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列傳二百二十一
Biographies 221
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沈棣輝鄧仁堃余炳燾栗燿硃孫貽史致諤
Shen Dihui, Deng Renkun, Yu Bingtao, Li Yao, Zhu Sunyi, and Shi Zhie
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劉郇膏硃善張子之榛黃輔辰子彭年
Liu Huangao, Zhu Shan, Zhang Zizhen, Huang Fuchen, and Zi Pengnian
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沈棣輝，字奏篪，浙江歸安人。 少游淮上，為河督麟慶司章奏。 道光中，納貲為廣東通判，補廣州永寧通判。 擢黃岡同知，以功晉知府，補韶州。 咸豐二年，調署廉州。 時嶺嶠群盜並起，李士奎、顏品瑤、黃春晚等分踞欽州之那彭，靈山之林墟，眾數十萬。 棣輝至，出賊不意，率兵二千掩入那彭，殲之。 急分千人趨林墟，賊空壁出關，棣輝已由間道入其巢，遂連克旁近諸賊壘。 博白賊劉八伺隙襲廉州，馳還，遇賊五里亭，令列陣以待。 賊疑有伏，稍引去，呼噪乘之，賊大潰。 休兵十日而進，又殲賊靈山早禾湧，追至廣西橫州，斬劉八。 廉州平。
Shen Dihui, whose style was Zouci, came from Gui'an in Zhejiang. While still young he traveled along the Huai, serving Grand Canal Director Lin Qing as his memorial secretary. In the Daoguang era he bought his way into office as a Guangdong sub-prefect and was posted to Yongning in the Guangzhou prefecture. Promoted to sub-prefect of Huanggang, he was later raised to prefect for his achievements and appointed to Shaozhou. In the second year of Xianfeng he was transferred to serve as acting prefect of Lianzhou. Bandits were rising everywhere across the Lingnan passes; Li Shikui, Yan Pinyao, Huang Chunwan, and others held Napeng in Qinzhou and Linxu in Lingshan, with forces said to number in the hundreds of thousands. When Dihui arrived he caught the rebels off guard, led two thousand men in a surprise strike on Napeng, and wiped them out. He quickly sent a thousand men toward Linxu; the rebels marched out with their walls bare, while Dihui had already slipped in by a hidden route and took one neighboring rebel fort after another. Liu Ba of Bobai seized an opening to strike Lianzhou; Dihui raced back, met the rebels at Wuliting, and ordered his men to form up and hold their ground. The rebels suspected an ambush and drew back a little; he raised a shout and pressed the attack, and they broke and fled in disorder. After ten days' rest he advanced again, wiped out the rebels at Lingshan's Zaoheyu, pursued them to Hengzhou in Guangxi, and beheaded Liu Ba. Lianzhou was pacified.
5
總督徐廣縉駐梧州，剿艇匪，檄棣輝出鬱林，援潯州。 賊舟數百圍城，攻甚急。 遣卒梯而入，約期會戰，伏兵兩岸，縱火焚賊舟，與城兵夾擊，大破之。 督諸軍窮追，梧州水師邀擊，沉賊舟無脫者。 論功，加按察使銜。 時廣西賊竄湖南，徐廣縉督師移剿，棣輝隨參軍事。 廣縉罷，葉名琛督兩廣，調棣輝回廣東治軍需。 先已授廣西左江道，至是調肇羅道。 四年，署廣東鹽運使。
Governor-General Xu Guangjin was at Wuzhou suppressing boat bandits and ordered Dihui out from Yulin to relieve Xunzhou. Several hundred rebel boats besieged the city and pressed the assault hard. He sent men in over ladders to fix a day for a joint attack, hid troops on both banks, set fire to the rebel boats, and with the garrison struck from both sides, winning a crushing victory. He drove every unit in relentless pursuit; the Wuzhou naval force intercepted them and sank the rebel boats until none escaped. For his achievements he was given the rank of surveillance commissioner. Guangxi rebels were then fleeing into Hunan; Xu Guangjin shifted his command to pursue them, and Dihui went with him as a military adviser. After Guangjin was removed, Ye Mingchen took charge of the two Guang provinces and recalled Dihui to Guangdong to handle military logistics. He had already been made intendant of Guangxi's Left River Circuit; he was now transferred to the Zhao-Luo Circuit. In the fourth year he served as acting Guangdong salt transport commissioner.
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陳開者，廣州匪首，倡亂踞佛山。 群賊何子海、豆皮春、李文茂等應之，踞石門金官窯為犄角。 連陷數十州縣，環省皆賊壘。 賊渠陳光龍屯河南岸，何博奮海艇千餘踞省河，道路梗塞，外援皆絕。 名琛悉以軍事付棣輝。 選精銳四千人，以二千駐流橋、西山廟，為兩翼； 以千人伏城中，出小西門分佈要害，多張旗幟為疑兵。 賊四面薄城，城內發砲中賊，陣亂，縱兵擊之，斬級千，賊自是不敢近城。 至十一月，圍未解。 棣輝謀於眾曰：「今外無援兵，內無積儲。 聞賊中因爭食內攜，急擊不可失！」 乃自將千人出攻小港橋賊壘。 日晡未下，忽見賊營火起，大呼曰：「賊破矣！」 士卒皆奮，克之。 乘勝進攻佛山，值大霧，賊不虞其至，連戰皆捷，遂復佛山。
Chen Kai was a Guangzhou bandit leader who raised a revolt and seized Foshan. He Zihai, Doupichun, Li Wenmao, and other chiefs joined him, holding the Jinguanyao at Shimen as a supporting strongpoint. They took one prefecture and county after another until rebel camps ringed the province. Rebel chief Chen Guanglong held the south bank; He Bo with more than a thousand war junks dominated the provincial river; roads were cut and outside relief was severed. Mingchen placed all military affairs in Dihui's hands. He picked four thousand elite troops, posting two thousand at Liuqiao and Xishan Temple as his two wings; another thousand lay hidden in the city, sallied from the Lesser West Gate to hold key points, and raised many banners as a feint. The rebels pressed in from all four sides; the garrison fired cannon into their ranks and broke their formation; he unleashed his troops and cut down more than a thousand heads, after which the rebels no longer dared approach the walls. By the eleventh month the siege still had not been broken. Dihui laid the situation before his officers: "We have no relief from outside and no reserves within. I hear the rebels are quarreling over food and falling out among themselves—we must strike at once and not let the chance slip!" He then led a thousand men himself against the rebel fort at Xiaogang Bridge. By late afternoon the fort still stood; then flames burst up in the rebel camp and he shouted, "The rebels are broken!" His men took heart and carried it. Riding the momentum he pushed on to Foshan; a thick fog rolled in and the rebels did not expect him; battle after battle went his way, and Foshan was retaken.
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聞東莞水賊由石門犯省城，還軍救之。 至黃竹岐，賊船數千，官軍僅數百艘，又居下風，勢甚危。 棣輝禱於南海神，俄而反風，令裨將何高漢駕艨艟衝入賊陣，碎其乘舟，大破之，殺賊萬餘，俘數千，溺死者無算。 危城獲全，又分兵殲賊酋黃福於潭州。 五年，复順德、清遠、英德。 賊圍韶州城已年餘，至是聞援兵至，遁。 南北路悉平，擢按察使。 六年，擢貴州布政使，未之任，卒。 賜卹，贈內閣學士。
When he heard that Dongguan water bandits were moving on the provincial capital through Shimen, he turned his army back to relieve it. At Huangzhuqi the rebels had thousands of boats while the government fleet numbered only in the hundreds and lay to leeward—the odds were desperate. Dihui prayed to the god of the Southern Sea; soon the wind shifted; he sent Lieutenant He Gaohan in a tower ship straight into the rebel line, smashing their vessels and winning a crushing victory—more than ten thousand rebels killed, thousands taken, and untold numbers drowned. The endangered city was saved; he also detached a force and destroyed the rebel chief Huang Fu at Tanzhou. In the fifth year Shunde, Qingyuan, and Yingde were recovered. Rebels had besieged Shaozhou for more than a year; when they heard relief was coming they withdrew. The northern and southern routes were fully pacified, and he was promoted to surveillance commissioner. In the sixth year he was promoted to administration commissioner of Guizhou but died before he could take up the post. Condolence gifts were granted and he was posthumously made a Grand Secretariat bachelor.
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棣輝以文吏治軍，明賞罰，均甘苦，尤能知人。 剿劉八時，招撫馮子材，後立大功為名將。 何高漢乃賊何博奮之弟，推誠馭之，賴以成省河之功。 廉州、潯州、廣州三戰，皆履險犯難，卒得大捷，尤為時稱雲。
Though a civil official, Dihui commanded troops with clear rewards and punishments, shared hardship with his men, and had a rare gift for judging talent. While suppressing Liu Ba he won over Feng Zicai, who later won great distinction and became a famous general. He Gaohan was the younger brother of the rebel He Bo; Dihui won his loyalty with sincerity and owed his victory on the provincial river to him. The three campaigns at Lianzhou, Xunzhou, and Guangzhou all meant facing grave danger, yet each ended in a great victory—an achievement especially praised in his day.
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鄧仁堃，字厚甫，湖南武岡人。 道光五年拔貢，以知縣用，發四川，歷署梁山、江油、洪雅。 補綦江，調富順。 薦卓異，以憂歸。 服闋，入貲為知府，補江西南安，調署廣信。 所至皆有政聲。 署督糧道。 咸豐二年，粵匪趨湖南，仁堃請修省城，籌守禦。 三年春，賊由武漢蔽江下，九江不守。 巡撫出防，民爭遷徙，仁堃諭令安堵。 上守江議，請增兵扼湖口，又條上城守事宜。 實授督糧道。 五月，賊犯江西，會江忠源師抵九江，仁堃請巡撫疏調，且遣使迎其師。 忠源至，入任城守，與仁堃語合。 巡撫張芾傾心倚任，曰：「戰問江君，守問鄧君！」 地雷屢發壞城，皆以力戰獲完。 仁堃欲出奇計焚賊舟，以鄱陽知縣沈衍慶忠果有謀，令率所部千人備草船藏火藥，約期襲賊，議阻未果。 仁堃改糧船數十艘為砲艇，募卒扼守進賢門以保餉道。 自夏徂秋乃引去。 仁堃曰：「賊未受大創去，禍未已也！」 亟請大修城以備，乃督工建砲城、砲台，城上官房、營棚、軍器庫、硝磺庫、了台、望樓皆備，浚環城壕深廣各三丈，築臨壕砲台，甃石為堤閘，用銀十四萬有奇，守御之具可恃。
Deng Renkun, whose style was Houfu, came from Wugang in Hunan. Selected as a xiucai in the fifth year of Daoguang, he entered service as a magistrate and was sent to Sichuan, where he successively acted as magistrate of Liangshan, Jiangyou, and Hongya. He was appointed to Qijiang and then transferred to Fushun. Recommended as outstanding in office, he then went home to observe mourning. When his mourning ended he bought his way to the rank of prefect, was posted to Nan'an in Jiangxi, and was transferred to act as prefect of Guangxin. Wherever he served he earned a reputation for sound governance. He served as acting grain transport commissioner. In the second year of Xianfeng, as Cantonese rebels pressed into Hunan, Renkun urged repairs to the provincial capital and preparations for its defense. In the spring of the third year the rebels swept down the Yangtze from Wuhan and Jiujiang fell. The governor went out to take the field while the people scrambled to flee; Renkun ordered them to remain where they were and keep the peace. He submitted a plan to hold the river, asked for more troops to block Hukou, and also laid out a detailed program for defending the city. He was formally appointed grain transport commissioner. In the fifth month the rebels invaded Jiangxi; Jiang Zhongyuan's force reached Jiujiang; Renkun asked the governor to memorialize for his transfer and sent envoys to welcome his troops. When Zhongyuan arrived he took charge of the city's defense and found himself in full agreement with Renkun. Governor Zhang Fei relied on them completely, saying, "For fighting ask Lord Jiang; for holding the city ask Lord Deng!" Land mines burst again and again and damaged the walls, but each time the defenders fought fiercely and kept the city intact. Renkun wanted to try a surprise plan to burn the rebel fleet; Poyang magistrate Shen Yanqing was loyal, resolute, and resourceful, and Renkun ordered him to lead his thousand men in preparing straw boats loaded with gunpowder for a timed strike on the rebels—the plan was blocked and never carried out. Renkun converted several dozen grain boats into gunboats and recruited troops to hold Jinxian Gate and keep the supply line open. Only from summer through autumn did they finally withdraw. Renkun said, "The rebels withdrew without taking a heavy blow—the danger is not past!" He urgently pressed for a major repair of the walls as a precaution and supervised the building of gun emplacements, rampart quarters, camps, arsenals, saltpeter depots, watch towers, and lookout posts; the encircling moat was dredged to three zhang in depth and width, gun platforms were raised along it, and stone sluice embankments were laid in at a cost of more than 140,000 taels of silver, so that the city's defenses could be trusted.
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五年，賊自湖北犯義寧，仁堃令道勇五百人往援。 會贛州知府率勇二千至，仁堃請令駐義寧； 巡撫陳其邁令防饒州，仁堃曰：「義寧扼三省要衝，官民頻年固守。 團防為江省最，若棄不救，後將不能責官以守城，責民以團練。」 力請改援，不許，僅以二百五十人往助守。 中道遇賊，潰，義寧尋陷。 未幾，羅澤南師至，仁堃固請往攻義寧，為措餉十萬濟之，澤南尋克其城。
In the fifth year rebels from Hubei attacked Yining, and Renkun sent five hundred circuit braves to its relief. When the prefect of Ganzhou arrived with two thousand braves, Renkun asked that they be posted at Yining; Governor Chen Qimai ordered them to defend Raozhou instead; Renkun said, "Yining sits at the choke point of three provinces, and officials and people there have held out for years. Its militia defense is the finest in Jiangxi; if we abandon it, we will never again be able to demand that officials hold their cities or that the people maintain their militia." He pleaded hard to have the troops redirected, but permission was refused—only two hundred fifty men were sent to help hold the city. On the way they met the rebels, were routed, and Yining soon fell. Before long Luo Zinan's army arrived; Renkun pressed to join the attack on Yining, raised a hundred thousand taels to support it, and Zinan soon retook the city.
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十月，賊陷瑞州、臨江，圍吉安，下游賊复萃九江、湖口，南昌大震。 仁堃添募捍衛、保衛軍，城備益嚴。 曾國籓令副將周鳳山率三千五百人規臨江、瑞州，戰勝樟樹鎮。 時按察使周玉衡孤軍守吉安，仁堃請檄鳳山乘勝援吉安。 眾議倚鳳山蔽省城，仁堃爭曰：「賊知城高池深難卒攻，必為翦枝及本之計，先擾郡縣，使會城孤立，然後大舉而攻之。 若懸賞二萬金，周軍必賈勇以解吉安圍，瑞、臨皆可復。 吉安失，則撫、建必相繼不保，馴至全省糜爛，會垣且坐困矣。」 終不聽。 六年正月，吉安陷，周玉衡死之，鳳山軍潰於樟樹鎮，撫州、建昌亦陷，南昌屬縣並為賊躪。 仁堃兼署按察使、布政使。
In the tenth month the rebels took Ruizhou and Linjiang and besieged Ji'an; downstream rebels again massed at Jiujiang and Hukou, and Nanchang was thrown into alarm. Renkun raised additional guard and defense units, and the city's preparations grew still tighter. Zeng Guofan ordered Vice Commander Zhou Fengshan with thirty-five hundred men to recover Linjiang and Ruizhou, and they won a victory at Zhangshuzhen. Surveillance Commissioner Zhou Yuheng was then holding Ji'an with a lone force; Renkun asked that orders be sent for Fengshan to press his victory and relieve Ji'an. Most opinion favored keeping Fengshan to shield the provincial capital; Renkun objected: "The rebels know our walls are high and our moat deep and will not try a quick assault; they will cut the branches before striking the root—first harry the prefectures and counties, isolate the capital, and only then mount a full attack. Offer a reward of twenty thousand taels and Zhou's men will surely risk themselves to lift the siege of Ji'an; Ruizhou and Linjiang can both be recovered. If Ji'an falls, Fuzhou and Jianchang will surely follow, until the whole province is laid waste and the governor's seat itself is trapped." In the end they would not listen. In the first month of the sixth year Ji'an fell and Zhou Yuheng died in the fighting; Fengshan's army was routed at Zhangshuzhen; Fuzhou and Jianchang also fell; and every county under Nanchang was overrun by the rebels. Renkun also served concurrently as surveillance commissioner and administration commissioner.
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子輔綸，偕同知林源恩同率平江勇三千餘人，益以寶勇、志同軍進規撫州，復進賢。 國籓亦檄李元度率勇四千自湖口移師會之，復東鄉，兩軍合破賊河東灣。 攻撫州久不下，援賊驟至，營陷，林源恩死之。 學政廉兆綸劾輔綸臬司子，不應與兵事，並劾仁堃辦城工不實，事下國籓及巡撫文俊按治，坐修城時未先請勘估，降五級調用。 國籓疏言：「仁堃所承修為南數省第一名城。 七郡並陷，省垣終保，不為無功。 」仁堃既歸，輸穀三千石助軍。 十年，協守武岡，以功議敘。 同治五年，卒。
His son Fulu joined Sub-Prefect Lin Yuan'en in leading more than three thousand Pingjiang braves, reinforced by the Bao and Zhitong forces, in a campaign to recover Fuzhou and advance on Jinxian. Guofan also ordered Li Yuandu with four thousand braves to move up from Hukou to join them; they retook Dongxiang, and the two armies together defeated the rebels at Hedongwan. The assault on Fuzhou dragged on without success; rebel reinforcements arrived suddenly, the camp was overrun, and Lin Yuan'en was killed. Education Intendant Lian Zhaolun impeached Fulu as the son of a surveillance commissioner who ought not to take part in military affairs, and also impeached Renkun for irregularities in the city works; the case went to Guofan and Governor Wen Jun for investigation; because he had not obtained a survey and cost estimate before repairing the walls, he was reduced five ranks and transferred. Guofan wrote in memorial: "What Renkun rebuilt was the foremost walled city in the southern provinces. Seven prefectures fell, yet the provincial capital was held to the end—this was not without merit. After Renkun returned home he contributed three thousand shi of grain to support the army. In the tenth year he helped defend Wugang, and his achievements were entered for official recognition. He died in the fifth year of Tongzhi.
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余炳燾，字吟香，浙江會稽人。 道光元年舉人，充景山官學教習。 期滿，以知縣用，分發陝西。 補清澗，調盩厔，又調渭南。 回人馬得全等謀不軌，親入其巢捕之，置諸法，擢河南懷慶知府。 咸豐三年，粵匪北犯窺開封，遂渡河圍懷慶。 時郡城兵僅三百，炳燾選團勇三千人登陴固守，募敢死士縋城下砍賊營，又潛毒城外汲道使自斃。 賊以地雷隳城者三，皆擊退。 一日，雷雨中砲火蝟集，危甚，天忽反風，賊燔死者眾，勢頓沮。 賊於近城樹木柵，以斷內外，為久困計。 山東巡撫李僡先赴援，既而援軍四集，詔大學士訥爾經額督師。 圍久，城中糧漸不支，炳燾素得民心，激以忠義，括糧節食，人心不渙。 屢詔促戰，都統勝保、將軍托明阿等迭敗賊，賊始入山西竄，凡被圍五十八日乃解。 特詔褒獎，賜花翎，以道員用，擢陝西鳳邠道。 尋改授河南南汝光道。 未幾，就遷按察使。
Yu Bingtao, whose style was Yinxang, came from Kuaiji in Zhejiang. He passed the provincial examination in the first year of Daoguang and served as an instructor at the Jingshan official school. When his term ended he entered service as a magistrate and was posted to Shaanxi. He was appointed to Qingjian, transferred to Zhouzhi, and then to Weinan. When the Muslims Ma Dequan and others plotted rebellion, he went in person into their stronghold to seize them, had them punished by law, and was promoted to prefect of Huaqing in Henan. In the third year of Xianfeng the Cantonese rebels marched north toward Kaifeng, crossed the river, and besieged Huaqing. The prefectural city then had only three hundred regular troops; Bingtao chose three thousand militiamen to man the walls, recruited dare-to-die squads to be lowered over the walls to strike rebel camps, and secretly poisoned the wells outside so the rebels poisoned themselves. The rebels used land mines to breach the walls three times, and each time they were driven back. One day, amid thunder and rain, cannon fire converged from every side and the danger was extreme; then the wind suddenly shifted, many rebels were burned alive, and their momentum collapsed. The rebels built wooden palisades near the walls to sever the city from the outside, intending a long blockade. Shandong Governor Li Yun was the first to come to the relief; soon relief forces gathered from all sides, and the court ordered Grand Secretary Ne'erjing'e to take command. As the siege dragged on, food in the city ran low; Bingtao had long enjoyed the people's trust; he stirred them with talk of loyalty and duty, pooled grain and rationed food, and morale held firm. Edict after edict urged an offensive; Banner Commander Shengbao, General Tuoming'a, and others defeated the rebels in turn; the rebels then fled into Shanxi; the siege had lasted fifty-eight days before it was raised. A special edict praised his service, granted him peacock feathers, appointed him to circuit rank, and promoted him to intendant of Fengbin Circuit in Shaanxi. He was soon transferred to Nanyuguang Circuit in Henan. Before long he was promoted to surveillance commissioner.
14
大河南北以防匪倡聯莊會，遇警相救； 及賊去，聚而不散，莠民恃眾抗官。 四年，禹州、鄭州、密縣疊肇變，圍城、焚署、縱囚、掠紳民。 巡撫英桂出防信陽，咸請兩司奏聞待命。 炳燾曰：「賊雖眾，皆烏合，志在剽掠，無紀律。 速臨以兵，必驚潰，解散其黨，不久魁渠可縛也。 若請朝命，遲將蔓延！」 遂親率兵七百、勇五百馳往，剿撫兼施，事即定。 尋署布政使。
Across Henan north and south of the Yellow River, villages formed mutual-aid associations to guard against bandits; but after the rebels withdrew the groups stayed together, and ruffians used their numbers to defy the authorities. In the fourth year Yuzhou, Zhengzhou, and Mixian rose in succession—besieging cities, burning government offices, freeing prisoners, and plundering gentry and commoners. Governor Yinggui went out to defend Xinyang, and everyone urged the two provincial commissioners to memorialize the throne and wait for orders. Bingtao said, "Though they are numerous, these are a rabble intent only on loot, without discipline. Move on them quickly with troops and they will panic and scatter; break up their bands and their leaders can soon be taken. If we wait for court orders, the trouble will spread before we act!" He then led seven hundred regular troops and five hundred braves in person; combining force with conciliation, he settled the affair at once. He soon served as acting administration commissioner.
15
捻首張洛行擾歸德，命炳燾往剿，攻雉河集，解亳州圍，又潛入永城，擊走之。 既而歸德又有警，炳燾馳救，而他軍遽退，賊遂東逸。 炳燾染病，特旨予假治理，不開缺。 七年，卒。 懷慶請祀名宦祠。
When Nian leader Zhang Luoxing harassed Guide, Bingtao was ordered against him; he attacked Zhiheji, lifted the siege of Bozhou, slipped into Yongcheng, and drove the rebels off. Guide was soon threatened again; Bingtao rushed to its aid, but other units pulled back abruptly and the rebels escaped eastward. Bingtao fell ill; a special edict granted him leave for treatment without vacating his post. He died in the seventh year. Huaqing petitioned to enshrine him in the local shrine of eminent officials.
16
栗燿，字仲然，山西渾源人，東河總督毓美子。 道光十五年舉人，以父血卩廕，特賜進士。 咸豐三年，授湖北漢陽知府，至則漢陽再陷，行省未復，督撫皆寄治軍中，委燿綜理營務。 四年，從大軍复武漢，未幾，賊大至，城复陷，六年，始復。 敘功，晉秩道員。 燿以廉幹為巡撫胡林翼所器，令筦釐稅糧台。 八年，署荊宜施道。 尋加按察使銜，授武昌道，仍留署任，兼督鈔關。 軍餉皆仰資鹽榷，燿綜核嚴密，稅入羨餘，悉籍入公。 修戰艦，增軍屯，水陸戰守皆有備。
Li Yao, whose style was Zhongran, came from Hunyuan in Shanxi and was the son of Grand Canal Director Yumei. He passed the provincial examination in the fifteenth year of Daoguang and, through his father's blood memorial, was specially granted the jinshi degree. In the third year of Xianfeng he was appointed prefect of Hanyang in Hubei; when he arrived Hanyang had fallen again, the provincial capital was still lost, and the governor and governor-general were both encamped with the army, so Yao was put in charge of camp affairs. In the fourth year he followed the main army in retaking Wuhan; soon the rebels returned in force and the city fell again; it was not recovered until the sixth year. His achievements were recorded and he was raised to circuit intendant rank. Valued by Governor Hu Linyi for his integrity and efficiency, Yao was put in charge of the likin tax and grain bureau. In the eighth year he served as acting intendant of Jingyi-Shi Circuit. He was soon given the rank of surveillance commissioner, appointed to Wuchang Circuit while kept in his acting post, and also placed in charge of the paper-money customs. Army funds depended entirely on the salt monopoly; Yao audited accounts with great strictness, and every surplus in tax receipts was entered into the public ledger. He repaired warships, expanded military colonies, and made ready for both land and water, offense and defense.
17
十一年，賊逼施南，燿請重兵，复集民團，守山險。 賊合川匪分掠宣、咸諸縣，施南協副將御之，遇伏，一軍盡沒。 會劉岳昭軍至，與郡兵夾擊，賊大創，竄歸。 松滋人馬鉦者，挾左道惑人，眾至數千，密通賊，官軍擒斬之。 燿料賊不知鉦死，必復至，集水陸軍密為備。 賊果趣夔州，遇官軍輒敗，及知馬鉦已誅，遂大潰。 水陸合擊，俘斬萬餘，自是川匪無敢犯楚境。 會大雨，荊江暴漲，齧攻萬城堤。 燿督兵民備畚挶，儲土石，立泥淖間躬視板築，信宿堤上，事定乃還。
In the eleventh year rebels pressed Shinan; Yao asked for reinforcements, rallied the militia again, and held the mountain passes. Rebels joined Sichuan bandits to raid Xuan, Xian, and other counties; the assistant regional commander of Shinan met them, was ambushed, and his entire force was destroyed. When Liu Yuezhao's army arrived it struck the rebels from both sides with the prefectural troops; the rebels were badly mauled and fled back. Ma Zheng of Songzi used heterodox teachings to mislead the people until his following numbered thousands; he secretly colluded with the rebels until government troops captured and executed him. Yao reckoned the rebels did not yet know Zheng was dead and would return; he gathered land and river forces and made secret preparations. The rebels did hurry toward Kuizhou, but were beaten whenever they met government troops; when they learned Ma Zheng had been killed, they broke and fled in disorder. Land and river forces struck together, taking or killing more than ten thousand; after that Sichuan bandits no longer dared cross into Hubei. Heavy rains came, the Jing River swelled in flood, and the current began to eat away the Wancheng embankment. Yao directed soldiers and civilians in preparing tools and stockpiling earth and stone; he stood in the mud to oversee the work in person, spent two nights on the embankment, and returned only when the danger had passed.
18
在荊州四年，政教大行。 署按察使，兼攝布政使，甫踰月，授湖北按察使。 燿以其父毓美曾任是職，乃顏其堂曰誦芬。 同治元年，擢布政使，未任，卒。
During his four years at Jingzhou, government and public instruction flourished. He served as acting surveillance commissioner and also held the administration commissioner's post; barely a month later he was appointed surveillance commissioner of Hubei. Because his father Yumei had once held the same post, Yao named his hall Reciting Fragrance. In the first year of Tongzhi he was promoted to administration commissioner but died before he could take up the post.
19
硃孫貽，字石翹，江西清江人。 入貲為刑部主事。 改知縣，發湖南，歷署寧鄉、長沙，皆有聲。 道光三十年，署湘鄉。 漕務積弊，屢釀巨獄，孫貽蒞任，鄉民方麕集環譟。 孫貽令曰：「新漕限迫，驟改章，弗及。 來年當為若剔朘削弊，敢煽動浮言者罪之。 會匪切近災也，亟縛獻！」 眾唯唯散。 疊捕盜魁陳勝祥、劉福田等置之法。 稔知邑士之賢者，舉羅澤南孝廉方正； 縣試拔劉蓉冠其曹； 延王珍襄幕； 於康景暉、李續賓、續宜皆獎勗之。 廣西匪熾，孫貽集眾曰：「賊勢未易殄，北竄，湖南當其衝，欲衛閭里，非團練鄉兵不可。」 王珍等曰：「謹奉令！」 總督程矞採防衡州，孫貽以策乾之，不省。 會匪驟起，偕劉蓉、康景暉往捕。 孫貽中彈，裹創戰於湖洞，擒賊目王祥二、熊聰一，王珍复捕賊百餘，檻致總督行營，前後七百餘人。
Zhu Sunyi, whose style was Shiqiao, came from Qingjiang in Jiangxi. He bought his way into office as a principal clerk in the Ministry of Justice. Transferred to the magistracy, he was posted to Hunan and successively acted as magistrate of Ningxiang and Changsha, earning a good name in each post. In the thirtieth year of Daoguang he served as acting magistrate of Xiangxiang. The grain-transport service was riddled with long-standing abuses that had repeatedly led to major cases; when Sunyi took office the villagers were already gathering in angry crowds. Sunyi proclaimed, "The deadline for the new grain levy is upon us; regulations cannot be changed overnight. Next year I will cut the abuses down for you; anyone who stirs up trouble with loose talk will be punished. The bandits are at our very gates—seize them and bring them in at once!" The crowd murmured agreement and dispersed. He captured one bandit chief after another—Chen Shengxiang, Liu Futian, and others—and punished them by law. Knowing well the able men of the county, he recommended Luo Zinan as a candidate for filial and incorrupt office; at the county examination he placed Liu Rong at the head of his class; he invited Wang Zhen to join his staff; and he encouraged Kang Jinghui, Li Xubin, and Xuyi alike. As Guangxi rebels grew fierce, Sunyi assembled the people and said, "These rebels will not be easily destroyed; if they flee north, Hunan will bear the brunt—to defend our homes we must rely on militia and village troops." Wang Zhen and the others replied, "We obey!" Governor Cheng Yucai was defending Hengzhou; Sunyi submitted a plan to him, but it went unheeded. When bandits suddenly rose, he went with Liu Rong and Kang Jinghui to suppress them. Sunyi was shot but bound his wound and kept fighting at Hudong; he captured the rebel leaders Wang Xiang'er and Xiong Congyi; Wang Zhen took more than a hundred more; in all more than seven hundred were sent in cages to the governor's camp.
20
咸豐二年，洪秀全連陷道州、江華、永明、桂陽、郴州。 孫貽集團丁分三營，以羅澤南領中營，易良幹副之； 王珍領左營，揚虎臣、王開化、張運蘭隸焉； 康景暉領右營。 羅信南綜糧糈，謝邦翰治兵械。 推古人陣法，制為起伏分合，湘軍紀律自此始。 長沙圍未解，王珍、康景暉、趙煥聯分駐要隘； 羅澤南、易良幹防縣城，伏莽蠢動，即時捕滅，縣境肅然。 三年，巡撫張亮基聞湘鄉團丁名，調防省城，孫貽令王珍、羅澤南、羅信南、劉蓉率之往。 四年，孫貽率團破安化藍田賊，擢郴州直隸州。
In the second year of Xianfeng Hong Xiuquan took Daozhou, Jianghua, Yongming, Guiyang, and Chenzhou in succession. Sunyi gathered the militia into three battalions: Luo Zinan commanded the center battalion with Yi Lianggan as his deputy; Wang Zhen led the left battalion with Yang Huchen, Wang Kaihua, and Zhang Yunlan under him; Kang Jinghui led the right battalion. Luo Xinnan handled provisions while Xie Banghan handled arms. Drawing on ancient battle formations, he devised tactics of advance, retreat, division, and reunion—the disciplined Xiang Army began here. While Changsha was still besieged, Wang Zhen, Kang Jinghui, and Zhao Huanlian held key passes; Luo Zinan and Yi Lianggan defended the county seat; hidden ruffians stirred but were crushed at once, and the county was kept quiet. In the third year Governor Zhang Liangji heard of the Xiangxiang militia's reputation and called them to defend the provincial capital; Sunyi sent Wang Zhen, Luo Zinan, Luo Xinnan, and Liu Rong to lead them. In the fourth year Sunyi led the militia to defeat bandits in Anhua and Lantian and was promoted to direct-administration prefect of Chenzhou.
21
江忠源奉幫辦軍務之命，與曾國籓議援江西，令孫貽率湘軍赴之。 羅澤南領中營，易良幹領前營，謝邦翰領右營，康景暉領左營，揚虎臣領後營，羅信南領親兵營，共三千人，至南昌，戰永定門外，大破賊。 謝邦翰、易良幹、羅信東窮追被戕，孫貽哭之慟，以李續賓代領右營，羅信南兼領前營。 吉安土匪鄒恩隆應賊，孫貽扼樟樹鎮，分軍令澤南、續賓及劉長佑剿平之。 南昌圍解，凱旋，加知府銜，擢寶慶知府。 諏才俊，嚴保甲，懲積匪，一如治湘鄉時。 捐寺觀貲產製旗械軍火，募戰士千人，發義倉、常平儲穀充餉，親歷各鄉訓練，捕新寧山門團匪誅之。 五年，粵匪陷東安，率千人偕副將聯霈馳扼五峰鋪，賊不敢犯。 衡陽土匪起，出境平之。
Ordered to assist in military affairs, Jiang Zhongyuan discussed relief for Jiangxi with Zeng Guofan and sent Sunyi at the head of the Xiang Army. Luo Zinan commanded the center, Yi Lianggan the vanguard, Xie Banghan the right, Kang Jinghui the left, Yang Huchen the rear, and Luo Xinnan the personal guard—three thousand men in all; they reached Nanchang, fought outside Yongding Gate, and won a crushing victory. Xie Banghan, Yi Lianggan, and Luo Xindong were killed in the pursuit; Sunyi mourned them deeply; Li Xubin took over the right battalion and Luo Xinnan the vanguard as well. The Ji'an bandit Zou Enlong joined the rebels; Sunyi held Zhangshuzhen and detached forces under Zinan, Xubin, and Liu Changyou to suppress them. When the siege of Nanchang was lifted he returned in triumph, was given prefect rank, and was appointed prefect of Shaoxing. He sought out talent, enforced the baojia system strictly, and punished entrenched bandits just as he had in Xiangxiang. He used temple and monastery funds to make banners, arms, and munitions, recruited a thousand fighters, drew grain from charity and ever-normal granaries for pay, trained the militia in each township in person, and captured and executed the Xinning Shanmen bandits. In the fifth year Cantonese rebels took Dong'an; he led a thousand men with Vice Commander Lian Pei to hold Wufengpu, and the rebels did not dare advance. When bandits rose in Hengyang he crossed the border and pacified them.
22
六年，駱秉章疏薦人才，記名以湖南道員簡放。 尋以治防功被優敘。 八年，勞崇光調赴廣西，假滿未出，降一級調用，仍治湘、寶團防。 十年，會劉長佑克廣西柳州，開復處分，賜花翎，加按察使銜。 駱秉章赴四川督師，奏調孫貽總理營務。 同治元年，擢授浙江鹽運使。 秉章奏治川省團練，孫貽與秉章左右議不合，引疾請罷。 命力疾赴陝西佐理多隆阿營務，以病辭，終不復出。 光緒五年，卒。
In the sixth year Luo Bingzhang memorialized recommending men of talent, and Sunyi was registered for appointment as a Hunan circuit intendant. Soon his achievements in organizing defense were entered for special recognition. In the eighth year Lao Chongguang ordered him to Guangxi; when his leave expired he did not go; he was reduced one rank and transferred but still oversaw militia defense in Xiangxiang and Shaoxing. In the tenth year, when Liu Changyou took Liuzhou in Guangxi, his penalties were lifted, he was granted peacock feathers, and given the rank of surveillance commissioner. When Luo Bingzhang went to Sichuan to take command, he memorialized to have Sunyi placed in charge of camp affairs. In the first year of Tongzhi he was promoted to Zhejiang salt transport commissioner. Bingzhang memorialized on organizing Sichuan militia; Sunyi clashed with Bingzhang's advisers and asked to be relieved on grounds of illness. He was ordered to go to Shaanxi despite his illness to assist Duo Long'a in camp affairs; he declined on grounds of sickness and never took office again. He died in the fifth year of Guangxu.
23
史致諤，字士良，順天宛平人，原籍江蘇溧陽。 道光十八年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。 道光末，出為江西廣信知府。 咸豐元年，署南昌。 三年，粵匪犯江南，九江戒嚴，南昌訛言四起，城門晝閉，致諤請開城以安人心。 尋回廣信任。 賊陷饒州，致諤募勇號信新軍，因險設防，與浙軍為犄角。 四年，調南昌。 江西諸郡行淮鹽，惟廣信行浙鹽。 軍興，淮鹽不至，致諤議借銷浙引，以餘息充餉，名曰「餉鹽」，從之，即以致諤襄其事。 年餘，銷引逾常額，江、楚及浙皆利之。 賊陷武寧，致諤率信新軍赴剿，迭挫賊於紫鹿嶺、巾口、火爐坪、箬田，复武寧。 是年冬，南昌戒嚴，援師大集，主客軍不相下。 致諤協和將吏，客軍二卒持刀擾質庫，立斬以徇。 五年，兼署鹽法道。 尋以母憂去官，留襄軍事。 九年，服闋，命赴浙江交巡撫王有齡差遣。
Shi Zhie, whose style was Shiliang, was registered in Wanping in Shuntian but came from Liyang in Jiangsu. He passed the metropolitan examination in the eighteenth year of Daoguang, was chosen as a Hanlin bachelor, and was appointed a compiler. Late in the Daoguang reign he was sent out as prefect of Guangxin in Jiangxi. In the first year of Xianfeng he served as acting prefect of Nanchang. In the third year Cantonese rebels invaded the lower Yangtze region; Jiujiang went on alert; rumors spread through Nanchang and the gates were shut by day; Zhie urged that the city be opened to calm the people. He soon returned to Guangxin. When rebels took Raozhou, Zhie raised a force called the Xinxin Army, fortified the passes, and coordinated with Zhejiang troops as a supporting wing. In the fourth year he was transferred to Nanchang. The prefectures of Jiangxi used Huai salt, but Guangxin alone used Zhe salt. When war broke out Huai salt stopped coming; Zhie proposed selling Zhe salt tickets instead and using the surplus for army pay under the name "pay salt"; the plan was approved and he was put in charge. Within a year sales exceeded the usual quota, to the benefit of the Jiang, Chu, and Zhe regions alike. When rebels took Wuning, Zhie led the Xinxin Army against them, defeated them repeatedly at Ziluling, Jinkou, Huoluping, and Ruotian, and retook Wuning. That winter Nanchang was placed on alert as relief armies massed; the local and outside forces refused to defer to one another. Zhie worked to keep officers and men in harmony; when two outside soldiers armed with knives disturbed a pawnshop, he had them beheaded on the spot as a warning. In the fifth year he also served as acting salt commissioner. He soon left office to mourn his mother but stayed on to assist in military affairs. In the ninth year, when his mourning ended, he was ordered to Zhejiang to serve under Governor Wang Youling.
24
同治元年，署寧紹台道。 寧波自前歲陷於賊，資洋兵之力复城，方謀畫曹娥江而守。 尋以法總兵馬籌思所部與廣勇互鬥，廣勇潰，賊乘間竄慈谿、奉化。 致諤至，慈谿已陷，激厲民團登陴固守。 與英總兵欻樂克、稅務司法人日意格推誠相結； 以美兵官華爾忠勇可用，介以相見，令攻慈谿，以駐餘姚之洋兵及同知謝採璋團勇應之。 慈谿賊分擾鄞縣境，及半浦，而嵊縣、新昌賊復大舉犯陳公嶺。 華爾克慈谿，中砲歿於軍。 陳公嶺不守，奉化复陷，郡城又警。 致諤乞餉於上海，令都司楊應龍募忠勇軍，紳士李諤招大嵐山義勇，又以廣勇潰散，慮為賊用，招之回，令洋將布興有、布良帶，守備張其光分統之。 部署甫定，賊由間道犯郡城，天雨陰霾，勒兵以待，伺賊懈出擊之，分兵兜剿，連捷於橫溪、石橋。 進薄奉化，楊應龍率死士以梯登城，下之。 時致諤已實授寧紹台道。 奉化竄賊复勾結上虞賊分道犯慈谿、餘姚。 致諤以賊眾兵寡，分援則力弱，議直搗上虞，賊必還救，因出師漸遠，郡城餉事不能兼顧，乃請巡撫疏免前署道張景渠罪，責其專任兵事。 連复上虞、嵊縣、新昌，增軍萬人，進規紹興。 二年，復之。 進克蕭山，與大軍會於錢塘江，浙東以平。 巡撫左宗棠奏減杭、嘉、湖三府漕賦，致諤上書言：「蠲賦惠政，減正額尤當革浮收，各縣情形各異。 當擇大者奏諮，餘並著為省例，以盡通變之宜。」 三年，以籌餉功，加按察使銜，賜花翎。 先以衰老乞歸，未允，至是原品休致，卒於家。
In the first year of Tongzhi he served as acting intendant of Ning-Shao-Tai Circuit. Ningbo had fallen the year before and been retaken with foreign troops; the plan was to hold the line of the Cao'e River. Soon French Brigadier Ma Chousi's men clashed with Guangdong braves; the braves broke; and the rebels seized the chance to slip into Cixi and Fenghua. When Zhie arrived Cixi had already fallen; he rallied the militia to man the walls and hold firm. He formed a bond of trust with British Brigadier Frederick Townsend Ward and the French customs official Prosper Giquel; Finding the American officer Ward loyal and capable, he brought them together and ordered Ward to attack Cixi, with foreign troops at Yuyao and Sub-Prefect Xie Caizhang's militia in support. Rebels from Cixi raided into Yin county as far as Banpu, while rebels from Sheng and Xinchang again launched a major assault on Chenggong Ridge. Ward took Cixi but was killed by cannon fire in the field. Chenggong Ridge could not be held, Fenghua fell again, and the prefectural seat was once more threatened. Zhie sought funds from Shanghai, had Colonel Yang Yinglong raise the Zhongyong Army and the gentryman Li E recruit Dalanshan volunteers; fearing the routed Guang braves would join the rebels, he recalled them and placed them under the foreign officers Burgevine and his nephew and Garrison Commander Zhang Qiguang. His dispositions were barely set when rebels came by a hidden route against the prefectural city; in rain and gloom he held his men ready, struck when the rebels slackened, sent detachments to cut them off, and won successive victories at Hengxi and Shiqiao. Pressing on Fenghua, Yang Yinglong led dare-to-die men up ladders onto the walls and took the city. By then Zhie had been formally appointed intendant of Ning-Shao-Tai Circuit. Rebels who had fled Fenghua again joined forces with Shangyu rebels and struck Cixi and Yuyao by separate routes. Zhie reasoned that the rebels outnumbered his troops and that splitting his force would weaken it; he proposed striking directly at Shangyu so the rebels would have to turn back; as his army marched farther he could no longer manage supplies for the prefectural seat, so he asked the governor to memorialize a pardon for the former acting intendant Zhang Jingqu and put him in sole charge of military affairs. He retook Shangyu, Sheng, and Xinchang in succession, raised his force by ten thousand men, and advanced against Shaoxing. In the second year he retook it. He advanced and took Xiaoshan, joined the main army at the Qiantang River, and eastern Zhejiang was pacified. Governor Zuo Zongtang memorialized to reduce grain-transport taxes in Hang, Jia, and Hu prefectures; Zhie wrote, "Tax relief is a benevolent measure, but when cutting the regular quota one must especially abolish excess collections, for each county's circumstances differ. The major cases should be memorialized for approval, and the rest set as provincial precedents so the policy can be adapted flexibly." In the third year, for his work in raising funds, he was given the rank of surveillance commissioner and granted peacock feathers. He had earlier asked to retire on grounds of age and been refused; he now retired at his original rank and died at home.
25
劉郇膏，字松岩，河南太康人。 道光二十七年進士，江蘇即用知縣。 咸豐元年，署婁縣，有政聲。 三年，粵匪陷江寧，揚州、鎮江相繼失守。 會匪劉麗川倡亂踞上海，附近川沙、南匯、嘉定、寶山、青浦諸廳縣並陷。 巡撫吉爾杭阿檄郇膏隨營勦賊，郇膏率漕勇三百复嘉定，權知縣事，選丁壯嚴守望，稽保甲，籍遊民，民心大定。 敘功，加同知銜，賜花翎。 補青浦。
Liu Huangao, whose style was Songyan, came from Taikang in Henan. He passed the metropolitan examination in the twenty-seventh year of Daoguang and was appointed for immediate use as a magistrate in Jiangsu. In the first year of Xianfeng he served as acting magistrate of Lou county and earned a reputation for sound governance. In the third year Cantonese rebels took Jiangning, and Yangzhou and Zhenjiang fell in turn. The secret-society leader Liu Lichuan raised a revolt and seized Shanghai; nearby Chuansha, Nanhui, Jiading, Baoshan, Qingpu, and other districts fell as well. Governor Ji'erhang'a ordered Huangao to join the campaign against the rebels; Huangao led three hundred grain-transport braves to retake Jiading, took charge as magistrate, posted strong men on watch, checked the baojia registers, registered vagrants, and restored public confidence. His achievements were recorded; he was given sub-prefect rank and granted peacock feathers. He was appointed to Qingpu.
26
八年，調上海。 租界華洋雜處，數構釁，郇膏爭執是非，不為撓屈。 有招工誘逼出洋者，親登舟搜獲，並追回已去者，民感之，洋人亦帖服。 蘇、杭既陷，上海孤懸賊中，郇膏練民兵，四鄉設二十局，以資保衛。 賊首李秀成陷松江，進犯上海。 登陴堅守十餘日，賊不得逞而去。 時大吏萃居上海，或議他徙。 郇膏曰：「滬城據海口，為餉源所自出，異日規復全省，必自此始。 奈何舍而去之？」 十一年冬，賊复陷浦東諸廳縣，大吏檄郇膏往援，郇膏曰：「賊勢張甚，宜守不宜戰。」 弗聽，率練勇、鄉團出戰，果敗，乃專議守。 治行上聞，加道銜，以知府用。 擢海防同知，超署按察使。 尋實授，命署布政使，異數也！
In the eighth year he was transferred to Shanghai. In the foreign concession, where Chinese and foreigners lived side by side, disputes arose repeatedly; Huangao stood firm on what was right and would not be pushed aside. When labor brokers deceived and coerced men into going overseas, he boarded the ships in person to seize them and brought back those already taken; the people were grateful and the foreigners submitted as well. After Suzhou and Hangzhou fell, Shanghai stood isolated amid the rebels; Huangao trained militia and set up twenty defense stations across the surrounding townships. The rebel chief Li Xiucheng took Songjiang and advanced on Shanghai. He manned the walls and held firm for more than ten days until the rebels withdrew without success. High officials were then gathered in Shanghai, and some talked of relocating. Huangao said, "Shanghai sits on the sea route and is the source of army funds; when we one day plan to recover the whole province, we must begin here. How can we abandon it and walk away?" In the winter of the eleventh year the rebels again took the Pudong districts; the high officials ordered Huangao to the relief; Huangao said, "The rebels are too strong—we should hold, not fight. They would not listen; he led militia and village braves into battle and was defeated; after that the talk turned only to holding the city. His record of governance was reported to the court; he was given circuit rank and appointed prefect. Promoted to coastal-defense sub-prefect, he was extraordinarily made acting surveillance commissioner. Soon formally appointed, he was ordered to serve as acting administration commissioner—an exceptional honor.
27
李鴻章督師至，命總理營務，饋運無缺，兼協濟江寧大營，兩軍月餉二十萬，悉取給於上海。 濬吳淞江以通運道，招集流亡，通商惠工，善後諸事，次第舉行。 尋命護理巡撫，丁母憂。 同治五年，卒。 贈右都御史，上海建專祠，祀蘇州名宦。
When Li Hongzhang arrived to take command he was put in charge of camp affairs; supplies never failed; he also supported the Jiangning headquarters; the two hundred thousand taels in monthly pay for both armies all came from Shanghai. He dredged the Wusong River to open transport routes, gathered the displaced, promoted trade and industry, and carried out recovery measures one after another. He was soon ordered to act as governor but entered mourning for his mother. He died in the fifth year of Tongzhi. He was posthumously made Right Censor-in-Chief; a special shrine was built in Shanghai and he was enshrined among Suzhou's eminent officials.
28
硃善張，字子弓，浙江平湖人。 諸生。 授桃南通判，升里河同知。 咸豐九年，擢淮徐揚海道。 粵匪、捻匪時擾江北，奸民乘時蜂起。 善張常在行間，剿幅匪於海州、沭陽，殲其渠，賜花翎，加鹽運使銜。 捻首張隆據浮山，令水師伏臨淮焚其舟，又卻之小溪。 粵匪陷天長，撲蔣壩，善张驰援，殪其酋，賜號庫木勒濟特依巴圖魯。 善張方駐揚州，陳玉成來犯，攻城，發巨砲擊之，賊結堅壘為久困計。 援師集，敗之七里店，追越儀徵以西，揚州獲安。 尋賊复麕至，連營至司徒廟。 善張晝夜守陴，時出殺賊，賊卒不得逞，引去。 十年，捻匪陷清江浦，率師克之，築圩寨為善後計。
Zhu Shanzhang, whose style was Zigong, came from Pinghu in Zhejiang. He was a licentiate. He was appointed sub-prefect of Taonan and promoted to sub-prefect of the Inner Canal. In the ninth year of Xianfeng he was promoted to intendant of Huai-Xu-Yang-Hai Circuit. Cantonese and Nian rebels repeatedly harassed the country north of the Yangtze, and ruffians rose everywhere to take advantage of the disorder. Shanzhang was constantly in the field, suppressed coastal bandits at Haizhou and Shuyang, destroyed their leaders, and was granted peacock feathers and the rank of salt commissioner. Nian leader Zhang Long held Fushan; he had the naval force ambush them at Linhuai and burn their boats, and also drove them back at Xiaoxi. Cantonese rebels took Tianchang and struck Jiangba; Shanzhang rushed to the relief, killed their chief, and was granted the title Kumulejite Yibaturu. Shanzhang was at Yangzhou when Chen Yucheng attacked, besieged the city, and fired great cannon at the rebels, who built strong forts intending a long siege. Relief forces gathered, defeated them at Qilidian, pursued them west of Yizheng, and Yangzhou was secured. Soon the rebels massed again and pitched camp after camp as far as Situgong Temple. Shanzhang held the walls day and night, sallied out repeatedly to strike the rebels, and in the end they withdrew without success. In the tenth year Nian rebels took Qingjiangpu; he led troops to retake it and built stockaded villages as a long-term measure.
29
同治元年，調徐州道，兼筦糧台，用堅壁清野法防捻匪。 從僧格林沁攻孫甿老巢，破之棗溝。 二年，苗沛霖叛，陷壽州，圍蒙城。 善張知蒙城餉絕，輸粟助之。 苗沛霖伏誅，湖團之亂起。 湖團者，始議招流民開微山湖，自沛縣至魚台，戶數万，爭利亡命，遷跡其中。 三年，新團匪殺掠沛縣劉民寨圩，善張會兵剿之，未竟，疽發背卒。 贈右都御史，賜卹。
In the first year of Tongzhi he was transferred to Xuzhou Circuit, also managed the grain bureau, and used fortified villages and scorched-earth tactics against the Nian. He followed Senggelinqin in attacking Sun Meng's stronghold and broke it at Zaogou. In the second year Miao Peilin rebelled, took Shouzhou, and besieged Mengcheng. Learning that Mengcheng's supplies were exhausted, Shanzhang sent grain to its relief. After Miao Peilin was executed, the Lake Corps disturbances broke out. The Lake Corps were originally settlers recruited to open land around Weishan Lake from Pei county to Yutai—tens of thousands of households who fought over profits, fled the law, and made their homes there. In the third year the New Corps bandits raided Liu Minzhai stockade in Pei county; Shanzhang joined the suppression but died of a back abscess before it was finished. He was posthumously made Right Censor-in-Chief and granted condolence gifts.
30
子之榛，以廕授官，補蘇州府總捕同知。 歷以海運敘勞，晉秩道員。 官江蘇凡四十年，筦釐務最久。 精於綜覈，以剔除中飽為職志，地方利病，無不洞悉。 署督糧道。 歷署按察使十二次、布政使二次，大吏倚之。 忌者眾，屢被彈劾，按治皆得白。 光緒二十五年，清釐田賦，歲增漕糧十五萬石、丁銀二十萬兩。 二十六年，海防戒嚴，省城獄囚謀變，之榛方署臬篆，出情實者駢誅之，事乃定。 宣統元年，授淮揚道，未任，卒。
His son Zhizhen entered office by hereditary privilege and was appointed general pursuit sub-prefect of the Suzhou prefecture. His work on sea transport was repeatedly entered for merit, and he was raised to circuit intendant rank. He served in Jiangsu for forty years altogether, longest in charge of likin affairs. Skilled at auditing accounts, he made eliminating graft his life's work and knew every local problem inside out. He served as acting grain transport commissioner. He served twelve times as acting surveillance commissioner and twice as acting administration commissioner, and the province's leaders relied on him heavily. He had many enemies and was repeatedly impeached, but every investigation cleared him. In the twenty-fifth year of Guangxu he cleared the land-tax registers, increasing annual grain transport by 150,000 shi and poll-tax silver by 200,000 taels. In the twenty-sixth year, with coastal defenses on alert, prisoners in the provincial capital plotted a mutiny; Zhizhen was then acting surveillance commissioner; he executed the ringleaders in batches and the affair was settled. In the first year of Xuantong he was appointed intendant of Huai-Yang Circuit but died before he could take up the post.
31
黃輔辰，字琴塢，貴州貴築人，原籍湖南醴陵。 道光十五年進士，授吏部主事，累遷郎中。 遇事侃侃持正論，屢忤上官，不少屈，時稱「硬黃」。 咸豐初，以知府分山西。 會貴州亂作，遽歸倡團練，修碉堡，積穀省城二萬餘石，撫清水江諸苗，平巴香亂，以功晉道員。 尋赴山西，署冀寧道。 餉絀，議加釐捐，輔辰謂晉人皆賈於外，山多地瘠，非他行省比，不宜病民。 爭之不得，則請蠲苛細，取大宗，及不切民生日用者。 戶部設寶泉分局於平定州，就鑄鐵錢。 滯不行，則令分銷諸郡縣，歲收息銀三萬解部。 輔辰謂：「京師用鐵錢以濟銅幣之乏，山西勿便也。 今行各縣，議令交納錢糧，以三萬之微利，妨數百萬之正供，利一而害百。 即專行平定一州，日積日滯，其患滋大。」 議上，遂罷之。 九年，調赴直隸軍營，察海口形勢，請以重兵扼北塘，當事迂其言，不用。 尋乞假去。 至四川，依總督駱秉章。
Huang Fuchen, whose style was Qinwu, was registered in Guizhu in Guizhou but came from Liling in Hunan. He passed the metropolitan examination in the fifteenth year of Daoguang, was appointed a principal clerk in the Ministry of Personnel, and rose repeatedly to director. In office he spoke frankly and held to what he thought right, repeatedly offended his superiors and would not bend; people called him Hard Huang. Early in the Xianfeng reign he was posted to Shanxi as a prefect. When rebellion broke out in Guizhou he hurried home to organize militia, built blockhouses, stored more than twenty thousand shi of grain in the capital, pacified the Miao along the Qingshui River, quelled the Baxiang uprising, and was promoted to circuit intendant for his achievements. He soon went to Shanxi and served as acting intendant of Jining Circuit. When army funds ran short and extra likin was proposed, Fuchen argued that Shanxi people traded abroad, the province was mountainous and poor, unlike other provinces, and the people should not be squeezed. When he could not prevail, he asked that petty items be remitted, only major categories retained, and everyday necessities left untouched. The Ministry of Revenue set up a Baoquan branch at Pingdingzhou to cast iron cash locally. When the coins would not circulate, they ordered them distributed through the prefectures and counties, remitting thirty thousand taels in annual interest to the ministry. Fuchen said, "The capital uses iron cash to ease a shortage of copper coin; Shanxi should not do the same. To push them through every county and require tax payments in iron cash would gain thirty thousand taels in petty profit while obstructing millions in regular revenue—one small gain against a hundred harms. Even if limited to Pingding prefecture alone, the coins would pile up day by day and the harm would only grow. He memorialized on the matter and the scheme was dropped. In the ninth year he was sent to the Zhili army camps, inspected the coastal situation, and urged that heavy troops hold Beitang; the authorities dismissed his advice and did not act on it. He soon took leave and departed. He went to Sichuan and served under Governor Luo Bingzhang.
32
陝西自回亂，地多荒蕪，巡撫劉蓉議興營田。 輔辰書陳方略，採官私書為營田輯要三卷，大旨在用民而不用兵，與民興利，不與民牟利，蓉疏薦之。 五年，授陝西鳳邠鹽法道，任以西安、同州、鳳翔、延安、乾州、邠州、鄜州七屬營田事。 輔辰建議謂：「關中土曠人少，非招徠客民，事末由濟。 然耕牛、耔種、農具、棚舍，官不能給，民不樂趨也。 莫若即以地畀之，薄收其租，畝二斗為差，六年後給券，使世其業。 慮田無限制，賦無定則，吏得以意高下為民患，當先正經界，略如古井田法，量地百畝為區，編列次第，書賦額於券，視土肥瘠別等則上下授之。 凡領墾者以先後為次，十區為甲，十甲為裡，置長焉。 里長總十甲租課，歲輸之官，凡移徙更替事皆責之。 別授田六畝，俾食其入，為庶人在官者之祿，而官總其成。」 令下，民皆便之。 复定考課舉劾法，策奉行不力者。 期年，凡墾田十八萬餘畝。 時軍事急，賴所入租麥以餉之。 又撥產給書院、義學、養濟院、育嬰堂、種痘局及灞岸堤工、渠工，諸廢皆舉。 尋卒，祀名宦。
Since the Muslim rebellion in Shaanxi much land had gone to waste; Governor Liu Rong proposed establishing military farm colonies. Fuchen laid out a plan in writing, compiled official and private sources into three volumes of Essentials for Military Colonies—the core idea being to rely on civilians rather than troops, to create benefit with the people rather than profit from them—and Rong memorialized recommending him. In the fifth year he was appointed salt commissioner of Fengbin in Shaanxi and put in charge of military farm colonies in the seven jurisdictions of Xi'an, Tongzhou, Fengxiang, Yan'an, Qianzhou, Binzhou, and Fuzhou. Fuchen proposed, "In Guanzhong land is abundant and people scarce; unless outside settlers are recruited the project cannot succeed. Yet plow oxen, seed, tools, and shelters cannot all be supplied by the government, and the people will not come willingly. Better to grant them the land outright, collect light rent at two dou per mu, and after six years issue certificates so they could pass the holding down through generations. Fearing that without fixed boundaries and tax rates clerks would harass the people by arbitrary assessments, he proposed fixing boundaries first on something like the ancient well-field model: survey land in hundred-mu blocks, number them in order, write tax quotas on certificates, and assign grades according to soil fertility. Reclaimers were ranked by priority; ten blocks formed a jia, ten jia a li, each with a headman. The li head collected rent from ten jia and paid it yearly to the government, and was responsible for all moves, replacements, and turnover. Six mu were set aside separately so local officers could live on the yield as salary, while the government retained overall control. When the order went out the people welcomed it. He also set examination and impeachment rules and pressed action against officials who implemented the policy poorly. Within a year more than 180,000 mu were brought under cultivation. Military needs were urgent at the time, and army provisions relied on the rent grain and wheat the colonies produced. He also allocated land to academies, charity schools, poorhouses, orphanages, vaccination offices, and Ba River embankment and canal works, reviving one abandoned project after another. He soon died and was enshrined in the local hall of eminent officials.
33
子彭年，字子壽。 舉道光二十五年會試，逾兩年，改庶吉士，授編修。 咸豐初，隨父在籍治團練，後入駱秉章四川戎幕，數有贊畫功，不受保薦。 同治初，劉蓉延主關中書院。 久之，李鴻章聘修畿輔通志，兼主蓮池書院。 當光緒中，法、俄邊事迭起，侍從近臣多慷慨建言，彭年雖不在朝，負時望，中外大臣密薦之。 八年，擢授湖北襄鄖荊道，遷按察使。 屏餽遺，禁胥吏需索，年餘，結京控案四十餘起，平反大獄十數。 調陝西，署布政使。
His son Pengnian, whose style was Zishou. He passed the metropolitan examination in the twenty-fifth year of Daoguang; two years later he became a Hanlin bachelor and was appointed a compiler. Early in Xianfeng he helped his father organize militia at home; later he joined Luo Bingzhang's military staff in Sichuan, contributed repeatedly to planning, and refused recommendations for office. Early in Tongzhi Liu Rong invited him to direct the Guanzhong Academy. Later Li Hongzhang engaged him to compile the Jifu gazetteer and also to head the Lianchi Academy. During the Guangxu era border troubles with France and Russia arose one after another; courtiers spoke out boldly, and though Pengnian was not in office he enjoyed wide esteem and was quietly recommended by ministers at home and abroad. In the eighth year he was promoted to Xiang-Yun-Jing Circuit in Hubei and then made surveillance commissioner. He refused gifts, forbade clerks and runners to extort fees, and within a year closed more than forty capital appeals and reversed more than ten major wrongful convictions. Transferred to Shaanxi, he served as acting administration commissioner.
34
十一年，遷江蘇布政使。 連歲水旱，米踴貴，屬縣請加漕折，巡撫欲許之，彭年謂：「定例漕糧一石，隨徵水腳錢一千，所費僅數百，獨不可以有餘補不足耶？ 今增漕折，民間多出二十萬緡，與國計無關，盡歸中飽。」 持不可。 十五年，護理巡撫，請以賑餘三十萬緡濬吳淞江、白茆河、蘊藻浜，工未及舉，十六年，調湖北布政使，總督張之洞尤倚重之。 然守正不阿，遇庫款出入，龂龂以爭，雖忤其意，勿顧也。 未幾，卒。
In the eleventh year he was transferred to administration commissioner of Jiangsu. After successive floods and droughts rice prices soared; subordinate counties asked to raise grain-transport surcharges and the governor was inclined to agree; Pengnian said, "By regulation each shi of transport grain carries a transport fee of one thousand cash, costing only a few hundred—cannot surplus cover shortage? Raising the surcharge now would make the people pay an extra two hundred thousand strings, none of it reaching state revenue and all of it going to graft." He held firm against it. In the fifteenth year he acted as governor and proposed using three hundred thousand strings of relief surplus to dredge the Wusong River, Ba-mao River, and Yunzao Creek; the work had not yet begun when in the sixteenth year he was transferred to administration commissioner of Hubei, where Governor-General Zhang Zhidong relied on him heavily. Yet he stood on principle without bending; on treasury receipts and disbursements he argued fiercely, even against Zhang's wishes, without flinching. He died soon after.
35
彭年廉明剛毅，博學多通。 所至，以陶成士類為國儲才為己任。 主講蓮池及在吳時設學古堂，成就尤眾。 著有陶樓詩文集、三省邊防考略、金沙江考略、歷代關隘津梁考存、銅運考略。 子國瑾，光緒二年進士，官編修。 嗜學能文，甚有時譽。 父喪，以毀卒。
Pengnian was incorruptible, resolute, learned, and widely accomplished. Wherever he served he made it his task to cultivate scholars and build up talent for the state. As head of the Lianchi Academy and founder of the Xuegu Hall in Jiangsu, he trained an especially large number of accomplished disciples. His works include Collected Poems and Prose of Taolou, Brief Study of Border Defense in the Three Provinces, Brief Study of the Jinsha River, Preserved Studies of Passes and Ferries through the Ages, and Brief Study of Copper Transport. His son Guojin, a jinshi in the second year of Guangxu, served as a compiler. Devoted to learning and skilled in writing, he enjoyed a strong contemporary reputation. He died from grief and fasting after his father's death.
36
論曰：軍興以來，監司賢者，保障一方，其功與疆吏等。 軍政財政，各行省多有專任之人。 沈棣輝平廣匪，余炳燾守懷慶，其最著也。 鄧仁堃殫心籌防，不盡見用。 硃孫貽提倡團練，振興人材，實為湘軍肇基。 劉郇膏主守上海以待援軍。 皆以一縣令有裨大局。 史致諤用外兵定寧波，硃善張保障淮、揚，功皆可紀。 栗耀筦湖北稅釐，黃輔辰興陝西營田，並為兵食根本。 黃彭年名父之子，久負時望，晚達未盡其用，時論惜之。
The commentators say: Since the war began, able surveillance and circuit commissioners who secured a region have earned merit equal to that of frontier governors. For military affairs and finance, each province often had officials with specialized responsibilities. Shen Dihui pacified the Guang rebels and Yu Bingtao held Huaqing—the most celebrated cases. Deng Renkun gave his all to planning defense but was not fully used. Zhu Sunyi promoted militia training and revived talent—he truly laid the foundations of the Xiang Army. Liu Huangao insisted on holding Shanghai until relief armies could arrive. All were county magistrates who materially helped the larger cause. Shi Zhie used foreign troops to recover Ningbo; Zhu Shanzhang secured the Huai and Yang regions—each left achievements worth recording. Li Yao managed Hubei likin and Huang Fuchen revived Shaanxi military farm colonies—both underpinned the army's food supply. Huang Pengnian, son of a famous father, had long enjoyed public esteem; he rose late and never fully used his talents, to the regret of his contemporaries.