favoritism. In the twelfth month the rebels threatened the provincial capital and Rong's army was routed at Baqiao. In the first month of the sixth year Liu Songshan's relief force arrived, took Yuhuazhai, won battle after battle, and the provincial capital was finally secured. He repeatedly asked for reinforcements, but Bao Chao's promised relief never came. Anhui forces under Guo Baochang answered the call and, with Liu Songshan, fought between the Jing and Wei rivers with repeated success. Zongyu probed Tongzhou and tried to cross the river, failed, and turned north into Shaanxi. In the sixth month Zuo Zongtang arrived in Shaanxi, and the armies finally came under unified command. Songshan and Baochang won repeated victories in the north. That winter Zongyu crossed at Yuanqu and marched east along the Taihang range, with Songshan and Baochang in pursuit. In the spring of the seventh year Zongtang marched to defend the capital region. The Nian had left Shaanxi, but western Hui unrest was still unsettled, and Songnian went home on sick leave. In the ninth year, after he recovered, he was appointed vice minister of the granary administration.

十年，授河東河道總督。奏言：「今日言治河，不外兩策：一則堵銅瓦廂決口，復歸清江浦故道；一則就黃水現到處築堤束之，俾不至橫流，至利津入海。權衡輕重，以就東境築堤束黃為順水之性，事半功倍。前數年大溜全趨張秋，後又決胡堰、洪川口、霍家橋、新興屯諸地，黃流穿運，節節梗阻。惟有盡堵旁洩之路，自張秋西南，沙河迤北，就舊堤修補，為黃河北堤；又自張志門起，至沈家口、馬山頭，築新堤一百八十餘裡，為黃河南堤：俾仍全趨張秋，藉以濟運。」下廷臣議行。十三年，奏請裁東河總督，以巡撫兼領河工，下部議，格不行。光緒元年，卒，諡勤恪。

In the tenth year he was appointed director-general of the Hedong River works. He wrote: "River control today comes down to two policies: block the breach at Tongwaxiang and restore the old route to Qingjiangpu; or build dikes along the Yellow River's present course to confine it, keep it from spreading, and send it to the sea at Lijin. Weighing the options, confining the Yellow River with dikes in the east follows the river's nature and would achieve far more with far less effort. In earlier years the main current had run entirely toward Zhangqiu, then broke out again at Huyan, Hongchuankou, Huojiaqiao, Xinxingtun, and elsewhere. The Yellow River cut through the canal and blocked it section by section. The only course is to seal every side outlet: from southwest of Zhangqiu north along the Sha River, repair the old dikes as the Yellow River's north bank; and from Zhangzhimen to Shenjiakou and Mashantou build more than one hundred and eighty li of new south bank so the current still runs to Zhangqiu and keeps the canal supplied." The proposal was sent to the court for deliberation and implementation. In the thirteenth year he asked to abolish the East River governor-general post and let the provincial governor oversee river works as well. The ministry deliberated and rejected the plan. He died in the first year of Guangxu and received the posthumous name Qinke.

=錢鼎銘=錢鼎銘，字調甫，江蘇太倉人。父寶琛，湖北巡撫。鼎銘，道光二十六年舉人，從寶琛治團練。會匪劉麗川據上海，青浦周立春起應之，陷嘉定，鼎銘與嘉定舉人吳林募勇從官軍復其城，授贛榆訓導。入貲為戶部主事，丁父憂歸。江南大營再潰，諸郡縣淪陷，巡撫薛煥退保上海一隅。曾國籓既克安慶，團練大臣龐鍾璐等議乞援，道路梗阻。鼎銘奮然請行，乘洋商輪船溯江上，至安慶謁國籓，陳吳中百姓阽危，上海中外互市，榷稅所入，足運兵數万，不宜棄之資賊。策畫數千言，繼以痛哭，國籓遂決策濟師。時薛煥遣將至湖南募勇萬二千，國籓知所募皆各軍汰遺，不可用，令鼎銘往解散。遇諸漢口，鼎銘簡留精壯九百人，餘悉罷歸，無譁者。還上海，籌餉十八萬，租船五，复率赴安慶迎師。於是國籓奏令延建邵道李鴻章率淮勇五千人赴之。同治元年三月，至上海，鴻章尋署江蘇巡撫，奏請以鼎銘參軍事，多所贊畫。積功，擢道員，賜花翎，加布政使銜。

Qian Dingming, whose style was Diaofu, came from Taicang in Jiangsu. His father Baoqin had been governor of Hubei. Dingming became a provincial graduate in the twenty-sixth year of Daoguang and helped Baoqin organize local militia. When Liu Lichuan of the Small Sword Society held Shanghai, Zhou Lichun of Qingpu rose in support and Jiading fell. Dingming and the Jiading graduate Wu Lin raised militia, joined the official army in recovering the city, and he was appointed director of studies in Ganyu. He purchased a post as a secretary in the Ministry of Revenue, then went home to mourn his father. The Jiangnan Grand Camp collapsed again, prefecture after prefecture fell, and governor Xue Huan retreated to hold only Shanghai. After Zeng Guofan took Anqing, militia commissioner Pang Zhonglu and others wanted to ask for help, but the roads were blocked. Dingming volunteered boldly, took a foreign steamer upriver to Anqing, and told Guofan that the people of central Wu were near ruin. Shanghai was a treaty port whose customs revenue could supply tens of thousands of troops and must not be abandoned to the enemy. He laid out a plan thousands of words long and then wept. Guofan decided on the spot to send relief. Xue Huan had sent officers to Hunan to raise twelve thousand men, but Guofan knew they were cast-offs from other armies and unusable. He sent Dingming to disband them. He met them at Hankou, kept nine hundred of the best men, sent the rest home without incident. Back in Shanghai he raised one hundred and eighty thousand taels, chartered five boats, and led the force to Anqing to meet the army. Guofan then memorialized for Li Hongzhang of the Yanjian-Shaodao circuit to lead five thousand Huai troops there. In the third month of the first year of Tongzhi they reached Shanghai. Hongzhang soon became acting governor of Jiangsu and had Dingming serve as military adviser, contributing much to planning. For his services he was promoted to circuit intendant, granted the peacock feather, and given provincial treasurer rank.

五年，鴻章代國籓督師剿捻匪，令鼎銘駐清江浦，主轉運糧餉軍仗，迄捻匪滅，始終無絀誤。鴻章與漕運總督張之萬累疏薦。國籓移督直隸，奏調以從。八年，授大順廣道，就遷按察使，又遷布政使。十年，擢河南巡撫。十一年，捻匪餘孽蠢動，鼎銘令總兵崔廷桂剿平之。用直隸練軍制，就河南三鎮額兵，簡其精壯，抽練馬步各三營，重其額餉，擇駐衝要地訓練，期年成軍。修水利，鑿賈魯河故道，南自周家口，北至硃仙鎮，又西北至鄭州京水寨，疏積沙，補殘堤，俾上游無水澇，下游通舟楫。复濬勺金河、丈八溝、餘濟河、永豐渠以資灌溉。令諸州縣勸民按畝出穀，就鄉分倉，擇公正紳耆董其事，毋假手胥吏，通省積穀九十餘萬石。提督張曜一軍出關剿回，全軍餉由河南供給無缺。光緒元年，卒，賜卹，諡敏肅。

In the fifth year Hongzhang replaced Guofan in command against the Nian and posted Dingming at Qingjiangpu to manage supplies. Until the Nian were destroyed he never once failed. Hongzhang and grain-transport director-general Zhang Zhiwan repeatedly recommended him. When Guofan moved to Zhili he had Dingming transferred to follow him. In the eighth year he was appointed to the Da-Shun-Guang circuit, then promptly made provincial judicial commissioner and provincial treasurer. In the tenth year he was made governor of Henan. In the eleventh year remnant Nian forces stirred again, and Dingming sent Brigadier Cui Tinggui to suppress them. He adopted the Zhili trained-army model, drew on Henan's three garrison quotas, picked the strongest men, formed three horse and three foot battalions, increased their pay, trained them at key posts, and had a usable force within a year. He repaired waterworks and reopened the old Jialu River channel from Zhoujiakou south to Zhuxianzhen north and on to Jingshuizhai near Zhengzhou, dredged silt, repaired broken dikes, ended flooding upstream, and restored navigation downstream. He also dredged the Shaojin River, Zhangbagou, Yuji River, and Yongfeng Canal for irrigation. He had prefectures and counties urge farmers to contribute grain by the mu, set up local granaries, put upright gentry in charge without using clerks, and built a provincial reserve of more than nine hundred thousand shi of grain. Zhang Yao led an army beyond the passes against the Hui rebels, and Henan supplied its pay in full without fail. He died in the first year of Guangxu, received mourning honors, and was given the posthumous name Minsu.

=吳元柄=吳元柄，字子建，河南固始人。咸豐十年進士，選庶吉士。從團練大臣毛昶熙回籍治團練，從解固始圍，擊退息縣竄匪，擒捻首陳得一。十一年，汝寧捻首陳大喜竄居霍莊寨，元炳偕道員張曜攻克之。同治元年，巡撫嚴樹森奏：「元柄驍捷善戰，所向有功，軍中最得力，請散館後仍令回河南。」命免散館授檢討，仍留河南委用。大喜負固平輿，其黨踞李旗屯，元炳偕張曜先平伊莊、陳莊、劉樓賊壘，乘勝下李旗屯，進攻楊樓，破之。旋克平輿，殲捻首張鳳林。二年，克張岡賊巢，汝南肅清，擢侍講。尋攻息縣鮑家寨，克之。三年，拔譚家圩，附近賊寨，次第削平。

Wu Yuanbing, whose style was Zijian, came from Gushi in Henan. He received his jinshi degree in the tenth year of Xianfeng and was selected as a Hanlin bachelor. He followed militia commissioner Mao Changxi home to organize militia, helped lift the siege of Gushi, drove raiders out of Xi County, and captured Nian chief Chen Deyi. In the eleventh year Runing Nian leader Chen Daxi held Huozhuang Stockade, and Yuanbing with Zhang Yao took it. In the first year of Tongzhi governor Yan Shusen wrote: "Yuanbing is bold, swift, and skilled in battle, successful wherever he fights, and the most effective officer in the army. After he leaves the Hanlin academy, please keep him in Henan." He was exempted from the usual Hanlin graduation, appointed reviser, and kept for service in Henan. Daxi held Pingyu stubbornly while his men held Liqitun. Yuanbing and Zhang Yao first took Yizhuang, Chenzhuang, and Liulou, then swept into Liqitun and broke Yanglou. Pingyu soon fell and Nian chief Zhang Fenglin was killed. In the second year the rebel base at Zhanggang was taken, Runan was pacified, and he was promoted to Hanlin lecturer. He soon attacked Baojiazhai in Xi County and took it. In the third year he took Tanjia Stockade, and nearby rebel camps were suppressed one after another.

丁母憂，回籍，巡撫張之萬奏起赴軍。四年，以汝、光諸地稍定，請終制，允之。六年，補原官。九年，超擢侍講學士。十年，命署湖南布政使。十二年，擢湖北巡撫，調安徽，再調江蘇。光緒二年，疏陳：「銀捐新例，新班遇缺先及遇缺兩項，得缺最速，流弊亦多，於政體大有關係，不可不嚴防其弊。請明定章程，變通辦理。」下部議行。山東、安徽比歲饑民流及淮、揚，元炳截漕撫卹，並疏高寶河、鹽運河，以工代賑。署兩江總督者三，兼署江蘇學政者一。七年，丁本生母憂，去官。十年，入覲，命察山東河工、海防，授漕運總督。十一年，調安徽巡撫。十二年，卒，賜卹。河南巡撫倪文蔚疏陳元炳戰功，遺愛在民，請於汝寧建專祠。

He went home to mourn his mother, and governor Zhang Zhiwan had him recalled to the army. In the fourth year, with Runing and Guangzhou somewhat settled, he asked to complete mourning and was allowed to do so. In the sixth year he returned to his former post. In the ninth year he received a special promotion to Hanlin expositor. In the tenth year he was appointed acting Hunan provincial treasurer. In the twelfth year he became governor of Hubei, then was transferred to Anhui and later to Jiangsu. In the second year of Guangxu he wrote: "Under the new contribution rules, the priority categories for new donors gain office fastest but also produce the worst abuses. This bears heavily on governance and must be strictly controlled. I ask that clear rules be set and applied flexibly." The ministry deliberated and put the changes into effect. In recent years famine refugees from Shandong and Anhui had flooded the Huai-Yang region. Yuanbing diverted transport grain for relief, dredged the Gaobao and Salt Transport canals, and used public works in place of direct relief. He served three times as acting governor-general of the Two Jiangs and once as acting Jiangsu education commissioner. In the seventh year he left office to mourn his biological mother. In the tenth year he had an audience at court, was sent to inspect Shandong river works and coastal defense, and was appointed director-general of grain transport. In the eleventh year he was made governor of Anhui. He died in the twelfth year and received mourning honors. Henan governor Ni Wenwei reported Yuanbing's military achievements and the affection the people still bore him, and asked for a dedicated shrine at Runing.

=論=論曰：李僡守山東，吳棠保江淮，當時皆負時望。英翰剿捻，戰績最多，及任皖疆，甚得民心。劉蓉抱負非常，佐駱秉章平蜀，優於謀略而短於專將，治陝不竟其功。喬松年在皖倚用英翰而奏績，在陝不能與劉蓉和衷，徒促僨事。錢鼎銘慷慨乞師，為平吳之引導，治豫亦有聲。吳元炳以詞林事軍旅，其際遇特異焉。

The commentators say: Li Hui held Shandong and Wu Tang guarded the Jiang-Huai line; both carried the hopes of their time. Ying Han's record against the Nian was the greatest, and as governor of Anhui he won deep popular affection. Liu Rong had unusual ability. He helped Luo Bingzhang pacify Sichuan, was stronger in strategy than in independent command, and did not finish his work in Shaanxi. In Anhui Qiao Songnian relied on Ying Han and achieved results; in Shaanxi he could not work with Liu Rong and only made matters worse. Qian Dingming's bold plea for relief opened the way to pacifying Wu, and he was also celebrated for governing Henan. Wu Yuanbing, a Hanlin scholar who took up military service, had a career of unusual distinction.

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