Volume 447 Biographies 234: Ding Baozhen, Li Hanzhang, Yang Changjun, Zhang Shusheng younger brother: Shu Ping, Wei Rongguang, Liu Bingzhang, Chen Shijie, Tao Mo, Li Xingrui, Shi Nianzu

列傳二百三十四

Biography 234

丁寶楨李瀚章楊昌濬張樹聲弟樹屏衛榮光

Ding Baozhen, Li Hanzhang, Yang Changjun, Zhang Shusheng and his younger brother Shuping, and Wei Rongguang

劉秉璋陳士杰陶模李興銳史念祖

Liu Bingzhang, Chen Shijie, Tao Mo, Li Xingrui, and Shi Nianzu

丁寶楨，字稚璜，貴州平遠人。進士，選庶吉士。母喪里居，遵義楊隆喜反，斥家財募壯士八百捍鄉里，戰始不利，繼獲大勝。服闋，會苗、教蜂起，巡撫蔣霨遠奏留軍，特旨授編修，增募至四千人，復平越、獨山諸城。十年，除知岳州府，始罷遣所募兵。虧餉巨萬，乃陳五百金案上，語眾曰：「與諸君共事久，今庫饋詘，徒手歸，奈何？」眾泣曰：「公毀家紓難，我等敢他求乎？」遂去。越歲，調長沙。有客軍數千，以無主將譁變，立請大府貸發三萬，斬五人，事遂定。

Ding Baozhen, styled Zhihuang, came from Pingyuan in Guizhou. He became a jinshi and was chosen for the Hanlin Academy. During mourning for his mother he remained in his home district. When Yang Longxi of Zunyi rose in rebellion, he poured out his family fortune to raise eight hundred fighting men to defend the countryside. The campaign began badly but ended in a decisive victory. After his mourning ended, Miao and sectarian uprisings broke out across the region. Governor Jiang Haoyuan petitioned to keep his forces in the field, and an imperial order made him a compiler while he expanded his ranks to four thousand men and recaptured Pingyue, Dushan, and other towns. In the tenth year he was made prefect of Yuezhou and finally released the men he had raised. Pay was short by tens of thousands of taels. He laid five hundred taels of gold on the table and told the men, "We have served together a long time. The treasury cannot cover what is owed—how can you go home with nothing?" They wept and replied, "You have ruined your estate to save us—how could we ask for more?" Then they left. The next year he was posted to Changsha. Several thousand auxiliary troops mutinied when they had no commander. He at once borrowed thirty thousand taels from the provincial treasury, executed five ringleaders, and restored order.

而其誅安得海事尤著人口。安得海者，以奄人侍慈禧太后，頗用事。八年秋，乘樓船緣運河南下，旗繒殊異，稱有密遣。所過招納權賄，無敢發者。至泰安，寶楨先已入告，使騎捕而守之。安得海猶大言，謂：「汝輩自速辜耳！」傳送濟南，寶楨曰：「宦豎私出，非制。且大臣未聞有命，必詐無疑。」奏上，遂正法。河決鄆城侯家林，運道梗，河臣議次年興工，寶楨謂宜及水涸時，力疾請自任。水齧堤，植立不退，費半功倍。又塞銅瓦廂決口，駐賈莊。聞日本構釁，遂密陳海防計，請築山東煙台、威海、登州砲台，設濼口製造機器局，從之。

Yet it was his execution of An Dehai that people remembered best. An Dehai was a eunuch in attendance on Empress Dowager Cixi and had grown quite influential. In the autumn of the eighth year he sailed south on the Grand Canal in a tower boat, flying unusual banners and silks and claiming a secret imperial mission. Everywhere he went he extorted favors and bribes, and no one dared report him. At Tai'an, Baozhen had already alerted the authorities and sent cavalry to seize and hold him. An Dehai still blustered, "You are only bringing ruin on yourselves!" He was sent under guard to Jinan. Baozhen argued, "A palace eunuch traveling on his own violates the rules. Besides, no high minister has announced any order—this is certainly a fraud." The memorial went up, and An Dehai was executed. When the Yellow River broke through at Houjialin in Yancheng and blocked the grain route, river officials wanted to wait until the next year. Baozhen insisted the work should begin while the water was low and, though ill, pressed to take personal charge. As the flood chewed at the dikes he stood his ground and would not retreat, spending twice the effort for half the gain. He also closed the breach at Tongwaxiang and made his headquarters at Jiazhuang. When he heard Japan was stirring up trouble, he secretly proposed a coastal defense plan: fortify Yantai, Weihai, and Dengzhou in Shandong and establish a machine works at Luokou. The court agreed.

光緒二年，代吳棠署四川總督。至即嚴劾貪墨吏，澄肅官方，建機器局，修都江堤，裁夫馬以恤民，革陋規以卹吏。又改鹽法，官運商銷，置總局瀘州，其井灶分置廠局，鹽岸分置岸局，歲增帑金百餘萬。而猾商姦吏不便所為，爭中以蜚語，於是臺諫交章糾奏。寶楨已坐堤毀鐫秩矣，而言者復劾停機器局，褫監工成綿龍茂道丁士彬、灌縣令陸葆德職，而尤龂龂爭鹽務。上以川鹽有成效，勿為動。已而成都將軍恆訓覈覆堤工，亦摭及鹽運病商民、流弊大，寶楨抗辯。上慮寶楨惑浮言，敕勿易初念。尋予實授。寶楨彌自警勗，益興積穀，嚴督捕。治蜀凡十年，初蒞事時，郭內月有盜劫，至是誅匪幾盡，聲為道不拾遺。十一年，卒官，贈太子太保，諡文誠，予山東、四川、貴州建祠。

In the second year of Guangxu he succeeded Wu Tang as acting governor-general of Sichuan. As soon as he arrived he impeached corrupt officials, tightened discipline in the bureaucracy, founded a machine bureau, repaired the Dujiang dikes, cut corvée and transport levies to ease the people, and abolished abusive customs to protect officials. He reformed the salt trade as well: the government would transport and merchants would sell. He placed a central bureau at Luzhou, branch offices at the wells and pans, and shore offices along the routes, adding more than a million taels a year to the treasury. Crafty merchants and corrupt officials, unhappy with his reforms, spread rumors against him, and censors soon filed one memorial of impeachment after another. Baozhen had already been demoted for damage to the dikes, yet critics also attacked him for suspending the machine bureau and removed from office the supervisors Cheng Mianlong, Mao Dao Ding Shibin, and Magistrate Lu Baode of Guan County; the salt reforms drew the fiercest dispute of all. The throne judged the Sichuan salt reforms effective and told officials not to disturb them. Soon afterward General Heng Xun of Chengdu inspected the dikes and repeated charges that the salt transport hurt merchants and the people and bred grave abuses. Baozhen answered each point. The emperor worried Baozhen might be swayed by gossip and ordered him to hold to his original plan. He soon received the full appointment. Baozhen tightened his own discipline all the more, expanded grain reserves, and enforced policing rigorously. He governed Sichuan for ten years in all. When he arrived, robberies inside the city walls were a monthly occurrence; by the end bandits had been nearly wiped out, and people said no one would pick up what was dropped on the road. In the eleventh year he died in office. He was posthumously made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent with the temple name Wencheng, and memorial temples were authorized in Shandong, Sichuan, and Guizhou.

寶楨嚴剛有威。其初至山東也，僧格林沁方蹙捻淄川，頗貴倨，見司道官不設坐。寶楨投謁，告材官啟王，坐則見，否則罷，左右皆大驚。王服其強，為改容加禮。敬銘聞之，大稱異，至之日，親迓於郊。自是事無大小，皆諮寶楨而後行。至今言吏治者，常與沈葆楨並稱，尤勵清操。喪歸，僚屬集賻，始克成行雲。子五人，體常尤著名，官廣東布政使。

Baozhen was stern and carried real authority. When he first came to Shandong, Sengge Rinchen was tightening the siege on the Nian at Zichuan and carried himself with great pride; he received circuit and prefectural officials without offering them a seat. Baozhen paid a visit and told the attendant to inform the prince: if he is offered a seat, Baozhen will enter; if not, he will withdraw. Everyone around them was astonished. The prince admired his nerve, changed his manner, and treated him with proper respect. Jing Ming heard the story and was deeply impressed; when Baozhen arrived he went out to the suburbs himself to greet him. After that, nothing large or small was done until Baozhen had been consulted. Even now, when officials are praised for good governance, his name is often linked with Shen Baozhen's, and he was especially admired for his clean conduct. When his body was sent home, colleagues pooled funeral gifts before his family could afford the journey. He had five sons; Tichang was the most notable and rose to provincial treasurer of Guangdong.

李瀚章，字筱泉，安徽合肥人，大學士鴻章兄也。瀚章以拔貢生為知縣，銓湖南，署永定，調益陽，改善化。曾國籓出治軍，檄主餉運，累至江西吉南贛寧道，調廣東督糧道，就遷按察使、布政使。同治四年，擢湖南巡撫。時粵逆李世賢等聚福建，分犯贛南，窺兩楚，貴州苗匪、教匪又闌入楚界，而霆軍潰卒复竄湖、湘，三路告警。瀚章至，則遣前江蘇按察使陳士杰壁郴州防閩賊，前雲南按察使趙煥聯壁岳州防叛卒，閩賊旋引去。叛卒犯江西不得逞，則折入湘，犯攸縣，陷安仁、興寧、副將張義貴擊走之；士傑率軍會剿，遁入粵，卒就殲焉。先是瀚章遣總兵周洪印敗黔匪於邊界，又越境解銅仁圍，因奏言：「懸軍深入，兵家所忌，請敕新任貴州布政使兆琛緩赴任，專治軍事，與楚軍合。」從之。遂遣已革知府李元度進剿思南、石阡教匪，兆琛、洪印進剿清江、台拱苗匪，所向克捷。苗、教复蟻結，連竄晃州鳳凰廳，各軍躡擊，皆大破之，黔匪遂不敢窺楚境。自盜起，國籓及胡林翼治師不主畫疆自守。瀚章久習楚軍，既受任，即出境討賊，亦其風類也。

Li Hanzhang, styled Xiaoquan, came from Hefei in Anhui and was the elder brother of Grand Secretary Li Hongzhang. Hanzhang entered office as a county magistrate through the tribute-student route, was posted to Hunan, served at Yongding, then Yiyang, and finally Anhua. When Zeng Guofan raised an army, Hanzhang was ordered to manage supplies. He rose to circuit intendant for southern Jiangxi, became grain commissioner in Guangdong, and then provincial judge and treasurer. In the fourth year of Tongzhi he was made governor of Hunan. At the time Li Shixian and other Guangdong rebels massed in Fujian, raided southern Jiangxi, and threatened Hunan and Hubei; Miao and sectarian rebels from Guizhou crossed into Hunan as well; and routed soldiers from the Ting Army poured back into the two provinces—three fronts were in crisis at once. On arrival Hanzhang sent the former Jiangsu judge Chen Shijie to hold Chenzhou against the Fujian rebels and the former Yunnan judge Zhao Huanlian to hold Yuezhou against the mutineers. The Fujian force soon withdrew. Thwarted in Jiangxi, the mutineers swung into Hunan, struck You County, and took Anren and Xingning before Vice Commander Zhang Yigui drove them back; Shijie joined the pursuit, chased them into Guangdong, and they were finally destroyed. Earlier Hanzhang had sent Brigadier Zhou Hongyin to beat back Guizhou raiders on the border and crossed the border himself to lift the siege of Tongren. He then memorialized, "Driving a detached force deep into enemy territory is what strategists warn against. I ask that the newly appointed Guizhou treasurer Zhao Chen delay taking office and devote himself to military affairs, coordinating with the Hunan forces." The court agreed. He sent the dismissed prefect Li Yuandu against the sectarian rebels in Sinan and Shiqian, while Zhao Chen and Hongyin moved against the Miao at Qingjiang and Taigong. Every column met with success. The Miao and sectarians rallied again and slipped into Huangzhou and Fenghuang. Pursuing columns broke them everywhere, and Guizhou raiders no longer dared threaten Hunan's frontier. From the first uprisings, Zeng Guofan and Hu Linyi had refused to treat provincial borders as limits when campaigning. Hanzhang had long served in the Hunan army tradition; once appointed he too crossed provincial lines to fight rebels, in the same spirit.

六年，調撫江蘇。未至，署湖廣總督。七年，調浙江，再署湖廣總督，旋實授。光緒元年，調四川。明年，還督湖廣。瀚章性簡靜，更事久，習知民情偽，務與休息。其督湖廣最久，前後四至，皆與弟鴻章更迭受代，其母累年不移武昌官所，人以為榮。尋遭憂去官，家居六年，再起授漕運總督。未幾，移督兩廣。粵俗舊有闈姓捐，四成助餉，巡撫馬丕瑤議革之。會日本構釁，瀚章請循舊收繳備海防，時論大譁，遂以疾歸。又數年，卒，諡勤恪。子十人，經畬，翰林院侍講。

In the sixth year he was transferred to Jiangsu as governor. Before he could take up the Jiangsu post he was made acting governor-general of Huguang. In the seventh year he was posted to Zhejiang, served again as acting governor-general of Huguang, and soon received the full appointment. In the first year of Guangxu he was transferred to Sichuan. The next year he returned to govern Huguang. Hanzhang was plain and unassuming by nature. Long experience had taught him how people really lived, and he aimed above all to let the region recover. He governed Huguang longer than anywhere else, serving there four times in all, each stint alternating with his brother Hongzhang. Their mother kept the family residence at Wuchang for years without moving, which people took as a mark of honor. He soon left office to mourn a parent and stayed home six years before being recalled as grain transport commissioner. Shortly afterward he was made governor-general of Guangdong and Guangxi. Guangdong had long levied a surname tax tied to the civil examinations, with forty percent earmarked for military funds. Governor Ma Peiyao proposed abolishing it. When Japan began provoking trouble, Hanzhang asked to keep collecting the old levy for coastal defense. Public outrage was fierce, and he retired on grounds of illness. A few years later he died and was given the posthumous title Qinke. He had ten sons; Jingshe became a Hanlin lecturer.

楊昌濬，字石泉，湖南湘鄉人。粵寇亂，以諸生從羅澤南治團練，出援湖北，連复廣濟、黃梅，敘訓導。從征贛、皖，戰楓樹嶺，下德興，戰高沙，下婺源，頻有功，遷知縣。同治元年，從左宗棠入浙，規江山，與劉典、劉璈分三路攻石門，破寇卡數重。進取花園港，縱火燔其棚，會天雨，止。其秋，規龍遊，昌濬禦寇蓮塘，破之；又敗之孟塘，寇逸。李世賢聞警，遣悍黨赴救，中路寇方攻劉培元營，昌濬自山下擊，寇大潰，遷知衢州府。明年，師偪龍遊城南，築三壘。寇夜奔，昌濬躡之湯溪。城拔，授糧儲道。與蔣益澧合兵萬三千戰餘杭城西北，寇益浚壕樹壘拒師。昌濬攻北門，寇出戰，會諸軍擊之，寇卻，昌濬連夷五卡。次日，攻林清塘，去城北十里，汪海洋老巢也，昌濬覘寇壘阻水，慮日暮為寇乘，乃退師。又明年，規武康，復其城。進略湖州，寇竄泗安、梅溪，昌濬自簰頭進桐嶺扼之，北攻安吉，追寇至孝豐，遇湖州敗寇，復與璈合攻之，降者七千餘人，輒解散。浙西平，遷鹽運使，累擢布政使。

Yang Changjun, styled Shiquan, came from Xiangxiang in Hunan. When the Taiping rebellion spread, he joined Luo Zinan as a student to organize local militia, marched into Hubei, and recaptured Guangji and Huangmei in succession, earning appointment as director of studies. He campaigned in Jiangxi and Anhui, fought at Fengshuling and took Dexing, fought at Gaosha and took Wuyuan, won repeated distinction, and was promoted to county magistrate. In the first year of Tongzhi he followed Zuo Zongtang into Zhejiang to besiege Jiangshan. With Liu Dian and Liu Ao he split into three columns against Shimen and stormed several rebel stockades. Advancing on Huayuangang, he set fire to the rebel shelters, but rain fell and the attack had to stop. That autumn, while investing Longyou, Changjun met the rebels at Liantang and routed them; he beat them again at Mengtang, and the rebels fled. Li Shixian sent elite troops to relieve the city. While rebels in the center were assaulting Liu Peiyuan's camp, Changjun attacked downhill and broke them completely. He was then made prefect of Quzhou. The next year the army pressed the south wall of Longyou and built three fortified camps. The rebels fled by night, and Changjun pursued them to Tangxi. After the city fell he was made grain storage commissioner. With Jiang Yili he united thirteen thousand men and fought northwest of Yuhang. The rebels deepened the moats and threw up stockades to hold the army back. Changjun assaulted the north gate. When the rebels sallied out, allied columns joined the fight and drove them back. Changjun then took five stockades in a row. The next day he attacked Linqingtang, ten li north of the city and Wang Haiyang's old headquarters. Seeing the rebel camps cut off by water and fearing a night counterattack, he pulled his troops back. The following year he besieged Wukang and recovered the city. Pressing toward Huzhou, he found rebels slipping toward Si'an and Meixi. Changjun moved from Paitou to hold Tongling, struck north toward Anji, and pursued the enemy to Xiaofeng. There he met routed rebels from Huzhou, joined Liu Ao in a combined attack, and accepted the surrender of more than seven thousand men, whom he immediately disbanded. When western Zhejiang was pacified he became salt commissioner and rose step by step to provincial treasurer.

九年，除巡撫。巡視鎮海海口，條具見聞，陳大恉，謂宜師敵伎，練勁旅，修築砲台，上嘉納之。是時朝廷方銳意求治，詔舉賢才，昌濬以糧道如山四人應，力荐甘肅知縣陶模才器遠大，卒如所言。坐餘杭葛畢氏案褫職。光緒四年，起佐新疆軍事。數遷至漕運總督。十年，法人擾海疆，朝旨以閩事亟，命宗棠為欽差大臣，主軍務，昌濬與穆圖善佐之，張佩綸則會辦也。閩浙總督何璟自以不諳兵事，請解職，遂命昌濬代之。昌濬未至軍，而佩綸已遁，事下宗棠、昌濬。覆奏入，上責其袒護，移督陝甘，加太子太保。

In the ninth year he was made governor. He inspected the harbor at Zhenhai and submitted a detailed report urging the court to study enemy methods, train elite troops, and build coastal batteries. The emperor approved his recommendations warmly. The court was then eager for reform and called for recommendations of talent. Changjun nominated four officials, including grain commissioner Rushan, and strongly recommended Tao Mo, magistrate in Gansu, for exceptional ability. Events later proved him right. He lost his post over the Ge and Bi clans case in Yuhang. In the fourth year of Guangxu he was recalled to assist military operations in Xinjiang. After several promotions he became grain transport commissioner. In the tenth year the French threatened the coast. With Fujian in crisis, the court made Zuo Zongtang imperial commissioner in charge of military affairs, with Changjun and Mutushan as his deputies and Zhang Peilun as joint coordinator. Governor-General He Jing of Fujian and Zhejiang, admitting he knew little of military affairs, asked to step down, and Changjun was appointed in his place. Changjun had not yet reached the front when Zhang Peilun had already fled. The case was referred to Zuo Zongtang and Changjun for investigation. When his reply reached the throne, the emperor blamed him for favoritism, moved him to the Shaanxi-Gansu post, and made him Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

昌濬性和巽，而務為姑息。督甘日，左右通回匪，莫能製，槍械反資寇，遂釀成湟中河、狄亂。昌濬檄各路募土勇助戰守，電令提督雷正綰往河州鎮懾，張永清往西寧策應，蘇員嶼往巴燕戎甘、都堂駐防，並具起事顛末以上。事聞，嚴旨責其庸瞶，乃罷官。二十三年，卒，釋處分。嗣以魏光燾請，予甘肅建祠。

Changjun was mild by nature and inclined toward leniency. As governor of Gansu his staff colluded with Muslim rebels beyond his control. Arms meant for the government instead reached the bandits, helping spark the uprisings in Huangzhong, He, and Di. Changjun called on every district to raise local militia, wired Brigadier Lei Zhengwan to Hezhou to overawe the rebels, Zhang Yongqing toward Xining in support, and Su Yuanyu toward Bayan while he himself held the capital region. He also sent up a full account of how the revolt began. When word reached the court, an imperial reprimand condemned his incompetence and he was removed from office. He died in the twenty-third year, and the penalties against him were set aside. Later, at Wei Guangtao's request, a memorial temple was authorized in Gansu.

張樹聲，字振軒，安徽合肥人。粵寇擾皖北，以禀生與其弟樹珊、樹屏治團殺賊。复越境出擊，連下含山、六安、英山、霍山、潛山、無為；而太湖一役，以五百人陷陣，擊退陳玉成眾數万，功尤盛，复力行堅壁清野法。其時劉銘傳、周盛波、潘鼎新輩皆相繼築堡，聯爲一氣，皖北破碎，獨合肥西鄉差全。曾國籓檄守蕪湖，調無為，遷知府。同治元年，從李鴻章援上海。鴻章立淮軍，與銘傳等分領其眾，從克江陰，晉道員。鴻章親視婁門程學啟軍，遣樹聲援蕩口，破謝家橋，逐北至齊門，又敗之黃埭，學啟遂偪城而軍，於是婁門寇道始絕。二年，攻無錫、金匱，擊寇芙蓉山，大破之，奪獲戰艦器械不可稱計，賜號卓勇巴圖魯，予三品服。樹聲乘勝趨常州。逾歲，攻河乾二十餘營，盡破之。城拔，進复浙江湖州，詔以按察使記名。四年，署江蘇徐海道。尋授直隸按察使，赴大名督防務。

Zhang Shusheng, styled Zhenxuan, came from Hefei in Anhui. When rebels from the south ravaged northern Anhui, he and his brothers Shushan and Shuping, though only students submitting petitions, organized local militia to fight them. He crossed provincial lines to attack and in succession took Hanshan, Lu'an, Yingshan, Huoshan, Qianshan, and Wuwei; At Taihu he led five hundred men into the thick of battle and repulsed Chen Yucheng's army of tens of thousands, his greatest feat of all. He also enforced the fortified-village and scorched-earth policy with vigor. Liu Mingchuan, Zhou Shengbo, Pan Dingxin, and others built fortified villages in turn until their lines formed a single network. Northern Anhui lay in ruins, but the western townships around Hefei alone stayed largely intact. Zeng Guofan ordered him to hold Wuhu, then Wuwei, and promoted him to prefect. In the first year of Tongzhi he followed Li Hongzhang to relieve Shanghai. Hongzhang formed the Huai Army and shared command with Mingchuan and others. Shusheng helped take Jiangyin and was promoted to circuit intendant. Hongzhang inspected Cheng Xueqi's army at Loumen and sent Shusheng to support Dangkou. Shusheng broke Xiejiaqiao, drove the enemy north to Qimen, and beat them again at Huangdai. Xueqi then pressed the city, and the rebel route through Loumen was finally severed. In the second year he attacked Wuxi and Jingui, routed the rebels at Furongshan, and seized warships and arms beyond count. He received the title Zhuoyong Batulu and third-rank dress. Shusheng pressed on toward Changzhou. A year later he stormed more than twenty camps along the river and destroyed them all. After the city fell he recovered Huzhou in Zhejiang and was marked for appointment as provincial judge. In the fourth year he served as acting Xuhai circuit intendant in Jiangsu. He was soon made provincial judge of Zhili and went to Daming to supervise frontier defense.

九年，調補山西。越二年，擢漕運總督，署江蘇巡撫，十三年，實授。遭繼母憂，歸。光緒三年，起授貴州巡撫。適廣東總兵李揚才據靈山，構匪擾越南，朝旨調樹聲撫廣西治之。事寧，擢總督，先後剿平西林苗匪、武宣積匪。八年，鴻章喪母歸葬，樹聲攝直督任。值朝鮮亂作，日使花房義質將兵五百入王京，迫朝議約，樹聲飛檄吳長慶等赴之，遂成約，尋盟而還。於是長慶等宵攻亂黨，悉殲其渠，亂乃定，樹聲奏令長慶暫戍朝，上嘉其能，加太子少保。明年，還督兩廣。會法越構兵，即以法人侵逼狀上聞。逮北寧陷，自請解總督職專治軍，報可。复坐按事不實，革職留任。未幾，病卒，諡靖達，予直隸、江蘇及本籍建祠。樹珊自有傳。

In the ninth year he was transferred to Shanxi. Two years later he became grain transport commissioner and acting governor of Jiangsu, receiving the full Jiangsu appointment in the thirteenth year. He left office to mourn his stepmother and returned home. In the third year of Guangxu he was recalled as governor of Guizhou. Just then Brigadier Li Yangcai of Guangdong held Lingshan and used bandits to stir trouble in Vietnam. The court transferred Shusheng to Guangxi to handle the crisis. When order was restored he became governor-general and in turn pacified Miao rebels in Xilin and entrenched bandits in Wuxuan. In the eighth year Hongzhang went home to bury his mother, and Shusheng served as acting governor-general of Zhili. When Korea fell into turmoil, Japanese minister Hanabusa Yoshimichi marched five hundred troops into the capital and forced a treaty on the court. Shusheng urgently sent Wu Changqing and others, a treaty was signed, and the forces withdrew after exchanging pledges. Changqing then attacked the rebels by night and killed their leaders, ending the crisis. Shusheng asked that Changqing remain in Korea for a time. The emperor praised his handling of the affair and made him Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. The next year he returned to govern Guangdong and Guangxi. When France and Vietnam went to war, he immediately reported the French advance to the court. After Bac Ninh fell he asked to give up the governorship and command the army full time. The court agreed. He was later punished for mishandling an investigation, demoted in rank but kept in post. He soon died of illness and received the posthumous title Jingda. Memorial temples were authorized in Zhili, Jiangsu, and his home district. Shushan has a separate biography.

樹屏，以收復江蘇各州縣，積勳至副將。從征捻，駐周家口，戰數捷。捻平，擢提督，賜號額騰額巴圖魯。赴晉防河。光緒二年，徙守河曲、保德。會皖軍赴援烏魯木齊，甘肅流賊曹洪照竄後山，樹屏適奉檄詣省，聞警，乘大雪追擊之。事定，賜頭品服，授太原鎮總兵。移防包頭，調大同。十三年，乞休。既歿，鴻章狀其績以上，予優恤，太原建祠。

Shuping rose to vice commander on merit earned recovering Jiangsu's prefectures and counties. Campaigning against the Nian, he was posted at Zhoujiakou and won several battles. After the Nian were suppressed he became provincial commander-in-chief and received the title Etengge Batulu. He went to Shanxi to defend the Yellow River frontier. In the second year of Guangxu he was posted to Hequ and Baode. When Anhui troops marched to relieve Urumqi, the Gansu bandit Cao Hongzhao slipped into the hills behind the lines. Shuping was on his way to the capital when he heard the alarm and pursued through heavy snow. After order was restored he received first-rank dress and command of the Taiyuan garrison. He was posted to Baotou, then transferred to Datong. In the thirteenth year he asked to retire. After his death Hongzhang memorialized his achievements. The court granted generous posthumous honors and authorized a temple at Taiyuan.

衛榮光，字靜瀾，河南新鄉人。咸豐二年進士，選庶吉士，授編修。九年，湖北巡撫胡林翼奏調赴軍，隨荊州將軍多隆阿攻剿黃州各郡，轉戰入安徽，平賊壘百餘，克太湖、潛山。捷入，以侍講待簡。林翼督師勦賊，榮光從，常以少擊眾。林翼卒，乃還京供職。道經新鄉，適山東竄匪入境，遂與知縣丁士選集團捍衛。同治元年，入都，補翰林院侍講。明年，擢侍講學士，疏陳剿匪、防河事宜。是年授濟東泰武臨道，署山東鹽運使、按察使。四年，捻首賴文光、張總愚竄山東，巡撫閻敬銘奏委榮光督辦河防。榮光以賊無現糧，利速戰，堅諭各軍嚴守困賊。賊乘夜偷渡，榮光燃砲擊之，諸軍繼進，賊大敗。六年，卸運使任，仍兼署按察使。時賊勢復振，巡撫丁寶楨督師出境，省城兵單餉竭。榮光募民團助守，賊屢逼城下，卒不能犯。旋以父憂歸。

Wei Rongguang, styled Jinglan, came from Xinxiang in Henan. He became a jinshi in the second year of Xianfeng, entered the Hanlin Academy, and was made a compiler. In the ninth year Governor Hu Linyi of Hubei had him transferred to the field. With General Dolonga of Jingzhou he campaigned through Huangzhou into Anhui, destroyed more than a hundred rebel strongpoints, and took Taihu and Qianshan. When victory was reported he was marked for appointment as Hanlin expositor. When Linyi commanded the suppression campaigns, Rongguang followed him and often beat larger forces with smaller ones. After Linyi died he returned to the capital to resume court duties. Passing through his home district of Xinxiang, he found bandits fleeing from Shandong crossing the border. He joined Magistrate Ding Shixuan in raising militia to defend the area. In the first year of Tongzhi he reached the capital and was appointed Hanlin lecturer. The next year he became Hanlin academician and memorialized on bandit suppression and river defense. That year he became circuit intendant for eastern Shandong and acted as salt commissioner and provincial judge. In the fourth year Nian leaders Lai Wenguang and Zhang Zongyu slipped into Shandong. Governor Yan Jingming put Rongguang in charge of river defense. Rongguang reasoned that the rebels had little grain on hand and would want a quick fight, and he ordered every unit to hold firm and starve them out. When the rebels tried a night crossing, Rongguang opened fire with artillery. Allied columns joined the attack and broke them completely. In the sixth year he left the salt post but continued to act as provincial judge. The rebels rallied again while Governor Ding Baozhen led the army beyond the province, leaving the capital thinly garrisoned and nearly out of funds. Rongguang raised local militia to help defend the city. The rebels pressed the walls several times but never broke through. He soon left to mourn his father.

十二年，起江安糧道，署按察使。光緒元年，授安徽按察使，遷浙江布政使，護理巡撫。母憂歸，服闋，授山西巡撫。八年，調江蘇。台灣道劉璈被重劾，詔刑部尚書錫珍往按，復命榮光赴台會鞫。榮光言：「璈總營務，開支浮冒，罪當死；然其治事疏節闊目，政頗便民，故台地番民至今有屍祝者。請從寬典。」其持法嚴而能恕皆此類。十二年，調浙江巡撫，再調山西。以疾乞休。十六年，卒於家。

In the twelfth year he was recalled as Jiang'an grain commissioner and acting provincial judge. In the first year of Guangxu he became provincial judge of Anhui, then treasurer of Zhejiang, acting as governor. He went home to mourn his mother, and after the mourning period became governor of Shanxi. In the eighth year he was transferred to Jiangsu. When Taiwan intendant Liu Ao faced serious impeachment, the court sent Minister of Justice Xi Zhen to investigate and ordered Rongguang to join the inquiry in Taiwan. Rongguang argued, "Liu Ao oversaw military affairs and his accounts were grossly inflated—a capital offense; yet he governed with a broad hand and policies that genuinely helped the people. Even now some indigenous people in Taiwan still offer sacrifice in his name. I ask that the court show mercy. His severity in law paired with willingness to forgive was typical of his conduct. In the twelfth year he was made governor of Zhejiang, then transferred again to Shanxi. He retired on grounds of illness. He died at home in the sixteenth year.

劉秉璋，字仲良，安徽廬江人。參欽差張芾軍，敘知縣。咸豐十年，成進士，選庶吉士，授編修。同治元年，李鴻章治兵上海，調赴營。洋將戈登所練常勝軍故駐滬，滋驕。淮軍初至，服陋械絀，西弁或侮笑之。秉璋語眾曰：「此不足病也，顧吾曹能戰否耳。」明年，從克常熟、太倉。鴻章使別募一軍圖嘉善分寇勢，遂提兵五千赴難，克楓涇、西塘，遷侍講。進攻張涇匯，約水師夾擊，彈丸貫胯下，不少卻，卒克之。規平湖，其酋陳殿選降，於是乍浦、海鹽、澉浦皆反正。又明年，與程學啟攻嘉興，秉璋入東門燔藥庫，寇駴亂，眾軍乘之，城拔。進取湖州，攻吳漊、南潯，所向摧靡。浙西平，賜號振勇巴圖魯。歷遷侍講學士。

Liu Bingzhang, styled Zhongliang, came from Lujiang in Anhui. He served in Imperial Commissioner Zhang Fu's army and was rewarded with appointment as county magistrate. In the tenth year of Xianfeng he became a jinshi, entered the Hanlin Academy, and was made a compiler. In the first year of Tongzhi, when Li Hongzhang was raising troops at Shanghai, he was transferred to the front. Gordon's Ever-Victorious Army had long been stationed in Shanghai and had grown arrogant. When the Huai Army first arrived, their uniforms were shabby and their arms poor, and some Western officers laughed at them. Bingzhang told his men, "That is nothing to worry about. What matters is whether we can fight." The next year he helped take Changshu and Taicang. Hongzhang had him raise a separate force to threaten Jiashan and split the rebel front. He led five thousand men into action, took Fengjing and Xitang, and was promoted to Hanlin expositor. Attacking Zhangjinghui, he coordinated with the navy in a pincer. A bullet passed through his groin, but he did not retreat and finally took the position. Besieging Pinghu, he accepted the surrender of rebel leader Chen Dianxuan, and Zha Pu, Haiyan, and Ganpu all returned to the government side. The following year he and Cheng Xueqi attacked Jiaxing. Bingzhang entered the east gate and set fire to the powder magazine. The rebels panicked, the allied columns pressed in, and the city fell. Pressing toward Huzhou, he attacked Wulian and Nanxun and swept all before him. When western Zhejiang was pacified he received the title Zhenyong Batulu. He rose step by step to Hanlin academician.

四年，授江蘇按察使，從曾國籓討捻。時捻騎飆疾，國籓與鴻章皆主圈制策，秉璋力讚之，破捻豐、沛、宿遷南，追至倉家集，捻大潰。又敗之淮南，長驅蒙城，捻西走，自此捻分東、西。國籓令秉璋軍豫西，專剿東捻，與提督劉鼎勳俱。其冬，追入鄂。六年，除山西布政使。未上，捻自孝感小河溪竄河口鎮，與鼎勳軍追之，勳軍前鋒遇伏，總兵張遵道戰死，勢益熾，秉璋橫截之，始奔豫。七年，鴻章代國籓督師，議扼運蹙捻海隅。秉璋駐運西，捻撲濰河，將自沂、莒窺江淮。秉璋亟渡河詣桃源，會浙軍扼清江。亡何，賴酋率殘騎數千至，追破之淮城。事寧，被賞賚。父憂歸。服闋，起江西布政使。

In the fourth year he became provincial judge of Jiangsu and joined Zeng Guofan against the Nian. The Nian cavalry were lightning-fast. Guofan and Hongzhang both favored encirclement, and Bingzhang strongly agreed. He broke the Nian south of Feng, Pei, and Suqian, pursued them to Cangjiaji, and routed them completely. He beat them again in Huainan, drove deep to Mengcheng, and sent the Nian fleeing west—the moment when the movement split into eastern and western wings. Guofan sent Bingzhang into western Henan with Provincial Commander Liu Dingxun to hunt the eastern Nian. That winter he pursued them into Hubei. In the sixth year he was made provincial treasurer of Shanxi. Before he could take office, the Nian slipped from Xiaohexi in Xiaogan to Hekou. Pursuing with Dingxun's force, he found Dingxun's vanguard ambushed and Brigadier Zhang Zundao killed. The rebels surged forward until Bingzhang cut across their path and drove them back toward Henan. In the seventh year Hongzhang replaced Guofan as commander and proposed pinning the Nian against the coast by blocking the Grand Canal. Bingzhang held the west bank of the canal while the Nian struck the Wei River, threatening to break through Yi and Ju toward the Jianghuai heartland. Bingzhang hurried across the river toward Taoyuan, only to find the Zhejiang army already holding Qingjiang. Soon after, the Lai chieftain arrived with several thousand remnant cavalry; Bingzhang pursued and routed them at Huai city. When the campaign ended, he was rewarded. He went home to mourn his father. After mourning he was appointed provincial treasurer of Jiangxi.

光緒元年，擢巡撫。以母老再乞終養。六年，遭喪。至九年，再起撫浙。會法越構釁，緣海戒嚴，秉璋躬履鎮海，令緣岸築長牆，置地雷，悉所有兵輪五艘，輔以紅單師船，據險設防。十一年，法艦入蛟門，令守備吳杰轟拒之，傷其三艘。越數日，復入虎蹲山北，再敗之，法將迷祿中砲死。然猶浮小舟潛窺南岸，復令總兵錢玉興隱卒清泉嶺下突擊之，敵兵多赴水死。

In the first year of Guangxu (1875) he was promoted to governor. His mother being advanced in years, he again asked leave to retire and support her for life. In the sixth year he went into mourning. In the ninth year he was recalled to serve as governor of Zhejiang. War with France in Vietnam broke out, and the coast was put on alert. Bingzhang went personally to Zhenhai, ordered long walls built along the shore and land mines planted, deployed all five gunboats at his disposal, reinforced them with red-boat merchant vessels, and fortified every strategic point. In the eleventh year French warships entered Jiaomen. He ordered Garrison Commander Wu Jie to repel them with artillery and three of their ships were damaged. Days later the French returned north of Hudun Mountain and were beaten again; the French general Mire was killed by cannon fire. They still sent small boats to reconnoiter the south bank in secret. Bingzhang again ordered Brigadier Qian Yuxing to ambush them from Qingquan Ridge; many of the enemy drowned trying to escape.

逾歲，擢四川總督。川境窵遠，外接番、夷，內叢姦宄。秉璋曰：「盜賊蠻夷，何代蔑有？以重兵臨之，幸而勝，不為武；不幸而不勝，餉械轉資寇，是真不可為矣。」故督蜀八年，歷平萬縣、茂州、川北、秀山土寇，其大小涼山、拉布浪、瞻對各夷畔服靡恆，則用趙營平屯田法，數月間皆慴伏，加太子少保。御史鍾德祥劾提督錢玉興及道員葉毓榮不職狀，事下湖北巡撫譚繼洵，廉得實，秉璋坐濫舉罪罷。

A year later he was appointed governor-general of Sichuan. Sichuan's territory was vast and remote, bordered on the outside by frontier tribes and on the inside by clusters of outlaws. Bingzhang said, "Bandits and frontier tribes—what dynasty has ever been without them? To crush them with overwhelming force and, if you are lucky, win—that is not real strength; and if you lose, your supplies and arms only feed the enemy—that is what truly must not be done." Accordingly, during eight years as governor of Sichuan he pacified local bandits in Wan County, Maozhou, northern Sichuan, and Xiushan. For the tribes of Greater and Lesser Liangshan, Labulang, and Zhandui, whose loyalty shifted constantly between rebellion and submission, he applied Zhao Yingping's frontier colonization method; within months all were subdued. He was made Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent. Censor Zhong Dexiang impeached Brigadier Qian Yuxing and Circuit Intendant Ye Yurong for neglect of duty. The case was referred to Hubei Governor Tan Jixun, who confirmed it. Bingzhang was dismissed for having recommended them improperly.

初，丁寶楨督蜀，稱弊絕風清。秉璋承其後，難為繼，故世多病之。未受代而民教相閧，重慶先有教案，秉璋初至，捕教民羅元義、亂民石匯等寘之法。至是各屬繼起，教堂被毀者數十，教士忿，牒總署，指名奪秉璋職。朝廷不獲已，許之，秉璋遂歸。三十一年，卒。總督周馥及蘇紳惲彥彬等先後上其功，复官，予優恤，建祠。

Earlier, when Ding Baozhen governed Sichuan, the province was praised as utterly free of corruption. Bingzhang followed him and could not match his record, so contemporaries often criticized him. Before his successor could take over, clashes between locals and missionaries broke out. Chongqing had already seen a missionary incident, and when Bingzhang first arrived he arrested the Christian convert Luo Yuanyi, the rioter Shi Hui, and others and had them executed. Then similar outbreaks spread through the subordinate districts; dozens of churches were destroyed. The missionaries, furious, petitioned the legation and demanded Bingzhang's removal by name. The court, unable to refuse, agreed, and Bingzhang went home. In the thirty-first year he died. Governor-General Zhou Fu and Jiangsu gentry such as Yun Yanbin successively memorialized the throne on his behalf. His rank was restored, generous posthumous honors were granted, and a shrine was erected.

陳士杰，字俊丞，湖南桂陽州人。以拔貢考取小京官，銓戶部，與閻敬銘同曹司，並以戇樸稱。遭父憂，歸。值粵寇亂，土匪竊發，集團勇得百餘人，平之。俄白水奸民陷永桂，新田告急，眾議拒之。士傑曰：「援新田乃所以自保也！」越境擊卻之。曾國籓治軍衡州，闢參戎幕。鮑超時為小校，坐法當斬，力請釋之。從援湖北，壁岳州城外，王珍軍次蒲圻，違國籓誡，敗退，入空城死守，國籓憤甚，將士莫敢為言，士傑獨請赴救，弗應，固請之，曰：「救之如何？」曰：「寇無戰船，宜遣水師傍岸舉砲為聲援。」珍因獲免於難，厥後鮑、王並為名將。

Chen Shijie, styled Juncheng, came from Guiyang Prefecture in Hunan. Selected as a tribute student, he passed the examination for minor capital posts and was assigned to the Board of Revenue, where he served alongside Yan Jingming; both were known for blunt honesty. He went home to mourn his father. During the Taiping rebellion local bandits broke out; he raised a militia of more than a hundred men and put them down. Soon ruffians from Baishui overran Yonggui. Xintian sent urgent appeals for aid, but the local leaders debated whether to refuse. Shijie said, "Helping Xintian is how we protect ourselves!" He crossed the border, attacked, and drove them off. When Zeng Guofan mustered troops at Hengzhou, Shijie was invited to join his staff. Bao Chao was then a junior officer condemned to death for a military offense; Shijie pleaded forcefully for his release. On the Hubei relief campaign they encamped outside Yuezhou. Wang Zhen's force, stationed at Puqi, defied Guofan's orders, was beaten back, and shut itself in an empty town to make a last stand. Guofan was furious; no officer dared speak for Wang, but Shijie alone asked to go to his rescue. Guofan refused until Shijie pressed again, and Guofan asked, "Then how would you save him?" Shijie replied, "The rebels have no war junks. Send the river force along the bank to fire cannon in support." Wang Zhen was saved. Later both Bao and Wang became celebrated generals.

岳州既敗，寇遂略湘陰，陸走寧鄉，水斷靖港，進陷湘潭據之。國籓水師頓湘川，去寧鄉、靖港皆數十里。或請守省城，或請絕津迳奪寇艎，議未決。士傑謂宜援湘潭，即不利，猶得保衡、永，圖再舉。國籓如其言，果大捷。論功，遷主事。尋歸省，復出佐糧運。咸豐五年，永、桂土匪起，聞亂，單舸溯江歸，專治團練。亡何，連州匪構嶺南北奸民，眾十萬，陷郴州。與珍會師擊之，復其城，遂以南防屬之。留州賦充餉，改團為營，號廣武軍。

After Yuezhou fell, the rebels overran Xiangyin, marched overland toward Ningxiang, blocked Jinggang by river, and advanced to seize Xiangtan. Guofan's river force lay idle at Xiangchuan, dozens of li from both Ningxiang and Jinggang. Some urged defending the provincial capital; others proposed cutting the river route and seizing the rebel junks. No decision was reached. Shijie argued they should relieve Xiangtan: even if the attempt failed, they could still hold Hengzhou and Yongzhou and regroup. Guofan took his advice and won a great victory. For his service he was promoted to secretary. He soon went home on leave, then returned to assist with grain transport. In the fifth year of Xianfeng bandits broke out in Yongzhou and Guiyang. Hearing of the trouble, he sailed upriver alone and devoted himself to organizing local militia. Soon Lianzhou rebels joined with ruffians north and south of the Nanling ranges; their force swelled to a hundred thousand and they took Chenzhou. He joined Wang Zhen, drove the rebels out, and recovered the city, then put him in charge of the southern defense. He kept the prefecture's tax revenues for supplies, converted the militia into regular battalions, and called the force the Guangwu Army.

永、郴、桂陽邊地千里，廣武當其衝，數挫寇鋒，而以捍石達開功為盛。達開故黠猾，麾下號百萬，分七部，能檢勒之使毋擾。九年春，自贛而西，至桂陽，穿城北走。時廣武軍軍花園砦，有橋跨鍾水，曰鬥下渡，其南兩山相崟，一迳中達，東西北皆環水。士傑遣一裨將領百人扼橋，寇夜至，大驚，不敢前。後來者欲退則隘塞，欲旁出則無路。平明，士傑率師轟擊之，自相蹈藉，墜死無算。是役也，士傑以數百人敗寇數十萬眾，達開襲省之計卒無所施，上嘉之，擢知府。嗣錄援藍山、嘉禾、寧遠功，晉道員。

Across a thousand li of borderland in Yongzhou, Chenzhou, and Guiyang, the Guangwu Army stood in the path of invasion, repeatedly blunting rebel attacks; its greatest fame came from holding back Shi Dakai. Dakai was famously cunning; his followers were said to number a million in seven divisions, yet he could restrain them from looting. In the spring of the ninth year he marched west from Jiangxi to Guiyang and passed north of the city. The Guangwu Army was then encamped at Huayuan Stockade. A bridge crossed the Zhong River at Douxia Ford; south of it two mountains rose steeply on either side of a single path, while water ringed the position on the east, west, and north. Shijie sent a lieutenant with a hundred men to hold the bridge. The rebels arrived at night, were thrown into panic, and dared not advance. Those behind wanted to retreat but the pass was jammed; they tried to break out to the sides but found no escape. At daybreak Shijie opened fire with his main force. The rebels trampled one another in the crush; countless men fell to their deaths. In this battle Shijie with a few hundred men routed a rebel host said to number in the tens of thousands, foiling Dakai's plan to strike the provincial capital. The throne praised him and promoted him to prefect. His service in relieving Lanshan, Jiahe, and Ningyuan was later recognized, and he was promoted to circuit intendant.

同治元年，三吳軍事棘，以國籓薦，超授江蘇按察使。士傑慮石黨往來郴、永貽母憂，乞終養，以防遏上游為己任，數卻寇。四年，論功，加布政使銜。時江南既定，而霆軍所降寇复叛，自湖北金田入郴，數千里無與逆戰者。士傑要擊之，寇大潰，賜號剛勇巴圖魯。十年，母喪，服闋，除山東按察使。光緒元年，到官，多所平反。晉福建布政使。未上，會巡撫文格被劾，詞連士傑，罷免。尋以台灣軍務，命署福建按察使。六年，遷布政使。明年，擢撫浙江。巡海口，增築鎮海笠山港及定海乍浦砲台。八年，移山東，緣海設防。吳大澂會辦北洋防務，至登州、煙台，見廣武軍壁壘，頗採其法而增損之，奏請頒行各海口。而忌者中以蜚語，至劾其海防草率，事下尚書延煦、左都御史祁世長，得白。海防軍罷，而士傑亦病矣，數請乞休，始允。十八年，卒於家，予省城及本籍建祠。

In the first year of Tongzhi the war in the lower Yangzi region was desperate. On Guofan's recommendation he was appointed Jiangsu judicial commissioner out of turn. Shijie feared that Shi's forces moving between Chenzhou and Yongzhou would worry his mother, so he asked leave to retire and care for her, making it his duty to hold the upper reaches and repeatedly driving the rebels back. In the fourth year he was granted the rank of provincial treasurer for his service. The lower Yangzi had been pacified, but rebels surrendered by the Ting Army rose again, marching from Jintian in Hubei into Chenzhou; for thousands of li no one stood to fight them. Shijie intercepted them and the rebels were routed. He received the title Gangyong Batulu. In the tenth year his mother died. After mourning he was appointed judicial commissioner of Shandong. In the first year of Guangxu he took office and reversed many wrongful convictions. He was promoted to provincial treasurer of Fujian. Before he could take office, Governor Wenge was impeached in a case that implicated Shijie, and he was dismissed. Soon afterward, with Taiwan in crisis, he was appointed acting judicial commissioner of Fujian. In the sixth year he was made provincial treasurer. The following year he was appointed governor of Zhejiang. He inspected the coastal defenses and added batteries at Lishan Port in Zhenhai and Zhapu in Dinghai. In the eighth year he was transferred to Shandong to organize coastal defenses. Wu Dacheng, overseeing Beiyang coastal defense, visited Dengzhou and Yantai, inspected the Guangwu Army's fortifications, adapted their methods with improvements, and memorialized that the design be adopted at every port. Envious rivals spread rumors until he was impeached for slipshod coastal defense. The case went to Minister Yan Xu and Censor-in-Chief Qi Shichang, who cleared him. The coastal defense force was disbanded. Shijie had also fallen ill and repeatedly asked to retire; at last his request was granted. In the eighteenth year he died at home. Shrines were erected in the provincial capital and in his native district.

陶模，字方之，浙江秀水人。同治七年進士，改庶吉士。散館，授甘肅文縣知縣，調皋蘭。左宗棠為總督，方徵回，又創建貢院，兵工諸役並作，模躬自料量，民不知擾。遷秦州直隸州。歲旱，流徙饑民數十萬麕集，出積俸，並割公使銀四萬餘金設粥廠，不足，貸金益之。修養濟院，增義田，卹嫠婦。州南藉水齧城堙，模為築堤沼三百五十丈，植芙蕖楊柳，蓄鱗介，取其利，以時繕完。署甘州府知府，罷屬縣供億。宗棠奏模治行第一，調補迪化州。編修廖壽豐薦模器識宏遠，堪備閫寄。時回久亂，民戶寥落，模和輯漢、回，耕者復聚。時議定賦則，模謂經畫窮塞，當通周官一易再易之義，令民以二畝當一畝，徵其六緩其四。宗棠採其議，邊民始有久居志。歷署蘭州府、蘭州道、按察使，調直隸按察使、陝西布政使，護巡撫。

Tao Mo, styled Fangzhi, came from Xiushui in Zhejiang. He passed the jinshi examination in the seventh year of Tongzhi and entered the Hanlin Academy. After completing his Hanlin probation he was appointed magistrate of Wen County in Gansu, then transferred to Gaolan. While Zuo Zongtang was governor-general, the northwest campaign was underway and a new examination hall was being built; military and construction projects ran in parallel. Mo personally supervised the measurements and scheduling, and the people scarcely felt the burden. He was transferred to Qinzhou Direct Prefecture. During a drought year several hundred thousand starving refugees gathered. He spent his saved salary and more than forty thousand taels from public funds to open soup kitchens; when that was not enough, he borrowed still more. He restored the poor-relief hospice, expanded the charity fields, and provided for widows. South of the prefecture the Jieshui River was eroding and burying the city walls. Mo built dikes and ponds three hundred and fifty zhang long, planted lotus and willows, stocked them with fish, used the revenue for upkeep, and kept the works in repair. As acting prefect of Ganzhou he abolished the lodging and supply levies imposed on subordinate counties. Zongtang reported Mo's administration the best in the province and had him transferred to Dihua. Compiler Liao Shoufeng recommended Mo for his breadth of vision and judged him fit for high military responsibility. The region had long been torn by Hui unrest and its population was depleted. Mo reconciled Han and Hui communities, and farmers began to return. As land-tax rates were being set, Mo argued that frontier settlement should follow the Rites of Zhou principle of graded land renewal: let two mu count as one for taxation, collecting six-tenths now and deferring four. Zongtang adopted his proposal, and the frontier people at last began to think of staying for good. He served successively as acting prefect of Lanzhou, Lanzhou circuit intendant, and judicial commissioner, then was transferred to judicial commissioner of Zhili and provincial treasurer of Shaanxi, where he also acted as governor.

而俄兵在帕米爾，意叵測。模以邊防無效，自請罷斥，不允。廷議將以帕米爾為三國甌脫，英垂諾，俄猶不可，陳兵相持。模取德意志兵法練邊軍，選幼童百餘，課以測算諸法，將徐推之各軍。見將佐必以惜勞苦、寶槍彈為戒。初，俄人借巴爾魯克山以處所屬哈薩克，期十年。山饒水泉林木，當塔城西北，廣袤數百里。至是期滿，無還意。模爭之，逾年乃如約。俄商及附英諸部至新疆皆不稅。模曰：「是獨苦吾民！」為奏請普免焉。

Meanwhile Russian troops were in the Pamirs, and their intentions were impossible to read. Believing frontier defense had failed, Mo asked to be removed from office; the request was refused. The court debated making the Pamirs a neutral zone among three powers. Britain seemed willing, but Russia would not agree, and both sides massed troops in a standoff. Mo trained the frontier army on German military manuals, selected more than a hundred boys, taught them surveying and calculation, and planned to extend the program to every unit. Whenever he addressed his officers he warned them to spare their men hardship and to treat ammunition as precious. Earlier Russia had been lent Mount Baluk to settle its Kazakhs there for a term of ten years. The mountain was rich in springs and timber, lay northwest of Tacheng, and covered several hundred li. When the term expired, they showed no intention of giving it back. Mo pressed the issue, and only after more than a year was the agreement honored. Russian merchants and British-affiliated tribes entering Xinjiang paid no taxes at all. Mo said, "This alone burdens our people!" He memorialized asking that the exemption be made universal.

纏回文字語言不相通，漢民愚之，貸金輒取重息，至賣鬻妻子以償。模為之規定章條，令讀書習漢語，於是回族欣欣向化矣。羅布淖爾，古蒲昌海也，荒沙無垠，亙新疆中部。模議闢徑路，自新疆之南，青海、西藏之北，噶斯、烏蘭達布遜、阿耨達、托古茲尼蟒依諸大雪山之陰，迂迴出入，分道測繪，得金鐵煤諸礦數十百計，欲開採利民，以絀於貲，工不克舉。乃於羅布淖爾北四百餘裡築蒲昌城，南百四十里設屯防局，回民徙居成村落。其後設置營縣，實自模開之。

The Taranchi script and language differed from those of the Han, whom they did not understand; Han lenders charged usurious interest until borrowers sold wives and children to repay their debts. Mo issued regulations requiring literacy and the study of Chinese, and thereafter the Hui communities gladly accepted civilization. Lop Nur, the ancient Puchang Sea, is an expanse of desert sand without limit, stretching across central Xinjiang. Mo proposed opening a direct route south of Xinjiang and north of Qinghai and Tibet, along the northern slopes of the great snow ranges of Gas, Ulan Dabuxun, Anmoda, and Toguznihmanyi. Parties surveyed the winding approaches separately and identified scores of gold, iron, and coal deposits. He wished to develop them for public benefit, but funds ran short and the project could not be carried out. He therefore built Puchang City more than four hundred li north of Lop Nur and established a garrison bureau one hundred and forty li farther south; Hui settlers moved in and formed villages. The later establishment of military camps and counties in the region began with Mo.

二十年，日本略朝鮮，朝議決戰，師屢敗。甘肅提督董福祥先以祝嘏在京，募兵備戰，河湟回族聞亂思蠢動。二十一年春，撒拉河州、西寧、大通諸回先後反。西寧回酋劉四伏尤悍，模遣將援巴燕戎格，與總督楊昌濬合疏請命福祥帥師西援。夏，平番回亦變，河西諸府東不能通省會，則西乞援新疆。模奏陳回亂日亟，部遣諸將羅平安戍哈密，牛允誠守安西、玉門，趙有正屯肅州，而於哈密置東防營務處，以道員潘效蘇護諸將。諸亂回遣其徒出關煽新疆回部。九月，綏來回發難，以有備，旋定。迪化回應之，模诇知莠民與牙役密相結，捕斬六人而亂弭。十月，回逼甘州，上罷昌濬，以模署陝甘總督，命入關剿撫。時福祥將甘軍渡洮，魏光燾將湘軍臨湟水。模策東路兵大集，回且西竄，乃遣兵分駐天山北迪化、鎮西為中權，而繕完防禦天山以南諸要隘。後路既設備，乃將馬步八營馳入關，道經沙漠至吐魯番城，回王瑪木特來會，勗以大義。至哈密，校閱各軍，令纏回與焉。模以有正兵寡，戒毋輕出。有正喜功，出攻察漢俄博、永安二城皆下。二十二年元夕，薄北大通營，敗歸。模遣涼州戍軍赴援。二月，入關，群回斂聚山南，模至蘭州視事，令效蘇督諸將略北大通營，破所領十大莊堡，戮其酋，殲數千人，諸回氣奪。會光燾亦定西寧，諸回自水峽口西竄青海。模令效蘇等出塞，陳兵玉門諸山徑，毋縱賊出平地。青海蒙古積弱，久怵回悍，告急。朝議令光燾、福祥二軍追逐。模以師行絕域，糧芻車馱，重為民累，內地空虛，為禍滋大，奏寢其議。新疆將吏慮回更西竄，亦告急。朝議令提督鄧增出青海，張俊防北路。模策賊非至玉門、敦煌掠食，不能遽犯新疆，復請罷移軍議，而令增屯肅州為聲援。光燾將湘軍還陝西，以與福祥不相能也。賊自青海犯玉門，允誠等擊卻之。模令玉門軍赴安西。五月，賊大至，劉四伏奪路求食，諸將力戰，金蘭益匹馬陷陣，大敗賊於牛橋，降斬各數千人，飢凍死磧中者過半。四伏以千數騎遁，中道伏發，就擒。於是徙降回塔里木河濱，計口授田。關內外悉平，論功，實授總督。

In the twentieth year Japan encroached on Korea; the court resolved on war, and the army was repeatedly defeated. Gansu military governor Dong Fuxiang had come to the capital for birthday congratulations and was recruiting troops for war when the Hehuang Hui, hearing of the turmoil, began to stir. In the spring of the twenty-first year the Salar at Hezhou and the Hui of Xining, Datong, and other places rose in succession. Liu Sifu, the Hui chieftain at Xining, was especially fierce. Mo sent generals to relieve Bayan Rongge and, together with Governor-General Yang Changjun, memorialized asking that Fuxiang be ordered to lead troops west in support. In summer the Pingfan Hui also rebelled. The prefectures west of the river could no longer reach the provincial capital to the east and turned west to beg aid from Xinjiang. Mo reported that the Hui rebellion was growing daily more urgent. The ministry dispatched generals: Luo Ping'an garrisoned Hami, Niu Yuncheng held Anxi and Yumen, and Zhao Youzheng encamped at Suzhou. At Hami an Eastern Defense Camp Affairs Office was established, with circuit intendant Pan Xiaosu to coordinate the commanders. The rebel Hui sent their followers beyond the frontier pass to stir up the Hui communities of Xinjiang. In the ninth month the Suilai Hui rose in revolt, but because defenses were ready the disturbance was quickly put down. The Dihua Hui responded in turn. Mo discovered that ruffians were in secret league with petty officials, captured and executed six men, and the unrest was quelled. In the tenth month the Hui pressed Ganzhou. The emperor dismissed Changjun, appointed Mo acting governor-general of Shaanxi-Gansu, and ordered him into the pass to suppress and pacify the rebels. At the time Fuxiang was leading Gansu troops across the Tao River while Wei Guangtao was bringing Hunan troops to the Huangshui. Mo judged that eastern forces were massing and the Hui would flee west. He posted troops at Dihua and Zhenxi north of the Tianshan as a central reserve and strengthened the defenses at key passes south of the range. Once the rear was secured, he led eight battalions of horse and foot through the pass at speed, crossing the desert to Turfan. The Hui king Mamut came to meet him, and Mo urged him with the claims of duty and loyalty. At Hami he inspected the armies and included the Taranchi in the review. Because Youzheng's force was small, Mo warned him not to venture out rashly. Youzheng, eager for glory, sallied out and attacked Chahan Ebo and Yong'an; both cities fell. On New Year's Eve of the twenty-second year he advanced on the northern Datong Camp and returned in defeat. Mo sent the Liangzhou garrison to his relief. In the second month he entered the pass. The Hui gathered south of the mountains. Mo reached Lanzhou to assume office and ordered Xiaosu to direct the generals against the northern Datong Camp. They stormed the ten large fortified villages under its leader, executed the chieftain, and killed several thousand men, and the Hui lost their fighting spirit. About the same time Wei Guangtao also pacified Xining, and the Hui fled west through Shuixia Pass into Qinghai. Mo ordered Xiaosu and others beyond the frontier, posted troops along the mountain paths near Yumen, and forbade letting the rebels break out onto open ground. The Mongols of Qinghai had long been weak and had long feared the Hui for their fierceness; they sent urgent appeals for help. The court debated ordering the armies of Wei Guangtao and Fuxiang to pursue. Mo argued that sending troops into remote country, with grain and fodder hauled by cart and pack animal, would heavily burden the people, leave the interior empty, and make the harm even worse. He memorialized to set the proposal aside. The officers and officials of Xinjiang, fearing the Hui would flee still farther west, also sent urgent appeals. The court debated ordering Military Governor Deng Zeng out from Qinghai and Zhang Jun to guard the northern route. Mo judged that the rebels could not suddenly invade Xinjiang unless they reached Yumen and Dunhuang to plunder supplies. He again asked that the plan to shift troops be dropped and had Zeng encamp at Suzhou as a supporting force. Wei Guangtao led the Hunan army back to Shaanxi because he and Fuxiang could not cooperate. The rebels from Qinghai attacked Yumen, and Yuncheng and the others drove them back. Mo ordered the Yumen garrison to move to Anxi. In the fifth month the rebels arrived in force. Liu Sifu fought his way through to find food. The generals battled fiercely; Jin Lanyi charged alone into the enemy line and was killed. At Niuchiao they routed the rebels, capturing and executing several thousand apiece, while more than half the remainder died of hunger and cold in the desert. Sifu fled with about a thousand horsemen, but an ambush was sprung along the way and he was captured. The surrendered Hui were then resettled along the Tarim River and allotted land according to the number of mouths in each household. Inside and outside the pass were fully pacified, and for his service he was formally appointed governor-general.

方日事之初起也，和戰議不決。模言：「國強弱視人才，人才不足，和戰皆不足恃，即戰勝亦無益。」因言：「天下事當變通者非一，如減中額，停捐例，汰冗員，令京官升遷不出本部，司員分類治事，刪棄舊案，破除旗兵積習，禁士大夫食鴉片，分設算學、藝學科目，廢武科，變操法，擇勳舊子弟遊學各國，培植工藝。尤原皇上鑑天災之屢警，念民困之莫蘇，懍內政之宜修，知外患之難弭，毋始勤終怠，毋狃目前而忘遠慮。」時中外諸臣條奏，多言變法袪積習。模言：「推行宜漸，根本宜急。聚闒茸嗜利之輩以期富強，止於舊法外增一法，不得謂之變法；於積習外增一習，不得謂之袪積習。欲求富強，當先崇節儉，廣教化，卹農商。」其恉意大率類此。模督陝甘數年，銳欲開礦制械，興學廣教，皆以用不足，不能盡舉，累疏乞罷。

When the conflict with Japan first broke out, the court could not decide between peace and war. Mo said, "A state's strength or weakness depends on talent. When talent is lacking, neither peace nor war can be trusted—even victory in war is useless." He continued, "More than one thing in the empire needs reform: reducing the metropolitan examination quota, halting the sale of offices, cutting redundant posts, keeping capital officials from promotion outside their ministries, assigning clerks by specialty, discarding obsolete precedents, breaking the entrenched habits of banner troops, forbidding scholars and officials to use opium, establishing separate civil-service subjects in mathematics and technical arts, abolishing the military examination, changing drill methods, sending sons of meritorious families to study abroad, and fostering industry and craftsmanship. Above all I pray that Your Majesty will heed the repeated warnings of natural disasters, remember the people's distress that cannot be eased, feel that internal government must be repaired, know that external peril is hard to remove, never start with zeal and finish in slackness, and never fix on the present while forgetting long-range plans." At the time memorials from officials at court and in the provinces mostly spoke of reform and uprooting entrenched habits. Mo said, "Reforms should be introduced gradually, but fundamentals must be addressed at once. To gather worthless men greedy for profit in the hope of making the country rich and strong, and merely to add one new law beside the old ones, is not reform; to add one new habit beside the old ones is not uprooting entrenched habits. If one seeks strength and wealth, one should first promote frugality, extend education, and show concern for farmers and merchants." His views were broadly of this kind. Mo governed Shaanxi-Gansu for several years and was eager to open mines, manufacture arms, and expand schools and education, but for lack of funds could carry out none of these fully. He repeatedly memorialized asking to be relieved.

二十六年，述職入覲，道疾，留陝西。俄調補兩廣總督。兩宮西幸，迎謁蒲州，再乞休，不允，乃力疾上官。二十七年，疏請裁減宦官，略言：「宦官干政，史不絕書，我朝家法嚴明，從未有內監預聞政事。然除弊如除莠，留其芽蘗，終恐發生，宜大加裁汰。內廷差使悉可改用士人，定宮府一體之制，永不再選內監，非唯一時盛事，實亦千古美談。」別疏言：「變通政治，宜務本原。本原在朝廷，必朝廷實能愛國愛民，乃能以愛國愛民責百官；必朝廷先無自私自利，乃能以不自私不自利望天下。轉移之道，一曰除壅蔽，一曰去畛域，一曰務遠大。朝廷當以身作則，克己勝私，否則雖日言變通，無由獲變通之效。」

In the twenty-sixth year he went to court to report on his duties, fell ill on the journey, and remained in Shaanxi. Soon afterward he was transferred to governor-general of the Two Guangs. When the two empresses fled west, he welcomed them at Puzhou, again begged to retire, was refused, and took up his post despite illness. In the twenty-seventh year he memorialized asking to reduce the number of eunuchs, stating in brief, "Eunuchs interfering in government appear throughout history without interruption. Our dynasty's household law is strict and clear, and never before have palace eunuchs been allowed to hear state affairs. Yet eliminating abuses is like weeding: leave the sprouts and shoots and they will grow again in the end. A thorough reduction is needed. Palace errands could all be assigned to scholars. Establish a system in which palace and government are one, and never again select eunuchs. This would be not only a glorious achievement of the moment but a noble example for all ages." In a separate memorial he said, "In reforming government one must attend to fundamentals. The fundamental lies in the court. Only if the court truly loves the country and loves the people can it require love of country and people from all officials; only if the court is first free of selfishness and private gain can it expect the world to be free of selfishness and private gain. The paths of change are three: remove obstruction, remove narrow divisions, and pursue what is far-reaching. The court must set the example, restrain itself and overcome selfishness. Otherwise, though one speaks of reform every day, there is no way to achieve its effects."

粵故多盜，模定清鄉章程，信賞必罰。凡練軍分屯，許所在州縣節制。一歲中捕斬名盜千餘人，欽、廉、肇、羅諸屬盜藪，皆次第削平。模謂民貧思亂，非殺可止，令府縣設勸工廠，囚不至死者令入廠教養。廣東名饒富，然取諸民者已重於他行省，歲不足五百餘萬，則取之賭規，仍不足，則貸之外人。模睹民力已屈，追呼不得寬，欲有所興革，皆坐中沮。迭疏請疾，甫受代，九月，卒於廣州，贈太子少保，諡勤肅。

Guangdong had long been infested with bandits. Mo established regulations for rural pacification, with sure rewards and sure punishments. Drilled troops were posted in garrisons and placed under the control of the prefectures and counties where they were stationed. Within one year more than a thousand notorious bandits were captured and executed, and the bandit strongholds of Qinzhou, Lianzhou, Zhaoqing, Luoding, and other districts were successively wiped out. Mo said that poverty drives people toward rebellion and that killing alone cannot stop it. He ordered prefectures and counties to establish workhouses and had prisoners not sentenced to death enter them for training and support. Guangdong was famed for its wealth, yet levies on the people already exceeded those of other provinces. When annual revenue fell more than five million taels short, the deficit was made up from gambling fees; when that was still insufficient, money was borrowed from outsiders. Mo saw that the people were already exhausted, that tax collection could not be relaxed, and that every reform he proposed was blocked in mid-course. He repeatedly memorialized pleading illness. Just after his successor arrived, he died at Guangzhou in the ninth month. He was posthumously promoted to Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and given the posthumous name Qinsu.

模自為諸生，食貧力學，與平湖優貢生顧廣譽、震澤諸生陳壽熊、吳江舉人沈曰富以道義相勗。既通籍，大學士閻敬銘、總督楊昌濬皆嘗論薦，不以告模，模亦不謝也。儉約自將，不立崖岸，恂恂卑下，將吏爭為用，而無敢以私幹者。卒後，蘭州、迪化皆允建專祠。

From his days as a licentiate Mo lived in poverty and studied hard. With Gu Guangyu, senior licentiate of Pinghu, Chen Shouxiong, licentiate of Zhenze, and Shen Yuefu, juren of Wujiang, he encouraged one another in principle and duty. After he entered official service, Grand Secretary Yan Jingming and Governor-General Yang Changjun both recommended him at times without telling him, and Mo never thanked them for it. Frugal and self-disciplined, he put on no air of superiority. Gentle and unassuming, his officers and clerks competed to serve him, yet none dared approach him with private requests. After his death, permission was granted to build dedicated shrines to him at Lanzhou and Dihua.

李興銳，字勉林，湖南瀏陽人。粵寇亂，以諸生治鄉團。曾國籓治軍東下，檄主軍糈，駐祁門。江南饑民就食者萬計，興銳慮為寇乘，先期結筏以濟，獲安全，敘知縣。數薦知府。同治四年，唐義訓、金國琛兩軍頓徽州，索餉譁變。興銳聞之，單騎叩其壁，諭之曰：「若輩不遠千里，從軍討賊，為富貴計耳，奈何自戕為？使寇知之而躡吾後，吾無焦類矣！餉不給，咎在台。期以三日，逾期請殺我！」眾曰：「唯命！」乃潛訪主謀者三人，白國籓僇之，事定。金陵既克，儲平餘銀四十餘萬。目擊戎燼後殭屍蔽野，因出所餘購義塚一區，聚暴骨瘞之。

Li Xingrui, courtesy name Minlin, was a native of Liuyang in Hunan. During the Taiping rebellion in Guangdong he organized local militia while still a licentiate. When Zeng Guofan marched east with his army, Xingrui was ordered by dispatch to manage army provisions and was stationed at Qimen. Tens of thousands of starving people from Jiangnan came seeking food. Xingrui feared the rebels would exploit the situation, so he built rafts in advance to ferry them across and kept them safe. He was rewarded with appointment as magistrate. He was repeatedly recommended for appointment as prefect. In the fourth year of Tongzhi the armies of Tang Yixun and Jin Guochen were encamped at Huizhou and mutinied over unpaid rations. Xingrui heard of it, rode alone to their camp, and addressed them: "You came a thousand li to join the army against the rebels for wealth and rank—why turn on yourselves? If the rebels learn of this and follow at our heels, not one of us will survive! If rations are not supplied, the fault lies with the commissariat. I give you three days. If the deadline passes, you may ask to kill me!" The soldiers answered, "We obey!" He then secretly identified the three ringleaders, reported them to Guofan, who had them executed, and the affair was settled. After Jinling was captured, the treasury held a surplus of more than four hundred thousand taels. Seeing corpses covering the fields after the fires of war, he used the surplus to purchase a public burial ground and gathered exposed bones for interment.

八年，調直隸，補大名府，洊昇道員，乞終養。國籓再督兩江，檄綜營務，與彭玉麟規訂水師營製。國籓卒，李宗羲代督，亦頗信仗之。時日本窺台灣，江海戒嚴。興銳言於宗羲，躬履江陰、狼山、吳淞、崇明，擇險設守，始倡緣海築砲台議。光緒改元，綜辦上海機器製造局，博採西國新器，增建鐵船砲廠，鳩工庀材，閱十稔，規模略備。遭母喪去官，服竟，命偕鴻臚寺卿鄧承修往勘中越邊界。

In the eighth year he was transferred to Zhili, appointed prefect of Daming, repeatedly promoted to circuit intendant, and begged leave to retire and care for his parents. When Guofan again governed the Two Jiang, Xingrui was ordered by dispatch to manage camp affairs and, with Peng Yulin, drafted regulations for the navy. After Guofan died, Li Zongxi succeeded him as governor and also relied heavily on Xingrui. At the time Japan was casting covetous eyes on Taiwan, and the rivers and coast were placed on alert. Xingrui spoke to Zongxi, personally inspected Jiangyin, Langshan, Wusong, and Chongming, chose defensible points for garrisons, and first proposed building coastal fortifications. At the beginning of the Guangxu reign he took charge of the Shanghai Machinery Bureau, gathered new machines from Western countries, expanded the iron ship and cannon works, assembled craftsmen, and prepared materials. After ten years the establishment was largely complete. He left office upon his mother's death. When mourning ended he was ordered to accompany Grand Secretary of State Deng Chengxiu to survey the Sino-Vietnamese border.

十二年，充出使日本大臣。會遘疾，未上。居三年，補天津道，旋調山東東海關道。威海為日人所據，居民惶恐，興銳建議勘地分界，主客互守，閭市獲安堵。其辦交涉，獨條理精整，事可許者，一諾輒立辦；遇所不可，則抗辯廣坐，常服遠人。遷長蘆鹽運使，歷福建按察使、布政使。二十六年，擢撫江西。拳匪釁作，頑民相率不靖，旬日間毀教堂數十，掠教民財產，積案二千餘。興銳劾罷疏防官十餘人，限三月定讞，議償卹費八十餘萬，唯節餉以彌罅漏。和議成，償款累百萬，仍以節餉資挹注；猶不足，則取之土藥釐榷，絕不累民間毫末。署南贛鎮申道發統軍驕蹇不奉法，首劾罷之，軍紀始肅。興銳事國籓久，論治壹循軌跡，重實行。是時上方鄉新政，乃以十事上，曰：開特科，整學校，課官吏，設銀行，鑄銀幣，維圜法，立保險，修農政，講武備，而歸本於用人，為安內攘外之策，言至深切。旋移撫廣東。

In the twelfth year he served as envoy to Japan. He fell ill before he could take up the post. After three years he was appointed Tianjin circuit intendant and soon transferred to the Donghai Customs post in Shandong. When the Japanese held Weihai, the people were terrified. Xingrui proposed surveying boundaries so Chinese and Japanese could each keep their zones, and the towns returned to normal life. In diplomacy he alone was precise and orderly. When something could be agreed, his word meant immediate action; when it could not, he argued before the full assembly and often won over the foreigners. He became Changlu salt commissioner and later served as provincial judge and treasurer of Fujian. In the twenty-sixth year he was made governor of Jiangxi. When the Boxer rising broke out, lawless elements followed suit. Within ten days dozens of churches were wrecked and missionaries' property looted, leaving more than two thousand cases on the books. Xingrui impeached more than ten negligent officials, set a three-month deadline for verdicts, and proposed more than eight hundred thousand taels in compensation—all to be covered by cutting military expenses. After peace was signed, indemnities ran into the millions, and he still covered them by cutting military spending; when that was still not enough, he drew on opium excise revenue and never laid the burden on ordinary people. Acting Nangan commander Shen Daofa led a proud, lawless army. Xingrui impeached him first, and only then did discipline tighten. Having long served under Guofan, Xingrui governed by a single consistent method and valued practical results. The court was then turning toward reform. He submitted ten proposals: special examinations, school reform, official assessment, banks, silver coinage, currency standards, insurance, agricultural policy, and military preparedness—all rooted in appointing the right men as the strategy for internal order and external defense. His memorial was deeply earnest. He was soon transferred to govern Guangdong.

二十九年，署閩浙總督。閩自軍興，局所林立，有善後、濟用、勸捐、稽覈、稅釐諸目，叢弊益甚。興銳受事，裁諸局所，並為財政局，事權始一。於是釐定常備軍制，汰虛冗，節浮費，而閩事稍稍振矣。逾歲，調署兩江。旋病卒，諡勤恪。

In the twenty-ninth year he served as acting governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang. Since the wars began, Fujian had sprouted bureaus for relief, emergency funds, donations, auditing, and tax collection, and abuses multiplied. On taking office Xingrui abolished the bureaus and merged them into a single finance office, unifying authority at last. He then standardized the standing army, cut dead weight and waste, and Fujian affairs slowly revived. A year later he was transferred to act as governor-general of Jiangsu and Jiangxi. He soon died of illness and received the posthumous title Qinke.

史念祖，字繩之，江蘇江都人，刑部尚書致儼孫。念祖幼穎異，好讀兵家言。逾冠，入貲為通判。從喬松年軍解蒙城圍，有功。僧格林沁戰歿曹州，捻益熾，皖北麋沸。念祖率師复英山，克高圩。雉河集者，張洛行老巢也，英翰守之，陷重圍，誓必死，念祖計出之，而自駐其地，期以二十日相見城下。乃為均糧法，數卻寇。嘗坐堞上彈琵琶，教士卒歌，寇出視，皆驚嘆。一日，聞槍砲聲，知援至，與寇戰，乃令居民登陴守，別選銳卒四千分道夾擊，縱橫掃蕩，寇大潰，謁英翰止逾二日雲。數保道員。

Shi Nianzu, styled Shengzi, came from Jiangdu in Jiangsu and was the grandson of Minister of Justice Zhi Yan. As a boy Nianzu was exceptionally bright and loved reading military classics. After coming of age he bought office as a subprefect. Serving under Qiao Songnian, he helped lift the siege of Mengcheng and won distinction. After Sengge Rinchen fell at Caozhou, the Nian grew stronger and northern Anhui boiled with unrest. Nianzu led troops to recover Yingshan and took Gaowei. Zhiheji was Zhang Luoxing's old headquarters. Yinghan held it under siege and swore to die there. Nianzu devised a plan to extract him, then took the post himself and promised to meet Yinghan below the walls in twenty days. He instituted an equalized grain levy and beat back the rebels several times. Once he sat on the battlements playing the pipa and teaching his men songs. The rebels came to watch and were astonished. One day he heard gunfire and knew relief had come. He put the townspeople on the walls, chose four thousand elite troops for a pincer attack, and routed the rebels completely. He met Yinghan just over two days later, the story goes. He was repeatedly recommended for promotion to circuit intendant.

論曰：寇亂初平，安民保土，自以吏治為先，然非負文武幹用如寶楨諸人，亦不易言效也。寶楨政尚威猛，瀚章治參清靜，而昌濬則不免於姑息。樹聲有智略，秉璋稱綜覈。榮光、士傑皆善於用兵，而疏於行政。興銳重實效，念祖好行權。模獨識議宏遠，能見本原。此十人中雖治績不必盡同，其賢者至今猶絓人口，庶幾不失曾、左之遺風歟。

The historian comments: When the rebellions were first suppressed, restoring order naturally meant putting civil administration first. Yet without men of both civil and military talent like Baozhen and his peers, such results were hard to achieve. Baozhen governed with stern force, Hanzhang with quiet restraint, and Changjun could not escape the charge of leniency. Shusheng was resourceful in strategy; Bingzhang was known for thorough, exacting administration. Rongguang and Shijie were both skilled commanders but weaker as administrators. Xingrui valued practical results; Nianzu favored bold expedients. Mo alone had far-reaching vision and could see to the root of affairs. These ten men did not govern alike, yet the best are still remembered today—perhaps they did not fall far from the tradition of Zeng Guofan and Zuo Zongtang.

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