Volume 454 Biographies 241: Liu Jintang, Zhang Yao, Liu Dian younger brother: Zhuo Yun, Jin Shundi, Lian Shun, Deng Zeng, Tuo Yun Bu, Guo Quan, Liu Hongfa, Cao Zhengxing, Mu Tushan, Du Gaer, E Er Qing E, Feng Shen, Wen Lin, Ming Chun, Fu Leiminge, Xu Xuegong

列傳二百四十一

Biographies 241

劉錦棠張曜劉典弟倬雲

Liu Jintang, Zhang Yao, and Liu Dian's younger brother Zhuo Yun

金順弟連順鄧增托雲布果權劉宏發曹正興

Jin Shun's younger brother Lian Shun, Deng Zeng, Tuo Yunbu, Guo Quan, Liu Hongfa, and Cao Zhengxing

穆圖善杜嘎爾額爾慶額丰紳文麟明春富勒銘額徐學功

Mu Tushan, Du Gaer, E Erqing'e, Feng Shen, Wen Lin, Ming Chun, Fuleiming'e, and Xu Xuegong

劉錦棠，字毅齋，湖南湘鄉人，松山從子也。從松山討捻，積勳至同知直隸州。從入陝，復同州、朝邑，釋省城圍，擢巡守道。同治七年，左宗棠西征，從克懷遠、鎮邊，還定綏德，賜號法福凌阿巴圖魯。進軍甘肅，攻金積堡，夷旁近七寨，破靈州。九年，擊馬五寨，松山戰死，詔加三品卿銜，接統其軍。軍新敗，偏裨自恃為宿將，滋驕，錦棠禮詘之。喪懸吳忠堡，或請徙它處，錦棠不可，曰：「櫬在軍，可係將士心。」宗棠貽書，為列堅守、退頓二策。錦棠謂：「不力戰，則靈州不保，必效力致死，而後軍可全。」於是一戰擒馬五，再戰破河、狄，軍復振。

Liu Jintang, styled Yizhai, came from Xiangxiang in Hunan and was Liu Songshan's nephew. He followed Songshan against the Nian rebels and rose through merit to subprefect of Zhili Prefecture. When the army entered Shaanxi, he retook Tongzhou and Chaoyi, broke the siege of the provincial capital, and was promoted to intendant. In Tongzhi 7, on Zuo Zongtang's western campaign, he helped capture Huaiyuan and Zhenbian, pacified Suide on the return, and received the title Fafuling Baturn. Advancing into Gansu, he besieged Jinjibao, razed seven neighboring forts, and took Lingzhou. In the ninth year, during the assault on Ma Wu's fort, Songshan was killed in action. The court added a third-rank vice minister title to Jintang and put him in command of the army. After the recent defeat, veteran subordinates grew arrogant; Jintang kept them in line through deliberate courtesy. The coffin remained at Wuzhong Fort. When some urged moving it, Jintang refused: "Keeping the bier with the army will hold the troops together." Zuo Zongtang wrote offering two options: stand fast or fall back and regroup. Jintang replied: "Without a hard fight Lingzhou will fall. We must fight to the death—only then can the army survive intact." In the first battle he captured Ma Wu; in the second he routed the He and Di rebels, and the army's morale revived.

是時馬化龍焰日熾，三決水困我軍，錦棠三拒之，不獲逞，糧且匱，率其子耀邦乞款附。錦棠曰：「諾。令若先繳馬械。」不應，再引馬連水入湖。會大風從西北起，濤齧堤岸，勢洶湧。錦棠囊土以御，化龍計益窘，哀詞乞耕墾。錦棠知其詐，隱卒下橋、永寧洞，又敗去，乘勢下蔡家橋，克東關。化龍度不得脫，於是三踵軍門乞撫矣。錦棠白宗棠請進止，乃徙陝回化平川，而分置甘回於靈州。論功，予雲騎尉世職，賞黃馬褂。十年，誅化龍父子，生致馬八條，置喪所，臠而祭之，遂輿喪歸。

Ma Hualong's strength was rising. Three times he broke dikes to flood the imperial lines; three times Jintang held him off. Short of grain, Hualong came with his son Yaobang to offer surrender. Jintang said, "Very well. Have your men turn in their horses and arms first." Hualong did not comply and again diverted the Maliang River into the lake. A gale blew up from the northwest; waves tore at the dikes and the flood surged violently. Jintang piled sandbags against the breach. Hualong's position worsened, and he begged in abject terms for permission to farm. Seeing through the deception, Jintang concealed troops at Xiqiao and Yongning Cave, defeated Hualong again, pushed on to Xiajia Bridge, and took the East Gate. Convinced he could not break free, Hualong came three times to the camp gate to plead for amnesty. Jintang asked Zuo Zongtang for orders, then moved the Shaanxi Muslims to Huapingchuan and settled Gansu Muslims around Lingzhou. For his service he received a hereditary Cloud Cavalry Captain rank and a yellow riding jacket. In the tenth year he put Hualong and his son to death, captured Ma Batiao alive, dismembered him as an offering at the mourning site, and then escorted the coffin home.

明年，度隴攻西寧。次碾伯平戎驛，先破小峽，遣軍奪南北兩山，圍解，道員郭襄之率男婦二萬繦負來迎。是役也，提湘軍八十營，扼攻九十里，往往徹夜不休，露立冰天雪窖中，詔嘉之。十二年，克大通，斬叛官馬壽。遴陝回為旌善五旗，餘徙平涼、秦安、清水。白彥虎奔肅州。方湘軍之定西寧也，宗棠緣事責錦棠，盛氣辨，銜之，以故徇肅州未下，亦不召。及錦棠至，又大喜，為夸其軍以勵眾。錦棠計誅馬天祿，殺土回、客回立盡，關隴平。權西寧道。明年，破河州，獲閃殿臣，伏誅。乃合諸將蹙回於賈家集、郭家嘴，殲焉。

The following year he crossed the Long Mountains to attack Xining. Camping at Pingyi Post in Nianbo, he broke Xiaoxia Pass first, sent troops to take the hills north and south, lifted the siege, and Intendant Guo Xiangzhi came out with twenty thousand men, women, and children to greet him. In that campaign he led eighty Hunan battalions in a ninety-li assault, often fighting through the night in freezing snow. The court praised his exertions. In the twelfth year he took Datong and beheaded the rebel official Ma Shou. He organized selected Shaanxi Muslims into the five Jingshan banners and resettled the rest at Pingliang, Qin'an, and Qingshui. Bai Yanhu fled to Suzhou. While the Hunan Army was securing Xining, Zuo Zongtang rebuked Jintang over a dispute; Jintang answered hotly and Zuo took offense. Even though Suzhou remained untaken, he did not call Jintang forward. When Jintang finally arrived, Zuo was delighted and publicly praised his troops to hearten the whole force. Jintang engineered the execution of Ma Tianlu, wiped out the local and migrant Muslim bands, and pacified Guanlong. He served as acting intendant of Xining. The next year he took Hezhou, captured Shan Dianchén, and put him to death. He then joined other commanders in cornering the Muslim forces at Jiajiaji and Guojiazui and destroyed them.

光緒元年，出關。時彥虎走依安集延，帕夏阿古柏助之，勢复熾。二年，至阜康，與金順計事，議先攻古牧。遣將分壁木壘河，而自領軍軍九營街。度戈壁乏水，佯掘井以懈敵，陰遣精騎襲奪黃田，通汲道，收古牧地。錦棠策烏城寇必駭奔，復自將精兵走之，遂復烏魯木齊、迪化，予騎都尉世職。

In Guangxu 1 he marched beyond the frontier pass. Bai Yanhu had taken refuge with Kokand, and Ya'qub Beg's support revived rebel strength. In the second year he reached Fukang, conferred with Jin Shun, and decided to strike Gumul first. He posted generals along the Mulei River and personally commanded the main force at Jiuying Street. Knowing the Gobi was waterless, he pretended to dig wells to lull the enemy, then sent elite cavalry to seize Huangtian, secure a water route, and recover Gumul. Expecting the Wucheng garrison to flee in panic, Jintang led elite troops in pursuit, retook Urumqi and Dihua, and received a hereditary Cavalry Commandant rank.

三年春，踰嶺西南攻達坂。寇引湖水衛城，泥深及馬腹。錦棠周城徼循，誡各營警備。列燧如白晝，轟擊之，彈落爆藥窖，聲砉然，人馬碎裂。乃下令軍中曰：「能縛獻服異服者賞。」於是愛伊德爾呼里以下皆就俘，愛伊德爾呼裡，猶華言「大總管」也。且釋降回數千，給貲糧縱歸。或請其故，曰：「俾歸為我宣播朝威也，吾欲以不戰勝之。」自是破吐魯番、托克遜，南路門洞開，阿古柏如失左右手，亦被執，飲藥死。賞雙眼花翎。

In the spring of the third year he crossed the mountains southwest to attack Daban. The defenders flooded the approaches with lake water; mud came up to the horses' bellies. Jintang patrolled the perimeter and ordered every camp to remain on guard. Signal fires lit the night like day. Shellfire hit a powder store; the explosion shattered men and horses. He then proclaimed: "Reward for anyone who captures and brings in men in foreign dress." Aiyideer Huli and his subordinates were taken captive. Aiyideer Huli is the Turkic equivalent of "grand steward." He also released several thousand surrendered Muslims, gave them provisions, and sent them home. Asked why, he said: "Let them spread word of the court's power at home. I mean to win without fighting." Thereafter he took Turfan and Toksun and opened the southern road. Ya'qub Beg, bereft of support, was captured and died by poison. He was awarded double-peacock feathers.

已而彥虎據開都河西岸，覬入俄。師抵曲惠，與餘虎恩分擊，彥虎亦決水以阻。錦棠入喀喇沙爾城，廬舍漂沒，乃徙和碩特帳房河東數百戶，實後路，复庫爾勒。會軍中患飢乏，下令掘窖糧，獲數千石以濟。連下庫車、拜城。其南纏回苦安集延淫暴久，重以彥虎奔擾，益不堪命，旦夕望我軍如時雨。比至，各城阿奇木伯克、阿渾玉子巴什各攜潼酪，持牛羊來犒師。抵阿克蘇，錦棠先入城，受降畢，回皆伏服。聞彥虎奔烏什，亟遣旌善旗渡河復其城。於是東四城俱下，詔晉三品京卿。值喀城守備何步雲告亟，遂大舉出師，令虎恩、黃萬鵬分道進取，而自率師徑搗葉爾羌，並克之。彥虎遁入俄。錦棠進定英吉沙爾，遣董福祥收和闐，西四城亦下，錫二等男。

Soon Yanhu held the west bank of the Kaidu River, hoping to slip into Russia. The army reached Quhui. Jintang and Yu Hu'en attacked from separate directions, and Yanhu broke dikes to block them. Entering Karashahr, Jintang found dwellings swept away. He resettled several hundred Khoshut households east of the river to secure the rear and retook Korla. When the army ran short of food, he ordered buried stores dug up and recovered several thousand shi of grain. He took Kucha and Baicheng in succession. Southern Taranchis had long suffered Kokand's oppression; Yanhu's raids made life unbearable, and they awaited the imperial army like rain in drought. When the army arrived, each city's aqim beg, ahun, and yuzibashi came with curds, cheese, cattle, and sheep to welcome the troops. At Aksu, Jintang entered the city first. After the surrender ceremony, the Muslims submitted completely. Learning Yanhu had fled toward Ush, he sent the Jingshan banner across the river at once to retake the city. All four eastern cities then fell, and he was promoted to third-rank metropolitan official. When Kashgar's garrison commander He Buyun sent urgent word, Jintang launched a major campaign. Hu'en and Huang Wanpeng advanced on separate routes while he led the main force straight at Yarkand and took both cities. Yanhu fled into Russia. Jintang secured Yengisar, sent Dong Fuxiang to take Khotan, and the four western cities fell as well. He was ennobled as a second-class baron.

四年，錦棠既定喀城，以次巡歷葉爾羌、和闐。凡西人僑居其地者，英乳目阿喇伯十餘人，印度溫都斯坦五千餘人，咸服其勇略，稱為「飛將軍」雲。方彥虎之入俄也，俄人處之阿爾瑪圖。錦棠猶致書圖爾齊斯坦總督，謂將入境搜捕，宗棠勸止之。俄复徙之託呼瑪克。其秋，彥虎又遣黨犯烏什邊，驟入格爾品。錦棠扼之瑪喇爾巴什，別遣將要其歸路，大敗之。未幾，安集延入，又破之玉都巴什。是歲補太常寺卿，轉通政使。五年，安夷复構布魯特內犯，戰烏帕爾，捕斬二千餘級。自是邊寇頗息警。

In the fourth year, after pacifying Kashgar, Jintang toured Yarkand and Khotan in succession. Western residents there—more than ten British and Arab traders and over five thousand Indians and Central Asians—all admired his daring and called him the "Flying General." When Yanhu entered Russia, the Russians placed him at Almaty. Jintang wrote the Turkestan governor that he intended to cross the border in pursuit, but Zuo Zongtang dissuaded him. The Russians then moved Yanhu to Tokmak. That autumn Yanhu's followers raided the Ush border and suddenly entered Ge'erpin. Jintang blocked them at Maralbeshi and sent another general to cut off their retreat, routing them completely. Soon Kokand raiders crossed in and were defeated again at Yudubashi. That year he was appointed Vice Minister of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and then transferred to Censor-in-Chief of the Office of Transmission. In the fifth year Andijani agitators stirred the Kirghiz to raid again. At Wupa'er more than two thousand were killed or captured. After that border raids largely subsided.

維時俄據伊犁，宗棠疏請崇其秩，資鎮撫，詔佐軍事。俄益增兵守納林河。已，宗棠入都，上以此專屬任錦棠關外事，命署欽差大臣。徙頓哈密，益治軍。逾歲除真。八年，和議成，錦棠策善後，請設新疆行省，省置巡撫、布政使，加鎮迪道按察使銜，道、府、州、縣視內地。立城垣、壇廟、學校、驛傳，又廣屯田，興水利。南疆歲徵賦至二十餘萬石。九年，擢兵部右侍郎，加尚書銜，旋除新疆巡撫，仍行欽差事。十一年，進駐烏魯木齊，奏省參贊大臣，改置都統，設喀什噶爾、阿克蘇、巴里坤提鎮各營。復增道、府、廳、縣，徙分防官駐要塞，南北郡縣之制始定。

Russia then held Ili. Zuo Zongtang memorialized to raise Jintang's rank for frontier pacification, and the court ordered him to assist in military affairs. Russia also reinforced its garrison on the Nalin River. When Zuo Zongtang went to the capital, the throne put frontier affairs entirely in Jintang's hands and named him acting Imperial Commissioner. He moved headquarters to Hami and redoubled military training. A year later the appointment was made permanent. In the eighth year, after peace was made, Jintang planned reconstruction and proposed making Xinjiang a province with governor and treasurer, giving the Zhendi intendant surveillance commissioner rank, and organizing circuits and counties on the interior model. He built walls, temples, schools, and post roads, expanded garrison farming, and developed irrigation. Southern Xinjiang's annual tax grain reached more than two hundred thousand shi. In the ninth year he was promoted to Vice Minister of War with ministerial rank, then appointed governor of Xinjiang while retaining his commission. In the eleventh year he moved headquarters to Urumqi, abolished the Ili councilor in favor of a general, and established brigade garrisons at Kashgar, Aksu, and Barkul. He added circuits, prefectures, subprefectures, and counties, posted garrison officials at key points, and fixed the administrative system across north and south Xinjiang.

先是，錦棠以祖母老病，累疏乞歸省，不許。十三年，申前請，始俞允。錦棠悉召諸部酋長大酺，遂發。所過，黃童白叟望風相攜負以迎，往往擁車數日不得走。十五年，加太子少保銜。明年，晉太子太保。二十年，晉錫一等男。會弟鼒以山西按察使入覲，垂詢近狀，欲強起之。適中日有違言，電旨趣召，未行而病作，朝廷書問日數至。疾革時，猶喃喃呼舊校指述邊事。未幾，卒，年五十一。事聞，震悼，諡襄勤，予建祠。

Earlier Jintang had repeatedly asked leave to visit his ailing grandmother, but the court refused. In the thirteenth year he renewed the request and was finally allowed to go. Jintang summoned the tribal chiefs to a farewell feast and then departed. Everywhere he went, young and old turned out to welcome him, often crowding his carriage for days so he could hardly move. In the fifteenth year he received the Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent title. The following year he was promoted to Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent. In the twentieth year he was raised to first-class baron. When his brother Cai came to court as Shanxi surveillance commissioner, the throne asked after him and intended to recall Jintang to duty. Tensions with Japan were rising; urgent telegraphic orders summoned him, but illness struck before he could leave, and imperial inquiries arrived daily. Even at death's door he murmured to old aides, recounting frontier affairs. Soon afterward he died, aged fifty-one. When word reached the court, the throne mourned him deeply, posthumously titled him Xiangqin, and ordered a memorial shrine built.

張曜，字朗齋，其先上虞人，改籍大興，既，复隸錢塘。生有神力，幼嘗持竿結陣，部勒群兒，無敢譁者。少長，依舊脈蒯賀蓀。賀蓀宰固始，適豫捻起，集團勇三百屬之。捻起至，時已昏。曜獻策，謂：「伏軍城外，彼不知眾寡，可以計走也。」夜半，捻縱掠，轟擊退。僧格林沁追捻亟，遙見火光，詢知為曜部，召與語，其悅，命從軍。積勳為知縣，權知固始。皖捻來犯，嬰城守，寇駸駸西去。亡何，李秀成又構捻入，圍城三匝。捍禦七十餘日，城獲全。上嘉其功，賜號霍欽巴圖魯。

Zhang Yao, styled Langzhai, came originally from Shangyu; his family register was moved first to Daxing and later to Qiantang. He was born with unusual strength. As a boy he would line up playmates with a pole and drill them like soldiers; none dared disobey. When he grew older he lived under the patronage of his kinsman Kuai Hesun. Hesun was magistrate of Gushi. When the Henan Nian rebels rose, he raised three hundred militiamen and put Yao in command. The Nian arrived at dusk. Yao proposed: "Ambush men outside the walls. Not knowing our strength, the enemy can be tricked into retreat." At midnight the Nian spread out to loot; a cannon barrage drove them off. Sengge Rinchen was hot on the Nian trail. Seeing distant firelight, he learned it was Yao's force, summoned him, was impressed, and took him into the army. For accumulated merit he became a county magistrate and served as acting magistrate of Gushi. When Anhui Nian rebels attacked, he held the city while the bandits drifted westward. Soon Li Xiucheng stirred up the Nian again; they entered and besieged the city on three sides. After more than seventy days of defense the city held. The court praised his service and granted the title Huoqin Baturn.

咸豐十年，擢知府。先後遭憂，仍留軍討皖捻。屢捷，晉道員。明年，除河南布政使。是時陳大喜、張鳳林各樹幟，延擾數千里。曜謂寇援斷，師未能驟克，寨中患飢乏，多猜貳，宜廣設購募間其黨。乃縱降者為內應，捻乃竄，諷諭各寨，皆款服。鳳林偽降，計擒之。

In Xianfeng 10 he was promoted to prefect. Despite successive bereavements he stayed with the army to fight the Anhui Nian. After repeated victories he rose to intendant. The following year he was appointed Henan provincial treasurer. Chen Daxi and Zhang Fenglin each raised banners and ravaged thousands of li of territory. Yao argued that with enemy aid cut off the army could not storm the fort at once; hunger and suspicion spread in camp, so he widened rewards and recruitment to turn the rebels against one another. He used surrendered men as inside agents; the Nian broke and fled, and he persuaded the stockades one by one to submit. Fenglin feigned surrender and was taken by stratagem.

同治元年，御史劉毓楠劾其目不識丁，詔改總兵。二年，大喜走阜陽，戰秦宣寨。皖捻復入，曜慮華莊失，亟斂兵退，以銳師宵加之，殲渠率。時張總愚走鄢陵、臨潁欲西，曜拒之嵩山麓，令不得西。攻大金店，援寇四起，遣總兵保英略中路，為寇乘。擢手刃退縮者，士氣乃奮，卒敗之。攻太子望寨，久相持。曜曰：「捻詭悍，堅守山口，阻我進兵。坐為所綴，非策也。」間道出奇擊之。總愚西北走鎮平，追殺黑龍集。犯南陽，又戰卻之。三年，捻會宛南，總愚赴盧氏，嗾粵寇入豫。曜扼之，使不能合。次橋川，寇自西北至，狙伏以擊，寇奔楚。曜浮渡丹江，追越鄖西百四十里，會陝、楚軍至而還。四年，僧格林沁軍麻城，騶騎失利。曜赴難，七戰皆克。僧王既戰死，台臣劾其養寇遺患。巡撫吳昌壽按覆，事白，曜假歸葬親。逾年，淮北捻益亟。朝旨趣復出，曜遂部合新舊選鋒號嵩武軍。厥後軍氣大振，論者謂為湘、淮軍後勁雲。

In Tongzhi 1, Censor Liu Yunan impeached him as illiterate, and he was demoted to brigade general. In the second year Daxi fled to Fuyang and fighting broke out at Qinxuan Stockade. When Anhui Nian re-entered, Yao feared losing Huazhuang, pulled back, then sent crack troops by night and wiped out the rebel leaders. Zhang Zongyu was fleeing toward Yanling and Linying to go west; Yao blocked him at Mount Song and kept him from crossing west. Attacking Dajin Store, he met relief rebels on every side; Brigade General Bao Ying held the center but the enemy broke through. Yao personally killed men who fell back; morale revived and the enemy was finally beaten. The assault on Taiziwang Stockade dragged on in stalemate. Yao said: "The Nian are cunning and fierce; holding the passes blocks our advance. Sitting here while they tie us down is no strategy." He took a hidden route and struck with a surprise force. Zongyu fled northwest to Zhenping; Yao pursued and killed him at Heilongji. When they raided Nanyang he fought them off again. In the third year the Nian gathered south of Nanyang; Zongyu went to Lushi and stirred Guangdong rebels to enter Henan. Yao blocked them and kept the forces from joining. At Qiaochuan rebels came from the northwest; he ambushed them and they fled toward Chu. Yao rafted the Dan River and pursued more than 140 li west of Yun before returning when Shaanxi and Hubei troops arrived. In the fourth year Sengge Rinchen's army was at Macheng when his vanguard cavalry was defeated. Yao rushed to help; he won seven battles in succession. After the prince died in battle, censors impeached Yao for letting bandits survive and sow future trouble. Governor Wu Changshou investigated and cleared him; Yao took leave to bury his parents. A year later the northern Huai Nian grew ever more threatening. Imperial orders urgently recalled him; Yao reorganized old and new picked vanguard units as the Songwu Army. Army morale revived sharply; commentators called it the strongest reserve after the Hunan and Huai armies.

六年，出頓許州八里橋，任柱等見曜大纛，駴走。梁山寇與合，五日至鉅野，渡運而東。曜與總兵宋慶往馳之。當是時，李鴻章議防運河北。首安山訖沈家口。曜等至，令慶築長牆。慶留副將蔣東才、參將李承先二軍屬曜。曜以沈家口黃、運交匯，調黃河水師入運助守。守河防運自此始。久之，總愚陷陝綏德，分擾米脂。朝命防河北。捻濟河入晉，犯吉州鄉寧，平、蒲告警。檄曜還豫，而捻已自絳州曲沃入偪豫疆，曜乃追敗之湯陰。

In the sixth year he encamped at Bali Bridge in Xuzhou; Ren Zhu and others saw Yao's banner and fled in alarm. Liangshan bandits joined them; in five days they reached Juye and crossed the Grand Canal eastward. Yao and Brigade General Song Qing galloped after them. Li Hongzhang was planning to defend north of the Grand Canal. From Anshan to Shenjiakou first. When Yao arrived he ordered Qing to build a long wall. Qing left Deputy Commander Jiang Dongcai and Colonel Li Chengxian with two armies under Yao. At Shenjiakou, where the Yellow River and Grand Canal met, Yao brought Yellow River naval forces into the canal to help defend. River defense to protect the canal began here. Later Zongyu took Suide in Shaanxi and sent detachments to raid Mizhi. The court ordered defense north of the river. The Nian crossed into Shanxi, raided Jizhou and Xiangning, and alarms rose in Pingyang and Puzhou. Orders recalled Yao to Henan, but the Nian had already entered from Quwo and threatened the border; Yao pursued and defeated them at Tangyin.

七年，捻東走，扼晉州西北路，折而南。諸將謀逐之，曜謂賊勢未蹙遽南奔，必有深謀。乃卷甲北趨，出其前二百里，至饒陽，果遇捻。捻不敢擊，錯愕去，潛渡滹沱。亟引兵至河干，未渡者殲焉。濟漳次清化，捻伐木為矛，又擊破之。長驅滄州，劉松山軍運東，曜自南夾搫，捻披靡，追至臨邑。初，李鴻章遣郭松林自臨邑築牆，屬之馬頰河，虛西南以餌敵。逮曜馳至，捻不肯深入，走濟陽。鴻章知計不售，使曜趨武定，遇捻於濱州，始敗退。會天大雨，河暴漲，諸將慮捻東逸，謀扼徒駭河。曜自博平守至東昌，誘捻入河套，與慶合擊之。捻眾陷泥淖中，死者枕藉。自是總愚不復能軍，逐北茌平，殺其黨且盡，騎能屬者十餘人耳。總愚自度不得脫，乃沉於河。論功，賞黃馬褂，予騎都尉世職。

In the seventh year the Nian fled east, blocked the northwest road at Jizhou, then turned south. Generals planned to chase them; Yao said a sudden southward flight while still strong must hide deeper design. He rolled up armor and rushed north, getting two hundred li ahead; at Raoyang he met the Nian as expected. The Nian dared not fight, fled in confusion, and secretly crossed the Hutuo. He quickly reached the riverbank and wiped out those who had not yet crossed. Crossing the Zhang he halted at Qinghua; the Nian cut trees for spears and he defeated them again. Driving to Cangzhou, he joined Liu Songshan east of the canal in a pincer; the Nian scattered and he pursued to Lingyi. Earlier Li Hongzhang had Guo Songlin build a wall from Lingyi to the Majia River, leaving the southwest open as bait. When Yao arrived the Nian would not advance deep and fled to Jiyang. Hongzhang saw the plan had failed and sent Yao toward Wuding; at Binzhou the Nian were at last beaten back. Heavy rain fell and the river surged; generals feared an eastern escape and planned to block the Tuhai River. Yao held from Boping to Dongchang, lured the Nian into the river bend, and with Qing struck together. The Nian sank in mud; the dead lay piled. Zongyu could no longer hold an army; pursued to Chiping his followers were nearly all killed; only a dozen riders remained. Seeing no escape, Zongyu drowned himself in the river. For merit he received a yellow riding jacket and a hereditary Cavalry Commandant rank.

八年，詔趣左宗棠赴涇州，責金順以邊外事，命曜自古城西進為後路，軍次蘭扇，破回於察漠綽爾，又敗之紅柳樹，阿拉善圍解。抵纏金，诇知寧夏西岸自石嘴山至中衛，陝回麕集。遣將要擊之，回遁走。金順赴沙金託海與議進兵事，方將鼓行而西，而寧夏降回复叛，圍郡城。遂倍道應赴，敗之城下。俄而陝回入賀蘭山。曜赴河北，南破漢渠集，圍納中閘，拔其壘，與金順夾渠而軍，殲守賊殆盡。會金積撫局成，通昌、通貴乞款附，獨王家甿不下。曜怒，破其堡，屠之。攻剋納家寨，河西無悍寇。詔屯之，兼顧阿拉善旗。是為寧郡河北之師。九年，授廣東提督，仍留軍。明年，加雲騎尉世職。

In the eighth year Zuo Zongtang was urgently summoned to Jingzhou and Jin Shun charged with frontier affairs; Yao advanced west from Gucheng as rear guard, defeated Muslims at Chamochuo'er and Hongliushu, and lifted the Alashan siege. At Chanjin he learned Shaanxi Muslims had massed from Shizuishan to Zhongwei on Ningxia's west bank. He sent generals to intercept; the Muslims fled. Jin Shun went to Shajintuohai to plan the western advance; just as they were to march, surrendered Ningxia Muslims rebelled and besieged the city. Yao rushed by forced marches, relieved the city, and defeated the rebels below the walls. Soon Shaanxi Muslims entered Helan Mountain. Yao crossed to the north bank, took Hanquji, besieged Nazhong Gate, captured its fort, and with Jin Shun flanked the canal, nearly wiping out the garrison rebels. As the Jinjibao pacification concluded, Tongchang and Tonggui submitted; only Wang Jiamang held out. Enraged, Yao stormed the fort and slaughtered the inhabitants. He took Najia Stockade; no fierce rebels remained west of the river. Orders garrisoned him there and charged him with watching the Alashan Banner. This was the Ning Prefecture force north of the river. In the ninth year he was appointed Guangdong provincial military commander but remained with the army. The following year he received a hereditary Cloud Cavalry Captain rank.

白彥虎據肅州，徐佔彪攻弗克，請益師，宗棠檄曜頓金積助之。上以為勇，賞雙眼花翎。十三年，彥虎亡命出嘉峪關，窟烏魯木齊，哈密城南北附之。俄羅斯方擁伊犁，巴里坤且岌岌。朝命總防討，亟援哈密。曜剋日出關，師行乏水草，絕幕二千餘裡，運餽艱阻，於是議立屯田。十三年，出屯，大興水利，墾荒地二萬畝，歲獲數万石濟軍。光緒二年，師規南路，西取七克騰木、闢展及魯克沁台、勝金台、哈拉和卓城，降纏回萬餘，遂復吐魯番。明年，拔烏魯木齊，彥虎遁入俄。

Bai Yanhu held Suzhou; Xu Zhanbiao failed to take it and asked for reinforcements; Zuo ordered Yao to camp at Jinjibao to help. The throne judged him brave and awarded double-peacock feathers. In the thirteenth year Yanhu fled beyond Jiayuguan and lurked at Urumqi; areas north and south of Hami submitted to him. Russia held Ili and Barkul was in peril. The court ordered general defense and urgent aid to Hami. Yao marched beyond the pass on schedule; the two-thousand-li desert march lacked water and forage and supply was hard, so garrison farming was proposed. In the thirteenth year he established farms, developed irrigation, reclaimed twenty thousand mu, and harvested tens of thousands of shi yearly for the army. In Guangxu 2 the army took the southern route, captured Qiketengmu, Pizhan, Lukqintai, Shengjintai, and Halahuo City, accepted more than ten thousand Taranchi surrenders, and recovered Turfan. The next year Urumqi fell and Yanhu fled into Russia.

俄歸伊犁，宗棠疏薦堪重任。六年，詔贊軍事，命移駐喀什噶爾，兼轄西四城，籌善後，所至創立義塾。回夙獷噬，至是頗聞弦誦聲。十年，入關防直北，賞巡撫銜，敘邊功，晉秩頭品。

When Russia returned Ili, Zuo memorialized recommending Yao for heavy responsibility. In the sixth year he was ordered to assist in military affairs, move to Kashgar, govern the four western cities, plan reconstruction, and found charity schools wherever he went. Muslims had long been fierce; by now the sound of study was often heard in their settlements. In the tenth year he entered the pass to defend north Zhili, received a governor's title, was credited for frontier service, and rose to first rank.

明年，除廣西巡撫，未行，董所部治都城河，加尚書銜。旋命赴山東勘河，喻歲至壽張，調撫山東。東省河患日深，曜蒞任，首重河工，以黃、運並淤，非總濬通海不為功。時王家圈等處先後漫口，先議疏濬海口，挑淤培埝，並增築徒駭河兩岸堤工，以防氾濫，然後挑挖全河，參用西法，以機船疏運。凡南北兩岸堤埝口門，一律籌辦。疏上，皆從之。又先後築王家圈、姚家口、張村、殷河大寨、西紙坊、高家套各決口，復改濬韓家垣，以洩尾閭，莫不身親其事，計一歲中奔走河上幾三百日。有言河務者，雖布衣末僚，皆延致諮詢，唯恐失之。民或遇災，常籌粟賑濟。復建海岱書院於青州，葺洙泗書院於曲阜，士民德之。

The next year he was appointed Guangxi governor; before leaving he was charged with capital river works and given ministerial rank. Soon he was ordered to survey Shandong's rivers; within a year he reached Shouzhang and was made governor of Shandong. Shandong's river crisis worsened daily; Yao made river works his first priority, arguing that with both the Yellow River and Grand Canal silted, only a full dredge to the sea would do. Breaches at Wangjiaquan and elsewhere had opened in succession; the plan was to dredge the estuary, raise embankments, strengthen Tuhai dikes, then dredge the whole river using Western machine dredgers on the canal. All outlet gates and embankments on both banks were to be handled uniformly. The memorial was approved in full. He closed breaches at Wangjiaquan, Yaojiakou, Zhangcun, Yinhe Dazhai, Xizhifang, and Gaojiatao, dredged Hanjiayuan to drain the tail reach, and personally spent nearly three hundred days on the river that year. Anyone with knowledge of river affairs, even commoners or junior clerks, he summoned for consultation lest anything be missed. When the people suffered disaster he often raised grain for relief. He rebuilt the Haidai Academy at Qingzhou and restored the Zhusi Academy at Qufu; scholars and commoners were grateful.

十四年，被命襄辦海軍。明年，晉太子少保，命會閱南、北洋海軍。至煙台，聞台灣巡撫劉銘傳稱疾去，則抗章請行，優詔答之。十七年，方駐河干督工，疽發於背，回省就醫，遽卒。疾革時，猶貽書鴻章，首言山東為北洋門戶，亟宜治砲台備不虞；次言新疆軍糈，部令裁營清釐，緩不濟急，恐失信外域，貽君父憂。遺疏入，上震悼，贈太子太保，諡勤果，予建祠。

In the fourteenth year he was ordered to assist in managing the navy. The following year he was promoted to Junior Guardian of the Heir Apparent and ordered to inspect the southern and northern Beiyang fleets. At Yantai he learned Taiwan Governor Liu Mingchuan had resigned citing illness; he memorialized to take the post and received an approving edict. In the seventeenth year, while supervising river works, an abscess broke out on his back; he returned for treatment and died suddenly. At death's door he still wrote Li Hongzhang, first urging that Shandong, gateway to the Beiyang, needed fortifications against the unexpected; next warning that the ministry's order to cut Xinjiang camps and clear accounts was too slow for urgent needs and risked losing frontier trust and troubling the throne. When his final memorial arrived the throne mourned deeply, posthumously made him Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, titled him Qinguo, and ordered a memorial shrine.

曜魁梧倜儻，自少從戎，不廢書史，字法橅顏平原，書疏雅馴猶餘事。嘗鐫「目不識丁」四字印，佩以自勵。寧夏平，築樓面黃河，對賀蘭山，顏曰「河聲岳色」，日嘯詠其中，人謂有羊叔子登峴風。居官垂四十年，不言治產事，性尚義，所得廉俸輒散盡。尤禮賢下士，士爭往歸之。其修道路，開廠局，精製造，凡有利於民者，靡不畢舉。死之日，百姓巷哭失聲，喪歸，且傾城以送。以兩世職並為男爵，子端本襲，官南韶連道。

Tall and free-spirited, Yao never abandoned books despite a lifetime in arms; his calligraphy followed Yan Zhenqing, and polished letters were the least of his accomplishments. He carved a seal reading "cannot recognize a single character" and wore it to spur himself on. After Ningxia was pacified he built a tower facing the Yellow River with Helan Mountain beyond, inscribed "River Sound, Mountain Color," and daily chanted there; people likened it to Yang Hu on Xian Mountain. In nearly forty years of office he never spoke of building wealth; he valued righteousness and spent his salary as fast as it came. He especially honored scholars and humbled himself before them; men of letters flocked to him. Roads, factories, manufactures—whatever benefited the people, he undertook it. On the day he died people wept in the lanes; when the coffin returned the whole city turned out. His two hereditary ranks were combined into a barony; his son Duanben inherited and served as Nan-Shao-Lian intendant.

劉典，字克盦，湖南寧鄉人。少伏溈山，與羅澤南友善，以學相期許。齋匪亂，集眾保鄉邑，敘訓導。參左宗棠戎幕，轉戰江西。善察形勢，嘗輕騎詗敵營，夜率所部劫殺，數獲奇捷。李秀成欲以長圍困宗棠，斷曾軍糧運，典敗浮梁，又破之樂平，婺源餉道始達祁門。積勳至直隸州知州。宗棠撫浙，典以偏師討衢、嚴。同治改元，破馬金街，進克遂安，遷知府。擊花園港，李世賢遁，超授浙江按察使。世賢謀據金華，分黨擾龍遊、湯溪、蘭谿，眾號數十萬。典還軍援衢，力據上游，悉夷東南北寇壘。明年，收蘭谿，諸軍亦下三城，浙東告寧。宗棠規杭州，策江、皖邊圉安，方可一意進取。乃令典將五千人，道嚴出皖南。當是時，新復郡縣糧饋不屬，典持印票空文，向民間貸糧，遇寇遮擊，而屯溪，而黟縣，所風靡。民望典軍如時雨，以故壺漿塞塗。沈葆楨謂其截擊寇眾，功不在克省城下。江、皖既平，賜號阿爾剛阿巴圖魯。其秋，父憂歸。

Liu Dian, styled Ke'an, came from Ningxiang in Hunan. As a youth he lived on Mount Wei and befriended Luo Zemin, encouraging each other in study. When the Taiping rebels rose he gathered militia to defend his township and was recorded as instructor. He joined Zuo Zongtang's staff and fought through Jiangxi. Skilled at reading terrain, he often reconnoitered enemy camps by light cavalry and led night raids for repeated surprise victories. Li Xiucheng tried to encircle Zuo and cut Zeng's supply line; Dian defeated him at Fuliang and Leping, and the Wuyuan route finally reached Qimen. For accumulated merit he rose to prefect of Zhili Prefecture. When Zuo pacified Zhejiang, Dian led a detached force against Quzhou and Yanzhou. At the Tongzhi change he broke Majin Street, took Suian, and was promoted to prefect. Attacking Huayuan Harbor he drove off Li Shixian and was exceptionally appointed Zhejiang surveillance commissioner. Shixian planned to hold Jinhua and sent parties to harass Longyou, Tangxi, and Lanxi; their numbers were said to reach hundreds of thousands. Dian returned to aid Quzhou, held the upper reaches firmly, and destroyed rebel forts on every side. The next year Lanxi fell and other armies took three cities; eastern Zhejiang was declared calm. Zuo planned for Hangzhou, reasoning that the Jiang-Anhui border must be secure before he could advance with single purpose. He ordered Dian to lead five thousand men out of southern Anhui through Yanzhou. Newly recovered counties lacked grain; Dian carried blank stamped tickets and borrowed from the people, sweeping through Tunxi and Yixian when bandits blocked the way. The people welcomed Dian's army like rain in drought; pots of drink filled the roads. Shen Baozhen said intercepting rebel masses was a merit not less than taking the provincial capital. When Jiang and Anhui were pacified he received the title A'ergang Baturn. That autumn he returned home for his father's mourning.

三年，詔起督師，典募新軍八千，次貴溪。世賢入閩陷漳州，汪海洋亦陷龍巖，勢复熾。典進汀、連，號西路軍。遇海洋，新軍輕進，敗績，還保連城。四年，再戰，斬寇萬餘，進复龍巖、南靖。世賢為高連升所蹙，奔粵，宗棠麾下壯士騎從者八百餘人馳之。典至南雄，語其將黃少春曰：「尾寇而追，非計也。寇返奔亟，必不久據嘉應，當走粵、閩邊。左軍孤，遇寇必不支。」乃持二旬糧，取道大嶺脊，晨夜應赴，抵大埔，先宗棠一日，遂會師复嘉應，晉二品服，予世職。事寧，乞歸省。

In the third year he was recalled to command; Dian raised eight thousand new troops and halted at Guixi. Shixian entered Fujian and took Zhangzhou; Wang Haiyang took Longyan; rebel strength revived. Dian advanced through Tingzhou and Lianzhou as the Western Route Army. Meeting Haiyang, the new army advanced rashly, was defeated, and fell back to Liancheng. In the fourth year he fought again, killed more than ten thousand rebels, and recovered Longyan and Nanjing. Shixian, pressed by Gao Liansheng, fled to Guangdong; more than eight hundred of Zuo's mounted veterans galloped after him. At Nanxiong Dian told Huang Shaochun: "Pursuing the rebels' tail is not the plan. They are fleeing in haste and will not long hold Jiaying; they will run toward the Guang-Fujian border. Zuo's army is isolated; if it meets the rebels it cannot hold." He carried twenty days' grain over the Great Ridge, marched day and night, reached Dabu a day before Zuo, joined forces to recover Jiaying, was promoted to second rank, and given a hereditary rank. When affairs were settled he asked to return home.

五年，宗棠徙督陝、甘，起典甘肅按察使，旋賜三品卿，佐軍事。典自紫荊關入，值捻竄渭北，乃駐潼關，偪渭而軍，扼其南渡。七年，詔署陝西巡撫。初，宗棠援晉，以徵回事屬典。典以關中戎備寡，調提督周達武壁隴、汧顧後路。至總前敵師幹，則舉蔣益澧自代，朝旨弗許。尋復有是命。典遂進駐三原，調度諸軍，軍大振。明年，與宗棠定三路剿回策。已，复念民事，重入省，治善後，集流亡，舉屯牧，卹艱戹，革差徭。又以其時濬鄭白舊渠，關中漸喁喁望治矣。惟銳然以減餉自任，諸軍舊欠各餉，十給其七，士卒不無怨望雲。又明年，再乞歸省。

In the fifth year Zuo became governor of Shaanxi and Gansu; Dian was raised to Gansu surveillance commissioner, given third-rank vice minister title, and assigned to assist in military affairs. Entering through Zijing Pass as Nian raided north of the Wei, he encamped at Tong Pass, pressed the Wei, and blocked their southward crossing. In the seventh year he was named acting governor of Shaanxi. When Zuo first aided Shanxi, the western campaign fell to Dian. Finding Guanzhong thinly defended, Dian moved Brigade General Zhou Dawu to hold Long and Qian and guard the rear. For overall front command he recommended Jiang Yili to replace him; the court refused. Soon the same order came again. Dian advanced headquarters to Sanyuan, coordinated the armies, and morale revived sharply. The next year he and Zuo fixed a three-route strategy against the Muslims. He then turned to civil affairs, re-entered the province, resettled refugees, promoted garrison farming, relieved hardship, and reformed corvée. As the Zheng-Bai old canal was dredged, Guanzhong gradually looked toward good government. He sharply cut army pay on his own authority, paying only seven tenths of old arrears; the soldiers resented it. Two years later he again asked to return home.

光緒元年，復命佐宗棠軍務，典辭以疾，詔罷其行。時譚鍾麟督西征餉事，力言司左軍後路非典莫屬。朝旨乃趣赴甘，於是典三起討賊矣。二年，至蘭州，宗棠以善後畀之。凡整軍節餉，以及生聚教誨，有裨於民生久遠者，咸殫心厥事。至關外平定，亦嘗指陳方略，贊畫功多。經營新疆凡三年，卒於軍次。詔視侍郎賜卹，諡果敏，予江、浙、陝、甘建祠。

In Guangxu 1 he was again ordered to assist Zuo; Dian declined on grounds of illness and the decree was canceled. Tan Zhonglin, supervising western expedition supplies, argued strongly that managing the Hunan Army rear was uniquely Dian's role. Imperial orders urgently sent him to Gansu; thus Dian took the field against rebels for the third time. In the second year he reached Lanzhou and Zuo entrusted postwar settlement to him. In reorganizing troops, economizing supplies, resettling people, and teaching—whatever benefited long-term livelihood—he gave his whole heart. When the lands beyond the pass were pacified he often outlined strategy and contributed greatly to planning. After three years managing Xinjiang he died in camp. He was mourned at vice minister rank, posthumously titled Guomin, and granted memorial shrines in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, and Gansu.

典秉性清嚴，貴後自奉儉約。楊昌濬嘗詣典，環堵蕭然，一如寒素，寓書宗棠共稱之。

Dian was stern and pure by nature; after rising in rank he lived frugally. Yang Changjun once found his rooms bare as a poor scholar's; he wrote Zuo Zongtang and they praised him together.

弟倬雲，少隨典讀書長沙。典主鄉團，倬雲以廩生治軍書。從援浙，領偏軍，戰常陷堅。李、汪二酋奔贛，扼臨江使不得西，敘知縣。龍巖既复，會糧罄，軍士乏食，為貸鄰邑以濟，民德之，建生祠。將軍庫克吉泰檄赴陝，值連升營哥匪謀變，戕主帥。倬雲馳入，殲其渠，餘眾悉定，再遷知府。時慶陽大饑，人相食。倬雲興屯政，立賑局，流民懷集。假歸，適會匪亂，連下龍陽、益陽，詔用道員。越法事起，赴閩綜營務，署按察使。以捕海盜名，晉二品秩，授汀漳龍道。興蠶桑，建書院，周恤堤防諸政，次第畢舉。尋謝病歸。二十九年，卒，卹如製。

His younger brother Zhuo Yun studied with him in Changsha as a youth. When Dian led local militia, Zhuo Yun, a stipend student, managed military documents. In the Zhejiang campaign he led a detached force and often broke the hardest lines. When Li and Wang fled to Gan he blocked Linjiang to keep them from going west and was recorded as county magistrate. After Longyan was recovered supplies ran out; he borrowed from neighboring counties to feed the troops; the people built a living shrine in gratitude. General Kukejitai ordered him to Shaanxi just as Liansheng's camp plotted mutiny and killed the commander. Zhuo Yun galloped in, wiped out the ringleaders, settled the rest, and was twice promoted to prefect. Qingyang then suffered great famine and people ate one another. Zhuo Yun promoted garrison farming, established relief bureaus, and refugees gathered under his care. On leave when local bandits rose he took Longyang and Yiyang in succession and was ordered to intendant rank. When the Franco-Vietnamese affair arose he went to Fujian to oversee camps and served as acting surveillance commissioner. Famous for capturing pirates, he rose to second rank and was appointed intendant of Ting-Zhang-Long Circuit. Sericulture, academies, dikes, and other policies for the people were undertaken in turn. Soon he resigned citing illness and returned home. In the twenty-ninth year he died; mourning rites followed regulation.

金順，字和甫，伊爾根覺羅氏，滿洲鑲藍旗人，世居吉林。少孤貧，事繼母孝。初，從征山東，授驍騎校。嗣從多隆阿援湖北，复黃梅，賜號圖爾格齊巴圖魯。移師安徽，克太湖。歷遷協領。掛車之役，將騎旅直搗中堅，當者輒靡。

Jin Shun, styled Hefu, of the Irgen Gioro clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Blue Banner from Jilin. Orphaned young and poor, he served his stepmother filially. He first campaigned in Shandong and was appointed daring cavalry commandant. Later he followed Duolong'a to aid Hubei, recovered Huangmei, and received the title Tu'ergeqi Baturn. Moving to Anhui he captured Taihu. He rose in succession to assistant commandant. At Gache he led cavalry straight at the center; whoever faced him was scattered.

同治二年，從討陝回，連下羌白、王閣，賜頭品秩。复渡渭敗之零口。三年，漢南迴奔鳳翔，趨灃峪，擊卻之，授鑲黃旗漢軍副都統。調西安，時粵寇集陝南，陝回導至灃河，金順御之，斬虜多。回入鄠，傍山西走，复率馬隊邀擊敗之。四年，攻寧夏南門，奪其砲台。已，聞寇集黃河兩岸，率師分路進，陣斬其酋孫義保等，寇稍卻。明年，調寧夏副都統。七年，复寧條梁。聞榆林警，遂迎擊五龍山，大破之。追至邊外禿尾河，馬隊忍寒裸涉，要之金雞灘，回大潰。復遣將破之葭州。

In Tongzhi 2 he campaigned against Shaanxi Muslims, took Qiangbai and Wangge, and received first rank. He crossed the Wei again and defeated them at Lingkou. In the third year southern Shaanxi Muslims fled to Fengxiang and rushed Fengyu; he repelled them and was appointed deputy lieutenant general of the Bordered Yellow Banner Chinese Army. Transferred to Xi'an, he met Guangdong bandits in southern Shaanxi guided by Shaanxi Muslims to the Feng River; Jin Shun defended and killed many. Muslims entered Hu County and fled west along the hills; he intercepted with cavalry and defeated them again. In the fourth year he attacked Ningxia's south gate and seized its batteries. Hearing bandits had gathered on both banks of the Yellow River, he advanced on separate routes, beheaded chieftain Sun Yibao and others, and the bandits withdrew. The next year he was transferred to deputy lieutenant general of Ningxia. In the seventh year he took Ningtiaoliang again. Hearing alarm at Yulin he met the enemy and routed them at Wulongshan. Pursuing beyond the border to Tuwai River, cavalry crossed naked in the cold, intercepted them at Jinji Beach, and the Muslims collapsed. He sent generals to defeat them again at Jiazhou.

八年，平綏德，朝旨以邊外事屬之。四月，回犯花馬池，遣部將富勒琿馳救。回自烏拉爭渡，奔札薩旗。金順自將出邊，回已遁。乃率師道札薩郡王答拉旗，自包頭迤西濟河而進。會天酷暑，暫頓什巴爾台就水草，與張曜期會沙金託海。七月，自中灘鼓行而西，而寧夏回复叛，乃兼程赴援，敗之於城外。無何，甘回納萬元等迎戰漢渠，復與曜從東繞擊。回走納中閘，追至龍王廟南，悉拔其東南各壘，殲守賊殆盡。

In the eighth year Suide was pacified; frontier affairs were placed under him. In the fourth month Muslims raided Huamachi; he sent Deputy Commander Fulehun to the rescue. Muslims contested crossing the Wula River and fled to the Zhasa Banner. Jin Shun personally led troops beyond the border; the Muslims had already fled. He led the army through Prince Dala's Zhasa Banner, from Baotou winding west and crossing the river. In fierce heat he halted at Shiba'ertai for water and grass and arranged to meet Zhang Yao at Shajintuohai. In the seventh month he marched west from Zhongtan; Ningxia Muslims rebelled again; he rushed to aid and defeated them outside the city. Soon Gansu Muslims led by Na Wanyuan fought at Hanqu; he and Yao struck again from the east. Muslims fled to Nazhong Gate; pursued to south of Longwang Temple all southeast forts fell and garrison rebels were nearly wiped out.

九年，金積撫局成，獨王家甿未下，率其弟連順分兵迎擊，數獲勝。自是連順無役不從，積勳至金州副都統。金軍頗有聲，明年，克之，賞黃馬褂。又與曜破納家寨，河西悍黨殲焉。寧夏平，擢烏里雅蘇台將軍。尋以赴鎮番未報，褫職，命即日赴肅州。既至，頓北崖頭，奏調曜軍助擊。時烏魯木齊提督成祿猶訴軍糧乏，難赴哈密，詔金順接統其軍。十二年，左宗棠至軍，約期並進。金順發地雷東北角，城潰，乘隙奪據其上，自是老弱伏服者相繼。城拔，復故官。

In the ninth year Jinjibao was pacified; only Wang Jiamang held out; he and his brother Lian Shun divided forces, intercepted, and won repeatedly. From then on Lian Shun fought in every campaign and rose to deputy lieutenant general of Jinzhou. Jin's army had considerable reputation; the next year the fort fell and he received a yellow riding jacket. He and Yao again broke Najia Stockade and wiped out fierce bands west of the river. When Ningxia was pacified he was promoted general of Uliastai. Soon, for failing to report arrival at Zhenfan, he was stripped of office and ordered to Suzhou that day. On arrival he encamped at Beiyaitou and requested Yao's army to assist the attack. Urumqi commander Cheng Lu still complained of grain shortage and difficulty reaching Hami; Jin Shun was ordered to take his army. In the twelfth year Zuo Zongtang reached the army and set a date for joint advance. Jin Shun detonated mines at the northeast corner; the wall collapsed; seizing the breach they took the top and submissions followed in succession. When the city fell his former office was restored.

烏魯木齊都統景廉駐古城，與金順齟《齒吾》。宗棠奏言金順寬和，為群情所附。詔率所部二十營赴之，規烏城，於是遂發。出關數十里，至瀚海，吏士忽不行。詢之，則曰：「先鋒營駐，有所議。」金順知有變，疾馳視，手刃六人以徇，曰：「敢留者，視此！」軍以次行。瀚海既過，乃列六屍祝之曰：「雜賦不飽，佐以野蔬，天下無若西軍苦。此行度戈壁，乏水草，吾非不知。但不忍汝六人，如全軍何？如國家何？如關內生靈何？」聞其言者，無不激揚。道授正白旗漢軍都統。明年，至古城，與景廉會師。一日演砲，漢、回觀者數千百人。景軍指敗堵煙筒為的，擊之再，煙筒無恙。所部砲隊總兵鄧增、參將張玉林曰：「是何足擊？請卷旗卓之為的。」增先測視，請於金順再測視，既竟，砲響旗飛，若翦霞空際。已而玉林亦爾。觀者讙謼聲震遠近，回聞之氣奪。尋命佐新疆軍務。

Urumqi commander Jing Lian was at Gucheng and at odds with Jin Shun. Zuo memorialized that Jin Shun was generous and beloved by the troops. Ordered to lead twenty battalions to plan for Wucheng, he set out. Several tens of li beyond the pass in the Gobi, officers and soldiers suddenly refused to march. Asked why, they said the vanguard had halted over some dispute. Jin Shun knew mutiny was brewing; he galloped up, personally killed six as warning, and said: "Whoever dares stay—look at this!" The army marched in order. After crossing the Gobi he lined up the six corpses and said: "Miscellaneous taxes barely fill the belly, supplemented by wild greens—no army under heaven suffers like the western army. This march crosses waterless Gobi; I know it well. But I cannot spare you six—what of the whole army? What of the state? What of the people within the passes?" All who heard were stirred. En route he was appointed lieutenant general of the Plain White Banner Chinese Army. The next year he reached Gucheng and joined Jing Lian. One day they practiced artillery before several thousand Chinese and Muslim onlookers. Jing's men aimed at a ruined wall's chimney; fired twice without effect. Brigade General Deng Zeng and Colonel Zhang Yulin said: "What is that worth hitting? Roll up the banner and set it as target." Zeng sighted first, Jin Shun sighted again; the cannon fired and the banner flew as if cut from the sky. Soon Yulin did the same. Onlookers cheered till sound shook far and near; Muslims hearing it lost heart. Soon he was ordered to assist in Xinjiang military affairs.

光緒改元，代景廉為都統。二年，軍阜康。劉錦棠赴軍所商進止，議先攻古牧。乃輕騎襲黃田，通汲道，克之。連下烏魯木齊、迪化、昌吉、呼圖壁諸城，直偪瑪納斯，斬其偽帥馬興，南北二城以次皆下。賞雙眼花翎，予世職，調伊犁將軍。七年，詔接收伊犁，按圖劃界。十一年二月，軍標譁變，五月，再變，並譟餉戕官。伊地本極邊，協餉乖時，軍多疲饉。金順馭眾寬，將領營官相率蒙蔽，而總督譚鍾麟劾其上下縱恣，民怨沸騰，為陳籌餉易人之策。於是上召來京，以錫綸代之。道肅州，病卒。身後不名一錢，幾無以為斂。寮寀醵金，喪始歸。部伍縞素，步行五千里至京者，達二百人云。事聞，贈太子太保，諡忠介，予建祠。

At the Guangxu change he replaced Jing Lian as commander-in-chief. In the second year the army was at Fukang. Liu Jintang came to discuss advance; they agreed to strike Gumul first. Light cavalry raided Huangtian, secured water, and captured it. They took Urumqi, Dihua, Changji, Hutubi and others, pressed on Manas, beheaded false commander Ma Xing, and both north and south cities fell. He received double-peacock feathers, a hereditary rank, and transfer as Ili general. In the seventh year he was ordered to receive Ili and demarcate the border. In the eleventh year, second month, the army mutinied; in the fifth month they mutinied again, clamoring for pay and killing officials. Ili was an extreme frontier; pay arrived late and the army often went hungry. Jin Shun was lenient; officers deceived him; Governor Tan Zhonglin impeached his indulgence until resentment boiled and proposed replacing the pay officer. The throne summoned him to the capital and Xi Lun replaced him. Passing Suzhou he fell ill and died. He left not a single cash after death; burial was nearly impossible. Colleagues pooled money before the coffin could return. Two hundred men in white hemp walked five thousand li to the capital. Word arrived; he was posthumously made Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent, titled Zhongjie, and granted a memorial shrine.

妻託莫洛氏，婚甫踰月，囑事繼母，撫諸弟，遂出。轉戰二十餘年，至新疆，乃遣使往迓。謂使者曰：「太夫人老矣，寧能涉萬里？吾義不得獨行。且彼處有姬侍，宗祧不墜，吾又何求？」竟不往。時論賢之。

His wife of the Tuomoluo clan: marriage had barely passed a month when he ordered her to serve his stepmother and care for his brothers, then departed. After twenty years of fighting, reaching Xinjiang, he sent to fetch her. He told the envoy: "My mother is old; how could she cross ten thousand li? By duty I cannot go alone. Besides, there are concubines there; the line will not fall—what more do I need? He never went. Contemporaries praised his virtue.

增，字錦亭，籍廣東新會。年十七從軍，積勳至游擊。西征之役，領開花砲隊，平金積，取河州，並以善用砲知名。方是時，錦棠治兵西寧，寇堅壁自守，而牧馬湟水北岸。增隔水轟擊，寇駭愕逾山遁。增馳之，先以輕騎當寇，乍戰佯北。寇易之，悉眾下山，我師以巨砲環擊，大潰。俄援寇至，壁平戎驛。錦棠不與戰，而使增據山上俯擊。寇懾砲威，退湟北，增复隔河擊之，皆走。錦棠攻高寨急，舁大砲列北山上，使增測準寇壘，發砲子六十餘，牆壁皆裂，賜號伊博德恩巴圖魯。規肅州，城高厚逾常制，增築砲台臨城關，轟潰十餘丈。繼复築砲台街口，裹創力戰，卒擊退之，晉總兵。從金順出關，以戰功擢提督。金順舉將才，稱增精究砲術。除伊犁鎮，調西寧。

Deng Zeng, styled Jinting, was registered at Xinhui in Guangdong. At seventeen he joined the army and rose through merit to battalion commander. In the western campaign he led explosive artillery, pacified Jinjibao and took Hezhou, and was famed for artillery skill. Jintang was drilling at Xining; rebels held their walls while grazing horses on the Huang River's north bank. Zeng bombarded across the water; rebels fled in alarm over the mountains. Zeng galloped after them, sent light cavalry to meet them, and in sudden battle feigned retreat. Rebels underestimated them and came down the mountain; heavy guns surrounded them and they collapsed. Soon relief rebels arrived and fortified Pingyi Post. Jintang would not fight directly but had Zeng hold the heights and strike down. Rebels feared the guns, retreated north of the Huang, and Zeng struck across the river again; all fled. Jintang urgently attacked Gaozhai; heavy guns on the north hill under Zeng's sighting fired more than sixty shells and cracked the walls; he received the title Yibode'en Baturn. Planning Suzhou, whose walls exceeded usual height and thickness, Zeng built batteries overlooking the gate and breached more than ten zhang. He built another battery at Street Mouth, fought wounded, beat them back, and was promoted brigade general. Following Jin Shun beyond the pass he was promoted provincial military commander for battle merit. Jin Shun praised Zeng for mastering artillery science. Appointed Ili garrison commander, he was transferred to Xining.

光緒二十一年，解循化圍，回渡河趨巴燕戎格，增追至思觀。會札什巴陷，分三路擊之，城拔。六月，西寧回韓文秀等犯增營，增分軍迎擊，遇伏將卻，增手刃先退者以徇，眾皆躍馬陷陣，寇潰。時西寧南北西川、大通、碾伯、丹噶爾皆叛，增聞警，馳歸守郡城。八月，哆吧寇來襲城，薄小橋。增將出拒，或勸沮之，增曰：「寇氛甚惡，不力遏之，是示弱也。且主帥不出，將士孰肯用命？」遂往，短兵接，人百其氣，大敗之。自此寇望見鄧軍旗幟，輒不戰而遁。明年，克川北、營城，關內外平，授固原提督。既至，會甘軍搜治海城叛回。閱三年，海城回田百連复叛，遣將討平之。拳亂作，車駕西狩，召赴行在。回鑾，節度隨扈諸軍，晉頭品服。旋回任。三十一年，卒於官，詔附祀宗棠祠。

In Guangxu 21 he relieved the Xunhua siege; Muslims crossed toward Bayan Rongge and Zeng pursued to Siguan. As Zhaxiba fell he struck on three routes and took the city. In the sixth month Han Wenxiu and others attacked Zeng's camp; ambushed, he personally killed the first to retreat; all charged; rebels collapsed. South, north, and west Sichuan, Datong, Nianbo, and Dangar all rebelled; hearing alarm Zeng galloped back to defend the city. In the eighth month Duoba bandits assaulted the city and pressed the small bridge. About to go out, some urged caution; Zeng said: "The threat is fierce; failing to check it shows weakness. If the commander stays in, who will fight to the death? He went out; at close quarters morale multiplied and they routed the enemy. Thereafter bandits fled at sight of Deng's banners without fighting. The next year he took Chuanbei and Yingcheng; the region was pacified and he was appointed Guyuan provincial military commander. On arrival he joined Gansu troops suppressing Haicheng rebel Muslims. Three years later Tian Bailian rebelled again; he sent generals to suppress them. When the Boxer affair arose and the court fled west he was summoned to the temporary capital. On the return he directed escort forces and rose to first rank. Soon he returned to his post. In the thirty-first year he died in office and was ordered attached worship at Zuo Zongtang's shrine.

其時隨金順徵回著績者，又有托雲布、果權、劉宏發、曹正興。

Others who followed Jin Shun against the Muslims with distinction included Tuo Yunbu, Guo Quan, Liu Hongfa, and Cao Zhengxing.

托雲布，瓜爾佳氏，滿洲鑲藍旗人。初，從軍剿發、捻，賜號綽勒郭蘭闊巴圖魯。攻寧夏，釋平羅圍，襲擊黃河兩岸，數有功，累遷協領，坐事免。金順請留軍自贖，截擊竄寇於榆林，复官。進拔蘇家燒房、納中閘，晉副都統。時寇據金積，其旁堡砦並險固。托雲布充前鋒，大小數十戰，寇稍卻，克王家甿，賜頭品服；平通昌各寨，賞黃馬褂。自是從出關，迭克名城，即於軍前授青州副都統。瑪納斯之役，血戰六十餘日，天山以北告寧，予雲騎尉世職。光緒十一年，創發乞歸，賞食全俸。十八年，卒，予優恤。

Tuo Yunbu, of the Guwalgiya clan, was a Manchu of the Bordered Blue Banner. He first campaigned against Taiping and Nian rebels and received the title Chuoleguolan Kuo Baturn. Attacking Ningxia he lifted the Pingluo siege, raided both banks of the Yellow River, rose to assistant commandant, and was dismissed for an offense. Jin Shun kept him with the army to redeem himself; he intercepted fleeing bandits at Yulin and was restored. He advanced to take Sujia Shaofang and Nazhong Gate and was promoted deputy lieutenant general. Rebels held Jinjibao; neighboring forts were all perilously strong. As vanguard in dozens of battles rebels withdrew; Wang Jiamang fell; he received first rank; pacifying Tongchang stockades he received a yellow riding jacket. Thereafter he followed beyond the pass, captured famous cities, and was appointed Qingzhou deputy lieutenant general at the front. At Manas he fought bloody battles for sixty days; north of Tianshan was calm; he received a hereditary Cloud Cavalry Captain rank. In Guangxu 11 he retired citing illness with full salary granted. In the eighteenth year he died with generous mourning rites.

果權，莫得里氏，滿洲正藍旗人，吉林駐防。驍騎校，從副都統福珠裡出師伊犁。以戰功，累遷協領。瑪納斯既复，金順薦署伊犁錫伯營領隊大臣，頓車排子屯田。詔念前勞，晉副都統，賜號志勇巴圖魯。光緒十七年，調充東三省練兵行營翼長，校閱吉林邊練各軍。二十七年，授呼蘭副都統。卒，卹如製。

Guo Quan, of the Modeli clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Blue Banner garrisoned at Jilin. A daring cavalry commandant, he followed Deputy Lieutenant General Fuzhuli to Ili. For battle merit he rose to assistant commandant. After Manas fell Jin Shun recommended him acting Ili Xibo garrison commander at Chepaizi garrison farms. Remembering former merit, he was promoted deputy lieutenant general and granted the title Zhiyong Baturn. In Guangxu 17 he became wing commander of Northeast training camps and inspected Jilin border forces. In the twenty-seventh year he was appointed Hulan deputy lieutenant general. He died; mourning followed regulation.

宏發，黃陂人。正興，鄖西人。自同治初久從金順軍，复肅州，進新疆，屢有功，後皆官至提督。而宏發軍過玉門、安西，官民尤翕，頌讚不置雲。

Liu Hongfa came from Huangpi. Cao Zhengxing came from Yunxi. From early Tongzhi they long followed Jin Shun, recovered Suzhou, advanced into Xinjiang, and later both reached provincial military commander. When Hongfa's army passed Yumen and Anxi, officials and people were especially harmonious and praise was unceasing.

穆圖善，字春岩，那拉搭氏，世居黑龍江齊齊哈爾，隸滿洲鑲黃旗。家貧，事親孝。初以驍騎校遷參領，從征直、魯、晉、豫，所向有功。援安徽，迭克城隘，賜號西林巴圖魯。同治元年，從多隆阿入陝，道鄧州，遇粵寇陳得才，敗之紫荊關，擢西安右翼副都統。時回氛熾，率步旅扼洛水北岸，半修營，半出擊寇，寇始奔。亡何，捻酋姜泰林犯武關，夜襲多軍。穆圖善設伏敗之，追群寇入鄂境，悉驅出西河口。二年，再入陝，攻高陵，先登，裡創力戰，下之，賞黃馬褂。寇渡涇據南岸，穆圖善泅水而濟，寇大潰。三年，多隆阿圍盩厔，中砲，病篤，疏薦穆圖善賢，遂命署欽差大臣。其夏，擢荊州將軍，與劉蓉會辦陝事。

Mu Tushan, styled Chunyan, of the Nara clan from Qiqihar on the Amur, was registered in the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner. Born poor, he served his parents filially. First a daring cavalry commandant then battalion commander, he campaigned in Zhili, Shandong, Shanxi, and Henan with merit wherever he went. Aiding Anhui he captured cities and passes and received the title Xilin Baturn. In Tongzhi 1 he followed Duolong'a into Shaanxi; at Dengzhou he defeated Guangdong bandit Chen Deicai at Zijing Pass and was promoted Xi'an Right Wing deputy lieutenant general. Muslim unrest blazed; he held the Luo's north bank, half building camps and half sallying until rebels fled. Soon Nian chieftain Jiang Tailin invaded Wuguan and raided Duo's army by night. Mu Tushan ambushed and defeated them, pursued into Hubei, and drove them out at Xihekou. In the second year he re-entered Shaanxi, was first up Gaoling's walls, fought wounded, took it, and received a yellow riding jacket. Rebels held the Jing's south bank; Mu Tushan swam across and routed them. In the third year Duolong'a besieged Zhouzhi, was mortally wounded by cannon, recommended Mu Tushan, and he was named acting Imperial Commissioner. That summer he was promoted Jingzhou general and with Liu Rong jointly handled Shaanxi affairs.

粵寇據樓觀、黑水、西駝峪，蓉遣蕭慶高趨鄠，穆圖善率師助擊，戰店子頭，敗績。七月，擊破大峪西堡，進攻樓觀。先是，得才入鄂，穆圖善遣二十八營赴援，無統帥。至是蓉奏請穆圖善往湖北，詔勿許，令移師赴甘。既至，與將軍都興阿議定先規寧夏。十一月，檄杜嘎爾、額爾慶額等攻破清水堡。逾歲，诇知群寇元日椎牛置酒，必不誡。穆圖善奪城南砲台，連毀其寨。已，复慮寇乘春漲決渠下灌，分兵扼城東南。尋調寧夏將軍，主甘肅軍事。嗣以寧夏諸軍久不得要領，責之。五年，收靈州。初，回寇馬兆元攻陷州城，馬朝清計誅之，禁靈回無滋事。逮寧夏失，道且梗塞。朝清者化龍也。至是，親詣穆圖善哀詞乞款。會州紳亦請置官，乃使丰紳等往招撫，州事定。聞華亭回竄慶陽，復遣軍擊走之，城圍解。

Guangdong bandits held Louguan, Heishui, and Xituoyu; Rong sent Xiao Qinggao toward Hu; Mu Tushan assisted and was defeated at Dianzitou. In the seventh month he broke Daxu West Fort and advanced on Louguan. Earlier Deicai had entered Hubei; Mu Tushan sent twenty-eight battalions without a commander. Rong asked Mu Tushan to go to Hubei; the decree refused and ordered him to Gansu. On arrival he and General Duxing'a planned first to target Ningxia. In the eleventh month he ordered Du Gaer, E Erqing'e, and others to break Qingshui Fort. A year later he learned rebels would feast on New Year's Day and would not be on guard. Mu Tushan seized south city batteries and destroyed their stockades in succession. He feared rebels would break canals in spring flood; he divided troops to hold the southeast. Soon he was transferred Ningxia general and commanded Gansu military affairs. Later, because Ningxia's armies long failed to grasp essentials, he was rebuked. In the fifth year he recovered Lingzhou. Muslim bandit Ma Zhaoyuan had taken Lingzhou; Ma Chaoqing killed him and forbade Ling Muslims from causing trouble. When Ningxia fell the route was blocked. Chaoqing was Hualong. He personally went to Mu Tushan with piteous pleas for terms. Prefectural gentry also asked for officials; Feng Shen and others were sent to pacify and affairs were settled. Hearing Huating Muslims had fled to Qingyang he sent troops to drive them off and lifted the siege.

明年，署陝甘總督，值歲大饑，人相食。乃馳書阿拉善王，令運蒙糧至河北，與軍民交易，食乃濟。是時米拉溝既下，河、洮、狄道、西寧回皆反正，而南八營李得昌各部，乞擇地安插。上慮回情叵測，敕穆圖善嚴備之。穆圖善令降回繳械，遣範銘赴洮，張瑞珍赴蕭何城，王得勝赴靜寧辦撫事，自是頗惑撫議。已，復使曹熙等赴河州，回羈之，遣黨潛襲省城，聲款附。穆圖善率輕騎往，中伏奔還，遂圍城五日，楚軍將彭楚漢等破之。而東鄉回嵎負如故，穆圖善親督諸軍敗之。十一月，攻州城，弗克，還蘭州。會傅先宗敗回禮縣，彭忠國敗回安定，穆圖善乃令進規渭源，而自從金縣進。七年正月，克之。乃使諸將會攻狄道，南北兩山相崟，中有平川，寨卡林立，先宗等一鼓破之，毀其寺，軍威大振。於是穆圖善赴前敵，北莊牟佛提率男婦三千人乞降，受之。師旋，复叛。穆圖善再渡河，直搗黑山頭、太子寺。寇斷我糧運，戰數失利，不獲已，退保狄道。明年，狄城糧盡，又退至秦州，寇乘之，師潰。朝旨令穆圖善甘軍受左宗棠節度。

The next year as acting Shaan-Gan governor the province suffered great famine and people ate one another. He ordered the Alashan prince to transport Mongol grain north of the river for trade with army and people; food was supplied. Milagou had fallen; He, Tao, Didao, and Xining Muslims returned to allegiance; Li Dechang's southern eight camps begged lands for resettlement. The throne feared Muslim sentiment was unpredictable and ordered strict guard. Mu Tushan ordered surrendered Muslims to turn in arms and sent Fan Ming, Zhang Ruizhen, and Wang Desheng to handle pacification; he was swayed by pacification policy. He sent Cao Xi to Hezhou; Muslims detained them while parties secretly raided the capital feigning submission. Mu Tushan led light cavalry, was ambushed and fled; the city was besieged five days until Peng Chuhan broke the siege. Dongxiang Muslims remained entrenched; Mu Tushan personally directed armies and defeated them. In the eleventh month he attacked the prefectural city without success and returned to Lanzhou. Fu Xianzong was defeated at Li County and Peng Zhongguo at Anding; Mu Tushan ordered advance on Weiyuan while he advanced from Jin County. In the first month of the seventh year Weiyuan was taken. Generals jointly attacked Didao; steep hills flanked a flat valley thick with stockades; Xianzong broke them in one rush, destroyed their temple, and army prestige revived. Mu Tushan went forward; Beizhuang Moufoti led three thousand men, women, and children to surrender and was accepted. When the army turned back they rebelled again. Mu Tushan crossed the river again and struck Heishantou and Taizi Temple. Rebels cut grain transport; after several defeats he fell back to Didao. The next year Didao's grain ran out and he fell back to Qinzhou; rebels pressed and the army collapsed. Imperial orders placed Gansu troops under Zuo Zongtang's command.

初，穆圖善狃撫議，群回叛服靡恆，而所部百數十營皆徵糧民間。清水守將敖天印以橫暴激民變，逐防軍，殺縣役。提督黃金山率所部戰狄道康家岩，敗潰，北入皋蘭，四出淫掠。穆圖善乃遣潰勇屯寧夏，而訾報敖軍於朝，敖軍亦力詆之。於是宗棠調度諸軍，先秦州固餉源，遂赴涇州受總督印。

Mu Tushan clung to pacification; Muslims rebelled and submitted without constancy; his hundred-plus battalions all levied grain from the people. Qingshui garrison commander Ao Tianyin provoked revolt by tyranny, drove out garrison troops, and killed county runners. Brigade General Huang Jinshan fought at Didao Kangjiayan, was routed, entered Gaolan, and raided in all directions. Mu Tushan garrisoned routed troops at Ningxia while denouncing Ao at court; Ao's men denounced him in turn. Zuo coordinated armies, secured Qinzhou's grain source, then went to Jingzhou for the governor's seal.

穆圖善既卸事，猶日曆四鄉，勸民修堡寨，置軍械，蘭人甚德之。詔仍駐蘭州，統西路軍。化龍黨崔三構河、狄回出擾，輒敗去。十年，河州賊襲陷皋蘭西古城，再敗之，長驅北山兔窩，寇大潰。其冬，會左軍渡河，連克要塞，寇退扼大東鄉，師聚而殲之。論功，予世職。

After relinquishing command he still toured townships urging fort repairs and arms; Lanzhou people esteemed him. He was ordered to remain at Lanzhou commanding the western route army. Hualong's follower Cui San stirred He and Di Muslims to raid; they were repeatedly defeated. In the tenth year Hezhou bandits took Xigu Old City west of Gaolan; he defeated them again at Tuwowa and routed them. That winter joining Zuo's river crossing they took strongpoints; rebels held Dadongxiang and were wiped out. For merit he received a hereditary rank.

光緒元年，召署正白旗漢軍都統。會吉林馬賊竄巴彥蘇蘇，命權將軍，捕治之，漸散其黨與。明年，道員舒之翰獲譴，罪及舉主，褫職。又明年，起授青州副都統，擢察哈爾都統。五年，出為福州將軍。法人爭地越南，分兵艦窺閩疆，詔參宗棠軍事。出駐長門，誓師設伏，擊沉法艦一艘。既而防軍潰，法人登岸搦戰，伏起，轉敗為功。以故閩事壞，獨免議。十一年，詔授欽差大臣，會辦東三省練兵事。明年，以積勞卒於軍，諡果勇。予黑龍江、安徽、甘肅建祠，蘭民且樹碑誌德焉。

In Guangxu 1 he was summoned acting lieutenant general of the Plain White Banner Chinese Army. Jilin horse bandits fled to Bayansusu; as acting general he captured them and dispersed their associates. The next year Circuit Intendant Shu Zhihan was punished; his recommender was stripped of office. Two years later he was raised to Qingzhou deputy lieutenant general and promoted Chahar commander-in-chief. In the fifth year he became Fuzhou general. When the French disputed Vietnam and sent warships toward Fujian he was ordered to assist Zuo Zongtang. He garrisoned Changmen, swore the army, set ambushes, and sank a French warship. When garrison collapsed the French landed; ambush rose and defeat became victory. Fujian affairs went badly but he alone escaped censure. In the eleventh year he was named Imperial Commissioner for Northeast training affairs. The next year he died in camp from overwork and was posthumously titled Guoyong. Memorial shrines were granted in Heilongjiang, Anhui, and Gansu; Lanzhou people erected a stele to his virtue.

杜嘎爾，哈勒斌氏，滿洲正藍旗人，黑龍江駐防。初從都興阿徵粵寇，積勳至佐領，賜號莽賚巴圖魯。嗣以京口副都統從討甘回，規寧、靈，頗能以少擊眾。寇竄寶豐，克張家村、紅柳堡，深入沙磧，背水成軍，旬日間城复。攻寧郡，斬虜多，即於軍前調官寧夏。寧城回增建寨棚，首城南訖納家閘。與金順誘城東寇出，數敗之，乘勝破護城堤清水堡。尋隨都興阿赴奉天，調補正藍旗蒙古副都統，歷察哈爾，坐事免。光緒六年，起授烏里雅蘇台將軍，撫士卒，卹蒙部。十四年，創發，乞休。明年，卒，諡武靖。

Du Gaer, of the Halebin clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Blue Banner garrisoned at Heilongjiang. He first followed Duxing'a against Guangdong bandits, rose to company commander, and received the title Mangzai Baturn. Later as Jingkou deputy lieutenant general he campaigned against Gansu Muslims at Ning and Ling and often defeated many with few. Rebels fled to Baofeng; he took Zhangjia Village and Hongliubao, fought with back to water in the desert, and recovered the city within ten days. Attacking Ning Prefecture he killed many and was transferred at the front to Ningxia command. Ning Muslims added stockades from the city south to Najia Gate. With Jin Shun he lured east-city rebels out, defeated them repeatedly, and broke Qingshui Fort on the protective dike. He followed Duxing'a to Fengtian, served in Chahar, and was dismissed for an offense. In Guangxu 6 he was raised Uliastai general, comforted soldiers, and relieved Mongol banners. In the fourteenth year he retired citing illness. The next year he died and was posthumously titled Wujing.

額爾慶額，字藹堂，格何恩氏，隸滿洲鑲白旗，墨爾根城駐防。以驍勇聞，歷遷至委參領。清水堡之役，賜號法福靈阿巴圖魯。會諸軍克狄道，授黑龍江副總管。剿金縣竄匪，擢涼州副都統。命佐關外軍事，統領吉、黑騎旅頓西湖，令寇不得西。烏城回自奎屯敗退安集海，擊卻之。光緒二年，聞白彥虎構瑪納斯南北二城回擾糧道，與總兵馮桂增、參將徐學功約期會師大河廠。額、馮二軍先行，徑薄北城，而南城回湧至，桂增負傷墜馬，寇舁入城。額爾慶額憤甚，先登陷陣，斬寇無算。因士卒傷亡多，止戰。屆期學功至，距城十餘裡，見額爾慶額被創還，遂率所部救之。金順責其援不力，宗棠曰：「額爾慶額等輕進貪功，咎由自取。且先夕進攻，學功何能豫知耶？」

E Erqing'e, styled Aitang, of the Gehe'en clan, was registered in the Bordered White Banner and garrisoned at Mo'ergen. Known for fierce bravery he rose to acting battalion commander. At Qingshui Fort he received the title Fafu Ling'a Baturn. When armies jointly took Didao he was appointed Heilongjiang deputy commander. Suppressing fleeing bandits in Jin County he was promoted Liangzhou deputy lieutenant general. Ordered to assist frontier affairs he commanded Jilin and Heilongjiang cavalry at Xihu, blocking western movement. Wucheng Muslims retreated from Kuitun to Anjihai and were repelled. In Guangxu 2, hearing Yanhu stirred Manas Muslims to harass grain routes, he agreed with Feng Guizeng and Xu Xuegong to join at Dahechang. E and Feng went first against the north city; south city Muslims surged up; Guizeng was wounded and captured. E Erqing'e was furious; first up the walls he killed countless rebels. With heavy casualties battle ceased. Xuegong arrived on schedule; ten li from the city he saw E Erqing'e wounded returning and led his unit to rescue. Jin Shun blamed weak relief; Zuo said: "E Erqing'e advanced rashly for merit; blame lies with themselves. Besides, attacking the night before, how could Xuegong have known?"

歷古城領隊大臣、科布多幫辦大臣。命偕參贊大臣升泰勘界，以奎峒山為科、塔兩城外蔽，哈巴河南流入中國，與俄官抗爭，始得展地定界。新疆底定，晉頭品秩。十二年，調伊犁。伊犁設副都統自此始。蒞任七年，興辦屯田，軍民輯睦。十九年，卒，卹如製。

He served as Gucheng garrison commander and Kobdo assistant commander. With Sheng Tai surveying the border, taking Kuidong Mountain as outer shield and the Khaba River flowing south into China, he contended with Russians and fixed extended territory. When Xinjiang was settled he rose to first rank. In the twelfth year he was transferred to Ili. The Ili deputy lieutenant general post began with him. In seven years he promoted garrison farming; army and people lived in harmony. In the nineteenth year he died; mourning followed regulation.

丰紳，字漢文，吳扎拉氏，隸滿洲正白旗，吉林駐防。都興阿督江北軍，檄守揚州，以戰功歷遷至協領。克寶豐，取寧夏，數獲勝。穆圖善遣往靈州招撫，馬化龍就撫。穆圖善上其功，晉副都統。尋護寧夏將軍。時伏莽未靖，自寧城至靈州，隘口數十，為商旅來往孔道，丰紳詰姦禁暴，行旅便之。先後平陝匪西河、橫城堡，補官錦州，擢黑龍江將軍。坐事褫職。光緒間，起故官，歷綏遠城、江寧。中日事起，出駐通州，事寧回任。二十四年，卒。詔優恤，予建祠。御史彭述劾其侵冒，奪卹典。

Feng Shen, styled Hanwen, of the Wuzhala clan, was registered in the Plain White Banner and garrisoned at Jilin. Under Duxing'a's northern Jiang command he guarded Yangzhou and rose to assistant commandant. He took Baofeng and Ningxia and won repeatedly. Mu Tushan sent him to Lingzhou to pacify; Ma Hualong submitted. Mu Tushan reported his merit and he was promoted deputy lieutenant general. Soon he served acting Ningxia general. Hidden bandits remained; from Ning to Lingzhou were dozens of passes on the merchant route; Feng Shen checked spies and forbade violence; travelers were grateful. He pacified Shaanxi bandits at Xihe and Hengchengbao, restored Jinzhou command, and was promoted Heilongjiang general. He was stripped of office for an offense. In Guangxu he was restored and served Suiyuancheng and Jiangning. When Sino-Japanese troubles arose he garrisoned Tongzhou; when affairs settled he returned. In the twenty-fourth year he died. Generous mourning was ordered and a memorial shrine granted. Censor Peng Shu impeached him for embezzlement and mourning honors were revoked.

文麟，字瑞圃，兀扎拉氏，滿洲正藍旗人。道光二十二年，考取內閣中書，遷侍讀。咸豐八年，出為甘肅蘭州道，調鎮迪。同治四年，回竄據古城，文麟上防守奇台狀，上嘉其知大體。濟木薩者，回眾屯糧地也。文麟潛遣練勇攻克之，獲糧萬數千石。索煥章竄瑪納斯，分掠阜康、吐魯番、迪化。文麟分兵扼三台要隘，上疏乞濟師。詔令嚴守濟木薩，援未至而哈密、奇台相繼淪失。亟與巴里坤領隊大臣訥爾濟合兵進擊。聞寇集東路，使佐領恆昌先進，敗於奎蘇，而自請赴前敵。上怒，訶責之，下部議，坐擅離職守，降二級調用。

Wen Lin, styled Ruipu, of the Wuzhala clan, was a Manchu of the Plain Blue Banner. In Daoguang 22 he passed the Grand Secretariat copyist examination and became a reader. In Xianfeng 8 he became Gansu Lanzhou intendant and was transferred to Zhendi. In Tongzhi 4 Muslims held Gucheng; Wen Lin memorialized Qitai's defense and the throne praised his grasp of essentials. Jimusa was Taranchi grain-gathering land. Wen Lin secretly sent trained braves to capture it and obtained tens of thousands of shi of grain. Suo Huanzhang fled to Manas and plundered Fukang, Turfan, and Dihua. Wen Lin divided troops to hold Santai pass and begged reinforcements. Ordered to hold Jimusa, aid had not arrived when Hami and Qitai fell. He joined Barkul Garrison Commander Ne'erji to advance and attack. Hearing bandits on the east route he sent Hengchang ahead; defeated at Kuisu he asked to go forward himself. The throne rebuked him; for leaving his post without authority he was demoted two ranks.

詔以藍翎侍衛充哈密辦事大臣。文麟遂率所部收復城垣。馬金貴、白彥虎先後圍攻，瀕危者數矣，文麟拊循士卒，卒能以飢軍驅強敵，俾纏迴轉危為安。五年，遭母憂，改署任。明年，肅州回竄玉門，戰紅柳灣，敗之。回復大舉犯城關，文麟督軍嚴守，伺間出擊。圍解，乃為籌耕種，葺廬舍，訓練軍士，且戰且屯。服闋，以頭等侍衛補本官。益招哈密團首孔才至，以其練勇二百編入伍籍，遣往古城興屯修堡。後收徐學功散勇二千餘，任耕戰。於是古田、濟木薩屯政大舉。令充裨將，自是數與妥明、馬明、白彥虎相攻殺，所向皆捷。

He was ordered Hami affairs commissioner with Blue Feather attendant rank. Wen Lin then led his troops to recover the walls. Ma Jingui and Bai Yanhu besieged him repeatedly; Wen Lin comforted his hungry troops and drove strong foes so Taranchis turned from peril to safety. In the fifth year he mourned his mother and served in acting capacity. The next year Suzhou Muslims raided Yumen; he defeated them at Hongliuwang. Muslims again assaulted the gates; Wen Lin defended strictly and struck when opportunity came. When the siege lifted he planned farming, repaired dwellings, trained troops, and fought while farming. When mourning ended he returned as first-rank attendant. He recruited Hami militia chief Kong Cai, enrolled two hundred trained braves, and sent them to Gucheng for garrison farms and forts. Later he enrolled more than two thousand of Xu Xuegong's scattered braves for farming and fighting. Garrison farming at Gutian and Jimusa was greatly expanded. Made brigade general, he repeatedly fought Tuoming, Maming, and Bai Yanhu and won wherever he went.

十二年，肅城回數出關犯哈密東山，文麟令魏忠義出駐塔爾納沁堡，分扼各隘，剿撫馬賊，擒回馬五十九。旋魏軍大失利，文麟飛章自劾，被宥，益感奮，率所部進擊，力保危城。降敕褒嘉，加副都統銜。明年，彥虎援肅州，潰退安敦玉，文麟使騎旅追之，彥虎遁入山，肅州平。詔張曜等馳赴哈密，會文麟進剿。光緒二年，卒。

In the twelfth year Suzhou Muslims raided Hami East Mountain; Wen Lin garrisoned Ta'ernaqin, held the passes, and captured fifty-nine Muslims. Wei's army suffered great defeat; Wen Lin self-impeached, was pardoned, and fought harder to preserve the endangered city. An edict praised him and he received deputy lieutenant general rank. The next year Yanhu aided Suzhou; routed at Andunyu, Wen Lin's cavalry pursued; Yanhu fled into the mountains and Suzhou was pacified. Zhang Yao and others were ordered to Hami to join Wen Lin in advance suppression. In Guangxu 2 he died.

文麟治軍數載，囊無私蓄，與士卒同甘苦，故人皆原為盡命。及其沒也，闔營慟哭失聲。明春、富勒銘額先後狀其績以上，予褒卹，附祀新疆哈密專祠。

Wen Lin governed the army for years without private savings and shared hardship with soldiers; men willingly gave their lives for him. When he died the whole camp wept aloud. Ming Chun and Fuleiming'e reported his achievements; generous mourning was granted with attached worship at the Xinjiang Hami shrine.

明春，巴羽特氏，隸蒙古正紅旗。初從勝保平河北，補前鋒校。徵陝回，隸多隆阿麾下，以戰功數遷副都統。搗肅州，壓城為壘，與回相持者半載，追藍得全被重創。肅州回出掠安西、玉門、敦煌，明春馳逐三城間，三月，圍悉解，授哈密幫辦大臣。光緒二年，擢辦事大臣。時南疆平，肅纏民悉還故土。明春為晰地畝給貲糧，勸使復業。凡治道路，繕堤防，興水利，有裨民生久遠者，靡不具舉，民德之，至今猶虔祀雲。十二年，卒，卹如製。

Ming Chun, of the Bayute clan, was registered in the Mongol Plain Red Banner. He first followed Sheng Bao in north Hebei and was appointed vanguard commandant. Against Shaanxi Muslims under Duolong'a he rose repeatedly to deputy lieutenant general. Storming Suzhou he pressed the city half a year; pursuing Landequan he was heavily wounded. Suzhou Muslims plundered Anxi, Yumen, and Dunhuang; Ming Chun galloped among the three cities; by the third month all sieges were lifted and he was appointed Hami assistant commissioner. In Guangxu 2 he was promoted affairs commissioner. The southern route was pacified and Suzhou Taranchis returned to their lands. Ming Chun clarified land acreage, gave provisions, and urged them to resume livelihood. Roads, dikes, irrigation—whatever benefited long-term livelihood he undertook; people still reverently worship him. In the twelfth year he died; mourning followed regulation.

富勒銘額，佚其氏，隸滿洲鑲白旗，古城駐防。烏魯木齊陷，古城大恐。富勒銘額出與寇戰，數被創。事亟，如烏里雅蘇台乞援，弗應，城破，全家殉焉。富勒銘額適在外，得免於難，憤詣文麟軍所，原從殺賊。紅柳灣之役，以功擢防禦。回擾安西，設計抗禦，斬虜多，並蒐治西山逸匪，盡殲之，解敦煌圍，晉頭品秩，賜號堅勇巴圖魯，充古城協領。西陲告寧，置屯田，修兵房。以都統恭钅堂薦，光緒十四年，授伊犁副都統。時游勇構哈薩克回寇邊，富勒銘額遣軍捕其酋，餘燼悉平。十六年，署將軍。增卡倫，整營製，索倫、錫伯、察哈爾、額魯特兵卒咸复游牧舊業。十九年，徙塔爾巴哈台參贊大臣，練軍興屯，收還巴爾魯克山，清界置卡，其治复仿伊犁，屹然成重鎮。二十三年，乞歸。二十九年，卒，卹如製。

Fuleiming'e—clan unknown—was registered in the Bordered White Banner and garrisoned at Gucheng. When Urumqi fell Gucheng was terrified. Fuleiming'e fought bandits and was wounded several times. When affairs grew urgent he begged Uliastai for aid; none came; the city fell and his whole family died martyrs. Fuleiming'e was outside and escaped; in anger he joined Wen Lin's army to kill bandits. At Hongliuwang he was promoted defense commandant for merit. Muslims harassed Anxi; he designed defense, killed many, wiped out west mountain fugitives, lifted Dunhuang's siege, rose to first rank, received the title Jianyong Baturn, and became Gucheng assistant commandant. When the frontier was calm he established garrison farms and repaired barracks. On Gong Tang's recommendation, in Guangxu 14 he was appointed Ili deputy lieutenant general. Roaming braves stirred Kazakh raids; Fuleiming'e captured their chieftain and pacified the rest. In the sixteenth year he served acting general. He added border posts, reorganized camps; Solon, Xibo, Chahar, and Elute troops resumed nomadic livelihoods. In the nineteenth year he became Tarbagatai assistant commissioner, trained troops, farmed garrisons, recovered Ba'erluke Mountains, and cleared borders—his rule modeled on Ili and made a strategic strongpoint. In the twenty-third year he retired. In the twenty-ninth year he died; mourning followed regulation.

學功，烏魯木齊農家子。好技擊，值回亂，結健兒數十，掠回莊貲貨以自贍。遇漢民，力護之，雖邊外悍回皆已憚之矣。厥後附者益眾，集五千人，精練馬隊，每戰突陣，驟若風雨，回見之輒走。學功先後陣斬偽帥馬泰、阿奇木馬仲。仲子人得襲偽職，與妥明積不相能，妥明復以黨攻之。安酋帕夏乃約學功破吐魯番，進攻烏魯木齊，下之。妥明走綏來，數日死，帕夏遂據烏垣。

Xu Xuegong was a farm boy from Urumqi. Fond of martial arts, when rebellion arose he gathered stalwarts and plundered Muslim villages to support themselves. He forcefully protected Han people; even fierce frontier Muslims feared him. Followers increased to five thousand; he drilled fine cavalry that pierced lines like wind and rain; Muslims fled at sight of him. Xuegong beheaded false commanders Ma Tai and Aqim Ma Zhong in battle. Zhong's son Rendé inherited the false post and clashed with Tuoming, who attacked him with his faction. Andijani Khan Ya'qub Beg allied with Xuegong to break Turfan, advance on Urumqi, and take it. Tuoming fled to Suilai and died within days; the Khan then held Wuyuan.

初，帕夏以學功善戰，故與交驩，冀藉其力，王哈密，以南八城，歸獻朝廷，已，知其無遠略，且百戰未得一階，益輕之，令還綏來南山。於是學功大恚，屢攻烏垣，其民人時降學功，時投人得，轉輾屬役，迄不得息。同治七年，俄人構土回纏頭將襲烏垣，聲赴綏來易市，驅駝馬數千，載貨鈔至石河，去綏來八十里。學功以騎旅截之，僇數十人，餘縱還。自此俄人不敢東窺。十二年，彥虎率悍回數千分掠烏垣、綏來，學功复橫截之，殺數百人，奪橐駝五百。彥虎勢益孤。學功既任職，但承大將風指，異於初起血戰時矣。後與孔才並官至提督。孔才，哈密人。

At first the Khan befriended Xuegong for his fighting, hoping to rule Hami and the southern eight cities for the court; soon seeing he lacked vision and after a hundred battles had no rank, he despised him and sent him to Suilai South Mountain. Xuegong grew resentful and repeatedly attacked Wuyuan; its people shifted between him and Rendé, never finding rest. In Tongzhi 7 Russians stirred local Muslims and Taranchis to raid Wuyuan, claiming trade at Suilai, driving thousands of camels loaded with goods to Shihe, eighty li from Suilai. Xuegong intercepted with cavalry, killed dozens, and let the rest return. Thereafter Russians did not dare look east. In the twelfth year Yanhu led fierce Muslims to plunder Wuyuan and Suilai; Xuegong intercepted, killed hundreds, and seized five hundred camels. Yanhu grew ever more isolated. After receiving office he only followed great commanders' signals, unlike his early blood fighting. Later he and Kong Cai both reached provincial military commander. Kong Cai came from Hami.

論曰：從左宗棠立功西陲最名者，湘軍中稱二劉，豫軍中稱曜。之數人者，投袂攘難，不數月，廓清萬里，雖張騫、班超，奚多讓焉！金順、穆圖善提塞北健兒，橫行玉門、金岭間，其志尤壯。文麟名出二人下，而招團興屯，兼任★戰，不煩國家一兵，遂定西邊，其功亦足並傳云。

Commentary: Among Zuo Zongtang's western frontier merit-makers, the Hunan Army had the Two Lius; the Henan Army had Yao. These men shook off comfort to meet disaster; in months they cleared ten thousand li—Zhang Qian and Ban Chao would hardly surpass them. Jin Shun and Mu Tushan led hardy northern troops between Yumen and the Golden Ridge with especially bold ambition. Wen Lin ranked below the two in fame, yet by recruiting militia, establishing garrison farms, and fighting while farming—without costing the state a single soldier—he settled the western border; his merit deserves equal record.

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