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列傳二百二十二
Biographies 222
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華爾勒伯勒東法爾第福戈登日意格德克碑赫德帛黎
Ward, Lebrethon, Foudrinière, Gordon, Giquel, von Sternberg, Hart, and Brière
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華爾，美國紐約人。 嘗為其國將弁，以罪廢來上海，國人欲執之。 會粵匪陷蘇州，上海籌防，謀練精兵。 蘇松太道吳煦識其才，言於美領事，獲免，以是德之，原效力，俾領印度兵。 既撤，自陳原隸中國。 咸豐十年，粵匪陷松江，煦令募西兵數十為前驅； 華人數百，半西服、半常裝，從其後。 華爾誡曰：「有進無止，止者斬！」 賊迎戰，槍砲雨下，令伏，無一傷者。 俄突起轟擊之，百二十槍齊發，凡三發，斃賊數百。 賊敗入城，躡之同入，巷戰，斬黃衣賊數人。 賊遁走，遂復松江，華爾亦被創。
Ward was an American from New York. He had once served as an officer in the American army, but was dismissed for misconduct and fled to Shanghai, where his compatriots sought to seize him. When the Taiping rebels captured Suzhou, Shanghai organized its defenses and set out to drill a crack force. Wu Xu, intendant of the Suzhou-Songjiang-Taicang circuit, recognized his ability, appealed to the American consul to spare him arrest, and won his lasting loyalty; Ward volunteered to serve and was put in command of Indian soldiers. When those Indian troops were withdrawn, he asked to enter Chinese service outright. In 1860 the rebels took Songjiang, and Xu recruited several dozen Western soldiers to lead the assault; with several hundred Chinese behind them, half in Western uniform and half in ordinary clothes. Ward warned his men: "Keep moving forward—anyone who stops will be executed!" The rebels met them with a storm of musket and cannon fire; Ward ordered his men to drop flat, and not one was hit. Then they sprang up and opened fire; one hundred and twenty rifles discharged in three volleys, killing several hundred rebels. The rebels broke and retreated into the city; Ward followed them in, fought street by street, and killed several of their yellow-coated officers. The rebels fled, Songjiang was retaken, and Ward himself was wounded in the fight.
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先是煦與華爾約，城克，罄賊所有以予。 至是入賊館，空無所得，以五千金酬之。 令守松江，又募練洋槍隊五百，服裝器械步伐皆效西人。 同治元年，賊又犯松江富林、塘橋，眾數万，直偪城下。 華爾以五百人御之，被圍，乃分其眾為數圓陣，陣五重，人四鄉，最內者平立，以次遞俯，槍皆外指。 華爾居中吹角，一響眾應，三發，死賊數百。 逐北辰山，再被創，力疾與戰，賊始退。 遂會諸軍搗敵營，殺守門者，爭先入毀之。 是役也，以寡敵眾，稱奇捷。 時浦東賊據高橋，偪上海，華爾約英、法兵守海濱，而自率所部進擊，賊大敗，加四品翎頂。
Xu had earlier promised Ward that if the city fell, Ward would receive everything the rebels left behind. When they entered the rebel headquarters they found nothing of value, so Xu paid him five thousand taels of silver instead. Ward was left to hold Songjiang and raised five hundred more men for a foreign-rifle corps, trained in Western dress, arms, and drill. In 1862 the rebels struck Fulins and Tangqiao near Songjiang with a host of tens of thousands and drove straight against the city. Ward met them with five hundred men, was surrounded, and formed several concentric circles five ranks deep, the inner ranks standing upright and the outer ranks kneeling in turn, every rifle pointed outward. Ward stood at the center and blew his bugle; at one call the whole line fired three volleys and killed several hundred rebels. He pursued them to Beichen Hill, was wounded a second time, yet fought on through his injuries until the rebels finally broke off. He then joined the government forces in storming the rebel camp, killed the gate guards, and led the rush to break in and destroy it. In this fight a small force had routed a great one, and the victory was hailed as extraordinary. Rebels on the Pudong shore held Gaoqiao and menaced Shanghai; Ward posted British and French troops along the coast while he led his own men in a assault that routed the enemy, for which he was awarded the fourth-rank peacock feather.
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會李鴻章帥師至滬，乃隸戲下，令立常勝軍，益募兵三千俾教練，參將李恆嵩副之，餉倍發。 賊據王家寺，與英提督何伯等合攻。 華爾賈勇先入，大斬虜首，進偪南翔，賊亦悉眾轟拒，何伯負傷。 華爾冒煙直進，立毀其營，生獲八百餘人，遂復嘉定。 規取青浦，華爾略東門，城潰； 英、法兵自西入，華爾為承。 賊奔，爭赴水死。 攻奉賢，法提督卜羅德遇害，詔賞貂皮採絨，卹其家。 時恆嵩扼趙屯港、四江口，屢失利，嘉、青复危。 華爾方議直搗金山衛，聞敗，還守青浦。 而富林、泗涇又相繼失，乃棄青浦，簡壯士五百襲天馬山，破之。 入城挈守軍出，並力守松江，登陴轟擊兩晝夜不絕，賊宵遁，圍解。 官軍圖青浦，華爾攻南門，駕輪舶入濠，毀城十餘丈，麾眾登堞，賊鬥且走，追敗之白鶴江黃渡，復其城，晉副將銜，降敕褒賞。 俄偽慕王譚紹光復來犯，薄西門，與總兵黃翼升各軍擊之，賊潰，奔北岸，華爾毀其七營。 踰月，會西兵再复嘉定。
When Li Hongzhang brought his army to Shanghai, Ward entered his service; Li formed the Ever Victorious Army, added three thousand recruits for Ward to drill, appointed Assistant General Li Hengsong as his second, and doubled the corps' pay. The rebels held Wangjia Temple, and Ward attacked it jointly with British Admiral Hope and his forces. Ward led the charge and cut down many rebels, then pressed toward Nanxiang; the enemy met him with their full artillery, and Hope was wounded. Ward pushed straight through the smoke, overran the camp at once, took more than eight hundred prisoners, and retook Jiading. In the drive on Qingpu, Ward assaulted the east gate and the wall gave way; British and French troops entered from the west while Ward supported them. The rebels fled, many throwing themselves into the water to drown. During the assault on Fengxian the French Admiral Protet was killed; the court granted his family sable furs, colored silks, and posthumous honors. Li Hengsong held Zhaotun Harbor and Sikou River but met repeated defeats, and Jiading and Qingpu were threatened once more. Ward had been planning a direct strike on Jinshanwei when news of the defeat reached him, and he fell back to defend Qingpu. Fulins and Sijing fell in turn, so he abandoned Qingpu, picked five hundred picked men, stormed Tianma Hill, and routed the rebels there. He entered the city, led the garrison out, and with combined forces held Songjiang; from the walls they shelled the enemy without pause for two days and nights until the rebels slipped away at night and the siege was raised. When the government forces moved on Qingpu, Ward assaulted the south gate, brought a steamer into the moat, breached more than thirty feet of wall, and led his men onto the ramparts; the rebels fought a fighting retreat; he pursued and routed them at Baihe River and Huangdu, retook the city, was promoted to vice general, and received an imperial commendation. Soon the Taiping commander Tan Shaoguang attacked again and pressed the west gate; Ward joined Major General Huang Yisheng's forces in driving the rebels back across the north bank and destroying seven of their camps. A month later he joined the Western forces in retaking Jiading once more.
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其秋，賊十萬复犯上海，華爾自松江倍道應赴，與諸軍擊卻之。 時寧波戒嚴，巡道史致諤乞援，鴻章遣華爾偕往。 值廣艇與法兵構釁，引賊寇新城，從姚北紆道犯慈谿。 華爾約西兵駕輪舶三，一泊灌浦，一泊赭山，一自丈亭駛入太平橋、餘姚四門鎮，而自率軍數百至半浦。 平旦薄城，方以遠鏡了敵，忽槍丸洞胸，遽踣地，舁回舟。 餘眾悉力奮攻，賊啟北門走。 華爾至郡城，猶能叱其下卹軍事，越二日始卒。 以中國章服斂，從其志也。 鴻章請於朝，優恤之，予寧波、松江建祠。 初，喪歸，煦檢其篋，得金陵城圖，賊所居處及城垣丈尺方位纖悉畢具，論者頗稱其機密雲。
That autumn a rebel host of one hundred thousand struck at Shanghai again; Ward rushed from Songjiang by forced marches and, with the other armies, beat them off. Ningbo was then under martial law; Circuit Intendant Shi Zhi'e appealed for help, and Li Hongzhang dispatched Ward to his aid. Just then Cantonese river boats and French troops clashed, drawing rebels against Xincheng; the enemy then looped north of Yuyao and struck at Cixi. Ward coordinated three steamers with Western troops: one at Guanpu, one at Zhushan, and one sailing from Zhangting toward Taiping Bridge and Simen in Yuyao, while he led several hundred men to Banpu. At dawn he closed on the city walls; as he was studying the enemy through his telescope, a bullet pierced his chest and he collapsed; his men carried him back to the boat. His men pressed the assault with all their strength, and the rebels opened the north gate and fled. Ward was brought to the prefectural seat and still gave orders about military affairs; he died two days later. He was buried in Chinese official robes, as he had wished. Li Hongzhang memorialized the throne for generous posthumous honors and for temples to be built in his memory at Ningbo and Songjiang. When Ward's body was brought back, Xu examined his trunk and found a detailed map of Nanjing showing rebel quarters and the exact dimensions and layout of the walls; contemporaries praised his remarkable intelligence work.
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勒伯勒東德加理尼阿爾伯依都額爾，法國加爾襪多人。 初為本國水師參將。 咸豐十一年，來上海。 時寇據寧波，西人惡之，益兵戍守，遣勒伯勒東乘輪泊三江口。 同治元年，從官軍克府城，募壯丁千五百為洋槍隊，自陳願隸。 明年，權授浙江總兵，受巡撫、寧波道節度。 時上虞賊犯泗門、馬渚，勒伯勒東軍餘姚以待。 尋與同知銜謝採嶂直搗賊屯，賊赴水死者千餘，乘銳毀其卡，薄城先登，擊殺守陴悍賊，餘宵遁，城克。 赴蟶浦，略紹興，以賊遺土砲往，巡道張景渠止之，不聽，未幾，砲果裂，負傷而死，賜優恤。 以法參將法爾第福為江蘇副將，領其軍，退守百官。
Lebrethon (de Galerny, Albert Edward) was from Calvados in France. He had first served as a staff captain in the French navy. He came to Shanghai in 1861. Rebels then held Ningbo; the Western powers, hostile to them, reinforced their garrisons and sent Lebrethon by steamer to anchor at the mouth of the Yong River. In 1862 he joined the government forces in recovering the prefectural seat, raised fifteen hundred men for a foreign-rifle corps, and volunteered to serve under Chinese command. The following year he was made acting major general of Zhejiang and placed under the governor and the Ningbo intendant. When rebels from Shangyu struck Simen and Mazhu, Lebrethon encamped at Yuyao to meet them. He soon joined Associate Prefect Xie Caizhang in a direct assault on the rebel camp; more than a thousand rebels drowned; pressing the attack he destroyed their barricades, was first up the wall, and killed the defenders; the rest fled by night and the city fell. He marched on Chengpu and raided Shaoxing, bringing along a captured rebel field gun; Circuit Intendant Zhang Jingqu tried to dissuade him, but he refused; the gun soon burst, mortally wounding him, and the court granted him generous posthumous honors. The French staff captain Foudrinière was appointed vice general of Jiangsu, took over the corps, and fell back to hold Baiguan.
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法爾第福，又名買忒勒，頗讀華書。 後攻紹興，焚西郭門。 次日復戰，潰十餘丈，麾眾登城，賊殊死鬥，別有黑種人數十助之，遂遇害。 優恤之。
Foudrinière, also known as Maitele, was well versed in Chinese literature. He later attacked Shaoxing and burned the west suburb gate. The next day he renewed the assault, breached more than thirty feet of wall, and led his men onto the ramparts; the rebels fought desperately, aided by several dozen African soldiers, and he was killed in the fight. The court granted him generous posthumous honors.
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戈登，英國人。 同治二年，李鴻章檄領常勝軍二千攻常州、福山營。 別遣呂宋兵乘小舟薄賊壘，支木橋，伏死士城牆下。 日中，港東西賊營皆破，緣牆入，痛殲之，遂奪福山石城。 圍解，權授江蘇總兵。 進攻太倉，毀南門賊卡，戈登轟潰二石壘，官軍繼進，克之。 規取崑山，與總兵程學啟度地勢，以環昆多水，惟西南通進義，策先斷其歸路。 遂與駕輪舶以偏師繞而西，賊不虞其至也，即時敗奔，奪其四壘。 譚紹光構悍賊來爭，與諸軍大破之，薄昆城，偕李恆嵩夾擊，賊酋偽朝將先期逸去。 踰月，學啟攻東城，戈登自果浦河奄至，扼守西路，分道疾攻。 賊奪西門走，阻水，殲焉。 遂留駐昆城，策應各路。 移師攻花涇港，知賊必不誡，率眾擊北門，毀城外賊壘。 次日，賊降，收吳江、震澤而還。
Gordon was a Briton. In 1863 Li Hongzhang ordered him to take two thousand Ever Victorious Army troops against the rebel camps at Changzhou and Fushan. He also sent Filipino troops in small boats against the rebel stockade, laid wooden bridges, and posted picked men beneath the wall. By midday the rebel camps on both sides of the harbor were overrun; his men scaled the wall and cut the enemy down, seizing the stone fort at Fushan. The siege was raised, and he was made acting major general of Jiangsu. In the advance on Taicang they destroyed the rebel barricade at the south gate; Gordon shelled and shattered two stone forts, the government troops pressed on, and the city fell. Planning the capture of Kunshan, he and Major General Cheng Xueqi studied the ground; water encircled the city on nearly every side, with only a southwest route to Jinyi, so they resolved to cut the rebels' retreat first. He took a steamer with a flanking force around to the west; the rebels were caught unprepared, broke at once, and lost four forts. Tan Shaoguang rallied fierce rebel troops to meet them; Gordon and the allied armies routed them, closed on Kunshan, and with Li Hengsong attacked from both sides while the rebel commander, the false Court General, had already fled. A month later Xueqi assaulted the east wall while Gordon came up swiftly along the Guopu River, sealed the western approach, and both columns pressed the attack. The rebels broke out through the west gate but were trapped by the water and wiped out. He then garrisoned Kunshan to support operations on every front. He moved against Huajing Harbor, expecting the rebels to be unprepared; he struck the north gate and destroyed their outworks. The rebels surrendered the next day; he secured Wujiang and Zhenze and marched back.
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以事謁鴻章於上海。 先是白齊文閉松城索餉，既撤，潛通賊，領二百人入蘇州。 戈登诇知之，亟返崑山為備。 旋攻蘇城，率軍三千，與學啟俱力爭要害，稍剪城外賊壘。 偽忠王李秀成聞警赴援，屢敗； 而紹光所部每戰猶致死，自偽納王郜雲官以下，皆萌貳志，詣營乞降。 乃與學啟乘單舸會雲官等於洋澄湖，令斬秀成、紹光以獻，學啟與誓，戈登證之。 未幾，秀成遁，雲官殺紹光，開齊門迎降，賞頭等功牌、銀幣，並犒其軍。 助攻宜興、溧陽，並擊退楊舍賊。 進規常州，轟破南門，合諸軍掘壕築牆以敗之。 敘功，賞黃馬褂、花翎，賜提督品級章服。
He went to Shanghai on business to see Li Hongzhang. Earlier Burgevine had barricaded himself in Songjiang to demand back pay; after his removal he secretly dealt with the rebels and led two hundred men into Suzhou. Gordon learned of this through his scouts and hurried back to Kunshan to prepare. He soon besieged Suzhou with three thousand men; he and Xueqi fought for every strong point and gradually reduced the outworks. The Taiping Prince of Zhong, Li Xiucheng, hurried to relieve the city and was beaten back again and again; yet Shaoguang's men still fought with desperate courage; from the false Prince of Na, Gao Yunguan, downward, the garrison turned toward surrender and sent envoys to the besiegers. He and Xueqi then took a small boat to meet Yunguan and the others on Yangcheng Lake, demanding the heads of Xiucheng and Shaoguang as the price of surrender; Xueqi swore the pact and Gordon witnessed it. Xiucheng soon escaped; Yunguan killed Shaoguang, opened the Qi Gate to the besiegers, and was rewarded with a first-class merit plaque, silver, and a feast for his troops. He helped take Yixing and Liyang and drove off the rebels at Yangshe. In the advance on Changzhou he shelled open the south gate and, with the allied armies, dug trenches and built siege lines to bring the city down. For his services he was awarded the yellow jacket and peacock feather and the dress of a provincial commander.
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初，戈登與學啟為昆弟交，每戰必偕。 及誅降酋，頗不直其所為，捧雲官首而哭，誓不與見。 嗣聞學啟卒，悲不自勝，乞其戰時大旗二，攜歸國為遺念。 戈登歸後，埃及亂，督師討之，遇害。 朝廷遣使往吊焉。 戈登嘗言：「中國人民耐勞易使，果能教練，可轉弱為強。」 又曰：「中國海軍利於守，船砲之制，大不如小。」 當時稱其將略云。
Gordon and Xueqi had been as close as brothers and fought side by side in every engagement. When the surrendered chiefs were put to death, he was deeply offended; he took Yunguan's head in his hands and wept, and swore never to see Xueqi again. When he later heard that Xueqi had died, he was overcome with grief and asked for two of his battle flags to take home as keepsakes. After Gordon returned home, rebellion broke out in Egypt; he led a punitive expedition there and was killed. The Qing court sent an envoy to convey its condolences. Gordon once said, "The Chinese are hardy and obedient; properly trained, they could turn weakness into strength." He also said, "China's navy is best suited to defense; in warships and guns, smaller is better than larger." Contemporaries praised his military judgment.
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日意格，法國人。 嘗為其國參將，駐防上海。 同治元年，改調稅務司。 徙寧波，复郡城，與有功。 官軍攻慈谿，遣法兵馳往策應。 會餘姚四門鎮陷，遂與前護提督陳世章勒兵往討，踰月，直搗上虞。 賊緣道築卡樹柵，悉奪毀之，薄城，並力轟擊，賊殊死戰，賈勇直前，被創，眾軍繼進，斬級千，賊始渡曹娥江去。 進攻奉化，與諸軍克之。 攻安吉思溪、雙福橋，駕小輪舶赴荻港，毀袁家匯賊壘，浙江平。 左宗棠令與德克碑討測西邦製造，仿造小輪舶試行。 五年，宗棠創福州船政局，充正監督，度地募工，殫心所事； 复籌設繪事院、小鐵廠。 七年，加提督銜，賞花翎。 十三年，以船政教導勞賞銀幣。 光緒年，卒。
Giquel was French. He had served as a French staff captain in the garrison at Shanghai. In 1862 he was transferred to the customs service. He went to Ningbo, took part in recovering the prefectural seat, and earned a share of the credit. When government forces attacked Cixi, Giquel sent French troops to reinforce them. When Simen in Yuyao fell, he joined Acting Provincial Commander Chen Shizhang in a month-long campaign that drove straight at Shangyu. They destroyed every rebel barricade along the road, closed on the city, and shelled it together; the rebels resisted desperately; Giquel led a bold charge and was wounded, but the main force followed, took a thousand heads, and drove the enemy across the Cao'e River. He advanced on Fenghua and, with the allied armies, captured it. He attacked Anji, Jixi, and Shuangfu Bridge, took a small steamer to Dih Harbor, destroyed the rebel stronghold at Yuanjia Hui, and Zhejiang was pacified. Zuo Zongtang had him and von Sternberg study Western shipbuilding and build experimental steam launches. In 1866 Zuo founded the Foochow Naval Dockyard; Giquel became chief superintendent, chose the site, recruited labor, and gave himself entirely to the work; He also set up a drafting school and a small iron foundry. In 1868 he received provincial commander rank and the peacock feather. In 1874 he was rewarded with silver for his service in training the dockyard. He died during the Guangxu reign.
13
德克碑，法參將。 初，助攻奉化有功。 旋奉其公使檄，將受代歸，謁左宗棠，宗棠撫諭之。 德克碑感服，願易服色受節度。 令駐守蕭山。 蔣益澧攻杭城，檄助戰，游擊何文秀攻雞籠山，德克碑從寶塔嶺登岸，攻倚城賊壘。 會天大霧，賊扌冓嘉興援賊自萬松嶺偪都司張誌公營，勢張甚。 德克碑率眾助擊，敗之。 益澧督水陸軍並進，連破九壘，令總兵高連升據其五，德克碑據其二，屯饅頭山。 轟潰城數丈，毀鳳山門，官軍為承，城遂復。 賊潰，奔湖州。 攻安吉思溪，德克碑率所部助之，轟擊雙福橋，不克，駕小舟泊河汊，火八角亭，支木橋以濟。 賊阻兵中流不得進，德克碑賈勇偪岸，所部遇伏卻走，改趨荻港，越壕入，克三壘。 事寧，撤兵還上海。 五年，充船政局副監督。 七年，馬尾設船廠，督役興工，賞花翎。 九年，宗棠平回亂，檄調甘肅，隸麾下。 十三年，錄經始船政勞，膺獎賞。 後卒。
Von Sternberg was a French staff captain. He first distinguished himself in the capture of Fenghua. He was soon recalled by order of the French minister; on taking leave of Zuo Zongtang, the latter treated him warmly. Deeply moved, von Sternberg agreed to change his uniform and serve under Chinese command. He was posted to garrison Xiaoshan. When Jiang Yili besieged Hangzhou, he was ordered to assist; Brigade Commander He Wenxiu attacked Jilong Hill while von Sternberg landed at Baota Ridge and assaulted the forts along the wall. A heavy fog fell; the rebels brought up Jiaxing reinforcements from Wansong Ridge and pressed Brigade Commander Zhang Zhigong's camp with great force. Von Sternberg led his troops to the relief and routed them. Yili advanced land and naval forces together, captured nine forts in succession, gave five to Major General Gao Liansheng and two to von Sternberg, and encamped at Mantou Hill. They shelled several zhang of the wall, breached Fengshan Gate, the government troops pressed through, and the city was retaken. The rebels broke and fled toward Huzhou. In the attack on Anji and Jixi, von Sternberg supported the assault, shelled Shuangfu Bridge without success, then took a small boat up a creek, burned Bajiao Pavilion, and laid wooden bridges to cross. Rebels blocked the river and halted the advance; von Sternberg charged the bank boldly; his men hit an ambush and recoiled; he turned toward Dih Harbor, crossed the ditch, and took three forts. When the campaign ended, his troops returned to Shanghai. In 1866 he became deputy superintendent of the naval dockyard. In 1868 the Mawei shipyard was established; he oversaw construction and received the peacock feather. In 1870, when Zuo pacified the northwestern Muslim revolts, he summoned von Sternberg to Gansu. In 1874 his services in founding the dockyard were recognized with an imperial reward. He died some years later.
14
赫德，字鷺賓，英國倍爾發司人。 咸豐四年，來中國，充寧波領事署繙譯官，調廣州。 又充香港督署書記官。 九年，改任粵海關副稅務司。 十一年，總稅務司李泰國奉令購戰艦，以赫德權代之，赴長江新開各口岸置新關。 同治二年，李泰國去職，赫德實授，徙駐上海。 三年，置台灣南北新關。 還駐京，加按察使銜。 八年，晉布政使銜，赴緣海各地度置鐙樓塔表。 光緒二年，佐定砲台條約。 十年，赴金陵與法使議越南案。 會巡船置鐙樓台灣洋，為法虜，乃遣駐英稅務司金登幹赴巴黎申理，乘機與議停戰草約，還。 未幾，其國授為清、韓駐使，不就。 逾年，賞花翎、雙龍二等第一寶星。
Hart, courtesy name Lubin, was from Belfast in Ireland. He came to China in 1854 as interpreter at the Ningbo consulate and was later transferred to Guangzhou. He also served as clerk in the office of the governor of Hong Kong. In 1859 he became deputy commissioner of the Canton Maritime Customs. In 1861 Inspector General Lay was ordered to purchase warships; Hart acted for him and established customs houses at the newly opened Yangtze ports. In 1863 Lay resigned and Hart was confirmed in the post, moving his headquarters to Shanghai. In 1864 new customs houses were set up in northern and southern Taiwan. He returned to Beijing and was given the rank of surveillance commissioner. In 1869 he was promoted to provincial administration commissioner and toured the coast to establish lighthouses and navigation marks. In 1876 he helped draft the Chefoo Convention provisions on forts. In 1884 he went to Nanjing to negotiate the Tonkin affair with the French minister. When a customs patrol boat erecting beacons off Taiwan was seized by France, he sent Commissioner Campbell to Paris to protest and negotiate a draft armistice. Britain soon offered him the post of minister to China and Korea, which he declined. The next year he received the peacock feather and the first-class Double Dragon Precious Star.
15
十二年，赴香港、澳門，條議洋藥稅釐並徵，並置關九龍、拱北。 十三年，葡使來華，與訂澳門草約。 十五年，藏兵寇哲孟雄，英兵乘勢闌入，赫德遣其弟稅務司赫政馳往，與駐藏大臣會籌劃界諸事。 十九年，賞三代一品封典。 二十五年，與德使籌置膠海新關。 明年，各國聯軍入京，贊襄和議，晉太子少保。 二十八年，召入覲，賜「福」字。 三十一年，與德使更議膠關章程，改行無稅區地法。 尋與日使籌置大連灣新關，徵榷一如膠海。 三十三年，東三省度地置關。 逾年，謝病歸，詔許之，加尚書銜。
In 1886 he went to Hong Kong and Macao to negotiate opium taxation and opened customs houses at Kowloon and Gongbei. In 1887 he negotiated a draft Macao treaty with the Portuguese minister. In 1889, when Tibetan troops raided Bhutan and British forces intervened, Hart sent his brother Commissioner Hart to Tibet to negotiate the boundary with the resident commissioner. In 1893 he received the privilege of ennobling three generations at the first rank. In 1899 he worked with the German minister to establish customs at Jiaozhou Bay. The following year, when the allied armies entered Beijing, he assisted in the peace talks and was made Junior Tutor of the Heir Apparent. In 1902 he was received in audience and granted the character Fu, "blessing." In 1905 he renegotiated the Jiaozhou customs regulations with Germany, adopting a duty-free zone. He soon negotiated the Dalian customs with Japan on the same terms as Jiaozhou. In 1907 he surveyed the northeast and established customs there. The next year he resigned on grounds of illness; the throne granted leave and gave him ministerial rank.
16
赫德官中國垂五十年，頗與士大夫往還。 嘗教其子習製藝文，擬應試，未許。 總署嘗擬請授總海防司，道員薛福成以其陰鷙專利，常內西人而外中國，上書鴻章力爭之，議始寢。 辛亥後，病卒，賜優恤。
Hart served in China for nearly fifty years and moved widely in scholarly and official circles. He once taught his son the examination essay in hope he might sit for the civil examinations, but the court would not allow it. The Zongli Yamen once proposed making him director general of coastal defense; Circuit Intendant Xue Fucheng, who regarded him as secretive, self-interested, and partial to the West against China, protested vigorously to Li Hongzhang and the plan was abandoned. After the 1911 revolution he died in office and received generous posthumous honors.
17
帛黎，法國人。 同治八年，來中國，充福州船政學校教員。 十二年，賞五品銜，予雙龍獎牌。 明年，調充江海關稅務幫辦，歷鎮江、北海、甌海、臨海、粵海諸關。 光緒十九年，晉三品銜，調北京，遷稅務司。 二十二年，朝議行郵政，以赫德兼領其事，帛黎實參治之。 凡都會、省城、通商口岸，漸次置局，命曰「大清郵政」。 尋徙拱北。 二十六年，還京。 明年，遷郵政總辦，晉二品銜。 置代辦局於蕪湖。 二十九年，河南、山東、山西、貴州復置副總局，自是內地城鄉村鎮，街郵遍設。 時尚未入萬國郵政公會，即已與日本及英屬印度、香港聯約試行。 三十年，賞雙龍三等第一寶星。 與法、德及英屬那達商定聯郵章程。 先後成郵政六百餘局，代辦四千二百餘所。 宣統三年，改隸郵傳部，設總局，尚書盛宣懷疏薦之，遂被命為總辦，郵局置官自此始。 越二年，乞病歸。 未幾，卒。
Brière was French. He came to China in 1869 as an instructor at the Foochow Naval College. In 1873 he received fifth rank and the Double Dragon medal. The following year he became assistant commissioner at Shanghai and served at Zhenjiang, Beihai, Wenzhou, Linhai, and Canton. In 1893 he was promoted to third rank, transferred to Beijing, and appointed customs commissioner. In 1896 the court decided to establish a postal service; Hart nominally headed it while Brière ran the operation. Post offices called the Great Qing Post were opened in every capital, provincial seat, and treaty port. He was soon transferred to Gongbei. In 1900 he returned to Beijing. The following year he became director general of the postal service with second rank. He set up an agency office at Wuhu. In 1903 sub-head offices opened in Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, and Guizhou, and rural post routes spread across the interior. Though not yet in the Universal Postal Union, China already had trial agreements with Japan, British India, and Hong Kong. In 1904 he received the third-class Double Dragon Precious Star. He concluded joint postal regulations with France, Germany, and British India. He established more than six hundred post offices and over four thousand two hundred agencies. In 1911 the service passed to the Ministry of Posts; Minister Sheng Xuanhuai recommended Brière as director general, and the post office first received a formal Chinese bureaucracy. Two years later he resigned for illness and returned home. He died soon after.
18
論曰：華爾、戈登先後領常勝軍，立功江、浙，世稱「洋將」，時傳其戰略。 日意格初亦參防戰，繼以船政著勞。 赫德久總稅務，兼司郵政，頗與聞交涉，號曰「客卿」，皆能不負所事。 茲數人者，受官職，易冠服，或原隸國籍。 食其祿者忠其事，實有足多，故並著於篇。
The commentators observe: Ward and Gordon led the Ever Victorious Army in turn, won fame in Jiangsu and Zhejiang as "foreign generals," and their tactics were widely discussed. Giquel first fought in the defense of the coast, then earned lasting credit at the naval dockyard. Hart long controlled the customs and postal service, took part in diplomacy, and was known as a "guest minister"; each served faithfully. These men accepted Chinese office, adopted Chinese dress, or had begun in foreign service. Those who draw a salary should be loyal to their charge; they deserved praise, and are therefore recorded together in this chapter.