Volume 453 Biographies 240: Rong Quan, Xi Chang, Sheng Tai, Shan Qing, Bai Liang, En Ze, Ming An, Gong Tang, Qing Yu, Chang Geng, Wen Hai, Feng Quan, Zeng Qi, Yi Gu, Xin Qin

列傳二百四十

Biographies 240

榮全喜昌升泰善慶柏梁恩澤銘安恭鏜

Rong Quan, Xi Chang, Sheng Tai, Shan Qing, Bai Liang, En Ze, Ming An, Gong Tang

慶裕長庚文海鳳全增祺貽穀信勤

Qing Yu, Chang Geng, Wen Hai, Feng Quan, Zeng Qi, Yi Gu, Xin Qin

榮全，關佳氏，滿洲正黃旗人，一等威勇侯那銘嗣子。咸豐元年，襲爵，授二等侍衛。從征山東，以功遷頭等，還直乾清門。十一年，出為塔爾巴哈台領隊大臣，歷喀喇沙爾辦事大臣、伊犁參贊大臣。同治五年，以鑲紅旗蒙古副都統署伊犁將軍。明年，調烏里雅蘇台參贊大臣。時纏回襲陷伊犁，俄乘機遣兵入，藉口代為收復。榮全內籌守禦，外示羈縻。又以索倫、蒙古被兵，民多亡入俄境，為請擇地安插，分部護之。

Rong Quan, of the Guanjia clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Yellow Banner and heir to Naying, the first-rank Marquis of Majestic Courage. In the first year of the Xianfeng reign he succeeded to the title and was appointed a second-rank imperial bodyguard. On campaign in Shandong he earned promotion to first rank and was posted again to the Gate of Heavenly Purity. In the eleventh year he was sent out as leading minister at Tarbagatai, later serving as minister at Karashahr and as Ili's assistant military governor. In the fifth year of Tongzhi he served as acting military governor of Ili in his capacity as vice commander of the Mongol Bordered Red Banner. The following year he was transferred to assistant military governor at Uliassutai. At that time Dungan rebels had seized Ili, and Russia seized the chance to march in, claiming to recover the region on China's behalf. Within, Rong Quan prepared for defense; outwardly he showed restraint and conciliation. As the Solon and Mongols had been ravaged by war and many people had fled into Russian territory, he petitioned to have lands chosen for their resettlement and guards posted in sections to protect them.

八年，朝旨以新疆各城多與俄接壤，命榮全會俄官，依三年勘辦西北界約記，建設烏屬界牌鄂博。先是，塔城和約兩國分界，自恰克圖西北逾烏梁海，首沙濱達巴哈，訖浩罕邊界，繪畫地圖，識以紅線。至是，集議烏克克卡倫仍依舊界，惟自東北沙濱達巴哈至西南賽留格木山柏郭蘇克壩補牌博八，明定界限，所謂烏里雅蘇台界約是也。九年，坐烏魯木齊城陷，褫職留任。十年，俄遣柯福滿將軍佔領庫爾札，聲收烏魯木齊，詔榮全赴伊犁收回城池。榮全遂自烏城西進至霍博克賽里，直抵塔爾巴哈台。會天大雪，止舍。逾歲，與俄官布呼策勒傅斯奇集議色爾賀鄂魯勒，榮全向之索還。俄官陽言請命本國，而陰遣兵襲取瑪納斯，駸駸欲東犯。榮全不獲已，返塔城。是時，俄人據伊犁可千餘人，滋驕橫，索倫、錫伯苦之。十二年，錫伯窘益甚，榮全濟以銀，俄官反出阻之。榮全曰：「為我屬地，我自濟之。與俄奚涉焉？」牒駁之，俄官詞屈。上聞而嘉之。

In the eighth year, noting that many Xinjiang cities bordered Russia, the court ordered Rong Quan to meet with Russian officials and, following the northwest boundary survey records of three years before, set up boundary markers and cairns for the Uliassutai jurisdiction. Earlier, under the Tacheng treaty the two countries had been delimited from Kyakhta northwest across the Uriankhai, from Shabindabaga in the northeast to the Kokand frontier, with maps drawn and traced in red. At this conference Ukkekaren was left on the old boundary; only from Shabindabaga in the northeast to Baoguosuke on Sailigemu Mountain in the southwest were eight markers set to fix the line—this is what is called the Uliassutai boundary treaty. In the ninth year, because Ürümqi had fallen, he was dismissed from office but kept at his post. In the tenth year Russia sent General Kaufman to occupy Kulja and proclaimed the recovery of Ürümqi; the court ordered Rong Quan to go to Ili and take back the cities. Rong Quan then marched west from Uliassutai to Khoboksar and on straight to Tarbagatai. Heavy snow set in, and he halted to encamp. More than a year later he met the Russian official Bukhtseretsky at Serkho Oorol and demanded the territory be returned. The Russian official said openly that he would seek orders from his government, but secretly sent troops to seize Manas and steadily prepared to push east. With no other choice, Rong Quan withdrew to Tacheng. By then more than a thousand Russians held Ili and grew ever more overbearing; the Solon and Xibe peoples were ground down. In the twelfth year the Xibe were in still worse straits; Rong Quan sent them silver in relief, but the Russian official came out to block him. Rong Quan said, "This is my territory—I will aid them myself. What business is that of Russia?" He sent a formal rebuttal, and the Russian official had no answer. When the emperor heard of this, he commended him.

會回構安集延擾動，上命榮全進攻瑪納斯綴寇勢，遂復其官。十三年，白彥虎犯上馬橋，榮全遣軍敗之沙子山。光緒二年，師克瑪納斯南、北二城。榮全數有功，尋召入京，歷兼護軍統領、右翼前鋒統領。五年，卒，卹如製。

When the Kokand rebel Yaqub Beg stirred up unrest, the court ordered Rong Quan to attack Manas and blunt the rebels' advance, and his office was restored. In the thirteenth year Bai Yanhu attacked Shangmaqiao; Rong Quan sent troops and defeated him at Shazishan. In the second year of Guangxu the army recovered both the northern and southern cities of Manas. Rong Quan won repeated distinction and was soon summoned to the capital, where he also served as commandant of the guards and commander of the Right Wing vanguard. In the fifth year he died; funeral honors were granted according to statute.

喜昌，字桂亭，葛濟勒氏，滿洲鑲白旗人，世居吉林。亦以防俄著。初從軍徵捻，累功至協領。河內之役，以少勝眾，功尤盛，晉副都統。西捻平，賜頭品秩，充西寧辦事大臣，光緒六年，調烏里雅蘇台參贊大臣。時中俄有違言，俄軍窺吉林邊壤。朝命喜昌佐防務，因上言琿春為兵衝要地，宜練馬隊二千、步隊八千資守禦。逾歲，抵琿春，相度地勢，乃專囑伊克唐阿防守事，而自率所部頓磨夷石，扼雙城、紅土岩來路，上韙之。和議成，授庫倫辦事大臣，條上邊防六事，尋謝病歸。十七年，卒，予易州建祠。

Xi Chang, styled Guiting, of the Gejile clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered White Banner whose family had long lived in Jilin. He too was known for his defense against Russia. He first took the field against the Nian rebels and, through repeated merit, rose to vice commandant. At Hanoi he defeated a larger force with fewer men—his finest achievement—and was promoted to vice commander. When the western Nian were pacified he was granted first-rank stipend and appointed minister at Xining; in the sixth year of Guangxu he was transferred to assistant military governor at Uliassutai. At that time Sino-Russian relations had soured, and Russian troops were eyeing the Jilin frontier. The court ordered Xi Chang to help with defense; he memorialized that Hunchun was a vital military choke point and proposed training two thousand cavalry and eight thousand infantry to hold it. A year later he reached Hunchun, surveyed the ground, left defense to Yi Ketang'a, and himself led his troops to Moyishi to block the approaches from Shuangcheng and Hongtuyan—the emperor approved. After peace was concluded he was appointed minister at Khüree, submitted six proposals on frontier defense, and soon resigned on grounds of illness. In the seventeenth year he died; a memorial temple was granted at Yizhou.

升泰，字竹珊，卓特氏，蒙古正黃旗人。入貲為員外郎，銓戶部。出知山西汾州府，有政聲。回寇擾境，錄守城功，晉道員，除河東道。歷浙江按察使、雲南布政使。光緒七年，賞副都統銜，充伊犁參贊大臣，尋授內閣學士。明年，署烏魯木齊都統，與俄羅斯定阿爾泰山邊界。俄人遇事齟《齒吾》，升泰執原議不稍讓。始受約束。

Sheng Tai, styled Zhushan, of the Zhuote clan, was a Mongol of the Plain Yellow Banner. He bought his way in as an outer court secretary and was assigned to the Board of Revenue. He served as prefect of Fenzhou in Shanxi and won a reputation for sound governance. When Muslim rebels raided the region he was credited for defending the city, promoted to circuit intendant, and appointed intendant of Hedong. He served in turn as surveillance commissioner of Zhejiang and provincial administration commissioner of Yunnan. In the seventh year of Guangxu he was granted vice-commander rank and appointed assistant military governor of Ili, soon becoming a grand secretary of the Grand Secretariat. The following year he acted as military governor of Ürümqi and settled the Altai boundary with Russia. Whenever disputes arose the Russians quibbled, but Sheng Tai held to the original agreement without yielding an inch. Only then did they submit to the agreed limits.

十三年，改充駐藏幫辦大臣。時藏人築卡隆阿，為印度所敗。上命辦事大臣文碩令藏人撤卡。文碩謂為藏地，無可撤，嚴旨責焉，以升泰代之。而藏人誓復仇，頓兵帕克里，將痛擊印軍。升泰蒐集乾隆五十三年舊檔，哲孟雄受偪廓爾喀，達賴以日納宗給之，以雅拉、木支兩山為界，持示藏人。藏人曰：「地雖予哲，今哲通英，宜收回。」升泰數止之，不從。英使願媾和，朝旨令升泰赴邊界與印官議約。十四年，印軍收哲全境。藏兵又敗咱利，亞東、朗熱並失。隙愈深，群思報復，升泰數嚴止之，仍不從。會天寒，印官趣升泰赴議，而藏人請代索哲孟雄、布魯克巴侵地，否則傾眾一戰。升泰仍百計諭藏僧，戒藏番毋妄動。及至邊，布部長遣兵千七百人護衛。升泰慮為英口實，謝去，並乞印綬封典，升泰允代請諸朝。既與英政務司保爾會於納盪，索藏償兵費。升泰曰：「哲為藏屬，索費無名。」英人又在布境及後藏幹壩修路，藏人益大震。英官要求甚奢，升泰力折之，藏人漸就範。升泰數要英撤兵，英不可。升泰以大雪封山，運糧無所，退駐仁進岡。英人既掠哲地，复羈其部長土尕朗思，置之噶倫繃，招印度、廓爾喀遊民墾荒。廷議以哲事無從挽救，慮梗藏議，諭升泰勿問。

In the thirteenth year he was reassigned as assistant minister in Tibet. At that time Tibetans had built fortifications at Longju and were defeated by the Indians. The emperor ordered the resident minister Wen Shuo to have the Tibetans pull down the forts. Wen Shuo argued that it was Tibetan land and nothing could be withdrawn; after a stern rebuke from the throne, Sheng Tai replaced him. The Tibetans, however, swore revenge, massed troops at Phari, and prepared to strike the Indian army hard. Sheng Tai gathered records from the fifty-third year of Qianlong: when Sikkim was pressed by Nepal, the Dalai Lama had granted them Nainang, with Mount Yala and Mount Muzhi as the boundary, and he showed this to the Tibetans. The Tibetans said, "Although we gave that land to Sikkim, Sikkim is now on good terms with Britain—we ought to take it back." Sheng Tai tried again and again to stop them, but they would not listen. The British minister sought peace, and the court ordered Sheng Tai to the frontier to negotiate a treaty with Indian officials. In the fourteenth year the Indian army occupied all of Sikkim. Tibetan troops were defeated again at Taring, and Yadong and Langre were lost as well. The rift deepened; everyone thought of revenge; Sheng Tai sternly forbade it again and again, yet they still would not listen. When cold weather set in, Indian officials pressed Sheng Tai to negotiate, while Tibetans asked him to recover Sikkim and Bhutan's invaded lands on their behalf—or else they would throw their whole force into battle. Sheng Tai still used every means to counsel the Tibetan monks and warn the Tibetan tribes not to act rashly. When he reached the frontier, the Bhutanese chief sent seventeen hundred men as an escort. Sheng Tai feared this would give the British a pretext and declined; the chief also asked for imperial seals and enfeoffment, and Sheng Tai agreed to petition the court on his behalf. He then met the British political officer Paul at Nathang, who demanded that Tibet pay war costs. Sheng Tai said, "Sikkim belongs to Tibet; there is no grounds for such a demand." The British were also building roads in Bhutan and at Gangba in rear Tibet, and the Tibetans were more alarmed than ever. British demands were extravagant; Sheng Tai forcefully beat them back, and the Tibetans gradually fell into line. Sheng Tai repeatedly demanded British withdrawal, but Britain refused. Heavy snow sealed the passes and grain could not be moved, so Sheng Tai withdrew to Rinchengang. After seizing Sikkim's territory, the British detained its chief Tugulansi, held him at Galingang, and brought in Indian and Nepalese settlers to open the land. The court decided the Sikkim affair could not be salvaged and feared it would obstruct Tibetan negotiations, and instructed Sheng Tai not to pursue it further.

藏、哲舊界，本在雅拉、支木。後商人往來咱利，為新闢捷徑。升泰議以咱利山分藏、哲界，以符前案。其印、哲界在日喜曲河，擬約中註明。哲部長母挈兩孫赴升泰營泣訴，丐中朝作主，升泰無如何。英人又欲易置其部長，升泰力阻之。土尕朗思謂願棄此居春丕，升泰弗許，慮英責言也。

The old Tibet-Sikkim boundary had originally run along Yala and Zhimu. Later merchants began using Taring as a newly opened shortcut. Sheng Tai proposed dividing Tibet and Sikkim at Mount Taring, in keeping with the earlier precedent. The India-Sikkim boundary at the Rixiqu River was to be specified in the treaty draft. The Sikkimese chief's mother came to Sheng Tai's camp with two grandsons, weeping and begging the central court to intervene; Sheng Tai could do nothing. The British also wanted to replace the Sikkimese chief; Sheng Tai blocked it firmly. Tugulansi said he would abandon his seat and live at Chumbi; Sheng Tai refused, fearing British complaint.

十五年春，藏兵撤退。升泰請總署達英使，電印軍速撤。逮既撤，而英人猶久不訂約。升泰上疏略謂：「聞藏人言：'與有仇之英議和，不若與無仇之俄通好。 '設藏番果與通款，英、俄必互相猜忌，後患方長。乞告英使，電趣印督速定藏約。」又言：「與英初次會議，英人欲至藏貿易。告以番情疑詐，始許退至江孜。力言再四，又許退至帕隘。臣力諭藏番，通商萬不能免，始出結遵辦。今英慮他國援以為請，忽議中止。在藏人固所深願，在俄人亦不能有所干求。惟日后防範宜嚴，未可再涉疏懈。入夏至今，曠日持久，請敕總署牒英使速議結。」

In the spring of the fifteenth year the Tibetan troops withdrew. Sheng Tai asked the Zongli Yamen to contact the British minister and telegraph the Indian army to withdraw at once. Even after withdrawal, the British still delayed concluding a treaty for a long time. Sheng Tai memorialized in summary: "I have heard Tibetans say, 'To make peace with hostile Britain is not as good as befriending Russia, who bears us no grudge. If the Tibetans truly opened relations with Russia, Britain and Russia would grow mutually suspicious, and future troubles would only grow. I beg that the British minister be told to telegraph the Indian governor to conclude the Tibetan treaty quickly." He also wrote: "At the first conference with Britain, the British wanted to trade in Tibet itself. I told them the tribes were suspicious and hard to trust; only then did they agree to withdraw to Gyantse. After I pressed the point again and again, they agreed to withdraw further to Phari. I strongly told the Tibetan tribes that trade could not be avoided; only then did they issue a bond pledging compliance. Now Britain, fearing other powers would use this as a precedent to demand the same, suddenly proposed to break off talks. This is deeply wished by the Tibetans, and the Russians likewise cannot press any demands. Only hereafter defense must be strict; we cannot lapse into negligence again. From summer until now the delay has dragged on; I beg that the Zongli Yamen be ordered to press the British minister to conclude quickly."

十六年，以升泰為全權大臣，與印督定約八款，自布坦交界支莫摯山起，至廓爾喀邊界止，分藏、哲界，哲境歸英保護，所謂藏印條款是也，語詳邦交志。十八年，卒於仁進岡。事聞，優詔賜卹。

In the sixteenth year Sheng Tai was made plenipotentiary and with the Indian governor concluded an eight-article treaty from Zhimozhi Mountain on the Bhutan border to the Nepal frontier, dividing Tibet and Sikkim and placing Sikkim under British protection—this is the so-called Tibet-India Convention; details are given in the Treaties section. In the eighteenth year he died at Rinchengang. When word reached the throne, an edict granted him exceptional funeral honors.

善慶，張佳氏，滿洲正黃旗人，黑龍江駐防。初從勝保徵捻，積勳至協領，賜號濟特固勒忒依巴圖魯。克鳳陽，擢副都統。論复定遠功，晉頭品服。同治元年，追捻至靈壁，平宿州寇墟。創發，乞病去。逾歲，朝旨以捻事棘，命選吉林、黑龍江騎旅赴皖。軍抵河南，張之萬疏留，連敗粵寇於南陽及湖北陽邳灘鮮花鎮。坐所部兵馬疲瘠褫職，仍留軍。四年，授吉林雙城堡總管。以戰功復故官，即於軍前除杭州副都統。再坐營馬侵踏民田褫職，追擊竄賊大同集，被宥。

Shan Qing, of the Zhangjia clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Yellow Banner stationed at Heilongjiang. He first campaigned against the Nian under Sengge Rinchen, rose through merit to vice commandant, and was granted the title Jiteguletei Batulu. He took Fengyang and was promoted to vice commander. For merit in recovering Dingyuan he was advanced to first-rank stipend. In the first year of Tongzhi he pursued the Nian to Lingbi and pacified the rebel stronghold at Suzhou. An old wound reopened and he resigned on grounds of illness. More than a year later, with the Nian crisis acute, the court ordered cavalry from Jilin and Heilongjiang sent to Anhui. When the army reached Henan, Zhang Zhiwan memorialized to keep them; they repeatedly defeated Cantonese rebels at Nanyang and at Yangpitan and Xianhuazhen in Hubei. Because his troops and horses were exhausted he was dismissed from office but kept with the army. In the fourth year he was appointed commandant of Shuangcheng Fort in Jilin. For battle merit his former rank was restored and he was appointed vice commander of Hangzhou at the front. Again, because camp horses trampled civilian fields he was dismissed; pursuing fleeing rebels at Datongji he was pardoned.

六年，與劉銘傳剿東捻，敗之濰縣松樹山。捻奔贛榆，追及之。銘傳自當賴文光，而令善慶當任柱。任柱殊死鬥，善慶令騎旅下馬結陣疾擊之，屍山積，猶進不止。會大霧，窈冥不見人。銘傳分軍襲其後，善慶率隊大呼衝殺，槍砲雨坌，降人潘貴升斬任酋於陣。善慶乘勢追擊，斬馘千餘級。論功，賞黃馬褂。賴酋勢益蹙，阻瀰河弗能達，乃據壽光王胡城。銘傳等分左右進，善慶與溫德勒克西拒之。追至鳳凰台，為他將所敗，就縛於揚州，予騎都尉世職。七年，西捻平，張總愚自沉於河，餘匪為善慶等所殲，晉二等輕車都尉，赴本官。

In the sixth year, with Liu Mingchuan he fought the eastern Nian and defeated them at Songshushan in Weixian. The Nian fled toward Ganyu and he overtook them. Mingchuan himself took on Lai Wenguang and ordered Shan Qing to face Ren Zhu. Ren Zhu fought desperately; Shan Qing ordered his cavalry to dismount, form ranks, and strike hard—corpses piled like hills, yet the enemy still pressed forward. A heavy fog fell, and in the gloom nothing could be seen. Mingchuan sent troops to strike from the rear while Shan Qing led a shouting charge; guns and cannon poured in, and the defector Pan Guisheng slew the rebel chief Ren in the field. Shan Qing pressed the pursuit and took more than a thousand heads. For merit he was rewarded with a yellow riding jacket. The rebel chief Lai was increasingly cornered; blocked by the Mi River he could not advance and held Wanghucheng in Shouguang. Mingchuan and others advanced on both flanks; Shan Qing and Wendelekexi held them off. Pursued to Fenghuangtai, Lai was defeated by another general and captured at Yangzhou; Shan Qing was granted a hereditary captaincy. In the seventh year the western Nian were pacified; Zhang Zongyu drowned himself; the remaining bandits were wiped out by Shan Qing and others; he was promoted to second-rank commandant of light chariots and returned to his post.

擢杭州將軍。杭州駐防自克復後，昆壽規复營製，連成重建營牆。善慶至，籌設漸備。光緒改元，調綏遠城，歷寧夏、江寧。召還，授正紅旗漢軍副都統，駐師通州。十一年，充御前侍衛，佐海軍事務。十三年，出為福州將軍。次年，卒，予建祠，諡勤敏。

He was promoted to military governor of Hangzhou. After the Hangzhou garrison was recovered, Kunshou planned to restore camp regulations and Liancheng rebuilt the camp walls. When Shan Qing arrived, arrangements were gradually brought to completion. At the beginning of the Guangxu reign he was transferred to Suiyuancheng and later served at Ningxia and Jiangning. Summoned back, he was appointed vice commander of the Chinese Plain Red Banner and stationed his troops at Tongzhou. In the eleventh year he served as an imperial bodyguard and assisted in naval affairs. In the thirteenth year he was appointed military governor of Fuzhou. The following year he died; a memorial temple was granted, with the posthumous name Qinmin.

柏梁，字研香，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲正白旗人，杭州駐防。父麟瑞，咸豐末陣亡乍浦，見忠義傳。柏梁少從其叔父鳳瑞出，隸李鴻章軍，轉戰江、浙。攻太倉州，柏樑自南門先登。復攻蘇州，戰於黃天蕩，陣斬悍目。攻嘉興、宜興、江陰、金壇，柏梁皆有功。改隸勝保軍，戰江北，屢捷，累保至協領，賞花翎。杭州克復，調歸駐防，補協領。承歷任將軍辦理營務，善慶尤倚任之。光緒中，駐防初設洋槍隊，以柏梁充全營翼長，兼掌兵司。規畫營製，均照新軍式訓練，紀律肅然。敘勞，以副都統記名。入覲，奏對稱旨。以曉暢戎機、訓練出力，賞頭品服。駐防舊有旗倉，久為兵燹，柏梁請撥款重建。旋授乍浦副都統。乍浦駐防營毀於粵亂，副都統駐杭州。柏梁蒞任，歲至乍浦巡視海防。以勞卒。賜卹如製。

Bai Liang, styled Yanxiang, of the Guwalgiya clan, was a Manchu of the Plain White Banner stationed at Hangzhou. His father Linrui fell in battle at Zhapu in the late Xianfeng years; see the Loyal and Righteous biographies. In youth Bai Liang followed his uncle Fengrui into the field, joined Li Hongzhang's army, and fought across Jiangsu and Zhejiang. In the assault on Taicang he was first over the south gate. In the renewed assault on Suzhou he fought at Huangtiandang and slew a fierce enemy officer in the field. In the attacks on Jiaxing, Yixing, Jiangyin, and Jintan he distinguished himself each time. Transferred to Sengge Rinchen's army, he fought north of the Yangzi with repeated victories, rose to vice commandant, and was rewarded with a peacock feather. When Hangzhou was recovered he returned to the garrison and was appointed vice commandant. He continued the work of successive governors in camp affairs, and Shan Qing relied on him especially. In the Guangxu period the garrison first formed a foreign-rifle corps; Bai Liang served as wing commander of the whole camp and also directed the military office. He planned camp regulations and trained all on the new-army model; discipline was strict. For recorded merit he was placed on the list for vice commander. At court audience his responses pleased the emperor. For his grasp of military affairs and exertion in training he was rewarded with first-rank stipend. The garrison's old banner granaries had long been ruined by war; Bai Liang petitioned for funds to rebuild them. Soon he was appointed vice commander of Zhapu. The Zhapu garrison camp had been destroyed in the Taiping rebellion; the vice commander resided at Hangzhou. On taking office Bai Liang went each year to Zhapu to inspect coastal defense. He died from overwork. Funeral honors were granted according to statute.

恩澤，字雨三，噶奇特氏，蒙古鑲藍旗人，荊州駐防。光緒初，以佐領從金順出關，克黃田，复烏魯木齊諸城，擢協領。其秋，回寇奔呼圖壁，追擊之，大潰，又扼之頭屯河，白彥虎益窘。進攻瑪納斯，轟潰城垣數丈，恩澤先登，諸軍繼之，城拔，晉副都統。歷權巴里坤、烏魯木齊領隊大臣。以劉錦棠薦。除吉林副都統，移琿春。

En Ze, styled Yusan, of the Gaqite clan, was a Mongol of the Bordered Blue Banner stationed at Jingzhou. Early in Guangxu, as company commander he followed Jin Shun beyond the pass, took Huangtian, recovered Ürümqi and other cities, and was promoted to vice commandant. That autumn Muslim rebels fled toward Hutubi; he pursued and routed them, then blocked them at the Toutun River, and Bai Yanhu grew still more desperate. In the assault on Manas, cannon breached several zhang of wall; En Ze was first over the top, the armies followed, and the city fell; he was promoted to vice commander. He served in turn as acting leading minister at Barkul and Ürümqi. On Liu Jintang's recommendation. He was appointed vice commander of Jilin and transferred to Hunchun.

二十年，日本敗盟，與將軍長順籌戰守。乃治團練，築台壘，設疑兵，敵知有備，引兵去。尋署將軍。其時東山馬賊猖獗，伯都訥、烏拉教匪乘機竊發，竄擾官街、白旗屯。恩澤聞警，率師分擊之，夷其堅堡。又遣提督雲春等，搜東山逸匪。明年，調黑龍江，督邊防。先後疏請改練洋操，招墾荒地，賑恤窮乏。俄而鬍匪據觀音山南北圍，謀劫金廠。恩澤诇知之，嚴備以待。已，寇果至，營官王槐林等迎擊，大敗之。別遣將大搜山林，自是首觀音山訖烏蘇里滿卡，千餘裡無寇踪。又以撓力溝素窟匪，留兵鎮攝之。上以為能，降敕褒嘉。二十五年，卒於官，予黑龍江及立功省分建祠。

In the twentieth year Japan broke the treaty; with Military Governor Changshun he planned for war and defense. He organized militia, built forts, and set decoys; seeing preparations, the enemy withdrew. Soon he acted as military governor. At that time bandits were rampant in the eastern hills; rebels at Boduna and Wula seized the chance to rise and raided Guanjie and Baiqitun. Hearing the alarm, En Ze led troops in divided attacks and destroyed their strong forts. He also sent Regional Commander Yunchun and others to hunt down fleeing bandits in the eastern hills. The following year he was transferred to Heilongjiang to supervise frontier defense. He memorialized repeatedly to drill in Western-style exercises, recruit settlers for wasteland, and relieve the destitute. Soon bandits held the north and south passes of Guanyin Mountain and plotted to rob the gold mines. En Ze learned of this through reconnaissance and made strict preparations. When the bandits came as expected, Camp Officer Wang Huailin and others met them and inflicted a great defeat. He sent other generals to search the mountains thoroughly; from Guanyin Mountain to the Wusuli frontier posts, more than a thousand li were free of bandits. Because bandits had long lurked in Naoli Gou, he left troops to pacify the area. The emperor considered him capable and issued an edict of praise. In the twenty-fifth year he died in office; memorial temples were granted in Heilongjiang and the provinces where he had earned merit.

銘安，字鼎臣，葉赫那拉氏，內務府滿洲鑲黃旗人。咸豐六年進士，選庶吉士，授編修，除贊善。累遷內閣學士，歷泰陵總兵、倉場侍郎。同治十三年，調盛京刑部。德宗纘業，充頒詔朝鮮正使。光緒二年，勘事吉林，條上四事，曰：剿馬賊、禁賭博、設民官、稽荒地，上韙之，命署將軍。吉省武備久弛，寇盜充斥。銘安蒞任，嚴治盜。复募獵戶為砲勇，號吉勝營。先後檄統領穆隆阿、協領金福，分道追剿，斬馘甚眾。益練西丹步隊八百，入山窮搜，寇勢漸蹙。已，复捕治東山逸匪，擒誅金廠黨魁，軍威大振。默念吉省幅瀼四五千里，斷非十數委員能濟事；且旗員未諳民治，請破積習，調用漢官，部臣尼之，銘安抗疏力爭，始俞允。

Ming An, styled Dingchen, of the Yehe Nara clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner attached to the Imperial Household Department. A jinshi in the sixth year of Xianfeng, he entered the Hanlin as a bachelor, became a compiler, and was appointed a tutor. He rose to grand secretary of the Grand Secretariat and served as commandant of Tailing and vice president of the Grain Transport Bureau. In the thirteenth year of Tongzhi he was transferred to the Mukden Board of Punishments. When the Guangxu Emperor succeeded, he served as chief envoy to proclaim the accession in Korea. In the second year of Guangxu he investigated Jilin and submitted four proposals: suppress horse bandits, ban gambling, establish civilian officials, and survey wasteland; the emperor approved and ordered him to act as military governor. Jilin's defenses had long been lax and bandits filled the province. On taking office Ming An strictly suppressed banditry. He also recruited hunters as artillery troops in a unit called the Jisheng Battalion. He ordered Commandant Mulonga and Vice Commandant Jinfu to pursue in separate columns and took many heads. He trained eight hundred Xidan infantry, searched the mountains thoroughly, and the bandits gradually weakened. He also captured fleeing bandits in the eastern hills and executed the gold-mine ringleaders; military prestige revived sharply. He reflected that Jilin stretched four or five thousand li and could not be managed by a dozen commissioners alone; moreover bannermen were unversed in civilian rule; he asked to break old habits and employ Chinese officials; ministry officials obstructed him, but Ming An memorialized forcefully until approval was granted.

五年，實授。又言盜賊雖平，餘孽未靖，亟宜增置民官，畫疆分治。先後奏改伯都訥同知、長春通判，理事，為撫民，置知府、巡道各一，賓州、五常同知二，雙城通判、伊通知州、敦化知縣各一，並請無分滿、漢。又奏弛秧蓡禁，免山獸貢，增各旗義學，士民利賴之。東北與俄接壤，舊設卡倫，無兵駐守。乃遣將分扼要塞，並築營伯力、紅土崖、雙城子，守以重兵，因上安內攘外方略，稱旨。長春號難治，銘安稔知鍾彥才，奏請除通判，部臣以違例請下吏議，銘安盛氣抗辯，上兩解之。然銘安終不自安，引疾去。尋坐失察屬吏受賄，降三級。二十三年，上以治吉有功，部民感念，復故官。明年，鄉舉重逢，加太子太保。宣統三年，卒，年八十四，詔優恤，諡文肅。

In the fifth year he received formal appointment. He also said that although bandits were pacified, remnants remained unsettled and civilian officials should urgently be added to divide the territory for administration. He memorialized to convert the subprefect of Boduna and the intendant of Changchun into civil administrators; to establish a prefect and a circuit intendant; subprefects for Binzhou and Wuchang; and intendant posts for Shuangcheng, Yitong, and Dunhua; and asked that Manchu and Han not be distinguished. He also memorialized to relax the ginseng ban, exempt mountain-game tribute, and increase charity schools in each banner, to the benefit of scholars and common people. The northeast bordered Russia; frontier posts had been set up but no troops were stationed. He sent generals to hold key passes, built camps at Boli, Hongtuya, and Shuangchengzi, garrisoned them heavily, and submitted a strategy to secure the interior and repel outsiders; the emperor approved. Changchun was known as hard to govern; Ming An knew Zhong Yancai well and memorialized to appoint him intendant; ministry officials cited irregularity and asked for inquiry; Ming An argued forcefully, and the emperor settled it between them. Yet Ming An never felt secure and resigned on grounds of illness. Soon he was demoted three ranks for failing to detect a subordinate's bribery. In the twenty-third year, for merit in governing Jilin and the people's gratitude, his former rank was restored. The following year, on the provincial examination cycle, he was made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the third year of Xuantong (1911) he died, aged eighty-four; the throne ordered special condolence, and he was given the posthumous title Wensu.

恭鏜，字振魁，博爾濟吉特氏，滿洲正黃旗人，大學士琦善子。以任子授吏部主事。累遷郎中，兼內務府銀庫員外郎，充總理各國事務衙門章京，出為湖北荊宜施道。論捕獲江陵教匪功，加按察使銜。同治十年，擢奉天府府尹，坐事降。光緒三年，賞二等侍衛，充烏魯木齊領隊大臣。越二年，遷都統。

Gong Tang, courtesy name Zhenkui, of the Borjigit clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Yellow Banner and son of Grand Secretary Qishan. By hereditary privilege he was appointed a principal clerk in the Ministry of Personnel. He rose to department director, concurrently served in the Imperial Household Treasury, worked as a clerk in the Zongli Yamen, and was posted as circuit intendant of Jing-Yi-Shi in Hubei. For merit in capturing sect rebels at Jiangling, he was given the brevet rank of provincial surveillance commissioner. In the tenth year of Tongzhi (1871) he was promoted to prefect of Fengtian Prefecture, but was later demoted for an offense. In the third year of Guangxu (1877) he was granted the rank of Second Class Imperial Bodyguard and appointed commanding colonel at Urumqi. Two years later he was transferred to military governor.

先是，陝回阿渾妥明客參將索煥章家。煥章者，前甘州提督索文子也，素蓄異志。戍卒硃小桂告變，提督業普衝惑煥章言，誣斬小桂。及煥章反，烏城陷，業普衝被害。至是恭鏜廉得實，請予平反。奪索文榮典，分別卹小桂、業普衝及赴援殉難諸臣，人心稱快，賜頭品秩。九年，除西安將軍，病免。十二年，署黑龍江將軍。疏請舉辦漠河金礦，杜俄人覬覦。又建議墾荒十利，曰：儲國帑、濟民食、嚴保衛、便輯綏、裕經費、富徵收、集商賈、益釐稅、廣生聚、實邊備，詔不許。十四年，實授。明年，移杭州，入覲，道卒天津，詔優恤。子瑞澂，自有傳。

Earlier, a Shaanxi Muslim named Ahun Tuoming had been a guest in the household of Deputy Commander Suo Huanzhang. Huanzhang was the son of the former Gansu provincial commander Suo Wen and had long harbored treasonous ambitions. Garrison soldier Zhu Xiaogui reported the conspiracy, but Provincial Commander Ye Puchong, misled by Huanzhang, had Xiaogui executed on trumped-up charges. When Huanzhang rebelled, Wucheng fell and Ye Puchong was killed. By then Gong Tang had investigated and established the facts, and memorialized for exoneration. Suo Wen's posthumous honors were revoked; Xiaogui, Ye Puchong, and the officials who died on relief duty were separately pensioned; the public rejoiced, and Gong Tang was granted first-rank status. In the ninth year he was appointed general of Xi'an, then resigned on grounds of illness. In the twelfth year he served as acting general of Heilongjiang. He memorialized to develop gold mines on the Mohe River and thereby forestall Russian encroachment. He also proposed ten benefits of opening wasteland: replenishing the treasury, feeding the people, tightening security, facilitating pacification, easing expenses, enriching revenue, drawing merchants, increasing customs dues, growing the population, and strengthening frontier defense; the edict did not approve. In the fourteenth year he received formal appointment. The following year he was transferred to Hangzhou; while traveling to court he died at Tianjin, and the throne ordered special condolence. His son Ruicheng has his own biography.

慶裕，字蘭圃，喜塔臘氏，滿洲正白旗人。以繙譯生員考取內閣中書，充軍機章京，兼總理各國事務衙門行走。從文祥赴奉天剿匪，還補侍讀。出知湖北鄖陽府。追錄平捻功，晉道員。光緒元年，擢奉天府府尹。歷遷至漕運總督，調河東河道。九年，除盛京將軍。明年，法越構釁，慶裕巡視沒溝營、旅順口、大連灣，諭示居民曰：「有能殺敵立功，擒獲奸細者賞。」又遵旨增練蘇拉千人、食餉旗兵五百，上言：「整頓旗營，兼顧海防。今日多一兵，即有一兵之用；異日補旗兵，即可裁客兵之餉。所費者少，所繫者重。」詔嘉許之。朝鮮亂作，檄提督黃仕林等扼隘口。以營口為兵衝要地，運石塞海口，設電線達省城。建議籌邊籌餉機宜，附陳宜變通者三事：一，道府年終加考；一，推廣薦舉卓異；一，崇府尹品秩，行巡撫事，議行。

Qing Yu, courtesy name Lanpu, of the Xitala clan, was a Manchu of the Plain White Banner. As a translation licentiate he passed the examination for Hanlin Attendant, served as a Grand Council clerk, and also worked in the Zongli Yamen. He followed Wen Xiang to Fengtian to suppress bandits, then returned and was appointed a Hanlin reader. He was posted as prefect of Yunyang in Hubei. For recorded merit in pacifying the Nian rebels he was promoted to circuit intendant. In the first year of Guangxu (1875) he was promoted to prefect of Fengtian Prefecture. He rose to Grand Canal director, then was transferred to the eastern Yellow River conservancy. In the ninth year he was appointed general of Shengjing. The following year, when France and Vietnam went to war, Qing Yu inspected Mogouying, Lushunkou, and Dalian Bay and proclaimed to the residents: "Whoever kills the enemy and wins merit, or captures spies, will be rewarded." He also followed orders to add a thousand trained sutra troops and five hundred paid banner soldiers, memorializing: "To reorganize the banners while also strengthening coastal defense. Today one more soldier means one more soldier who can be used; when banner troops are replenished later, the pay for hired troops can be reduced. Little would be spent, yet much would be gained." The edict praised his proposal. When unrest broke out in Korea, he ordered Brigadier Huang Shilin and others to hold the mountain passes. Because Yingkou was a vital military junction, he shipped stone to block the harbor mouth and laid telegraph lines to the provincial capital. He memorialized on timely measures for frontier defense and supplies, attaching three proposed reforms: first, year-end examinations for circuit intendants and prefects; second, broadening recommendations of outstanding officials; third, elevating the rank of the Fengtian prefect so he could perform governor's duties; these were approved.

十一年，安東十二州縣告災，慶裕籌賑撫卹，民獲甦。是秋霪雨，遼河、大凌河暴漲，田禾被淹。發倉以濟。設粥廠牛莊、田莊台收養之。明年，金州蝗，旱魃為虐。又明年，興京水祲，賑如初。十九年，授熱河都統。道孫河、半壁店，上流民被災就食狀，並請變通盜案、稅額章程。又使吏捕平泉黑役為害鄉里者，頗著政聲。二十年，調福州將軍。閩海關沿襲舊規，吏胥因緣為奸，上敕其整理。既至，鉤稽糾剔，蠲苛息煩，弊風盡革。其秋，卒於官，卹如製。

In the eleventh year twelve prefectures and districts of Andong reported disaster; Qing Yu organized relief and the people were restored. That autumn prolonged rain caused the Liao and Daling rivers to rise sharply and inundate the crops. He opened the granaries for relief. He set up soup kitchens at Niuzhuang and Tianzhuangtai to shelter the victims. The following year locusts struck Jinzhou and drought ravaged the region. The year after that Xingjing suffered flooding, and relief was provided as before. In the nineteenth year he was appointed military governor of Rehe. En route at Sunhe and Banbidian he reported upstream refugees seeking food after disaster, and also asked to revise regulations on theft cases and tax quotas. He also had officials arrest the ruffians in Pingquan who preyed on the countryside, and he gained a reputation for effective government. In the twentieth year he was transferred to general of Fuzhou. The Min customs office had long followed old rules that clerks exploited for profit; the emperor ordered him to reform it. After he arrived he audited accounts and corrected abuses, abolished harsh levies and cut red tape, and corrupt practices were eliminated. That autumn he died in office; condolence payments followed the regulations.

長庚，字少白，伊爾根覺羅氏，滿洲正黃旗人。以縣丞保知縣。伊犁將軍榮全調充翼長。時白彥虎糾西寧回匪寇烏垣，進圍哈密。安集延酋帕夏並偽元帥馬明眾，合烏魯木齊、古牧地、昌吉、瑪納斯、呼圖壁漢回，撲犯沙山子，與為遙應，勢張甚。長庚奉榮全檄，領練勇赴援。而烏魯木齊都統景廉所遣黑龍江營總伊勒和布兵亦至。兩軍夾擊，殲擒殆盡，卒解沙山子圍。旋贊都統金順戎幕，總理營務，積勳至道員。光緒六年，授巴彥岱領隊大臣。未幾，丁母憂。服闋，入覲，上召見，垂詢西北情形。長庚手繪輿圖，奏陳邊事，以阿爾泰山宜設防守，伊犁邊防宜籌佈置，纏金等境宜開屯山，漠北草地宜善撫綏，及哈薩克應仿例編為佐領等條以對。遷伊犁副都統。

Chang Geng, courtesy name Shaobai, of the Irgen Gioro clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Yellow Banner. On recommendation from subprefect he was qualified for appointment as magistrate. Ili General Rong Quan transferred him to serve as his aide. At the time Bai Yanhu rallied Muslim rebels from Xining to raid Wuyuan and advanced to besiege Hami. The Kokand chief Yakub Beg together with the false marshal Ma Ming and many followers, joining Muslims and Han from Urumqi, Gumudi, Changji, Manas, and Hutubi, attacked Shashanzi in concert with them from afar, and their power was formidable. Under orders from Rong Quan, Chang Geng led militia to the relief. Troops sent by Urumqi Military Governor Jing Lian under Heilongjiang battalion commander Yilehebu also arrived. The two armies attacked from both flanks and nearly annihilated the enemy, finally lifting the siege of Shashanzi. Soon he assisted Military Governor Jin Shun on the campaign staff and directed camp affairs; for accumulated merit he rose to circuit intendant. In the sixth year of Guangxu (1880) he was appointed commanding colonel at Bayandai. Before long he entered mourning for his mother. When mourning ended he came to court; the emperor summoned him and inquired about conditions in the northwest. Chang Geng drew a map by hand and memorialized on frontier affairs, proposing defenses on the Altai Mountains, arrangements for Ili's frontier defenses, military colonies in Chanjin and other districts, good governance of the northern steppe, and registering Kazakhs as banner assistants by precedent. He was transferred to deputy military governor of Ili.

十四年，命充駐藏大臣。行次里塘，值瞻對番族叛。長庚暫往碩般多，廉知釁由番官肆虐釀成，遴員授以機宜，調集漢、土官兵，聲罪致討，殲渠宥脅，嚴懲藏官，事乃就緒。議者遂欲收其地，仍歸川轄。長庚以瞻對自乾隆以來，叛服靡常，勞師糜餉。同治初年，西藏底定，奉旨將瞻對劃歸達賴喇嘛，派堪布管理。今若蹊田奪牛，使朝廷失信於衛藏，恐所得小而所失大。乃為詳定善後章程，與將軍岐元、川督劉秉璋等同上。藏亂遂定。

In the fourteenth year he was ordered to serve as the Resident in Tibet. En route at Litang he encountered rebellion among the Nyarong tribes. Chang Geng temporarily went to Suobanduo, established that the trouble had been provoked by Tibetan officials' oppression, selected an official and gave him instructions, mobilized Han and native troops, proclaimed their crimes and attacked, destroyed the ringleaders while sparing the coerced, and strictly punished the Tibetan officials; the affair was then settled. Some officials then wished to recover the territory and return it to Sichuan's jurisdiction. Chang Geng argued that since the Qianlong reign Nyarong had rebelled and submitted unpredictably, exhausting troops and treasury. In the early Tongzhi years, when Tibet was pacified, an edict had assigned Nyarong to the Dalai Lama with a resident lama to administer it. If the court now seized the territory like a bully taking another's field, it would break faith with Tibet; the gain might be small and the loss great. He then drew up detailed postpacification regulations and submitted them jointly with General Qi Yuan and Sichuan Governor Liu Bingzhang. The Tibetan unrest was then settled.

擢伊犁將軍。時伊犁當大亂後，萬端待理。長庚至，多所規畫。蔥嶺西有帕米爾者，即唐之波謎羅也，東距疏勒約一千四百里。乾隆二十四年，將軍富德窮追回酋，一至其地，立碑記焉，然稱之為葉什勒庫爾，未明言帕米爾三字。嘉、道以來，久未顧問，碑亦湮沒。咸、同後，俄人遽以哈薩克右中各部與浩罕八部，設土耳其斯坦、斜米七河、費爾乾等省，甚至塔城西之舊雅爾城、阿克甦之察林河卡倫，同就淪胥。蔥嶺東有坎巨提者，一名乾竺特，其都城曰棍雜，與哪咯耳隔水相望，在莎車州西南約二千里。其西北可通帕米爾。坎民貧而多盜，其酋縱掠鄰郡。英人責言，牒告我政府。坎酋又交通俄人。英使臣以割分帕地請，政府恐啟俄爭，拒弗許。時英、俄各以兵壓境。長庚致書新疆巡撫陶模，謂：「屬地當爭，邊地當守，兵釁萬不可開。況能戡土匪之將士，未足以御強敵；軍中所資。仰給內地及濱江海各省，數月乃達。而俄境鐵軌已至薩瑪爾幹，英屬鐵軌已至北印度之勞爾，遲速迥殊。又新疆南北路與俄地犬牙相錯者幾五千餘裡，雖兵倍加，不敷防守。且俄若以輕兵由齊桑斯克走布倫託海犯鎮西、哈密，即可梗我咽喉。當此民窮財匱之時，尤不可輕戰。只能備豫不虞，徐圖轉圜。毋以小忿遂起大釁，增兵徒增民困。」陶模以為然，卒如長庚議。

He was promoted to Ili General. At the time Ili was recovering from great disorder, and myriad affairs awaited attention. When Chang Geng arrived, he planned extensively. West of the Onion Mountains lies the Pamirs—the Tang dynasty's Poluomila—about fourteen hundred li east of Kashgar. In the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong (1759) General Fude pursued the fleeing chief there once and erected a commemorative stele, yet called the place Yashilkul without explicitly using the name Pamir. From the Jiaqing and Daoguang reigns onward it was long neglected, and the stele was lost. After the Xianfeng and Tongzhi reigns the Russians suddenly absorbed the right and middle Kazakh tribes together with the eight Kokand khanates, established provinces of Turkestan, Semirechye, and Ferghana, and even old Yarkand west of Tacheng and the Chalin River post of Aksu were lost. East of the Onion Mountains lies Kanjut, also called Gandhara; its capital Hunza faces Nagar across the river, about two thousand li southwest of Shache Prefecture. Its northwest connects to the Pamirs. The people of Kanjut were poor and prone to banditry; their chief allowed raids on neighboring districts. The British protested and notified the Qing government by dispatch. The Kanjut chief also maintained contact with the Russians. The British minister asked to partition Pamir territory; the government feared provoking Russia and refused. Britain and Russia each pressed the frontier with troops. Chang Geng wrote to Xinjiang Governor Tao Mo, saying: "Dependent territory must be defended, frontier territory must be guarded, and war must never be lightly begun. Moreover, officers and men who can subdue bandits are not enough to resist a strong enemy; the army's supplies depend on the interior and coastal provinces and take months to arrive. Yet Russian railways already reach Samarkand and British railways already reach Lahore in North India—the difference in speed is extreme. Moreover, Xinjiang's northern and southern routes interlock with Russian territory for nearly five thousand li; even if troops were doubled, they would not suffice for defense. Moreover, if Russia sent light troops from Zaisansk along Burr Tokhay to strike Zhenxi and Hami, they could cut our lifeline. At this time of exhausted people and depleted treasury, war must especially not be lightly undertaken. We can only guard against unforeseen events and gradually seek a favorable turn. Do not let a small grievance lead to a great conflict; increasing troops would only increase the people's hardship. Tao Mo agreed, and in the end matters proceeded as Chang Geng had advised.

又伊、塔之間，有巴爾魯克山者，西連俄界，南逼精河，西南與博羅塔拉接壤，為伊、塔要道，泉甘土沃，久為俄人垂涎。自借與俄後，俄人視為己有。先是，北路劫盜多窟此山，擾行旅。前副都統額爾慶額請租借期滿索回。總署以俄使有續借之請，函詢情形。長庚詳陳利弊，謂此山關係重大，急應收回。隨遣員赴塔城與俄領事會商，堅持人隨地歸之約，卒收回。二十年，甘回作亂，官軍兜剿。賊不能得志於甘，欲循白彥虎故事，西竄新疆，由伊犁遁俄境。長庚諜知，遣兵扼守珠勒都斯等地，賊不能越，遂就擒於羅布淖爾。二十二年，命兼鑲藍旗漢軍都統。二十六年，拳匪肇亂，俄人調兵入伊。長庚與俄領事交涉，凡教堂及俄人財產，力任保護，諭令退兵，人心乃定。調成都將軍，未之任，奉電旨飭赴阿爾泰山查勘界址。旋內召，授兵部尚書。

Between Ili and Tacheng lay Mount Barchuk, bordering Russia to the west, pressing on Jinghe to the south, and meeting Bortala to the southwest—a vital route between Ili and Tacheng, with sweet springs and fertile soil that Russians had long coveted. After it was lent to Russia, the Russians treated it as their own. Earlier, bandits on the northern route had often made this mountain their lair and harassed travelers. The former deputy military governor Erqing'e requested that it be reclaimed when the lease expired. Because the Russian minister had requested a lease renewal, the Zongli Yamen inquired by dispatch about the situation. Chang Geng set forth the advantages and disadvantages in detail, arguing that the mountain was of great importance and should be recovered without delay. He then sent an officer to Tacheng to negotiate with the Russian consul, insisting on the principle that sovereignty follows territory, and eventually recovered the mountain. In the twentieth year (1894), Gansu Muslims rebelled, and government troops encircled and suppressed them. Unable to prevail in Gansu, the rebels sought to follow Bai Yanhu's example by fleeing west into Xinjiang and escaping through Ili into Russian territory. Learning this through intelligence, Chang Geng sent troops to hold Juldus and other passes; the rebels could not break through and were finally captured at Lop Nur. In the twenty-second year (1896), he was appointed concurrently as military governor of the Bordered Blue Banner Chinese Army. In the twenty-sixth year (1900), the Boxer uprising began and Russian troops entered Ili. Chang Geng negotiated with the Russian consul, personally guaranteed the protection of churches and Russian property, urged the Russians to withdraw their troops, and thereby restored calm. He was transferred to military governor of Chengdu but never took up the post; by telegraphic decree he was ordered to the Altai Mountains to survey the boundary. He was soon summoned to the capital and appointed Minister of War.

三十一年，复授伊犁將軍。疏陳伊犁應辦事宜，並言籌餉練兵，必合新疆全省籌畫。將軍事權不屬，莫若裁去新疆巡撫、伊犁將軍，增設總督兼管巡撫事宜，庶呼應靈而事權一。又籌擬北方興屯、置省事宜，請築西安至蘭州、歸化至包頭、包頭至古城各鐵路，皆不果行。

In the thirty-first year (1905), he was again appointed military governor of Ili. In a memorial he outlined what should be done at Ili and argued that raising funds and training troops required planning for all of Xinjiang as a whole. Because military authority was divided, he proposed abolishing the posts of Xinjiang governor and Ili military governor and creating a governor-general who would also handle civil administration, so that command could respond swiftly and authority would be unified. He also drew up plans for land reclamation and provincial organization in the north, proposing railways from Xi'an to Lanzhou, Guihua to Baotou, and Baotou to Gucheng—but none of these projects went forward.

宣統元年，遷陝甘總督。三年，武昌事起，西安等處繼之。前陝甘總督升允奉命督辦軍務，事略定。遜位旨下，長庚乃將總督印交布政使趙惟熙而去。越四年卒，諡恭厚。

In the first year of Xuantong (1909), he was transferred to governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu. In the third year (1911), the uprising at Wuchang broke out, and Xi'an and other cities followed. The former governor-general Sheng Yun was ordered to supervise military affairs, and the situation was brought partly under control. When the abdication edict was issued, Chang Geng handed the governor-general's seal to Provincial Administration Commissioner Zhao Weixi and left office. He died four years later and was given the posthumous title Gonghou.

文海，字仲瀛，費莫氏，滿洲鑲紅旗人。以繙譯舉人考取內閣中書，充軍機章京，遷侍讀。光緒九年，轉御史。建言培養人才，宜令中外大臣杜徇情，勵廉恥，以植其本，上嘉納焉。十二年，巡視北城。以兄文治授詹事，依例迴避，調戶部郎中。十四年，出知貴州安順府，調貴陽。所蒞有聲。

Wen Hai, courtesy name Zhongying, of the Feimo clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Red Banner. As a translation licentiate he passed the examination for Secretariat drafter, served as a Grand Council clerk, and was promoted to reader-in-waiting. In the ninth year of Guangxu (1883) he was transferred to censor. He memorialized on cultivating talent, urging ministers at court and abroad to shut out favoritism and encourage integrity and a sense of shame as the foundation of governance; the throne praised and accepted his advice. In the twelfth year (1886) he inspected the North City. When his elder brother Wen Zhi was appointed Junior Tutor, he withdrew by regulation and was transferred to department director in the Ministry of Revenue. In the fourteenth year (1888) he was appointed prefect of Anshun in Guizhou and later transferred to Guiyang. Wherever he served he earned a strong reputation.

二十二年，數遷至按察使，尋加副都統，充駐藏辦事大臣。既至，即上言叛番雖靖，餘孽猶存，兵未可罷，願自任剿辦。二十五年，呼圖克圖第穆構康巴喇嘛用邪術咒詛達賴。文海曰：「此關風化，不可不有以懲之也。」乃奏請奪其名號。已而野番出掠博窩，地為川、藏孔道，行旅苦之。官軍入昂多往捕，彼即扼縮隆岡來路，崛強莫能製。文海率眾進擊，別遣通番語者繞道叩其壁，宣播朝威，反覆開喻。於是上博窩業魯第巴宿木宗，中博窩雨茹寺，下博窩蒲隆、瓊多諸寺，皆相率乞款附，數月而事定，賜頭品服。未幾遘疾，請入川療治，卒於塗。依尚書例賜卹，予入城治喪。

In the twenty-second year (1896) he rose through several posts to provincial surveillance commissioner; he was soon given the additional rank of deputy military governor and appointed Resident Commissioner in Tibet. Upon arrival he immediately memorialized that although the Tibetan rebels had been pacified, remnants remained and troops could not be stood down; he volunteered to take personal charge of the suppression. In the twenty-fifth year (1899), Hutuktu Dimu incited Khampa lamas to curse the Dalai Lama with sorcery. Wen Hai said, "This touches public morals; there must be some punishment." He then memorialized requesting that Dimu's religious title be stripped. Before long wild tribesmen raided Bowo, a vital route between Sichuan and Tibet, to the great distress of travelers. When government troops entered Angduo to pursue them, the tribesmen would block the Suolonggang pass and grow so defiant that they could not be subdued. Wen Hai led his forces forward in attack and separately sent men fluent in tribal languages by a detour to approach their stockades, proclaiming imperial authority and reasoning with them again and again. Thereupon the monasteries of Upper Bowo Yeludiba Sumuzong, Middle Bowo Yuru, and Lower Bowo Pulong, Qiongduo, and others all submitted in succession; within months the affair was settled, and he was granted a first-rank official hat. He soon fell ill, asked to enter Sichuan for treatment, and died on the journey. By ministerial precedent he was granted condolence and permission for funeral rites to be held within the city.

鳳全，字茀堂，滿洲鑲黃旗人，荊州駐防。以舉人入貲為知縣，銓四川。光緒二年，權知開縣，至則使吏捕仇開正。開正故無賴，痛以重法繩之，卒改為善。李氏為邑豪族，其族人倚勢，所為多不法。鳳全直法行治，雖豪必夷，以故人人惴恐。歷成都、綿竹，補蒲江，署崇慶州，一如治開。舉治行第一，擢工卩州直隸州。二十三年，調資州。大足縣餘蠻子亂起，其黨唐翠屏等構眾入境。鳳全乃治城防，設間諜，練鄉勇，聯客軍，謀定寇至，亟遣軍間道襲擊。戰太平場，捕斬略盡。复越境搜治餘黨，不兩月而事寧。州屬患水祲，民多失業，設法賑濟之，全活甚眾。再以治行聞，調署瀘州。二十八年，權知嘉定府。緣江會匪嘯聚，既蒞事，舉團練，嚴治通匪土豪，居民莫敢玩法。無何，拳匪延入蜀，嘉定當水陸衝，郡中一夕數驚。鳳全內固人心，外嚴拒守。嘗提一旅師四出游弋，匪不敢近。故鄰境多破碎，惟嘉郡差全，各國僑民多樂就之，繇是名大著。岑春煊性嚴厲，喜彈劾，屬吏鮮當意，獨亟賞鳳全，一再論薦。遷成綿龍茂道，特加副都統。

Feng Quan, courtesy name Futang, was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner garrisoned at Jingzhou. As a licentiate he purchased appointment as magistrate and was assigned to Sichuan. In the second year of Guangxu (1876) he served as acting magistrate of Kai County; upon arrival he had his clerks arrest Qiu Kaizheng. Kaizheng had been a notorious rogue; Feng Quan punished him severely under the law until he finally reformed. The Li were a powerful local clan whose kinsmen relied on their influence and behaved unlawfully in many ways. Feng Quan enforced the law without favor; even the powerful he brought low, so that everyone lived in fear of him. He served at Chengdu and Mianzhu, was appointed to Pujiang, and acted as prefect of Chongqing—governing each place as he had Kai. His administrative record was ranked first in the province, and he was promoted to Gongzhou Direct Prefecture. In the twenty-third year (1897) he was transferred to Zizhou. The Yumanzi rebellion broke out in Dazu County; his follower Tang Cuiping and others raised bands to cross the border. Feng Quan strengthened the city defenses, set spies, trained militia, allied with outside troops, and when the rebels came sent forces by a hidden route to strike them. They fought at Taiping Field; nearly all the rebels were captured and executed. He crossed the border again to hunt down remaining partisans, and within two months the disturbance was settled. When flood and famine struck the prefecture and many lost their livelihoods, he devised relief measures and saved a great number of lives. His administrative record again won notice, and he was transferred to act as prefect of Luzhou. In the twenty-eighth year (1902) he served as acting prefect of Jiading. Secret-society bandits had gathered along the river; once he took office he raised militia and strictly punished local magnates who colluded with them, so that residents did not dare break the law. Before long the Boxer movement spread into Sichuan; Jiading lay at a land-and-water crossroads, and the prefecture was thrown into alarm several times in a single night. Feng Quan steadied popular sentiment within the city and maintained strict defenses without. He once led a brigade on patrol in all directions, and the bandits did not dare approach. Neighboring districts were mostly devastated while Jiading alone remained largely intact; foreign residents were glad to seek his protection, and his fame spread widely. Cen Chunxuan was stern by nature and fond of impeachment; few subordinates pleased him, yet he prized Feng Quan highly and recommended him again and again. He was promoted to intendant of the Cheng-Mian-Long-Mao Circuit and given the additional rank of deputy military governor.

三十年，充駐藏幫辦大臣。行抵巴塘，見土司侵細民，喇嘛尤橫恣，久蔑視大臣。鳳全以為縱之則滋驕，後且嬰患，因是有暫停剃度、限定人數之議。喇嘛銜之深，遂潛通土司，嗾番匪播流言，阻墾務，漸至戕營勇，燔教堂，勢洶洶。鳳全率衛兵五百人往，至紅亭子，伏突起，戰良久，被害。事聞，予建祠，諡威愍。繼室李佳氏留成都，聞變，率子忠順馳入打箭爐辨遺骸，隨喪歸省垣。祠既成，乃觴將軍、總督以下官及文武士紳，告靈安主，慨然曰：「吾可以見先夫於地下矣！」事畢，夜赴荷池死，獲附祀。

In the thirtieth year (1904) he was appointed Assistant Resident Commissioner in Tibet. When he reached Batang he found native chiefs encroaching on common people and lamas especially overbearing, having long held the imperial commissioner in contempt. Feng Quan believed that indulgence would breed arrogance and bring trouble later; he therefore proposed temporarily halting ordinations and limiting the number of monks. The lamas bore deep resentment, secretly colluded with native chiefs, and incited tribal bandits to spread rumors, obstruct reclamation, kill camp soldiers, and burn churches—until the situation grew explosive. Feng Quan led five hundred guards forward; at Hongtingzi an ambush sprang up; after a long fight he was killed. When word reached the court, a memorial temple was granted in his honor and he received the posthumous title Weimin. His second wife, Lady Li née Jia, remained in Chengdu; on hearing of the disaster she led her son Zhongshun in haste to Dartsendo to identify his remains and returned with the coffin to the provincial capital. When the temple was completed, she entertained the military governor, governor-general, and officials civil and military, announced that his spirit was at rest, and said with emotion, "I can now meet my late husband in the underworld!" When the rites were finished, she went to Lotus Pond that night and drowned herself; she was granted the honor of attached sacrifice in his temple.

鳳全清操峻特，號剛直，然性忭急，少權變，不能與番眾委蛇，故終及難雲。

Feng Quan was known for stern integrity and unyielding conduct, yet he was impatient and inflexible, unable to deal tactfully with tribal peoples—and so met his end in disaster.

增祺，字瑞堂，伊拉里氏，滿洲鑲白旗人，密雲駐防。以佐領調黑龍江，佐練兵事，歷至齊齊哈爾副都統。光緒二十年，署將軍。二十四年，擢福州將軍，充船政大臣，兼署閩浙總督，旋遷盛京將軍。奉天自中日戰後，副都統榮和、壽長編練仁字、育字兩軍，營務廢弛，增祺奏請派員查辦，上命李秉衡往查，奪二人職，交部治罪，軍制肅然。

Zeng Qi, courtesy name Ruitang, of the Iri clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered White Banner garrisoned at Miyun. As an assistant commandant he was transferred to Heilongjiang, assisted in training troops, and rose to deputy military governor of Qiqihar. In the twentieth year of Guangxu (1894) he served as acting military governor. In the twenty-fourth year (1898) he was promoted to military governor of Fuzhou, appointed Superintendent of the Navy Yard, concurrently served as governor-general of Fujian and Zhejiang, and was soon transferred to military governor of Shengjing. After the Sino-Japanese War, Deputy Military Governors Ronghe and Shouchang had organized the Ren and Yu armies, but camp discipline had grown lax; Zeng Qi memorialized for an investigation; the throne sent Li Bingheng, who stripped both men of office and referred them for punishment, and military discipline was restored.

二十六年，拳匪亂作，副都統晉昌率眾附和，增祺不能阻，遂啟戰釁。奉省自日還遼南，旅順、大連既轉歸俄租，复築鐵道，沿路皆駐俄兵。戰累挫，蓋平、熊岳先後失守。增祺先以敵強兵脆，大局不支，連電上達，並照會旅順俄水師提督、營口俄領事，磋商停戰，不果。俄兵遂抵省城，諸軍皆潰。增祺奏請恭奉盛京大內尊藏聖容、太廟冊寶出城。俄兵至，招增祺還，商議善後。增祺往旅順，與俄議訂奉天交地暫約九條，以荒謬交嚴議，詔革職，尋仍留任。諭楊儒向俄外部商改，以吏治兵權不失自主為要。二十八年，交收東三省條約始成。俄兵駐奉數年，遇事強橫，無復公理，增祺隱忍周旋，憂勞備至，至是駐兵始退。

In the twenty-sixth year (1900) the Boxer uprising broke out; Deputy Military Governor Jin Chang led the populace in supporting it; Zeng Qi could not restrain them, and war was thus begun. Since Japan had returned southern Liaodong, Lüshun and Dalian had passed into Russian lease; railways were built anew and Russian troops were stationed all along the line. Battles were repeatedly lost; Gaiping and Xiongyue fell in succession. Seeing the enemy strong, his troops weak, and the overall situation untenable, Zeng Qi sent repeated telegrams to the court and also notified the Russian naval commander at Lüshun and the Russian consul at Yingkou to negotiate a ceasefire, but without success. Russian troops then reached the provincial capital and all Qing forces dispersed. Zeng Qi memorialized requesting that the sacred portraits, ancestral tablets, and seals from the Shengjing inner palace and Imperial Ancestral Temple be reverently escorted out of the city. When Russian troops arrived, they summoned Zeng Qi back to discuss arrangements for the aftermath. Zeng Qi went to Lüshun and with Russia concluded the nine-article provisional agreement on the handover of Fengtian; because the terms were deemed absurd he was severely criticized and stripped of office by edict, though he was soon retained in his post. Yang Ru was instructed to negotiate revisions with the Russian foreign ministry, with preservation of autonomous civil and military administration as the essential point. In the twenty-eighth year (1902) the treaty for the recovery of the Three Eastern Provinces was finally concluded. Russian troops had been stationed in Fengtian for years, overbearing in every affair without regard for justice; Zeng Qi endured and maneuvered through endless worry and labor until the troops finally withdrew.

未幾，復有俄日之戰，朝旨守中立。增祺嚴飭文武官吏堅明約束，並告兩國主兵者勿得犯中立。日兵迫省亟，勸俄兵先退，日兵官始入城，省城倖免戰禍。

Before long war broke out again between Russia and Japan; the court ordered strict neutrality. Zeng Qi strictly ordered civil and military officials to uphold neutrality and informed the commanders of both sides that they must not violate it. As Japanese troops pressed the province urgently, he urged the Russian troops to withdraw first; Japanese officers then entered the city, and the provincial capital narrowly escaped devastation by war.

三十年冬，諭增祺賑撫東三省難民，並發內帑三十萬賑之。明年，懿旨復發內帑三十萬賑恤。增祺招集流亡，商民復業。頗留意吏治，先後增設洮南、海龍、遼源、開通、靖安、西安、西豐等府縣。凡牧廠、圍場及蒙荒，逐漸放墾。奉省財政素絀，徵榷一切，向無定章，咸豐後始辦貨釐，光緒初始辦鹽釐。增祺銳意清理，籌辦糧、酒、煙、藥各稅，明年規章，變通鹽法，就廠徵稅，歲入漸增。尤嚴治盜，以增官設治為弭盜清源之本。三十一年，以憂免。三十三年，授寧夏將軍，改正白旗蒙古都統。宣統元年，遷廣州將軍，兼署兩廣總督。三年，調京，仍授都統，兼弼德院顧問大臣，旋去職。越八年，卒，諡簡愨。

In the winter of the thirtieth year (1904), an edict ordered Zeng Qi to relieve refugees in the Three Eastern Provinces and issued three hundred thousand taels from the inner treasury for relief. The following year, an empress-dowager edict issued another three hundred thousand taels for relief and condolence. Zeng Qi gathered the displaced population, and merchants and townspeople resumed their trades. He paid considerable attention to administration and successively established prefectures and counties including Taonan, Hailong, Liaoyuan, Kaitong, Jing'an, Xi'an, and Xifeng. Pasture farms, imperial hunting preserves, and Mongol frontier wasteland were gradually opened to cultivation. Fengtian's finances had long been stretched thin; taxes and transit duties had never been governed by fixed rules—commodity likin was instituted only after the Xianfeng era, and salt likin only at the beginning of Guangxu. Zeng Qi pressed hard to put fiscal affairs in order, instituting taxes on grain, wine, tobacco, and medicine, drafting regulations the following year, reforming the salt monopoly to levy taxes at the production depots—and annual revenue gradually rose. He was especially strict in suppressing banditry, holding that adding officials and extending civil administration was the fundamental way to quell lawlessness at its source. In the thirty-first year (1905) he left office to observe mourning for a parent. In the thirty-third year (1907) he was appointed General of Ningxia and reassigned as lieutenant-general of the Bordered White Banner Mongols. In the first year of Xuantong (1909) he was transferred to General of Guangzhou and concurrently served as acting Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi. In the third year (1911) he was recalled to the capital, again given lieutenant-general's rank and appointed counsel of the Bide Academy, but soon left office. Eight years later he died and was granted the posthumous title Jianque ("Simple and Resolute").

貽穀，字藹人，烏雅氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人。光緒元年舉人。以主事分兵部，晉員外郎。十八年，成進士，選庶吉士，授編修，累遷內閣學士。兩宮西幸，貽穀聞警，步行追及宣化，流涕入對，隨扈西安。授兵部左侍郎，屢召詢時政，直言無隱，上皆嘉納。明年，扈駕還京。兵部公署已毀，假柏林寺為廨舍。貽穀昕夕蒞事，如在行在時。

Yi Gu, courtesy name Airen, of the Uya clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner. He passed the provincial civil examination in the first year of Guangxu (1875). He entered the Board of War as a principal secretary and was promoted to vice-director. In the eighteenth year (1892) he passed the metropolitan examination, was selected a Hanlin bachelor, appointed compiler, and rose through successive posts to Hanlin Academician in the Grand Secretariat. When the court fled west in 1900, Yi Gu heard the alarm, walked on foot until he caught up at Xuanhua, presented himself to the throne in tears, and accompanied the entourage to Xi'an. He was appointed Left Vice President of the Board of War, was repeatedly summoned to discuss current affairs, spoke frankly without reserve, and the throne approved his counsel. The following year he accompanied the court on its return to Beijing. The Board of War's offices had been destroyed, so he made do with Bailin Temple as his headquarters. Yi Gu attended to affairs from dawn to dusk just as he had at the traveling court.

是冬，山西巡撫岑春煊奏晉邊察哈爾左右翼及西北烏蘭察布、伊克昭兩盟荒地甚多，請及時開墾，派大員督辦。詔以貽穀為督辦蒙旗墾務大臣。貽穀有經濟才，艱貞自勵。既奉命，銳以籌邊殖民為己任。其督墾地界，綿延直、晉、秦、隴、長城、河套，凡數千里。統籌全局，擬陳開墾大綱，規畫至詳。疏入報可，並加理籓部尚書銜，節制秦、晉、隴沿邊各廳州縣。旋复授綏遠城將軍，事權始一。

That winter Shanxi Governor Cen Chunxuan memorialized that the Chahar Left and Right Wings on the Shanxi frontier and the Ulanqab and Ike Zhao Leagues in the northwest held extensive wasteland, urged that it be opened promptly to cultivation, and requested that a senior official be dispatched to supervise the work. An edict appointed Yi Gu Grand Minister for the Supervision of Mongol-banner Reclamation. Yi Gu had talent for practical statecraft and cultivated steadfast integrity amid hardship. Once commissioned, he took frontier development and colonization as his personal mission with fierce dedication. The lands under his supervision stretched thousands of li across Zhili, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, the Great Wall line, and the Hetao bend of the Yellow River. He coordinated the entire undertaking, drafted a comprehensive program for opening the land, and planned every detail with care. The memorial was approved, and he was further given ministerial rank in the Court of Colonial Affairs with authority over all frontier subprefectures, prefectures, and counties in Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Gansu. He was soon appointed General of Suiyuancheng as well, and his authority was finally unified under one command.

貽穀首重官墾。立墾務局，設東路公司，官商合辦。初辦察哈爾右翼，改舊設押荒局為豐寧墾務局，旋分為豐鎮、寧遠兩局。清查舊墾，招闢生荒，派員丈勘繪圖，酌留蒙員隨缺地畝及公共牧廠，其餘乃悉開放之。牛羊群地，錯處左右翼間，直隸、山西民戶，頻年互爭，貽穀親往勘之，由固爾班諾爾中分界址，其爭始息。繼放察哈爾左翼地，為留牧廠、隨缺，與右翼同。移正黃旗牛羊兩群於商都牧群，又移騸馬群於騍馬群，籌撥直、晉邊廳學田。烏蘭察布、伊克昭兩盟夾河套為部落，烏拉特三公，杭錦、達拉特數旗，尤逼近套。其地恃河渠灌之，自元、明以還，渠盡湮廢，或併古道不存。貽穀躬蒞其地相度，修通長濟、永濟兩大幹渠，又疏濬塔布河、五加河、老郭諸渠，增鑿枝渠數十、子渠三百餘道，水利始興。先後六年，始自察哈爾兩翼八旗，而推之二盟十三旗，以及土默特、綏遠右衛與駐防馬廠各地，凡墾放逾十萬頃，東西二千餘裡。絕塞大漠，蔚成村落，眾皆稱之。

Yi Gu gave highest priority to government-led reclamation. He established a reclamation bureau and an Eastern Route Company, organized as a joint official–merchant venture. He began with the Chahar Right Wing, converting the existing wasteland-pledge bureau into the Fengning Reclamation Bureau, which was soon split into separate bureaus at Fengzhen and Ningyuan. He surveyed existing reclamation, recruited settlers for virgin land, dispatched officers to measure and chart the terrain, set aside allotments for banner Mongols, vacancy-linked plots, and communal pastures—and opened everything else to settlement. Pasturelands for cattle and sheep herds lay scattered between the two wings, and civilian settlers from Zhili and Shanxi had quarreled over them for years; Yi Gu surveyed in person and drew the boundary through Lake Gurban Nor, and the disputes finally subsided. He next opened the Chahar Left Wing, reserving pasture farms and vacancy allotments on the same terms as the Right Wing. He relocated the Plain Yellow Banner's cattle and sheep herds to the Shangdu pastures, transferred the gelding herd to the riding-horse pastures, and arranged allocations of school lands from border subprefectures in Zhili and Shanxi. The Ulanqab and Ike Zhao Leagues flanked the Hetao loop as tribal territories; the three Urat princedoms and the Hanggin and Dalad banners lay especially close to the bend. These lands depended on irrigation, but since the Yuan and Ming dynasties the canals had silted up and fallen into ruin, and in some places even the old courses had vanished. Yi Gu surveyed the region in person, restored the Changji and Yongji main trunk canals, dredged the Tabu, Wujia, and Laoguo channels, and opened dozens of branch canals and more than three hundred subsidiary ditches—at last waterworks flourished again. Over six years, beginning with the eight banners of the Chahar Left and Right Wings and extending to the thirteen banners of the two leagues, as well as Tumed, Suiyuan Right Guard, and garrison pasturelands, he opened more than one hundred thousand qing of land across more than two thousand li from east to west. Barren frontier desert blossomed into villages, and people everywhere praised his achievement.

復以時創設陸軍，置槍砲器械，築營壘，興警察，立武備陸軍學校及中小蒙學校數十所，創工藝局、婦女工廠。資送綏遠學生出洋，或就北洋學堂肄業。建設興和、陶林、武川、五原、東勝五廳。練巡防馬步十營，修繕綏遠城垣，濬城外溝渠，建築蒙地村屯，植樹造林，勸課園圃果實蔬菜。暇輒就田間耕夫婦豎問疾苦，或策單騎馳營壘，召士卒申儆之，教之以習勤崇儉，戒嗜好，勤勤如訓子弟，不率者乃罰譴之。方其治河套墾地，蒙人時起抗阻，台吉丹丕爾攘其旗主地，戕文武官吏，貽穀請於朝誅之，眾始帖伏。

He also raised a modern army in due course, procured firearms and artillery, built stockades, established a police force, founded a military academy and dozens of primary and secondary schools for Mongols, and set up craft workshops and women's factories. He sponsored students from Suiyuan to study abroad or enroll in the Beiyang academies. He established five new subprefectures: Xinghe, Taolin, Wuchuan, Wuyuan, and Dongsheng. He trained ten battalions of mounted and foot patrol troops, repaired the walls of Suiyuancheng, dredged the moats and canals outside the city, built settlements across Mongol lands, promoted afforestation, and encouraged kitchen gardens for fruit and vegetables. In moments of leisure he would visit peasants and farm laborers in the fields to ask after their hardships, or ride alone to the camps to admonish the troops—urging diligence and frugality, warning against indulgence, instructing them as earnestly as he would his own sons; only those who would not heed him faced punishment. While he was developing the Hetao, Mongols often resisted; Taiji Danpiber seized princely banner lands and killed civil and military officials; Yi Gu memorialized for his execution, and only then did the people submit.

三十四年，貽穀劾歸化城副都統文哲琿侵吞庫款，而文哲琿先以敗壞邊局、蒙民怨恨劾貽穀。朝命軍機大臣鹿傳霖等往查，傳霖以已革布政使樊增祥等為隨員，奏覆，衹貽穀職，逮京，下法部勘問，三年不能決，卒坐誅丹丕爾事，譴戍川邊。宣統三年赴戍，方經鄂，武昌變起，直隸總督陳夔龍奏請進止，詔改易州安置。國變後，嘗自歎曰：「昔姜埰譴戍宣城衛，自號'宣城老兵'。吾其終此矣！即死，必葬於是。」丙寅年，卒。晉邊官紳念其德，請昭雪，釋處分，遂葬易州白楊村，成其志。

In the thirty-fourth year (1908) Yi Gu impeached Wenzhehun, Deputy Military Governor of Guihuacheng, for embezzling government funds—while Wenzhehun had already impeached Yi Gu for ruining frontier affairs and arousing Mongol resentment. The court dispatched Grand Councilor Lu Chuanlin and others to investigate; Lu took the dismissed provincial treasurer Fan Zengxiang among his staff. Their report resulted in Yi Gu alone being stripped of office, brought to the capital, and remanded to the Ministry of Justice—inquiry dragged on for three years without resolution until he was finally punished for the execution of Danpiber and banished to the Sichuan frontier. In the third year of Xuantong (1911) he set out for exile; while passing through Hubei the Wuchang uprising broke out; Zhili Governor-General Chen Kuilong memorialized for instructions, and an edict relocated him to Yizhou instead. After the fall of the dynasty he once sighed and said, "Long ago Jiang Cai was banished to Xuancheng Guard and styled himself 'the Old Soldier of Xuancheng. Surely I shall end the same way! When I die, I shall be buried there." In the Bingyin year (1926) he died. Officials and gentry of the Shanxi frontier, remembering his service, petitioned for his rehabilitation and the lifting of his penalties; he was buried at Baiyang Village in Yizhou, fulfilling his wish.

信勤，字懷民，鈕祜祿氏，滿洲鑲黃旗人。以廕生累至浙江布政使，署巡撫，代貽穀為綏遠城將軍。督辦墾務，踵其遺規。益勤遠略，頗禮致賢才，思有所建樹，功未竟而遽罷。辛亥後，久病，卒。

Xin Qin, courtesy name Huaimin, of the Niuhuru clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Yellow Banner. Through hereditary privilege he rose to Zhejiang Provincial Treasurer, served as acting governor, and succeeded Yi Gu as General of Suiyuancheng. He supervised reclamation affairs, following his predecessor's established program. He pursued frontier strategy with still greater diligence, cultivated talented men, and hoped to build on his predecessor's achievements—but his work was cut short before it was finished. After the Xinhai Revolution he suffered prolonged illness and died.

論曰：將軍、都統，職視專圻，西北邊疆大臣與之並重。非才足當一面者不能任也。榮全、升泰以下諸人，或多戰績，或著邊功，或勤旗務，或兼民治，所至皆能盡其職，多有可稱，故並著於篇。

Commentary: The posts of general and lieutenant-general rank with sole charge of a territorial command; great frontier ministers of the northwest carry equal weight. Only men whose talent was equal to holding a frontier on their own could fill such posts. From Rong Quan and Sheng Tai downward, some won distinction in battle, others in frontier service, others in banner administration, and still others in civil governance as well; wherever they served they fulfilled their duties admirably, and there is much to commend—hence they are all recorded in this chapter.

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