1
張勛，字少軒，江西奉新人。 少孤貧。 投效廣西軍，預法越之戰，累保至參將。 日韓釁啟，隨毅軍防守奉天。 袁世凱練兵小站，充管帶。 拳匪亂作，統巡防營防剿，敘功擢副將，賞壯勇巴圖魯。 兩宮回鑾，隨扈至京，諭留宿衛，授建昌鎮總兵，擢雲南提督，改甘肅，皆不赴。 日俄戰後，調奉天，充行營翼長，節制三省防軍，賞黃馬褂。 旋命總統江防各軍，駐浦口，調江南提督。
Zhang Xun, whose style name was Shaoxuan, came from Fengxin in Jiangxi. He lost his parents early and grew up in poverty. He joined the Guangxi forces, fought in the Sino-French War, and was repeatedly promoted until he reached the rank of colonel. When the conflict between Japan and Korea erupted, he served with the Yiji Army in the defense of Fengtian. When Yuan Shikai raised his new army at Xiaozhan, Zhang served as a battalion commander. During the Boxer rebellion he led defensive battalions in pacification campaigns and, his achievements recorded, was promoted to vice general and granted the title Valiant Batulu. When the court returned to Beijing, Zhang escorted the imperial party and was told to remain on palace guard duty. He was named commander at Jianchang, then offered the posts of military governor of Yunnan and Gansu in turn, but he declined them all. After the Russo-Japanese War he was posted to Fengtian as deputy chief of the field headquarters with authority over the defense forces of three provinces, and was granted a yellow riding jacket. He was soon placed in command of all Yangtze river defense forces, headquartered at Pukou, and appointed military governor of Jiangnan.
2
武昌變起，蘇州獨立，總督張人駿、將軍鐵良方與眾籌戰守，有持異議者，勳直斥之。 翌日，新軍變，勳與戰於雨花台，大破之。 江、浙軍合來攻，糧援胥絕，乃轉戰，退而屯徐州，完所部。 人駿、鐵良走上海。 命勳為江蘇巡撫，攝兩江總督，賞輕車都尉。 遜位詔下，世凱遣使勞問，勳答曰：「袁公之知不可負，君臣之義不能忘。 袁公不負朝廷，勳安敢負袁公？」 世凱歷假勳定武上將軍、江北鎮撫使、長江巡閱使、江蘇都督、安徽督軍。 及建號，勳首起抗阻，並請優待皇室，保衛宮廷。
After the Wuchang uprising Suzhou seceded. Governor Zhang Renjun and General Tie Liangfang met with their officials to debate whether to fight or hold out, and Zhang Xun sharply denounced anyone who dissented. The following day the New Army mutinied; Zhang fought them at Yuhuatai and inflicted a crushing defeat. When combined Jiangsu and Zhejiang armies advanced against him and supplies and reinforcements were cut off entirely, he fought a running campaign, fell back to hold Xuzhou, and kept his forces largely intact. Zhang Renjun and Tie Liang withdrew to Shanghai. Zhang Xun was named governor of Jiangsu and acting governor-general of Liangjiang, and granted the title Commandery Marquis of Chariots. After the abdication edict was promulgated, Yuan Shikai sent emissaries with congratulations. Zhang replied, "I cannot betray Lord Yuan's kindness, nor forget the obligations between sovereign and subject. If Lord Yuan has not failed the dynasty, how dare I fail Lord Yuan? Yuan successively conferred on him acting titles as Generalissimo of Dingwu, pacification commissioner for Jiangbei, Yangtze patrol commissioner, military governor of Jiangsu, and commander of Anhui. When Yuan took an imperial title, Zhang was the first to resist, while calling for the royal house to be treated leniently and the palace to be safeguarded.
3
世凱卒，各省有所謀，群集徐州，推勳主盟。 勳於是提兵北上，叩謁宮門，遂復闢。 連下詔令，首頒复政諭云：「朕不幸以沖齡繼承大業，煢煢在疚，未堪多難。 辛亥變起，我孝定景皇后至德深仁，不忍生民塗炭，毅然以祖宗創垂之重，億兆生靈之命，付託前閣臣袁世凱，設臨時政府，推讓政權，公諸天下，冀以息爭弭亂，民得安居。 乃國體自改共和以來，紛爭無已，迭起干戈，強劫暴斂，賄賂公行，歲入增至四萬萬而仍患不足，外債增出十餘萬萬而有加無已。 海內囂然，喪其樂生之氣，使我孝定景皇后不得已遜政恤民之舉，轉以重苦吾民。 此誠我孝定景皇后初衷所不及料，在天之靈，惻痛難安； 而朕深居宮禁，日夜禱天，徬徨飲泣，不知所出者也。 今者復以黨爭激成兵禍，天下洶洶，久莫能定，共和解體，補救已窮。 據張勛等以『國本動搖，人心思舊，合詞奏請復闢，以拯生靈』，各等語。 覽奏，情詞懇切，實深痛懼。 既不敢以天下存亡之大責，遂輕任於眇躬； 又不忍以一姓禍福之讏言，置兆民於不顧。 權衡重輕，天人交迫，不得已允如所奏，於五月十三日臨朝聽政，收回大權，與民更始。 自今以往，以綱常名教為精神之憲法，以禮義廉恥收潰決之人心。 上下以至誠相感，不徒恃法守為維繫之資； 政令以懲毖為心，不得以國本為嘗試之具。 況當此萬象虛耗，元氣垂竭，存亡絕續之交，朕臨深履薄，固不敢有樂為君，稍有縱逸。 爾大小臣工，尤當精白乃心，滌除舊染，息息以民瘼為念。 為民生留一分元氣，即為國家延一息命脈，庶幾危亡可救，感召天庥。 所有興復初政亟應興革諸大端，條舉如下：*欽遵德宗景皇帝諭旨，大權統於朝廷，庶政公諸輿論，定為大清帝國君主立憲政體。 *皇室經費，仍照所定每年四百萬元數目，按年撥用，不得絲毫增加。 *懍遵本朝祖制，親貴不得乾預政事。 *實行融化滿、漢畛域，所有以前一切滿、蒙官缺已經裁撤者，概不復設。 至通婚易俗等事，並著所司條議具奏。 *自宣統九年五月本日以前，凡與東西各國正式簽定條約，及已付債款合同，一律繼續有效。 *民國所行印花稅一項，應即廢止，以紓民困； 其餘苛細雜捐，並著各省督撫查明，奏請分別裁撤。 *民國刑律不適國情，應即廢除，暫以宣統初年頒定現行刑律為準。 *禁除黨派惡習，其從前政治罪犯，概予赦免； 儻有自棄於民而擾亂治安者，朕不敢赦。 *凡我臣民，無論已否剪髮，應遵照九月諭旨，悉聽其便。
After Yuan's death, as provincial leaders began scheming in various directions, they assembled at Xuzhou and made Zhang Xun their chief. Zhang then marched north with his troops, paid homage at the palace gates, and effected the restoration of the monarchy. A series of edicts followed, opening with a proclamation on the restoration of rule: "Having inherited the vast inheritance in my minority, I stand solitary and stricken, scarcely fit to weather further disasters. When the Xinhai revolution broke out, Empress Dowager Xiaoding, in her deep virtue and compassion, could not bear to see the people brought to ruin. She resolutely entrusted the ancestral enterprise and the fate of the multitudes to the former grand councillor Yuan Shikai, set up a provisional government, and yielded power to the nation, hoping to still contention and restore peace so the people could live securely. Yet since the nation adopted republican government, conflict has never ceased, wars have broken out again and again, armed robbery and violent exactions have spread, bribery runs unchecked, annual revenue has climbed to four hundred million yuan yet still falls short, and foreign debt has swollen by more than a billion with no limit in sight. The realm has grown turbulent, and the people's will to live in peace has been broken; the very act by which Empress Dowager Xiaoding reluctantly abdicated to spare the people has instead deepened their affliction. This was truly beyond what Empress Dowager Xiaoding could have foreseen in her original intent; her spirit in Heaven must ache with unbearable sorrow; while I, deep within the palace confines, pray to Heaven day and night, wander in distress and weep, and know not what course to take. Now party strife has again ignited military disaster; the realm has been in turmoil for so long that order cannot be restored; the republic has disintegrated, and every remedy has been exhausted. According to Zhang Xun and others, who jointly memorialized that "the foundation of the state is shaken, the people's hearts yearn for the old order, and we beg restoration of the throne to save the people," and similar statements. On reading the memorial, I found its language earnest and was deeply pained and fearful. I dare not lightly take upon my slight person the great responsibility for the survival of the realm; yet I cannot bear, on account of words concerning the fortune of one house, to abandon the millions of the people. Weighing what matters most, pressed by Heaven and men alike, I have no choice but to grant the request as memorialized; on the thirteenth day of the fifth month I shall attend court and resume rule, reclaim supreme authority, and make a new beginning with the people. From this time forward, let the bonds of human relations and moral teaching serve as the spiritual constitution, and let propriety, righteousness, integrity, and shame gather up the dissolving hearts of the people. Above and below shall be moved by utmost sincerity toward one another, and shall not rely solely on observance of law as the means of cohesion; government orders shall take correction and discipline as their aim, and the foundation of the state must not be treated as an instrument for experiment. Moreover, at this moment when all things are drained hollow and vital force is near exhaustion, at the juncture between survival and extinction, I stand over the abyss and tread on thin ice; I truly dare not take pleasure in being ruler or indulge in the slightest laxity. You ministers great and small must especially purify your hearts, wash away old stains, and at every breath keep the people's afflictions in mind. To preserve for the people's livelihood one portion of vital force is to extend for the state one breath of its life-thread; then perhaps ruin may be averted and Heaven's blessing be drawn down. All major points urgently to be enacted or reformed at the beginning of restored rule are listed as follows: * In reverent obedience to the edict of Emperor Guangxu, supreme authority shall be unified in the court and ordinary administration referred to public opinion; the form of government is fixed as a constitutional monarchy of the Great Qing Empire. * Imperial household expenses shall still follow the fixed annual sum of four million yuan, disbursed year by year, and must not be increased in the slightest. * In reverent observance of this dynasty's ancestral institutions, members of the imperial clan and nobility must not interfere in government affairs. * Manchu and Han boundaries shall be dissolved in practice; all Manchu and Mongol official posts previously abolished shall in no case be re-established. As for matters such as intermarriage and changing customs, the responsible offices are also ordered to draft detailed proposals and memorialize. * All treaties formally concluded with Eastern and Western countries before this day in the fifth month of the ninth year of Xuantong, and all debt contracts already paid, shall remain in force without exception. * The stamp tax instituted by the Republic shall be abolished at once to relieve the people's hardship; other harsh and petty miscellaneous levies are also to be investigated by the governors of each province and memorialized for separate abolition. * The criminal code of the Republic does not suit national conditions and shall be abolished at once; for the present the current criminal code promulgated in the early Xuantong period shall serve as the standard. * Party faction and its evil practices are forbidden; all former political offenders are granted amnesty in general; if any abandon themselves before the people and disturb public order, I dare not pardon them. * All my subjects, whether or not they have cut their hair, shall follow the edict of the ninth month and be left entirely to their own choice.
4
凡此九條，誓共遵守。 皇天后土，實鑑臨之！」 次諭議立憲，設內閣； 京、外官暫照宣統初年官制辦理； 其現任文武大小官員，均照常供職。
All these nine articles we swear jointly to observe. Heaven and Earth bear witness above!" A subsequent edict discussed constitutional government and the establishment of a cabinet; capital and provincial offices were for the time being to follow the official system of the early Xuantong period; all incumbent civil and military officials great and small were to continue in their posts as usual.
5
先後命官以勳及陳寶琛、劉廷琛等為內閣議政大臣，次則內閣閣丞萬繩栻、胡嗣瑗，大學士為瞿鴻禨、升允，顧問大臣趙爾巽、陳夔龍、張英麟、馮煦等，各部尚書梁敦彥、張鎮芳、雷震春、沈曾植、勞乃宣等，侍郎李經邁、李瑞清、陳曾壽、王乃徵、陳毅、顧瑗等，丞參辜湯生、章梫、黎湛枝、梁用弧等，都御史張曾敡，副都御史胡思敬、溫肅； 並召鄭孝胥、吳慶坻、趙啟霖及陳邦瑞、硃益籓等均來京。 又以勳兼直隸總督、北洋大臣，仍留京。 各省督、撫、提、鎮，皆就現任者改之。 命下，各省多不應，而馬廠師起，稱討逆軍，傳檄討勳，勳自請罷斥。 及攻都城，勳與戰，以兵寡不支，荷蘭公使以車迎入使館。 旋赴津，居久之，卒，年七十，諡忠武。 勳亢爽好客，待士卒有恩，所部數万人，無一斷髮者，世指為「辮子軍」。 臨戰，盡納家屬妻妾子女別室，不聽避，蓋自懟負國，誓骨肉俱殉。 及事亟，外人破戶劫之始脫云。
Offices were appointed in succession: Zhang Xun and Chen Baochen, Liu Tingchen, and others as cabinet deliberative ministers; next, cabinet vice directors Wan Shengqi and Hu Siyuan; grand secretaries Qu Hongji and Sheng Yun; advisory ministers Zhao Erxun, Chen Kuilong, Zhang Yinglin, Feng Xu, and others; ministers of the various boards Liang Dunyan, Zhang Zhenfang, Lei Zhenchun, Shen Zengzhi, Lao Naixuan, and others; vice ministers Li Jingmai, Li Ruiqing, Chen Zengshou, Wang Naizheng, Chen Yi, Gu Yuan, and others; assistant councillors Gu Tangsheng, Zhang Kun, Li Zhanzhi, Liang Yonghu, and others; censor-in-chief Zhang Ceng'e; vice censor-in-chief Hu Sijing and Wen Su; Zheng Xiaoxu, Wu Qingdi, Zhao Qilin, Chen Bangrui, Zhu Yifan, and others were also summoned to the capital. Zhang Xun was also made concurrent governor-general of Zhili and Beiyang minister, yet remained in the capital. The governors, provincial governors, military governors, and commanders of each province were all reassigned from among those currently in office. When the orders were issued, most provinces did not respond; then Duan Qirui's army rose at Mafang, styled itself the army to suppress rebellion, and issued a proclamation against Zhang Xun; Zhang asked to be dismissed. When they attacked the capital, Zhang fought them; his forces were too few to hold; the Dutch minister received him in a carriage into the legation. He soon went to Tianjin, lived there a long while, and died at the age of seventy; his posthumous title was Zhongwu. Zhang was bold and open, hospitable to guests, and gracious to his soldiers; among his command of tens of thousands, not one had cut his queue, and the world called them the "Queue Army." On the eve of battle he gathered all his household—wives, concubines, and children—into separate quarters and would not let them flee, for he blamed himself for failing the state and swore that flesh and blood would perish together. When matters grew desperate, foreigners broke in and plundered the house before they escaped.
6
康有為，字廣廈，號更生，原名祖詒，廣東南海人。 進士，用工部主事。 少從硃次琦遊，博通經史，好公羊家言，言孔子改制，倡以孔子紀年，尊孔保教，先聚徒講學。 入都上萬言書，議變法，給事中餘聯沅劾以惑世誣民，非聖無法，請焚所著書。 中日議款，有為集各省公車上書，請拒和、遷都、變法，格不達。 复獨上書，由都察院代遞，上覽而善之，命錄存備省覽。 再請誓群臣以定國是，開制度局以議新制，別設法律等局以行新政，均下總署議。
Kang Youwei, whose style name was Guangxia and sobriquet Gengsheng, was originally named Zuyi and came from Nanhai in Guangdong. A jinshi, he served as a secretary in the Ministry of Works. In youth he studied under Zhu Ciqian, mastered the classics and histories broadly, favored the Gongyang school, spoke of Confucius's institutional reforms, advocated dating by Confucius's era, honored Confucius and protected the teaching, and first gathered disciples to lecture. On entering the capital he submitted a ten-thousand-word memorial advocating reform; the supervising secretary Yu Lianyuan memorialized against him for deluding the age and deceiving the people, for rejecting the sage and lacking law, and requested that his writings be burned. When the Sino-Japanese peace terms were negotiated, Kang gathered provincial examination candidates to submit a joint memorial requesting rejection of peace, transfer of the capital, and reform; it did not reach the throne. He again submitted a memorial alone, forwarded through the Censorate; the emperor read it and approved, ordering it copied and kept for reference. He again requested that the ministers swear an oath to fix the national policy, open a Bureau of Institutions to discuss new systems, and separately establish bureaus for law and the like to carry out new policies; all were referred to the Zongli Yamen for deliberation.
7
二十四年，有為立保國會於京師，尚書李端棻，學士徐致靖、張百熙，給事中高燮曾等，先後疏薦有為才，至是始召對。 有為極陳：「四夷交侵，覆亡無日，非維新變舊，不能自強。 變法須統籌全局而行之，遍及用人行政。」 上歎曰：「奈掣肘何？」 有為曰：「就皇上現有之權，行可變之事，扼要以圖，亦足救國。 唯大臣守舊，當廣召小臣，破格擢用； 並請下哀痛之詔，收拾人心。」 上皆韙之。 自辰入，至日昃始退，命在總理衙門章京上行走，特許專擢言事。 旋召侍讀楊銳、中書林旭、主事劉光第、知府譚嗣同參預新政。 有為連條議以進，於是詔定科舉新章，罷四書文，改試策論，立京師大學堂、譯書局，興農學，獎新書新器，改各省書院為學校，許士民上書言事，諭變法。 裁詹事府、通政司，大理、光祿、太僕、鴻臚諸寺，及各省與總督同城之巡撫，河道總督，糧道、鹽道，並議開懋勤殿，定制度，改元易服，南巡遷都。 未及行，以抑格言路，首違詔旨，盡奪禮部尚書、侍郎職。 舊臣疑懼，群起指責有為，御史文悌复痛劾之。 上先命有為督辦官報，复促出京。
In the twenty-fourth year Kang established the Society to Protect the State in the capital; Minister Li Duanfen, Academicians Xu Zhijing and Zhang Baixi, Supervising Secretary Gao Xiezeng, and others successively memorialized recommending Kang's talent; only then was he summoned for audience. Kang stated urgently: "The four barbarians press in on every side; ruin may come any day; without renewing the old order we cannot make ourselves strong. Reform must be carried out with the whole situation planned as one, extending to personnel and administration alike." The emperor sighed and said: "But what can be done about those who hold me back?" Kang said: "With the authority Your Majesty already possesses, carry out what can be changed, seize the essentials and plan accordingly, and that too is enough to save the state. Since the great ministers cling to the old ways, Your Majesty should broadly summon junior officials and promote them beyond precedent; and also issue an edict of heartfelt grief to gather up the people's hearts." The emperor approved all of this. He entered at the hour of chen and did not withdraw until the sun declined; he was ordered to serve on detached duty as a secretary at the Zongli Yamen and specially permitted to memorialize on his own authority. Soon the Hanlin reader Yang Rui, Secretariat drafter Lin Xu, secretary Liu Guangdi, and prefect Tan Sitong were summoned to take part in the new policies. Kang submitted proposals item by item; thereupon edicts fixed new examination regulations, abolished essays on the Four Books, changed the test to policy essays, established the Imperial University at the capital and a Translation Bureau, promoted agricultural studies, rewarded new books and new devices, converted provincial academies into schools, permitted scholars and commoners to submit memorials, and proclaimed reform. The Directorate of Education, the Office of Transmission, the Court of Judicature and Revision, the Court of Imperial Entertainments, the Court of the Imperial Stud, the Court of State Ceremonial, and other offices were abolished, along with provincial governors who shared a city with a governor-general, the Grand Canal director-general, grain transport intendant, and salt intendant; it was also proposed to open the Hall of Diligent Government, fix institutions, change the reign title and alter dress, and tour south to transfer the capital. Before these could be carried out, for obstructing the memorial route and being the first to violate the edict, all ministers and vice ministers of the Ministry of Rites were stripped of office. Old officials grew suspicious and fearful; they rose together to denounce Kang; Censor Wen Ti again memorialized bitterly against him. The emperor first ordered Kang to supervise the official gazette, then urged him to leave the capital.
8
上雖親政，遇事仍承太后意旨，久感外侮，思變法圖強，用有為言，三月維新，中外震仰。 唯新進驟起，機事不密，遂致害成。 時傳將以兵圍頤和園劫太后，人心惶惑。 上硃諭銳等籌議調和，有「朕位且不能保」之語，語具銳傳。 於是太后复垂簾，盡罷新政。 以有為結黨營私，莠言亂政，褫職逮捕。 有為先走免，逮其弟廣仁及楊銳等下獄，並處斬。 復以有為大逆不道，構煽陰謀，頒硃諭宣示，並籍其家，懸賞購捕。 有為已星夜出都航海南下，英國兵艦迎至吳淞。 時傳上已幽廢，且被弒，有為草遺言，誓以身殉，將蹈海。 英人告以訛傳，有為始脫走，亡命日本，流轉南洋，遍遊歐、美各國。 所至以尊皇保國相號召，設會辦報，集貲謀再舉，屢遇艱險不少阻。 嘗結富有會，起事江漢，皆為官兵破獲，誅其黨。 連詔大索，毀所著書，閱其報章者並罪之。 初，太后議廢帝，稱病徵醫，久閉瀛台，旦夕不測。 有為聞之，首發其謀，清議爭阻，外人亦起責言，兩江總督劉坤一言「君臣之分已定，中外之口難防」，始罷廢立。 拳匪起，以滅洋人、殺新黨為號，太后思用以立威，遂肇大亂，凡與有為往還者，輒以康黨得奇禍。
Although the emperor personally ruled, in affairs he still followed the empress dowager's intent; long feeling foreign humiliation, he thought to reform and strengthen the state, adopted Kang's words, and for three months carried out the Hundred Days' Reform, astonishing court and country alike. Only the newly risen advanced too swiftly, affairs were not kept secret, and disaster was thereby brought to completion. At the time it was rumored that troops would surround the Summer Palace to seize the empress dowager, and hearts were alarmed and unsettled. The emperor issued an vermilion rescript to Yang Rui and others to plan reconciliation; it contained the words "even my throne cannot be preserved," which are recorded in Yang's biography. Thereupon the empress dowager again ruled from behind the curtain and abolished all the new policies. Kang was charged with forming factions for private gain and wicked words disturbing government; his office was stripped and he was ordered arrested. Kang fled first and escaped; his younger brother Guangren and Yang Rui and others were seized and imprisoned, and all were executed. He was again charged with great treason and fomenting secret plots; a vermilion rescript was promulgated, his household goods were confiscated, and a reward was posted for his capture. Kang had already fled the capital by night and sailed south by sea; a British warship received him at Wusong. At the time it was rumored that the emperor had been secretly deposed and even assassinated; Kang drafted a final testament, swore to die for him, and was about to cast himself into the sea. The English told him it was a false rumor; Kang then escaped, fled to Japan, wandered through the Southern Seas, and traveled throughout Europe and America. Wherever he went he rallied people under the banner of honoring the emperor and protecting the state, established societies and ran newspapers, gathered funds to plan another rising, and met many dangers without slackening. He once formed the Wealthy Society and raised a revolt in the Jianghan region; all were broken up by government troops and his partisans executed. The court issued successive edicts ordering a nationwide hunt; his books were destroyed, and even readers of his newspapers were punished. At first the empress dowager considered deposing the emperor. Physicians were summoned on the pretext of illness; he was long confined on the Ocean Terrace, with his fate uncertain day by day. When Kang heard of it he was the first to expose the plot. Qing faction memorialists disputed and blocked it, foreigners also protested, and Liangjiang governor-general Liu Kunyi said, "The bond between sovereign and minister is already settled; opinion at home and abroad cannot be silenced." Only then was the plan to depose him abandoned. The Boxers rose under the banner of destroying foreigners and killing reformers. The empress dowager hoped to use them to assert her authority, and great chaos followed. Anyone who had dealt with Kang was labeled a Kang partisan and met extraordinary punishment.
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甲子，移宮事起，修改優待條件，有為馳電以爭，略曰：「優待條件，系大清皇帝與民國臨時政府議定，永久有效，由英使保證，並用正式公文通告各國，以昭大信，無異國際條約。 今政府擅改條文，強令簽認，复敢挾兵搜宮，侵犯皇帝，侮逐后妃，抄沒寶器，不顧國信，倉卒要盟，則內而憲法，外而條約，皆可立廢，尚能立國乎？ 皇上天下為公，中外共仰，豈屑與爭，實為民國羞也！」 明年，移蹕天津，有為來覲謁，以進德、修業、親賢、遠佞為言。 丁卯，有為年七十，賜「壽」，手疏泣謝，歷敘恩遇及一生艱險狀，悲憤動人。 時有為懷今感舊，傷痛已甚，哭笑無端。 自知將不起，遂草遺書，病卒於青島。
In the jiazi year, when the palace was to be moved and the terms of favorable treatment were revised, Kang sent an urgent telegram of protest. In essence he wrote: "The terms of favorable treatment were agreed between the Qing emperor and the Republic's provisional government. They were meant to remain permanently valid, guaranteed by the British minister and formally notified to all nations—no different from an international treaty. Now the government alters the articles on its own authority, forces them to be signed, and further dares to search the palace at gunpoint, violate the emperor, insult and expel the empress and consorts, and seize imperial treasures—all without regard for national honor, pressing for a hasty settlement. If so, constitution and treaty alike may be cast aside at will. How can such a state endure? The emperor holds the realm for the public good and is revered at home and abroad. He would never stoop to such contention—this is truly a disgrace to the Republic!" The following year, when the court moved to Tianjin, Kang came to audience and audience, urging the emperor to advance in virtue, cultivate learning, draw near the worthy, and keep the crafty at a distance. In the dingmao year Kang turned seventy and was granted the character "Longevity." He wrote a tearful memorial of thanks, recounting the emperor's kindness and the hardships of his life—its grief and indignation deeply moving. By then Kang, brooding on the present and grieving the past, was in such pain that he wept and laughed without reason. Knowing he would not recover, he drafted his last testament and died of illness at Qingdao.
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有為天資瑰異，古今學術無所不通，堅於自信，每有創論，常開風氣之先。 初言改制，次論大同，謂太平世必可坐致，終悟天人一體之理。 述作甚多，其著者有孔子改制考、新學偽經考、春秋董氏學、春秋筆削大義微言考、大同書、物質救國論、電通，及康子內外篇，長興學舍、萬木草堂、天遊廬講學記，各國遊記，暨文詩集。
Kang possessed an extraordinary natural gift and mastered learning ancient and modern. Confident in his convictions, he often opened new intellectual currents whenever he advanced a novel doctrine. He first spoke of institutional reform, then expounded the Great Unity, holding that an age of great peace could surely be attained without struggle, and in the end came to understand Heaven and humanity as one. He wrote prolifically. His major works include Inquiry into Confucius as a Reformer, Inquiry into the Forged Classics of the Xin Learning, Dong Zhongshu's Learning of the Spring and Autumn Annals, Inquiry into the Great Meaning and Subtle Words of the Spring and Autumn Annals, Book of Great Unity, Material Means to Save the Nation, Telegraphic Communication, the Inner and Outer Chapters of Master Kang, lecture records from the Changxing Academy, Wanmu Thatched Hall, and Heavenly Wanderer's Lodge, travel writings from many countries, and collected prose and poetry.
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論曰：光、宣兩朝，世變迭起，中國可謂多故矣。 其事皆分見於紀、傳。 斷代為史，辛亥以後，例不能詳。 唯丁巳復辟，甲子移官，實為遜位後兩大案，而勳與有為又與清室相終始，亦不可遂沒其人。 明末三王及諸遺臣，史皆勿諱，今仿其體，並詳著於篇，庶幾考有清一代之本末者，有所鑑焉。
The commentator says: Under the Guangxu and Xuantong emperors, upheavals followed one upon another; China may truly be said to have known troubled times. These events are all treated separately in the annals and biographies. In a dynastic history, events after Xinhai cannot by rule be treated in full detail. Only the dingsi restoration of 1917 and the jiazi palace removal of 1924 were truly the two great cases after abdication. Zhang Xun and Kang Youwei were bound up with the Qing house from first to last, and their lives likewise cannot simply be erased from the record. Historians did not conceal the three Ming princes of the late dynasty or their loyalist followers; following that precedent, both men are set forth here in detail, so that those who study the rise and fall of the Qing may find something to reflect upon.
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[一]按：〈 關內本〉 此卷是上卷移來的勞乃宣傳、沈曾植傳，無張勛傳、康有為傳。 傳後有論，其文是：「論曰：乃宣、曾植皆學有遠識，本其所學，使獲竟其所施，其治績當更有遠到者。 乃朝局遷移，掛冠神武，雖皆僑居海濱，而平居故國之思，無時敢或忘者。 卒至憔悴憂傷，賚志以沒。 悲夫！」 〈關外一次本〉 於張勛傳後附有張彪傳，全文如下：
[1] Editorial note: < Guannei edition>〉 In this edition the chapter contains only the biographies of Lao Naixuan and Shen Zengzhi carried over from the previous scroll, with no biographies of Zhang Xun or Kang Youwei. A comment follows the biographies, reading: "The commentator says: Lao and Shen both possessed learning and far-reaching insight. Had they been able fully to apply what they had learned, their achievements in government would surely have reached further. Yet as the political order shifted, they resigned office. Though both lived abroad by the sea, they never dared forget their former country for a moment. In the end they wasted away in grief and died with their ambitions unfulfilled. How lamentable!" Guanwai first edition>〉 After Zhang Xun's biography this edition appends the biography of Zhang Biao in full, as follows:
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:張彪，字虎臣，山西榆次人。 以武生歸撫標，巡撫張之洞器賞之，擢外委，隨調粵、鄂至兩江。 時新練陸軍，充管帶，監修江陰江防砲台。 復還湖北，充護軍管帶。 光緒二十三年，奏派赴日本考查軍政，歸，督修漢口後湖堤工，創漢陽兵工廠。 累保副將，賞壯勇巴圖魯勇號，兼常備軍鎮統，授松潘總兵，留充陸軍第八軍鎮統制官。 南北新軍會操於彰德，賞花翎； 再會操太湖，更勇號曰奇穆欽。 宣統二年，擢湖北提督，加陸軍副都統。 三年，新軍變，總督瑞澂棄城走，彪率衛隊巷戰，自夜至日午，不能支，退召水師。 瑞澂劾以構變潛逃，詔革職，圖後效。 复充湘豫鄂援軍總司令，率殘軍保漢口。 禁衛軍及北洋軍南下，督隊先驅，屢有克捷。 既复漢陽，還原官。 官軍請改共和，要彪署名，力欲之，遂稱病去。 東渡日本，歸寓津，築張園自隱。 乙丑，迎蹕駐園，供張服用，夙夜唯勤。 丁卯秋，病篤，見駕臨視，已不能起，強啟目含淚而逝，年六十八。
Zhang Biao, whose style name was Huchen, came from Yuci in Shanxi. As a military licentiate he joined the Hunan garrison. Governor Zhang Zhidong took notice of him and promoted him to outer deputy; with successive transfers he served in Guangdong, Hubei, and the lower Yangtze region. When the new army was being trained he served as battalion commander and supervised construction of the Jiangyin Yangtze defense batteries. He returned to Hubei and served as battalion commander of the guard army. In the twenty-third year of Guangxu he was sent to Japan to study military administration. On his return he supervised the Hankou rear-lake embankment project and founded the Hanyang arsenal. Through repeated commendations he rose to vice general, was granted the valiant title Batulu, commanded a standing army brigade, was appointed commander at Songpan, and retained as commander of the Eighth Army Division. When northern and southern new armies held joint maneuvers at Zhangde, he was awarded the peacock feather; at a second maneuver on Lake Tai his valiant title was changed to Qimuchin. In the second year of Xuantong he was promoted to military governor of Hubei and given the additional rank of vice commander of the army. In the third year the New Army mutinied. Governor Ruicheng abandoned the city and fled. Biao led his guard in street fighting from night until noon, could not hold, and withdrew to summon the naval forces. Ruicheng accused him of fomenting the mutiny and fleeing in secret. An edict stripped his office while reserving hope for future merit. He again served as commander-in-chief of the Hunan-Henan-Hubei relief army, leading remnant forces to defend Hankou. When the Imperial Guard and Beiyang armies marched south, he led the vanguard and won repeated victories. After Hanyang was recovered, his original office was restored. When the government army sought to adopt a republic and demanded Biao's signature, he firmly refused and resigned on grounds of illness. He went to Japan, then returned to Tianjin, where he built Zhang Garden and lived in seclusion. In the yichou year he received the imperial procession at his garden, supplied furnishings and provisions, and served diligently from dawn to dusk. In the autumn of dingmao his illness grew grave. The emperor came in person to visit, but he could no longer rise. He forced his eyes open, tears streaming, and died at the age of sixty-eight.