Volume 474 Biographies 261: Wu Sangui, Geng Jingzhong, Shang Zhixin, Sun Yanling

吳三桂，字長伯，江南高郵人，籍遼東。父襄，明崇禎初官錦州總兵。三桂以武舉承父廕，初授都督指揮。襄坐失機下獄，擢三桂總兵，守寧遠。洪承疇出督師，合諸鎮兵，三桂其一也。師攻松山，三桂戰敗，夜引兵去。松山破，承疇降，三桂坐鐫三秩，收兵仍守寧遠。三桂，祖大壽甥也，大壽既降，太宗令張存仁書招三桂，不報。

Wu Sangui, whose style name was Changbo, came from Gaoyou in Jiangnan but was registered as a resident of Liaodong. His father Wu Xiang had held the post of regional commander of Jinzhou since the early Chongzhen era. Wu Sangui entered service through the military examinations and inherited his father's privilege, initially receiving appointment as a commander-in-chief of the guard. When Wu Xiang was imprisoned for a military failure, Wu Sangui was promoted to regional commander and stationed at Ningyuan. When Hong Chengchou took supreme command, he mustered forces from all the frontier garrisons, and Wu Sangui was one of those commanders. During the attack on Songshan, Wu Sangui was defeated and withdrew his forces under cover of darkness. After Songshan fell and Hong Chengchou surrendered, Wu Sangui was stripped of three ranks, regrouped his army, and continued to hold Ningyuan. Wu Sangui was a nephew of Zu Dashou. After Dashou surrendered, the Taizong had Zhang Cunren send letters urging Wu Sangui to defect, but he gave no reply.

順治元年，李自成自西安東犯，太原、寧武、大同皆陷，又分兵破真定。莊烈帝封三桂平西伯，並起襄提督京營，徵三桂入衛。寧遠兵號五十萬，三桂簡閱步騎遣入關，而留精銳自將為殿。三月甲辰，入關，戊申，次豐潤。而自成已以乙巳破明都，遣降將唐通、白廣恩將兵東攻灤州。三桂擊破之，降其兵八千，引兵還保山海關。自成脅襄以書招之，令通以銀四萬犒師，遣別將率二萬人代三桂守關。三桂引兵西，至灤州，聞其妾陳為自成將劉宗敏掠去，怒，還擊破自成所遣守關將；遣副將楊珅、游擊郭雲龍上書睿親王乞師。王方西征，次翁後，三桂使至，明日，進次西拉塔拉，報三桂書，許之。

In the first year of Shunzhi, Li Zicheng advanced east from Xi'an. Taiyuan, Ningwu, and Datong all fell in turn, and he sent additional forces to seize Zhending. Emperor Chongzhen ennobled Wu Sangui as Marquis Who Pacifies the West, recalled Wu Xiang to command the capital garrison, and ordered Wu Sangui to march to the capital's defense. The army at Ningyuan was said to number five hundred thousand men. Wu Sangui reviewed his infantry and cavalry and sent them through the pass, while he personally commanded the elite troops bringing up the rear. On the jiachen day of the third month he entered the pass, and on the wushen day he encamped at Fengrun. Li Zicheng had already taken the Ming capital on the yisi day and dispatched the surrendered generals Tang Tong and Bai Guang'en eastward to attack Luanzhou. Wu Sangui routed them, accepted the surrender of eight thousand of their men, and withdrew to hold Shanhaiguan. Li Zicheng forced Wu Xiang to write urging surrender, sent Tang Tong with forty thousand taels of silver to reward the troops, and dispatched another general with twenty thousand men to relieve Wu Sangui of garrison duty at the pass. Wu Sangui marched west, and when he reached Luanzhou he learned that his concubine Lady Chen had been carried off by Li Zicheng's general Liu Zongmin. In a fury he turned back and routed the commander Li Zicheng had posted at the pass; He dispatched Vice Commander Yang Shen and Guerrilla Officer Guo Yunlong to petition Prince Rui for military aid. Prince Rui was campaigning westward and had halted at the Weng River when Wu Sangui's messenger arrived. The next day he advanced to Xilatala, answered Wu Sangui's letter, and granted his request.

自成聞三桂兵起，自將二十萬人以東，執襄置軍中；復遣所置兵政部尚書王則堯招三桂，三桂留不遣。越四日，王進次連山，三桂又遣雲龍齎書趣進兵。師夜發，逾寧遠，次沙河，明日，距山海關十里。三桂遣邏卒報自成將唐通出邊立營，王遣兵攻之，戰於一片石，通敗走。又明日，師至關，三桂出迎。王命設儀仗，吹螺，偕三桂拜天畢，三桂率部將謁王，王令其兵以白布系肩為識，前驅入關。自成兵橫亙山海間，列陣以待。王令諸軍向自成兵而陣，三桂兵列右翼之末。陣定，三桂先與自成兵戰，力斗數十合。及午，大風塵起，咫尺莫能辨，師噪風止。武英郡王阿濟格、豫郡王多鐸以二萬騎自三桂陣右突入，騰躍摧陷。自成方立馬高岡觀戰，詫曰：「此滿洲兵也！」策馬下岡走，自成兵奪氣，奔潰。逐北四十里，即日王承製進三桂爵平西王，分馬步兵各萬隸焉，令前驅逐自成。三桂執則堯送王所，命斬之。自成至永平，殺襄，走還明都，屠襄家，棄明都西走。命三桂從阿濟格逐自成至慶都，屢戰皆勝。自成走山西，乃還師。

When Li Zicheng heard that Wu Sangui had taken up arms, he personally led two hundred thousand men eastward, seized Wu Xiang, and kept him with the army; He also sent his appointed Minister of War Wang Zeyao to win Wu Sangui over, but Wu Sangui detained him and refused to release him. Four days later the prince advanced to Lianshan, and Wu Sangui again sent Guo Yunlong with a letter urging him to press forward. The army marched by night, passed Ningyuan, and encamped at Shahe. The following day it was ten li from Shanhaiguan. Wu Sangui sent scouts reporting that Li Zicheng's general Tang Tong had encamped beyond the border. The prince sent troops to attack him at Yipianshi, and Tang Tong was routed and fled. The next day the army reached the pass, and Wu Sangui came out to welcome it. The prince ordered ceremonial guards arrayed and conches sounded. He and Wu Sangui completed their rites to Heaven, after which Wu Sangui led his subordinate generals to pay homage. The prince had his soldiers tie white cloth on their shoulders for identification and sent them forward through the pass as vanguard. Li Zicheng's army stretched across the ground between mountain and sea, drawn up in battle formation to meet them. The prince ordered the armies to deploy facing Li Zicheng's forces, with Wu Sangui's troops at the far end of the right wing. Once the lines were formed, Wu Sangui engaged Li Zicheng's forces first and fought fiercely for dozens of rounds. By midday a fierce wind whipped up dust so thick that nothing could be seen an arm's length away. The army raised a great shout, and the wind died down. Prince Ajige of Wuying and Prince Dodo of Yu led twenty thousand cavalry in a charge through the right of Wu Sangui's line, surging forward and smashing the enemy ranks. Li Zicheng had been watching the battle from horseback on a high mound. He cried out in astonishment, "Those are Manchu troops!" He wheeled his horse down from the mound and fled. Li Zicheng's army lost heart and scattered in rout. They pursued the enemy forty li. That same day, acting under imperial authority, the prince promoted Wu Sangui to Prince Who Pacifies the West, assigned him ten thousand cavalry and infantry, and ordered him to press the pursuit of Li Zicheng. Wu Sangui seized Wang Zeyao and sent him to the prince's camp, where he was ordered executed. Li Zicheng reached Yongping, killed Wu Xiang, returned to the Ming capital, massacred the Wu family, then abandoned the capital and fled west. Wu Sangui was ordered to follow Ajige in pursuing Li Zicheng to Qingdu, and they won victory after victory. When Li Zicheng fled into Shanxi, the army turned back.

世祖定京師，授三桂平西王冊印，賜銀萬、馬三。明福王由崧稱帝南京，使封三桂薊國公，又遣沈廷揚自海道運米十萬、銀五萬犒師，三桂不受；尋遣其侍郎左懋第、都督陳洪範等使於我，复齎銀幣勞三桂，三桂仍辭不受。尋命英親王阿濟格為大將軍，西討自成，三桂率所部從，自邊外趨綏德，二年，克延安、鄜州，進攻西安。自成以數十萬人迎戰，三桂督兵奮擊，斬數万級。自成出武關南走，師從之，自襄陽下武昌，自成走死。師復東徇九江。八月，師還，賜繡朝衣一襲、馬二，命進稱親王，出鎮錦州，所部分屯寧、錦、中右、中後、中前、前屯諸地。三桂疏言丁給地五晌，各所房屋灰燼，地土磽薄，請增給；並為珅、雲龍及諸將吳國貴、高得捷等請世職，屬吏童達行等乞優擢；又以父襄、母祖氏、弟三輔並為自成所殺，疏乞賜卹：並如所請。三桂辭親王，下部議，許之。三年，入覲，賜銀二萬。

After the Shunzhi Emperor secured the capital, he conferred on Wu Sangui the patent and seal of Prince Who Pacifies the West and granted him ten thousand taels of silver and three horses. The Ming Prince of Fu, Zhu Yousong, had himself proclaimed emperor at Nanjing and sent envoys to enfeoff Wu Sangui as Duke of Ji. He also dispatched Shen Tingyang by sea with one hundred thousand piculs of grain and fifty thousand taels of silver to reward the army, but Wu Sangui refused; He soon sent his Vice Minister Zuo Maodi, Regional Commander Chen Hongfan, and others as envoys to the Qing court, again bearing silver and gifts to reward Wu Sangui, but Wu Sangui once more refused. The court soon appointed Prince Ajige of Ying grand general for a western campaign against Li Zicheng. Wu Sangui led his own forces along the outer route toward Suide. In the second year they took Yan'an and Fuzhou and advanced on Xi'an. Li Zicheng met them with several hundred thousand men. Wu Sangui directed a fierce assault and slew tens of thousands of the enemy. Li Zicheng broke out through Wu Pass and fled south. The army pursued him from Xiangyang down to Wuchang, and Li Zicheng died in flight. The army then marched east and subdued Jiujiang. In the eighth month the army returned. He was granted an embroidered court robe and two horses, promoted to princely rank, and sent to garrison Jinzhou, with his forces distributed among Ningyuan, Jinzhou, Zhongyou, Zhonghou, Zhongqian, Qiantun, and other stations. Wu Sangui memorialized that although each man had been allotted five shang of land, the dwellings at every post lay in ashes and the soil was poor and thin, and he requested additional grants; He also petitioned for hereditary offices for Yang Shen, Guo Yunlong, and generals such as Wu Guogui and Gao Dejie, and asked that subordinates such as Tong Daxing receive preferential promotion; He further noted that his father Wu Xiang, his mother of the Zu clan, and his younger brother Sanfu had all been killed by Li Zicheng and petitioned for posthumous honors. All his requests were granted. Wu Sangui declined the princely title. The matter was referred to the ministries for deliberation, and his request was approved. In the third year he came to court for an audience and was granted twenty thousand taels of silver.

五年，命與定西將軍墨爾根侍衛李國翰同鎮漢中。六年，明宗室硃森滏攻階州，三桂與國翰督兵擊斬之。有王永強者為亂，破延安、榆林等十九州縣，延綏巡撫王正志、靖遠道夏時芳死之；复陷同官、定邊、花馬池。三桂督兵克宜君、同官，擊斬七千餘級。進克蒲城、宜川、安塞、清澗諸縣，誅永強所置吏。定邊、榆林、府谷皆下。八年，入覲，賜金冊印。時明桂王由榔稱帝居南寧，張獻忠將孫可望、李定國等皆降於明，率兵擾川北諸郡縣。命三桂偕國翰率師討之。九年七月，三桂與國翰遣兵西撫漳臘、松潘，東拔重慶；進攻成都，明將劉文秀棄城走；復進克嘉定，駐軍綿州。文秀及王復臣復自貴州向四川，招倮儸為助，陷重慶，進破敘州。三桂屢戰不利。文秀、复臣圍巡按御史郝浴於保寧。浴趣三桂等赴援，擊斬复臣，文秀引兵走。浴疏劾三桂擁兵觀望狀，三桂摘疏中「親冒矢石」語劾浴冒功，浴坐謫徙。三桂敘功，歲增俸千。子應熊尚主，為和碩額駙，授三等精奇尼哈番，加少保兼太子太保。

In the fifth year he was ordered to garrison Hanzhong jointly with Li Guohan, General Who Pacifies the West and imperial bodyguard. In the sixth year the Ming imperial clansman Zhu Senyu attacked Jiezhou. Wu Sangui and Li Guohan led the troops against him and killed him in battle. A rebel named Wang Yongqiang rose in revolt and overran Yan'an, Yulin, and nineteen other prefectures and counties. The Yansui governor Wang Zhengzhi and the Jingyuan circuit intendant Xia Shifang were killed; He also seized Tongguan, Dingbian, and Huamachi. Wu Sangui led his troops in recovering Yijun and Tongguan and slew more than seven thousand of the enemy. He went on to take Pucheng, Yichuan, Ansai, Qingjian, and other counties and executed the officials Wang Yongqiang had installed. Dingbian, Yulin, and Fugu all submitted. In the eighth year he came to court for an audience and was granted a golden patent and seal. At that time the Ming Prince of Gui, Zhu Youlang, had proclaimed himself emperor and was based at Nanning. Sun Kewang, Li Dingguo, and other generals of Zhang Xianzhong had submitted to the Ming and were raiding the prefectures and counties of northern Sichuan. Wu Sangui was ordered to join Li Guohan in leading an army against them. In the seventh month of the ninth year Wu Sangui and Li Guohan sent forces west to pacify Zhangla and Songpan and east to take Chongqing; they advanced on Chengdu, and the Ming general Liu Wenxiu abandoned the city and fled; they went on to take Jiading and encamped the army at Mianzhou. Liu Wenxiu and Wang Fuchen marched again from Guizhou into Sichuan, enlisted Yi tribesmen as allies, retook Chongqing, and advanced to defeat Xuzhou. Wu Sangui suffered repeated defeats. Liu Wenxiu and Wang Fuchen besieged the touring censor Hao Yu at Baoning. Hao Yu urged Wu Sangui and the others to relieve him. They attacked and killed Wang Fuchen, and Liu Wenxiu withdrew. Hao Yu memorialized accusing Wu Sangui of holding back his troops and merely watching events unfold. Wu Sangui seized on the phrase in the memorial about "personally braving arrows and stones" to accuse Hao Yu of claiming credit he did not deserve, and Hao Yu was banished. Wu Sangui reported his achievements, and his annual stipend was increased by one thousand taels. His son Wu Yingxiong married an imperial princess and became a prince consort of the first rank. He was granted the third-rank jingqi niha banner rank and given the additional titles of Junior Guardian and Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent.

十四年，可望反明，攻由榔，定國御之，可望敗走長沙，來降。詔授三桂平西大將軍，與國翰率師徇貴州；時大將軍羅託、經略洪承疇等出湖南，將軍卓布泰等出廣西：三道並進。三桂等發漢中，道保寧、順慶，次合州，破明兵，收江中戰艦。定國遣其將劉正國、楊武守三坡、紅關諸隘，石壺關者尤險峻，明兵阻關。三桂令騎兵循山麓，步兵陟其巔，以砲發其伏，明兵驚潰，遂下遵義，克開州。會羅託等已克貴陽，卓布泰亦自都勻、安遠入，信郡王多尼將禁旅至。國翰還師遵義，尋卒。三桂馳與羅託等會於平越楊老堡，議分道進兵。三桂自遵義出天生橋，聞白文選據七星關，遂繞出烏撒土司境，次霑益。多尼師進曲靖，敗文選。卓布泰師進羅平，敗定國。

In the fourteenth year Sun Kewang rebelled against the Ming and attacked Zhu Youlang. Li Dingguo defended him. Sun Kewang was defeated, fled to Changsha, and then surrendered to the Qing. An edict appointed Wu Sangui Grand General Who Pacifies the West, and he and Li Guohan led an army to subdue Guizhou; At the same time Grand General Luo Tuo, Supreme Commander Hong Chengchou, and others advanced from Hunan, while General Zhuobutai and others advanced from Guangxi. The three columns moved forward together. Wu Sangui and his forces set out from Hanzhong, passed through Baoning and Shunqing, and encamped at Hezhou, where they defeated Ming troops and seized warships on the river. Li Dingguo posted his generals Liu Zhengguo and Yang Wu to hold the passes at Sanpo, Hongguan, and elsewhere. Shihuguan was especially steep and perilous, and Ming troops barred the way. Wu Sangui sent cavalry along the foot of the mountain and infantry up its crest, using artillery to blast their ambush positions. The Ming troops broke in panic, after which he took Zunyi and captured Kaizhou. By then Luo Tuo and the others had already taken Guiyang, Zhuobutai had entered from Duyun and Anyuan, and Prince Duoni of Xin arrived with the imperial guard. Li Guohan withdrew his army to Zunyi and soon died. Wu Sangui hurried to join Luo Tuo and the others at Yanglaobao in Pingyue, where they agreed to advance by separate routes. Wu Sangui marched from Zunyi by way of Tiansheng Bridge. Learning that Bai Wenxuan held Qixing Pass, he swung around through Wusa tribal territory and encamped at Zhanyi. Duoni's army advanced on Qujing and defeated Bai Wenxuan. Zhuobutai's army advanced on Luoping and defeated Li Dingguo.

十六年正月，由榔奔永昌。二月，三桂與尚善、卓布泰合軍克雲南會城，破文選玉龍關，取永昌，由榔走緬甸。師渡潞江，定國設伏磨盤山，诇知之，分八隊迎擊，斬殺過半。取騰越，追至南甸，乃振旅自永昌、大理、姚安還。明將馬寶、李如碧、高啟隆、劉之复、塔新策、王會、劉偁、馬惟興、楊武、楊威、高應鳳、狄三品等，及景東、蒙化、麗江、東川、鎮雄諸土司，先後來降。多尼、卓布泰等師還，留固山額真伊爾德、卓羅等分軍駐守，而詔三桂鎮雲南，命總管軍民事。諭吏、兵二部，雲南將吏聽三桂黜陟。定國求出由榔緬甸，軍孟艮。元江土司那嵩與降將高應鳳舉兵應定國。三桂督兵自石屏進圍元江，踰月，擊斬應鳳，嵩自焚死，收其地為元江府。

In the first month of the sixteenth year Zhu Youlang fled to Yongchang. In the second month Wu Sangui joined Shangshan and Zhuobutai in taking the Yunnan provincial capital, broke through Bai Wenxuan at Yulong Pass, seized Yongchang, and Zhu Youlang fled into Burma. The army crossed the Lu River. Li Dingguo laid an ambush at Mopan Mountain, but scouts discovered it. The Qing forces divided into eight columns to meet the attack and killed more than half the enemy. They took Tengyue and pursued the enemy to Nandian, then withdrew the army by way of Yongchang, Dali, and Yao'an. Ming generals including Ma Bao, Li Rubi, Gao Qilong, Liu Zhifu, Ta Xince, Wang Hui, Liu Cheng, Ma Weixing, Yang Wu, Yang Wei, Gao Yingfeng, and Di Sanpin, together with the tribal chiefs of Jingdong, Menghua, Lijiang, Dongchuan, Zhenxiong, and other regions, surrendered in succession. Duoni, Zhuobutai, and the others withdrew their armies, leaving gushan ejen Ierde, Zhuoluo, and others with detachments to garrison the region. An edict then ordered Wu Sangui to govern Yunnan and placed all military and civil affairs under his authority. The civil and military ministries were instructed that all officers and officials in Yunnan were subject to Wu Sangui's appointment and dismissal. Li Dingguo sought to bring Zhu Youlang out of Burma and encamped his army at Menggen. The Yuanjiang chieftain Na Song and the surrendered general Gao Yingfeng took up arms in support of Li Dingguo. Wu Sangui led his troops from Shiping to besiege Yuanjiang. After more than a month he attacked and killed Gao Yingfeng. Na Song burned himself to death, and his territory was reorganized as Yuanjiang Prefecture.

十七年，戶部疏言雲南俸餉歲九百餘萬，議檄滿洲兵還京，裁綠旗兵五之二。三桂謂邊疆不寧，不宜減兵力。是時三桂已陰有異志，其籓下副都統楊珅說以先除由榔絕人望。三桂乃疏言：「前者密陳進兵緬甸，奉諭：'若勢有不可，慎勿強，務詳審斟酌而行。 '臣籌畫再三，竊謂渠魁不滅，有三患二難：李定國、白文選等分住三宣六慰，以擁戴為名，引潰眾肆擾，其患在門戶；土司反覆，惟利是趨，一被煽惑，遍地蜂起，其患在肘腋；投誠將士，尚未革心，萬一邊關有警，若輩乘隙而起，其患在腠理。且兵糧取之民間，無論各省餉運愆期，即到滇召買，民方懸磬，米價日增，公私交困，措糧之難如此；年年召買，歲歲輸將，民力既盡，勢必逃亡，培養之難又如此。惟及時進兵，早收全局，乃救時之計。」下議政王大臣會戶、兵二部議，令學士麻勒吉、侍郎石圖如雲南諮三桂機宜，乃決策進兵。命內大臣愛星阿為定西將軍，率禁旅南征。

In the seventeenth year the Board of Revenue reported that salaries and provisions for Yunnan exceeded nine million taels a year. It was proposed to recall the Manchu troops to the capital and cut the Green Standard forces by two-fifths. Wu Sangui argued that the frontier was still unsettled and that troop strength should not be reduced. By then Wu Sangui was already secretly nursing rebellious ambitions. His subordinate Vice Commander Yang Shen urged him first to eliminate Zhu Youlang and thereby extinguish the last focus of Ming loyalist hopes. Wu Sangui then memorialized: "When I previously reported in secret on advancing into Burma, I received the imperial instruction: 'If circumstances make action impossible, do not force the issue; deliberate carefully and act with discretion. After repeated deliberation I am convinced that if the chief rebel is not destroyed, three perils and two difficulties remain. Li Dingguo, Bai Wenxuan, and others are posted across the Three Pacifications and Six Comforts districts, rallying scattered troops under the banner of restoring the Ming heir. That peril lies at our very gates; the tribal chieftains are fickle and follow profit wherever it leads. Once stirred up, they rise everywhere like swarming bees. That peril lies at our elbow; the surrendered officers and soldiers have not yet truly changed their loyalties. Should the frontier face any alarm, they will seize the chance to rise. That peril lies in our very flesh. Moreover, military grain is drawn from the people. Even if provincial supply convoys arrive on time, purchases within Yunnan itself find the people with empty pots, rice prices rising daily, and both public and private affairs in distress. Securing provisions is as difficult as this; Year after year the people are levied for purchases and year after year supplies must be transported. Once their strength is exhausted they will inevitably flee. The difficulty of sustaining the population is as great as this. Only by advancing troops without delay and securing the entire situation at once can the present crisis be addressed." The memorial was referred to the regent princes and ministers in consultation with the Boards of Revenue and War. They ordered Academician Mele and Vice Minister Shi Tu to proceed to Yunnan to consult Wu Sangui on strategy, after which the decision to advance was made. The inner minister Ai-xing-a was appointed General Who Pacifies the West and ordered to lead the imperial guard south on campaign.

三桂所部五丁出一甲，甲二百置佐領，積數十佐領，以吳應麒、吳國貴為左、右都統分統之。七月，三桂疏請部勒降兵，分置十營，營千二百人，以降將為總兵：馬寶、李如碧、高啟隆、劉之复、塔新策將忠勇五營；王會、劉偁、馬惟興、楊威、吳子聖將義勇五營。十月，又疏請置援剿四鎮，以馬寧、沈應時、王輔臣、楊武為總兵。皆允之。三桂請拊循南甸、隴川、千崖、盞達、車裡諸土司，頒敕印；复檄緬甸，令執由榔以獻。定國、文選屢攻緬甸求出由榔，緬甸頻年被兵，患苦之，使告師破定國等，請以由榔獻。十八年，三桂遣使緬甸刻師期，令於猛卯迎師；遣副都統何進忠及應時、寧等率師出騰越，道隴川，三月，至猛卯。緬甸又與定國戰，道阻。既，緬甸使至迎師，會瘴發，進忠等引還。

Among Wu Sangui's forces one soldier was levied from every five men. Every two hundred soldiers formed a zuoling company, and when dozens of such companies had been assembled, Wu Yingqi and Wu Guogui were appointed left and right commanders-in-chief to divide command among them. In the seventh month Wu Sangui memorialized asking to organize the surrendered troops into ten camps of twelve hundred men each, with surrendered generals as regional commanders. Ma Bao, Li Rubi, Gao Qilong, Liu Zhifu, and Ta Xince commanded the five Loyal and Brave camps; Wang Hui, Liu Cheng, Ma Weixing, Yang Wei, and Wu Zisheng commanded the five Righteous and Brave camps. In the tenth month he memorialized again asking to establish four garrisons for relief and suppression, with Ma Ning, Shen Yingshi, Wang Fuchen, and Yang Wu as regional commanders. All were approved. Wu Sangui asked to pacify the chieftains of Nandian, Longchuan, Qianya, Zhanda, Cheli, and other districts and to issue them imperial patents and seals; He also sent a proclamation to Burma ordering them to seize Zhu Youlang and deliver him up. Li Dingguo and Bai Wenxuan repeatedly attacked Burma to extract Zhu Youlang. Burma, worn down by years of warfare, sent envoys asking the Qing army to defeat Li Dingguo and the others and offering to hand over Zhu Youlang. In the eighteenth year Wu Sangui sent envoys to Burma to fix a date for the campaign and ordered the Burmese to welcome the army at Mengmao; He dispatched Vice Commander He Jinzhong together with Shen Yingshi, Ma Ning, and others to lead troops from Tengyue by way of Longchuan. In the third month they reached Mengmao. Burma was again at war with Li Dingguo, and the route was blocked. Later Burmese envoys arrived to welcome the army, but malarial fever broke out and He Jinzhong and the others withdrew.

三桂以馬乃土司龍吉兆稱兵應定國，遣寶、啟隆及游擊趙良棟等討之，攻七十餘日，破其寨，斬吉兆，以其地為普安縣。九月，瘴息。三桂與愛星阿及前鋒統領白爾赫圖，都統果爾欽、遜塔等督兵攻大理，復出騰越，道南甸、隴川至猛卯，分兵二萬，遣寧、輔臣別取道姚關、鎮康、孟定；又慮蠻暮、猛密二土司助定國阻我師後，留總兵張國柱將三千人屯南甸為備。十一月，會師木邦。文選毀錫箔江橋走茶山，定國走景線。三桂令寧等以偏師逐文選，而與愛景阿趨緬甸，复檄令執送由榔。十二月，師進次舊晚坡，距緬甸都六十里。緬甸使告請遣兵進次蘭鳩江濱扞衛，乃遣白爾赫圖將百人以往。緬甸遂執由榔及其母、妻等送軍前。寧等逐文選及於猛卯，文選以數千人降，師還。

When the Manai chieftain Long Jizhao took up arms in support of Li Dingguo, Wu Sangui sent Ma Bao, Gao Qilong, and Guerrilla Officer Zhao Liangdong and others against him. After more than seventy days of fighting they stormed his stockade, killed Long Jizhao, and organized his territory as Pu'an County. In the ninth month the malarial season ended. Wu Sangui joined Ai-xing-a, Vanguard Commander Bai'ertu, and commanders Guo'erqin, Xunta, and others in an attack on Dali. They marched again from Tengyue by way of Nandian and Longchuan to Mengmao, detached twenty thousand men, and sent Ma Ning and Wang Fuchen by a separate route through Yao Pass, Zhenkang, and Mengding; Fearing that the chieftains of Manmu and Mengmi might aid Li Dingguo in cutting off the army's rear, he left Regional Commander Zhang Guozhu with three thousand men encamped at Nandian as a precaution. In the eleventh month the armies united at Mubang. Bai Wenxuan destroyed the bridge over the Xibo River and fled to Chashan, while Li Dingguo fled to Jingxian. Wu Sangui ordered Ma Ning and others with a detached force to pursue Bai Wenxuan, while he and Ai-xing-a pressed on toward Burma and again demanded that Zhu Youlang be seized and delivered. In the twelfth month the army advanced and encamped at Jiuwanpo, sixty li from the Burmese capital. Burmese envoys asked that troops advance to the banks of the Lanjiu River to guard the crossing, and Bai'ertu was sent forward with a hundred men. Burma then seized Zhu Youlang together with his mother, wife, and others and delivered them to the army. Ma Ning and the others pursued Bai Wenxuan to Mengmao, where he surrendered with several thousand men. The army then withdrew.

康熙元年，捷聞，詔進三桂親王，並命兼轄貴州。召愛星阿率師還。四月，三桂執由榔及其子，以弓弦絞殺之，送其母、妻詣京師，道自殺。定國尚往來邊上伺由榔消息，三桂令提督張勇將萬餘人戍普洱、元江為備。未幾，定國走死猛臘。三桂招其子嗣興，以千餘人降，明亡。二年，遣會等攻隴納山蠻，破巢，斬渠。三年，遣之复及總兵李世耀率兵出大方、烏蒙，攻水西土司安坤、烏撒土司安重聖，並擊斬之，以其地設府：隴納曰平遠，大方曰大定，水西曰黔西，烏撒曰威寧。四年，奏裁雲南綠旗兵五千有奇。五年，復遣兵攻土司祿昌賢於隴箐，取其寨數十。迤東悉定，設府曰開化，州曰永定。

In the first year of Kangxi, news of victory arrived. An edict promoted Wu Sangui to princely rank and placed Guizhou under his authority as well. Ai-xing-a was recalled to lead the army back. In the fourth month Wu Sangui seized Zhu Youlang and his son and strangled them with bowstrings. He sent the mother and wife toward the capital, but they killed themselves on the journey. Li Dingguo was still moving along the frontier watching for news of Zhu Youlang. Wu Sangui ordered Provincial Commander Zhang Yong to garrison Pu'er and Yuanjiang with more than ten thousand men as a precaution. Before long Li Dingguo fled and died at Mengla. Wu Sangui won over his son Li Suxing, who surrendered with more than a thousand men. With that the Ming cause was extinguished. In the second year he sent Wang Hui and others against the Longna mountain tribes, destroyed their stronghold, and killed their leader. In the third year he sent Liu Zhifu and Regional Commander Li Shiyao from Dafang and Wumeng against the Shuixi chieftain An Kun and the Wusa chieftain An Zhongsheng, killing both. Their territories were organized as prefectures: Longna became Pingyuan, Dafang became Dading, Shuixi became Qianxi, and Wusa became Weining. In the fourth year he memorialized to cut Yunnan's Green Standard forces by more than five thousand men. In the fifth year he again sent troops against the chieftain Lu Changxian at Longqing and captured several dozen of his stockades. The entire eastern region was pacified. A prefecture named Kaihua and a subprefecture named Yongding were established.

三桂初以開關迎師，位望出諸降將孔有德、耿仲明、尚可喜輩右。有德專徵定湖廣，徇廣西，李定國破桂林，殉焉；可喜與仲明子繼茂分兵定廣東、福建；而三桂功最高。雲、貴初定，洪承疇疏用明黔國公沐英故事，請以三桂世鎮雲南。三桂復請敕雲南督撫受節制，移總督駐貴陽，提督駐大理。據由榔所居五華山故宮為籓府，增華崇麗。籍沐天波莊田七百頃為籓莊。假濬渠築城為名，重榷關市，壟鹽井、金銅礦山之利，厚自封殖。通使達賴喇嘛，互市北勝州。遼東參，四川黃連、附子，就其地採運，官為之鬻，收其值。貨財充溢，貸諸富賈，謂之「籓本」。權子母，斥其羨以餌士大夫之無藉者。擇諸將子弟，四方賓客，與肄武備，謂以儲將帥之選。部兵多李自成、張獻忠百戰之餘，勇健善鬥，以時訓練。所轄文武將吏，選用自擅。各省員缺，時亦承製除授，謂之「西選」。又屢引京朝官、各省將吏用以自佐。御史楊素蘊疏論劾，三桂摘疏中「防微杜漸」語，請旨詰素蘊。素蘊覆奏，言「防微杜漸，古今通義。」事遂寢。

Wu Sangui had first opened the pass to welcome the Qing army, and his standing surpassed that of fellow surrendered generals such as Kong Youde, Geng Zhongming, and Shang Kexi. Kong Youde was commissioned to pacify Huguang, subdued Guangxi, and died when Li Dingguo captured Guilin; Shang Kexi and Geng Zhongming's son Jimaomao divided their forces to pacify Guangdong and Fujian; but Wu Sangui's achievements were the greatest. When Yunnan and Guizhou were first pacified, Hong Chengchou memorialized citing the Ming precedent of Prince Mu Ying of Qian, asking that Wu Sangui be established as hereditary governor of Yunnan. Wu Sangui further asked that an edict place Yunnan's governor and administration commissioner under his command, move the governor-general to Guiyang, and station the provincial commander at Dali. He took the former palace on Wuhua Mountain where Zhu Youlang had lived as his princely residence and enlarged it into a lavish mansion. He seized seven hundred qing of manor land belonging to Mu Tianbo and made it princely estates. Under the pretext of dredging canals and building fortifications, he imposed heavy taxes on markets and passes, monopolized profits from salt wells and gold and copper mines, and amassed enormous wealth for himself. He exchanged envoys with the Dalai Lama and conducted trade at Beisheng Prefecture. Liaodong ginseng, Sichuan coptis, and aconite were gathered and transported locally, sold through official channels, and the proceeds collected for his treasury. His stores of goods and wealth overflowed. He lent money to wealthy merchants under the name "princely capital." He charged interest on the principal and used the surplus to win over needy scholars and officials. He selected the sons of his generals and guests from all quarters to train in military affairs, claiming this was to cultivate future commanders. His troops were mostly veterans of Li Zicheng's and Zhang Xianzhong's armies, hardened by a hundred battles, brave and skilled in combat, and he drilled them regularly. The civil and military officers under his command were appointed entirely at his own discretion. Vacancies in the provinces were at times filled on his own authority—this was called the "western selection." He also repeatedly recruited capital officials and provincial officers and generals to serve on his staff. Censor Yang Suyun memorialized impeaching him. Wu Sangui seized on the phrase in the memorial about "guarding against the first signs and stopping gradual encroachment" and asked the throne to interrogate Yang Suyun. Yang Suyun replied in a further memorial: "Guarding against the first signs and stopping gradual encroachment is a universal principle of ancient and modern times." The matter was then dropped.

六年，三桂疏言兩目昏瞀，精力日減，辭總管雲、貴兩省事。下部議，如各省例，歸督撫管理，文吏由吏部題授。雲貴總督卞三元、雲南提督張國柱、貴州提督李本深交章陳三桂勞績，請敕仍總管。得旨：「王以精力日減奏辭，若召仍令總管，恐其過勞。如邊疆遇有軍事，王自應經理。」尋進應熊少傅兼太子太傅，命赴雲南視疾，仍還京師。三桂益欲攬事權，構釁苗、蠻，藉事用兵，私割中甸畀諸番屯牧，通商互市。迨三元乞歸養，甘文焜代為總督，不附三桂。三桂詐稱邊寇，檄赴剿；比至，又稱寇退，檄使還。籓屬將吏士卒糜俸餉鉅萬，各省輸稅不足，徵諸江南，歲二千餘萬，絀則連章入告，贏不復請稽核。是時可喜鎮廣東，繼茂子精忠鎮福建，與三桂並稱「三籓」，而三桂驕恣尤甚。

In the sixth year Wu Sangui memorialized that his eyes were growing dim and his strength daily failing, and resigned overall charge of Yunnan and Guizhou affairs. The matter was referred to the ministries. Following the precedent of other provinces, affairs were returned to the governor-general and governor, and civil officials were to be appointed through the Board of Civil Appointments. Governor-General Bian Sanyuan of Yunnan and Guizhou, Yunnan Provincial Commander Zhang Guozhu, and Guizhou Provincial Commander Li Benshen submitted successive memorials praising Wu Sangui's achievements and asking that he retain overall authority. The response came: "The prince memorialized his resignation because his strength is daily failing. If he were recalled and still ordered to hold overall charge, I fear he would be overtaxed. If military affairs arise on the frontier, the prince himself should manage them." Soon afterward Wu Yingxiong was promoted to Junior Tutor and Grand Tutor of the Heir Apparent and ordered to go to Yunnan to inquire after his father's health, then return to the capital. Wu Sangui increasingly sought to seize administrative power. He provoked conflicts with Miao and tribal peoples, used incidents as pretexts for military action, privately ceded Zhongdian to various tribes for pasture, and conducted trade across the border. When Bian Sanyuan requested leave to retire and care for his parents, Gan Wenkan replaced him as governor-general and refused to align himself with Wu Sangui. Wu Sangui falsely reported border bandits and issued a dispatch ordering him to go suppress them; when Gan Wenkan arrived, Wu Sangui claimed the bandits had withdrawn and ordered him to return. The officers and soldiers of the princely domain consumed salaries and provisions totaling millions. Provincial tax deliveries fell short, so levies were imposed on Jiangnan of more than twenty million taels a year. When funds ran short they submitted successive memorials reporting the deficit; when they had a surplus they no longer asked for an audit. At this time Shang Kexi garrisoned Guangdong and Jimaomao's son Geng Jingzhong garrisoned Fujian. Together with Wu Sangui they were known as the Three Feudatories, but Wu Sangui's arrogance and willfulness were the most extreme of all.

十二年二月，上遣侍衛吳丹、塞扈立勞三桂，賜御用貂帽、團龍裘、青蟒狐腋袍、束帶，亦遣使賚可喜。可喜旋疏引疾乞歸老，下部議，請並移所部。七月，三桂亦疏請移籓，並言：「所部繁眾，昔自漢中移雲南，閱三歲始畢。今生齒彌增，乞賜土地，視世祖時分畀錦州、寧遠諸區倍廣，庶安輯得所。」聖祖察三籓分鎮擅兵為國患，得三桂疏，下議政王大臣會戶、兵二部議奏。諸王大臣度三桂疏非由衷，遽議遷徙，必致紛紜，議移籓不便；獨尚書米思翰、明珠謂苗、蠻既平，三桂不宜久鎮，議移籓便。乃為二議以上：一議移三桂山海關外，別遣滿洲兵戍雲南；一議留三桂鎮雲南如故。上曰：「三桂蓄異志久，撤亦反，不撤亦反。不若及今先發，猶可製也。」遂命允三桂請移籓，並諭如當用滿洲兵，仍俟三桂奏請遣發。即令侍郎折爾肯、學士傅達禮齎詔諭三桂。

In the second month of the twelfth year the emperor sent bodyguards Wu Dan and Saihuli to console Wu Sangui, granting him an imperial sable hat, dragon-round robe, blue python and fox-fur robe, and girdle. Envoys were also sent with gifts for Shang Kexi. Shang Kexi soon memorialized citing illness and asking to retire. The matter was referred to the ministries, which proposed relocating his troops as well. In the seventh month Wu Sangui also memorialized requesting transfer of his princedom, further stating: "My following is numerous. When we moved from Hanzhong to Yunnan in the past, it took three years to complete the relocation. Our numbers have greatly increased since then. I beg that land be granted to us twice as extensive as the Jinzhou, Ningyuan, and other districts allotted in the Shunzhi era, so that my people may be properly settled." The Kangxi Emperor had long seen the Three Feudatories' separate garrisons and monopoly of troops as a threat to the state. Receiving Wu Sangui's memorial, he referred it to the regent princes and ministers in consultation with the Boards of Revenue and War. The princes and ministers judged that Wu Sangui's memorial was not sincere. To deliberate hastily on relocation would certainly cause turmoil, and they argued that transferring the princedom was inadvisable; only Ministers Misihan and Mingzhu argued that since the Miao and tribal peoples were already pacified, Wu Sangui should not remain in long-term garrison there and that transferring the princedom was expedient. Two proposals were then submitted: one proposed moving Wu Sangui beyond Shanhaiguan and separately dispatching Manchu troops to garrison Yunnan; the other proposed leaving Wu Sangui to garrison Yunnan as before. The emperor said: "Wu Sangui has long harbored rebellious designs. If we remove him he will rebel; if we do not remove him he will rebel anyway. Better to strike first now, while he can still be controlled." He then granted Wu Sangui's request to transfer his princedom, adding that when Manchu troops were needed, dispatch would still await Wu Sangui's memorial requesting them. He immediately ordered Vice Minister Zhe'erken and Academician Fudali to carry the edict to Wu Sangui.

三桂初上疏，度廷議未即許，冀慰留久鎮。九月，詔使至，三桂大失望。與所部都統吳應麒、吳國貴，副都統高大節及其壻夏國相、胡國柱謀為亂，部署腹心扼關隘，聽入不聽出，與使者期以十一月己丑發雲南。先三日丙戌，邀巡撫硃國治脅之叛，不從，榜殺之。遂召諸總兵寶、啟隆、之复、足法、會、屏籓等舉兵反，自號周王天下都招討兵馬大元帥。蓄髮，易衣冠，幟色白，步騎皆以白氈為帽。執折爾肯、傅達禮，按察使李興元，知府高顯辰，同知劉昆，不為三桂屈，具楚毒，徙置瘴地。國柱及總兵杜輝、柯鐸，布政使崔之瑛等皆降。三桂傳檄遠近，並致書平南、靖南二籓，及貴州、四川、湖廣、陝西諸將吏與相識者，要約響應。遣馬寶將兵前驅向貴陽，李本深謀應之。文焜馳書告川湖總督蔡毓榮，並趣折爾肯、傅達禮從官郎中黨務禮、員外郎薩穆哈、主事辛珠、筆帖式薩爾圖速還京師告變。三桂遣騎追之，辛珠、薩爾圖為所殺。文焜率數騎趨鎮遠，鎮遠副將江義已得三桂檄，以兵圍文焜，文焜死之。寶兵至，巡撫曹申吉、總兵王永清皆降。

When Wu Sangui first submitted his memorial, he expected that the court would not immediately approve it and hoped to be comforted and allowed to remain in long-term garrison. In the ninth month the imperial envoys arrived, and Wu Sangui was deeply disappointed. Together with his commanders-in-chief Wu Yingqi and Wu Guogui, Vice Commander Gao Dajie, and his sons-in-law Xia Guoxiang and Hu Guozhu he plotted rebellion. He posted trusted men to hold the passes, allowing entry but not exit, and agreed with the envoys to depart Yunnan on the jichou day of the eleventh month. Three days earlier, on the bingxu day, he summoned Governor Zhu Guozhi and tried to force him to rebel. When Zhu refused, Wu Sangui had him publicly executed. He then summoned regional commanders including Ma Bao, Gao Qilong, Liu Zhifu, Zufa, Wang Hui, and Pingfan to raise troops in rebellion, styling himself Grand Marshal of All Forces for Suppression under the Zhou King Who Pacifies the Realm. He grew his hair long again, changed clothing and caps to Ming style, used white banners, and had both infantry and cavalry wear white felt caps. He seized Zhe'erken and Fudali, Provincial Surveillance Commissioner Li Xingyuan, Prefect Gao Xianchen, and Subprefect Liu Kun. When they refused to submit, he subjected them to cruel torture and exiled them to malarial regions. Zhang Guozhu and regional commanders Du Hui and Ke Duo, Administration Commissioner Cui Zhiying, and others all surrendered. Wu Sangui circulated proclamations far and wide and sent letters to the Princes Who Pacify the South and Pacify the West, as well as to officers and officials in Guizhou, Sichuan, Huguang, Shaanxi, and elsewhere whom he knew, urging them to rise in concert. He sent Ma Bao with troops as vanguard toward Guiyang, while Li Benshen plotted to join the rebellion. Gan Wenkan urgently sent word to Sichuan-Huguang Governor-General Cai Yurong and urged the attendants of Zhe'erken and Fudali—Director Dang Wuli, Vice Director Samuha, Secretary Xin Zhu, and Clerk Sa'ertu—to hurry back to the capital and report the rebellion. Wu Sangui sent cavalry in pursuit. Xin Zhu and Sa'ertu were killed. Gan Wenkan rode with a small escort toward Zhenyuan, but Vice Commander Jiang Yi had already received Wu Sangui's proclamation and surrounded him with troops. Gan Wenkan was killed. When Ma Bao's troops arrived, Governor Cao Shenji and Regional Commander Wang Yongqing both surrendered.

十二月，黨務禮、薩穆哈至京師，三桂反問聞。上以荊州咽喉地，即日遣前鋒統領碩岱率禁旅馳赴鎮守。尋命順承郡王勒爾錦為寧南靖寇大將軍，率師討三桂，分遣將軍赫業入四川，副都統馬哈達、擴爾坤駐軍兗州、太原備調遣，並停撤平南、靖南二籓。王大臣等請逮應熊治罪，命暫行拘禁。三桂兵陷清浪衛；毓榮遣總兵崔世祿防沅州，三桂兵至，以城降；復進陷辰州。

In the twelfth month Dang Wuli and Samuha reached the capital, and news of Wu Sangui's rebellion arrived. Because Jingzhou was a strategic choke point, the emperor that same day dispatched Vanguard Commander Shuodai with the imperial guard to garrison it at once. Shortly afterward, the emperor appointed Prince Shuncheng Le'erjin Grand General for Pacifying the South and Quelling Rebels and sent him at the head of an army against Wu Sangui. He dispatched General Heyeh into Sichuan and stationed Vice Commandants-in-Chief Mahada and Kuo'erkun at Yanzhou and Taiyuan to hold troops in reserve, while also halting the planned withdrawal of the Pingnan and Jingnan feudatories. Wang Dachen and others asked that Wu Yingxiong be arrested and punished. The emperor ordered that he be placed under temporary detention. Wu Sangui's forces captured Qinglangwei. Cai Yurong dispatched Regional Commander Cui Shilu to defend Yuanzhou, but when Wu Sangui's troops arrived, Cui surrendered the city. The rebels then advanced and captured Chenzhou.

十三年正月，三桂僭稱周王元年，部署諸將：楊寶廕陷常德，夏國相陷澧州，張國柱陷衡州，吳應麒陷岳州。偏沅巡撫盧震棄長沙走，副將黃正卿、參將陳武衡以城降。襄陽總兵楊來嘉舉兵叛，鄖陽副將洪福舉兵攻提督佟國瑤，擊破之；走保山寨，皆應三桂，受署置。三桂自雲南至常德，具疏付折爾肯、傅達禮還奏，語不遜。上命誅應熊及其子世霖，諸幼子貸死入官。六月，命貝勒尚善為安遠靖寇大將軍，與勒爾錦分道進兵。是時雲南、貴州、湖南地皆入三桂，通番市，以茶易馬，結倮儸助戰，伐木造巨艦，治舟師，採銅鑄錢，文曰「利用。」所至掠庫金、倉粟，資軍用。

In the first month of the thirteenth year, Wu Sangui presumptuously declared the first year of his Zhou dynasty and deployed his generals: Yang Baoban took Changde, Xia Guoxiang took Lizhou, Zhang Guozhu took Hengzhou, and Wu Yingqi took Yuezhou. Pianyuan Governor Lü Zhen abandoned Changsha and fled. Vice Commander Huang Zhengqing and Battalion Commander Chen Wuheng surrendered the city. Xiangyang Regional Commander Yang Laijia rose in rebellion, and Yunyang Vice Commander Hong Fu took up arms and attacked Provincial Commander Tong Guoyao, routing him. They withdrew into mountain redoubts, all declared for Wu Sangui, and accepted posts under his authority. Wu Sangui traveled from Yunnan to Changde and sent a memorial back to court through Zhe'erken and Fudali, couched in impertinent language. The emperor ordered Wu Yingxiong and his son Wu Shilin executed. The younger sons were spared death and enrolled as government bondsmen. In the sixth month, the emperor appointed Prince Shangshan Grand General for Pacifying the Distant and Quelling Rebels to advance along a separate route from Le'erjin. By then Yunnan, Guizhou, and Hunan had all fallen under Wu Sangui's control. He opened frontier markets, traded tea for horses, enlisted the Luoluo to fight for him, cut timber to build large warships, organized a naval force, and mined copper to cast coins bearing the inscription "Li Yong." Wherever his forces went they looted treasury funds and storehouse grain to pay for the war effort.

勒爾錦師次荊州，三桂遣劉之复、王會、陶繼智等屢以舟師攻彝陵，勒爾錦遣將屢擊敗之，未即渡江。尚善師次武昌，以書諭三桂降，置不答。三桂傳檄所至，反者四起：提督鄭蛟麟，總兵譚弘、吳之茂反四川，巡撫羅森、降將軍孫延齡以有德舊部反廣西，精忠反福建，河北總兵蔡祿反彰德，三桂勢益張；又遣使與達賴喇嘛通好。達賴喇嘛為上書乞罷兵，上弗許。先後遣經略大學士莫洛、大將軍康親王杰書、貝勒董額等四出征撫，將軍阿密達擒祿誅之。上趣尚善攻岳州，三桂使吳應麒、廖進忠、馬寶、張國柱、柯鐸、高啟隆等分道拒戰，又遣兵窺江西，循江達南康，陷都昌；復自長沙入袁州，陷萍鄉、安福、上高、新昌諸縣。上命安親王岳樂為定遠平寇大將軍，徇江西；簡親王喇佈為揚威大將軍，鎮江南。時王輔臣已為陝甘提督，復以寧羌叛應三桂，莫洛死之。三桂遣其將王屏籓入四川，與吳之茂合軍助輔臣。上复趣尚善速攻岳州，尚善疏請益兵，未即進。

Le'erjin halted his army at Jingzhou. Wu Sangui sent Liu Zhifu, Wang Hui, Tao Jizhi, and others repeatedly against Yiling with his fleet, but Le'erjin's generals drove them back each time and did not immediately cross the Yangzi. Shangshan halted at Wuchang and sent a letter urging Wu Sangui to surrender, but received no reply. Wherever Wu Sangui's manifestos reached, rebels rose on all sides. Provincial Commander Zheng Jiaolin, Regional Commanders Tan Hong and Wu Zhimao rebelled in Sichuan; Governor Luo Sen and the surrendered general Sun Yanling revolted in Guangxi with troops from Wu Sangui's former command; Geng Jingzhong rebelled in Fujian; Hebei Regional Commander Cai Lu rose at Zhangde. Wu Sangui's power grew ever greater. He also sent envoys to establish friendly relations with the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama wrote to the emperor on Wu Sangui's behalf begging that the war be halted, but the emperor refused. The emperor in succession dispatched Frontier Coordinator Grand Secretary Mo Luo, Grand General Prince Kang Jieshu, Prince Dong'e, and others on four separate pacification campaigns. General Amida captured Cai Lu and executed him. The emperor urgently pressed Shangshan to attack Yuezhou. Wu Sangui sent Wu Yingqi, Liao Jinzhong, Ma Bao, Zhang Guozhu, Ke Duo, Gao Qilong, and others to resist along separate lines, and also dispatched troops to probe Jiangxi, following the river to Nankang and capturing Duchang. From Changsha he then entered Yuanzhou and captured Pingxiang, Anfu, Shanggao, Xinchang, and other counties. The emperor appointed Prince An Yuele Grand General for Pacifying the Distant and Quelling Rebels and sent him into Jiangxi. Prince Jian Labu was appointed Grand General Who Displays Might to secure Jiangnan. Wang Fuchen had by then become Provincial Commander of Shaanxi-Gansu, but he rebelled again from Ningqiang in support of Wu Sangui, and Mo Luo was killed in action. Wu Sangui sent his general Wang Pingfan into Sichuan to join Wu Zhimao's army and assist Wang Fuchen. The emperor again pressed Shangshan to attack Yuezhou quickly, but Shangshan memorialized asking for reinforcements and did not advance at once.

十四年正月，上命岳樂自袁州取長沙，岳樂遣兵先後克上高、新昌、東鄉、萬年、安仁、新城諸縣，復進克廣信、饒州。夏國相堅守萍鄉，攻之不下。上以岳樂師向湖南，命喇布移鎮南昌。三桂遣將率兵七萬、倮儸三千防醴陵，築木城以守；又於岳州城外掘壕三重，環竹木為穽；於洞庭湖峽口植業木為椿，阻舟師；陸軍築壘皆設鹿角重疊，阻騎兵；乃自常德赴松滋，駐舟師虎渡口，截勒爾錦、尚善兩軍使不相應；揚言將渡江攻荊州，決堤以灌城，分岳州守兵據彝陵東北鎮荊山，令王會、楊來嘉、洪福等合兵陷穀城，執提督馬胡拜，攻鄖陽、均州、南漳。勒爾錦遣貝勒察尼守彝陵，與都統宜理布等力御之，疏請益兵。上責勒爾錦逗遛，不許。是歲，察哈爾布爾尼叛，上遣大將軍信親王鄂札、副將軍大學士圖海擊破之。

In the first month of the fourteenth year, the emperor ordered Yuele to take Changsha from Yuanzhou. Yuele sent troops who in succession captured Shanggao, Xinchang, Dongxiang, Wannian, Anren, Xincheng, and other counties, then advanced to capture Guangxin and Raozhou. Xia Guoxiang defended Pingxiang stubbornly, and the Qing forces could not break the city. With Yuele's army advancing toward Hunan, the emperor ordered Labu to transfer his headquarters to Nanchang. Wu Sangui sent a general with seventy thousand troops and three thousand Luoluo warriors to defend Liling, where they built a wooden fortress. Outside Yuezhou they dug three lines of ditches and ringed the approaches with bamboo and timber traps. At the gorge mouth of Dongting Lake they planted standing timber as stakes to block the imperial fleet. The land army built earthen ramparts layered with abatis to block cavalry. Wu Sangui then moved from Changde to Songzi and stationed his fleet at Hukou Ferry, blocking Le'erjin's and Shangshan's armies from supporting each other. He declared that he would cross the Yangzi to attack Jingzhou and breach the dykes to flood the city. He detached Yuezhou's garrison to hold Zhenjing Mountain northeast of Yiling and ordered Wang Hui, Yang Laijia, and Hong Fu to combine forces, capture Gucheng, seize Provincial Commander Ma Hubai, and attack Yunyang, Junzhou, and Nanzhang. Le'erjin sent Prince Chani to hold Yiling. Chani and Commandant-in-Chief Yilibu resisted with all their strength and memorialized asking for reinforcements. The emperor rebuked Le'erjin for dragging his feet and refused the request. That year Bu'erni of the Chahars rebelled. The emperor dispatched Grand General Prince Xin Ezha and Vice General Grand Secretary Tu Hai, who defeated him.

十五年，三桂遣兵侵廣東，授之信招討大將軍。時可喜已病篤，之信遂降。三桂別遣其將韓大任、高大節將數万人陷吉安。上令喇布固守饒州，岳樂攻萍鄉，力戰破十二壘，斬萬餘級，國相引兵走，乃克之。師進复醴陵、瀏陽，復進攻長沙。三桂遣胡國柱益兵以守，馬寶、高啟隆自岳州以兵會。三桂自松滋移屯岳麓山，為長沙聲援；又令大任、大節自吉安分兵犯新淦，屯泰和，复陷萍鄉、醴陵，斷岳樂軍後。上嚴趣喇布援岳樂，乃自饒州進复餘幹、金谿，攻吉安，大節將四千人來拒，戰於大覺寺，以百騎陷陣，師左次螺子山。大節復以少兵力戰，喇布及副將軍希爾根倉卒棄營走，師敗績。會大任與大節不相能，大節怏怏死。喇布遣兵复圍吉安，大任不敢出戰。勒爾錦以三桂去松滋，率兵渡江取石首，遣貝勒察尼攻太平街三桂兵壘，師敗續，退保荊州。是歲大將軍、大學士圖海代董額徵陝西，輔臣降。上令將軍穆佔將陝西兵赴荊州，康親王杰書自浙江下福建，精忠降。之信亦遣使詣喇布降。延齡聞，亦原降，三桂使從孫世琮襲桂林，執而殺之，掠柳州、橫州、平樂、南寧。

In the fifteenth year, Wu Sangui sent troops into Guangdong and appointed Shang Zhixin Grand General for Recruitment and Punishment. By then Shang Kexi was gravely ill, and Shang Zhixin surrendered. Wu Sangui separately sent his generals Han Daren and Gao Dajie with tens of thousands of men to capture Ji'an. The emperor ordered Labu to hold Raozhou firmly while Yuele attacked Pingxiang. After fierce fighting the Qing forces broke twelve ramparts and killed more than ten thousand men. Xia Guoxiang withdrew his troops, and the city fell. The Qing army then recaptured Liling and Liuyang and advanced again on Changsha. Wu Sangui sent Hu Guozhu with reinforcements to hold the city, while Ma Bao and Gao Qilong marched from Yuezhou to join him. Wu Sangui shifted his headquarters from Songzi to Mount Yuelu to support Changsha. He also ordered Han Daren and Gao Dajie to split their forces from Ji'an, strike Xingan, and encamp at Taihe, recapturing Pingxiang and Liling and cutting Yuele's army off from the rear. The emperor sharply ordered Labu to reinforce Yuele. Labu then advanced from Raozhou, recaptured Yugan and Jinxi, and attacked Ji'an. Gao Dajie came out with four thousand men to resist. At the Dajue Temple, a hundred cavalry broke through the Qing line, and the army withdrew to encamp at Mount Luozi. Gao Dajie again fought against heavy odds. Labu and Vice General Xirgen hastily abandoned camp and fled, and the army suffered a crushing defeat. As it happened, Han Daren and Gao Dajie could not work together, and Gao Dajie died embittered. Labu sent troops again to besiege Ji'an, and Han Daren did not dare to give battle. Le'erjin, seeing that Wu Sangui had left Songzi, led troops across the river to take Shishou and sent Prince Chani to attack Wu Sangui's camps at Taiping Street. The army was repeatedly defeated and withdrew to hold Jingzhou. That year Grand General and Grand Secretary Tu Hai replaced Prince Dong'e in the Shaanxi campaign, and Wang Fuchen surrendered. The emperor ordered General Muzhan to lead Shaanxi troops to Jingzhou, while Prince Kang Jieshu advanced into Fujian from Zhejiang and Geng Jingzhong surrendered. Shang Zhixin also sent envoys to Labu to surrender. When Sun Yanling heard this, he too wished to surrender. Wu Sangui had his grand-nephew Wu Shizong attack Guilin, seize and kill him, and plunder Liuzhou, Hengzhou, Pingle, and Nanning.

十六年，尚善分兵送馬三千益岳樂軍，三桂邀奪於七里台，復遣兵援吉安，與喇布軍相持。穆佔自岳州進，與岳樂夾攻長沙，克之。三桂所遣援吉安諸軍皆引去，大任棄城走。吉安乃下。三桂自岳麓徙衡州，分兵犯南安、韶州，並益世琮兵掠廣西。十七年，岳樂復平江、湘陰，三桂將林興珠率所將水師降。穆佔攻永興，拔之，並下茶陵、攸、酃、安仁、興寧、郴、宜章、臨武、藍山、嘉禾、桂陽、桂東十二城。喇布亦與江西總督董衛國率師逐大任，及於寧都，大任敗走福建，詣傑書降。三桂遣馬寶、胡國柱等攻永興，都統宜理布、護軍統領哈克山出戰，死。穆佔與碩岱等力守。

In the sixteenth year, Shangshan dispatched three thousand horses to reinforce Yuele's army, but Wu Sangui intercepted and seized them at Qilitai. He again sent troops to relieve Ji'an, where they remained locked in stalemate with Labu's forces. Muzhan advanced from Yuezhou and joined Yuele in a pincer attack on Changsha, which then fell. All the troops Wu Sangui had sent to relieve Ji'an withdrew, and Han Daren abandoned the city and fled. Ji'an then fell to the Qing. Wu Sangui moved from Mount Yuelu to Hengzhou, sent detachments against Nan'an and Shaozhou, and reinforced Wu Shizong's forces plundering Guangxi. In the seventeenth year, Yuele recaptured Pingjiang and Xiangyin, and Wu Sangui's general Lin Xingzhu surrendered with the fleet under his command. Muzhan attacked Yongxing and captured it, then took twelve more cities: Chaling, You, Ling, Anren, Xingning, Chen, Yizhang, Linwu, Lanshan, Jiahe, Guiyang, and Guidong. Labu and Jiangxi Governor-General Dong Weiguo also pursued Han Daren and caught up with him at Ningdu. Han Daren was defeated, fled to Fujian, and surrendered to Prince Kang Jieshu. Wu Sangui sent Ma Bao, Hu Guozhu, and others to attack Yongxing. Commandant-in-Chief Yilibu and Guard Commander Hakeshan went out to fight and were killed. Muzhan, Shuodai, and their officers held the city with all their strength.

是歲，三桂年六十有七，兵興六年，地日蹙，援日寡，思竊號自娛。其下爭勸進，遂以三月朔稱帝，改元昭武，以衡州為定天府。置百官，大封諸將，首國公，次郡公，亞以侯、伯。造新歷。舉雲、貴、川、湖鄉試。號所居舍曰殿，瓦不及易黃，以漆髹之。構廬舍萬間為朝房。築壇衡山，行郊天即位禮，將吏入賀。是日大風雨，草草成禮而罷。俄病噎，八月，又病下痢，噤不能語。召其孫世璠於雲南，未至，乙酉，三桂死。寶、國柱攻永興方急，聞喪，自焚其壘，引軍還衡州。世璠，應熊庶子，留雲南，奔三桂之喪，至貴陽，其下擁稱帝，改號洪化，倚方光琛、郭壯圖為腹心。光琛，三桂所署大學士；壯圖，封國公。

That year Wu Sangui was sixty-seven. The war had now dragged on for six years, his territory was shrinking daily, and reinforcements were growing ever scarcer. He decided to proclaim himself emperor as a consolation. His subordinates all urged him to take the throne. On the first day of the third month he proclaimed himself emperor, adopted the era name Zhaowu, and made Hengzhou his capital under the name Dingtian. He established a full bureaucracy and lavished titles on his generals—state dukes first, then commandery dukes, followed by marquises and earls. He promulgated a new calendar. He held provincial civil examinations in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Huguang. He styled his residence a palace, and because there was no time to replace the roof tiles with the imperial yellow, he lacquered them instead. He erected ten thousand thatched lodges to serve as court chambers. He built an altar on Mount Heng and performed the suburban sacrifice and enthronement rites, after which his officers and officials came to offer congratulations. That day a violent storm broke out, and the ceremony was hurried through and cut short. He soon developed a choking illness, and in the eighth month he was also stricken with dysentery and could no longer speak. He summoned his grandson Wu Shifan from Yunnan, but before Shifan arrived, on the day yiyou Wu Sangui died. Ma Bao and Hu Guozhu were pressing hard on Yongxing when they heard the news. They burned their own camps and withdrew to Hengzhou. Wu Shifan was a son of Wu Yingxiong by a concubine. Remaining in Yunnan, he set out for Wu Sangui's funeral. When he reached Guiyang, his followers proclaimed him emperor, adopted the era name Honghua, and relied on Fang Guangchen and Guo Zhuangtu as his closest advisers. Fang Guangchen had been the grand secretary Wu Sangui appointed. Guo Zhuangtu was enfeoffed as a state duke.

三桂初起兵，其下或言宜疾行渡江，全師北向；或言直下金陵，扼長江，絕南北運道；或言宜出巴蜀，據關中，塞殽、函自固。三桂皆不能用，屯松滋，與勒爾錦夾江而軍，相持，皆不敢渡江決戰。既，還援長沙。晚乃欲通閩、粵道，糾精忠、之信复叛，攻永興未下而死。吳國貴复議舍湖南，北向爭天下，陸軍出荊、襄趨河南，水軍下武昌，掠舟順流撼江左。諸將俱重棄滇、黔，馬寶首梗議，乃罷。

When Wu Sangui first rose in rebellion, some of his advisers urged him to cross the Yangzi swiftly with his entire army and drive north. Others urged him to push straight to Nanjing, seize the Yangzi, and cut off the north-south supply lines. Still others urged him to move through Ba and Shu, hold the Guanzhong region, and seal the Xiao and Han passes to secure his position. Wu Sangui accepted none of these plans. He encamped at Songzi and faced Le'erjin across the Yangzi in a prolonged standoff, with neither side daring to cross for a decisive battle. He then turned back to relieve Changsha. Only late in the war did he try to open routes through Fujian and Guangdong and urge Geng Jingzhong and Shang Zhixin to rebel again. He died before Yongxing had fallen. Wu Guogui again proposed abandoning Hunan and turning north to contest the empire: the land army would advance through Jing and Xiang toward Henan, while the fleet would descend on Wuchang, seize boats, and sweep downstream to threaten the lower Yangzi. The generals were strongly opposed to abandoning Yunnan and Guizhou, with Ma Bao leading the opposition, and the plan was abandoned.

上以勒爾錦頓兵荊州不進，時尚善卒，貝勒察尼代為安遠靖寇大將軍，攻岳州，吳應麒守堅，久未下。下詔將親征，聞三桂死，乃罷。趣諸軍分道並進，並敕招撫陷賊官民。察尼屯君山，不能斷湖道，至是造鳥船百、沙船四百餘，配以兵三萬，水師始成軍，以貝勒鄂鼐統之。用林興珠策，以其半泊君山，斷常德道；以其半分泊扁山、香爐峽、布袋口諸地；陸軍屯九貴山，斷岳州、衡州道。水陸綿亙百里，岳州餉竭援窮，應麒與諸將江義、巴養元、杜輝駕巨艦二百，乘風犯柳林嘴。察尼令水師棹輕舟，越敵艦，發砲擊之，毀過半，兵皆入水死。應麒復將五千人犯陸石，將軍鄂訥、前鋒統領杭奇率師擊之，應麒敗走。杜輝有子在師中，通使約降，事泄，應麒殺輝。諸將日構隙，陳華、李超、王度衝等以舟師降。應麒收殘卒，挾輜重，潰圍奔長沙，胡國柱亦棄城與俱走。察尼率師自岳州進克華容、安鄉、湘潭、衡山諸縣。

With Le'erjin's army stalled at Jingzhou and Prince Shangshan now dead, Prince Chani replaced him as Grand General for Pacifying the Distant and Quelling Rebels and attacked Yuezhou, but Wu Yingqi defended stubbornly and the city long remained untaken. The emperor issued an edict announcing that he would take the field in person, but when news of Wu Sangui's death arrived, the plan was dropped. He ordered all armies to advance together along separate routes and issued instructions to offer surrender and pacification to officials and commoners who had sided with the rebels. Chani had been encamped at Junshan but could not sever Wu Sangui's lake supply lines. At this point the Qing forces built one hundred bird boats and more than four hundred sand boats, manned them with thirty thousand troops, and at last had a proper navy under Prince E'nai. Following Lin Xingzhu's plan, half the fleet was moored at Junshan to block the Changde route. The other half was divided among Bianshan, Xianglu Gorge, Budai Mouth, and other positions. The land army encamped at Jiuguishan to block the routes between Yuezhou and Hengzhou. Land and naval forces now stretched for a hundred li in an unbroken cordon. With Yuezhou's supplies exhausted and reinforcements cut off, Wu Yingqi and his generals Jiang Yi, Ba Yangyuan, and Du Hui took two hundred great warships, caught a favorable wind, and attacked Willow Grove Mouth. Chani ordered his fleet to row light boats past the enemy warships and open fire. More than half were destroyed, and the rebel soldiers all drowned. Wu Yingqi again led five thousand men against Lushi. General E'ne and Vanguard Commander Hang Qi led troops against him, and Wu Yingqi was defeated and fled. Du Hui had a son serving in the Qing army and sent a messenger to arrange surrender, but when the plot was exposed Wu Yingqi executed him. The rebel generals grew more estranged from one another by the day, until Chen Hua, Li Chao, Wang Duchong, and others surrendered with their fleet. Wu Yingqi gathered the surviving troops, loaded the baggage train, and broke through the siege to flee toward Changsha; Hu Guozhu abandoned the city as well and withdrew with him. Chani led his army south from Yuezhou and captured Huarong, Anxiang, Xiangtan, and Hengshan.

勒爾錦聞三桂死，率師自荊州渡江，三桂所部勒水師泊虎渡上游、陸師屯鎮荊山，皆潰走。分兵定松滋、枝江、宜都、石門、慈利、澧州，進克常德。喇布率師入衡州，進取祁陽、耒陽，復進克寶慶。是時吳國貴自衡州退屯武岡，與馬寶俱。吳應麒自岳州退屯辰州，胡國柱自長沙退屯辰龍關，相犄角力守。穆佔師進克永明、江華、東安、道州，復進取永州。岳樂師自衡州復常寧，攻武岡，國貴以二萬人據楓木嶺拒戰。岳樂令林興珠與提督趙國祚督兵奮擊，國貴死，兵潰。貝子彰泰等逐至木瓜橋，大破之，武岡下。上召岳樂還京師，彰泰代為定遠平寇大將軍，令與穆佔議進取。是歲，將軍莽依圖等師徇廣西，世琮走死。

When Le'erjin learned of Wu Sangui's death, he led his army from Jingzhou across the Yangzi. Wu Sangui's former naval force lay moored upstream at Hudu and his land army at Zhenjing Mountain; both broke and fled. He sent detachments to secure Songzi, Zhijiang, Yidu, Shimen, Cili, and Lizhou, then advanced and took Changde. Labu led his army into Hengzhou, seized Qiyang and Leiyang, and then pushed on to capture Shaocheng. By then Wu Guogui had withdrawn from Hengzhou to Wugang, where he joined Ma Bao. Wu Yingqi fell back from Yuezhou to Chenzhou, while Hu Guozhu withdrew from Changsha to Chenlong Pass; the two positions formed a mutual defense, and they fought hard to hold the line. Muzhan's army captured Yongming, Jianghua, Dong'an, and Daozhou, then pressed on toward Yongzhou. Yuele's army recovered Changning from Hengzhou and attacked Wugang. Wu Guogui took twenty thousand men to Fengmu Ridge and made a stand. Yuele ordered Lin Xingzhu and Regional Commander Zhao Guozuo to lead a fierce assault. Wu Guogui was killed and his army broke. Prince Zhangtai and others pursued the rebels to Mugua Bridge and crushed them; Wugang then fell. The Emperor recalled Yuele to the capital and appointed Prince Zhangtai Grand General for Pacifying Bandits at a Distance in his place, instructing him to plan the next advance with Muzhan. That year General Mangyitu swept through Guangxi; Wu Shicong fled and perished.

十九年春，將軍趙良棟自略陽破陽平關，克成都。王進寶自鳳縣破武關，取漢中。王屏籓走保寧，師從之，戰於錦屏山，薄城，屏籓自殺。保寧下，進克順慶。將軍吳丹、提督徐治都自巫山克夔州、重慶，楊來嘉、譚弘先後降。察尼攻辰龍關，出間道襲破之，克辰州。楊寶廕、崔世祿皆降。彰泰師克沅州，吳應麒、胡國柱走貴陽。上召勒爾錦、察尼還京師，趣彰泰與穆佔、蔡毓榮等自沅州，喇布自南寧，吳丹、趙良棟自遵義，三道並進。世璠令應麒與王會、高啟隆、夏國相合兵入四川，掠瀘州、敘州，進陷永寧。譚弘复叛，陷夔州。上复趣彰泰速下貴陽，命賚塔為平南大將軍，盡護廣西諸軍。吳丹坐不援永寧，罷，命趙良棟盡護四川諸軍，仍三道入雲南。世璠召會、啟隆、國相自四川還援貴陽，令馬寶、胡國柱等掠四川。

In the spring of the nineteenth year, General Zhao Liangdong broke through Yangping Pass from Lueyang and took Chengdu. Wang Jinbao broke through Wuguan Pass from Feng County and seized Hanzhong. Wang Pingfan fled to Baoning, and the Qing army pursued. After fighting at Jinping Mountain and closing on the city walls, Wang Pingfan took his own life. Once Baoning fell, the army advanced and took Shunqing. General Wu Dan and Regional Commander Xu Zhidu advanced from Wushan and captured Kuizhou and Chongqing. Yang Laijia and Tan Hong surrendered in turn. Chani assaulted Chenlong Pass, sent a detachment by a hidden route to take it by surprise, and then captured Chenzhou. Yang Baoyin and Cui Shilu both surrendered. Prince Zhangtai's army took Yuanzhou, and Wu Yingqi and Hu Guozhu fled to Guiyang. The Emperor recalled Le'erjin and Chani to the capital and ordered a three-pronged advance: Zhangtai with Muzhan and Cai Yurong from Yuanzhou, Labu from Nanning, and Wu Dan and Zhao Liangdong from Zunyi. Wu Shifan sent Wu Yingqi, Wang Hui, Gao Qilong, and Xia Guoxiang into Sichuan with a combined force. They raided Luzhou and Xuzhou and then captured Yongning. Tan Hong rebelled again and retook Kuizhou. The Emperor again pressed Zhangtai to seize Guiyang without delay, appointed Prince La Grand General for Pacifying the South, and placed all Guangxi forces under his command. Wu Dan was dismissed for failing to relieve Yongning. Zhao Liangdong was given command of all Sichuan forces, and the three armies continued their advance into Yunnan. Wu Shifan recalled Wang Hui, Gao Qilong, and Xia Guoxiang from Sichuan to defend Guiyang and sent Ma Bao, Hu Guozhu, and others to ravage Sichuan instead.

十月，彰泰師克鎮遠，世璠將張足法等敗走。復進取平越，克新添、龍里二衛，薄貴陽。世璠與應麒等奔還雲南。貴陽與安順、石阡、都勻諸府並下。世璠所署侍郎郭昌、邱元，總兵臧世遠、齊聘金、文台等，率將吏百數十人、兵一千三百有奇，詣彰泰軍降。師復進，世璠所署總兵蔡國昌、平遠知府鄭開樞等以平遠降。戰於永寧，至雞公背，世璠兵焚盤江鐵索橋走。普安土司龍天祜，永寧土司沙起龍、禮廷試造浮橋濟師。

In the tenth month Prince Zhangtai's army took Zhenyuan, and Wu Shifan's generals Zhang Zufa and others were routed. They pushed on toward Pingyue, captured the garrisons of Xintian and Longli, and closed in on Guiyang. Wu Shifan fled back to Yunnan with Wu Yingqi and the others. Guiyang fell, along with the prefectures of Anshun, Shiqian, and Duyun. More than one hundred officers and some thirteen hundred soldiers appointed by Wu Shifan—including Vice Ministers Guo Chang and Qiu Yuan and Regional Commanders Zang Shiyuan, Qi Pinjin, and Wentai—went over to Prince Zhangtai and surrendered. The Qing army pressed forward, and Wu Shifan's appointees Regional Commander Cai Guochang and Pingyuan Prefect Zheng Kaishu surrendered the city of Pingyuan. Fighting reached Yongning and then Jigongbei, where Wu Shifan's troops burned the iron-chain bridge over the Pan River and fled. The native chieftain Long Tianyou of Pu'an and the Yongning chieftains Sha Qilong and Li Tingshi built pontoon bridges to help the army cross.

二十年春，世璠以高啟隆為大將軍，與夏國相、王會、王永清、張足法等將二萬人拒彰泰，复陷平遠，屯城西南山上，穆佔與提督趙賴進擊破之。啟隆等走，會降，復取平遠。彰泰師進次安南衛，世璠將線緎、巴養元、鄭旺、李繼業以萬餘人屯盤江西坡，為像陣，師初戰，為緎等所敗。越二日，彰泰令總兵白成功等進擊，戰於沙子哨，力鬥，自午至酉，師分隊奮進，緎等夜走。遣都統龔圖等逐之，至臘茄坡，再戰，緎等退保交水城。克新興所、普安州，黔西、大定諸府皆下，斬世璠所署巡撫張維堅。賚塔師自田州進次西隆州，世璠將何繼祖以萬人屯石門坎守隘。賚塔督兵分隊進攻，奪隘，復安籠所。繼祖退至新城所，復與世璠將詹養、王有功等，合兵二萬人屯黃草壩，為像陣堅守。賚塔督兵進，力戰，奪壘二十二，獲養、有功，俘兵千餘。復進破曲靖，取交水城。緎等復走，遂克馬龍州易龍所、揚林城，彰泰師亦至，兩軍會於嵩明。

In the spring of the twentieth year Wu Shifan appointed Gao Qilong Grand General and sent him with Xia Guoxiang, Wang Hui, Wang Yongqing, Zhang Zufa, and twenty thousand men to block Prince Zhangtai. They retook Pingyuan and held the heights southwest of the city until Muzhan and Regional Commander Zhao Lai attacked and broke them. Gao Qilong and the others fled, Wang Hui surrendered, and the Qing army recovered Pingyuan. Prince Zhangtai's army halted at Annan Guard. Wu Shifan's generals Xian Yu, Ba Yangyuan, Zheng Wang, and Li Jiye held Panjiang Xipo with more than ten thousand men in an elephant formation and repulsed the Qing force in the first engagement. Two days later Prince Zhangtai ordered Regional Commander Bai Chenggong and others to attack. At Shazishao the armies fought from noon until evening; the Qing forces then split into columns and pressed the attack, and Xian Yu and his men fled under cover of night. Prince Zhangtai sent Commandant Gong Tu and others in pursuit to Lajia Slope. After another battle, Xian Yu and his men fell back to defend Jiaoshui City. The Qing army took Xinxing Post and Pu'an Prefecture, and the prefectures of Qianxi and Dading followed. Zhang Weijian, whom Wu Shifan had appointed Grand Coordinator, was executed. Prince La's army advanced from Tianzhou to Xilong Prefecture, where Wu Shifan's general He Jizu blocked the route with ten thousand men at Shimenkan. Prince La attacked in columns, broke the pass, and recovered Anlong Post. He Jizu fell back to Xincheng Post and joined Wu Shifan's generals Zhan Yang and Wang Yougong with a combined force of twenty thousand men at Huangcao Dam, where they drew up an elephant formation and dug in. Prince La pressed the attack in heavy fighting, took twenty-two stockades, captured Zhan Yang and Wang Yougong, and made more than a thousand prisoners. They pushed on, broke through at Qujing, and captured Jiaoshui City. Xian Yu and his men fled again. The Qing forces then took Malong Prefecture, Yilong Post, and Yanglin City. Prince Zhangtai's army arrived as well, and the two columns united at Songming.

二月，進攻雲南會城，屯歸化寺，世璠遣將胡國柄等將萬人為像陣拒戰。彰泰、賚塔督兵進擊，大破之，斬國柄及裨將九，俘六百餘，追之，薄城。世璠將張國柱、李髮美等先後降。臨安、姚安、大理、鶴慶、麗江諸府悉下。世璠召馬寶、胡國柱、夏國相等還救雲南。上諭趙良棟等分兵邀擊寶等。寶自尋甸至楚雄，屯烏木，兵潰，與巴養元、趙國祚、鄭旺、李繼業、郎應璧等詣姚安降。國柱自麗江、鶴慶入雲龍州，窮蹙自縊死。夏國相自平越敗後走廣西，總兵李國樑遣兵圍之，亦與王永清、江義等出降，世璠援絕。趙良棟師自夾江克雅州，復建昌，渡金沙江，次武定，復進次綿竹。九月，進與彰泰、賚塔諸軍合。時圍城已數月未下，良棟議斷昆明湖水道，主速攻，督兵薄城，圍之數重。線緎等謀執世璠及郭壯圖以降，世璠與壯圖皆自殺。十月戊申，緎等以城降。穆佔與都統馬齊先入城，籍賊黨，執方光琛及其子學潛、從子學範，磔於軍前。戮世璠屍，傳首京師。世璠所署將吏一千五百餘、兵五千有奇，皆降。雲南、貴州、四川、湖廣諸省悉平。上令宣捷詔，赦天下。二十一年春，從議政王大臣請，析三桂骸，傳示天下。懸世璠首於市。磔馬寶、夏國相、李本深、王永清、江義，親屬坐斬。斬高啟隆、張國柱、巴養元、鄭旺、李繼業，財產妻女入官。

In the second month the allied armies attacked the Yunnan provincial capital and encamped at Guihua Temple. Wu Shifan sent Hu Guobing and ten thousand men in an elephant formation to meet them. Prince Zhangtai and Prince La led the assault and shattered the rebel force, killing Hu Guobing and nine subordinate commanders and taking more than six hundred prisoners. The pursuit carried the Qing army to the city walls. Wu Shifan's generals Zhang Guozhu, Li Famei, and others surrendered in succession. The prefectures of Lin'an, Yao'an, Dali, Heqing, and Lijiang all submitted. Wu Shifan recalled Ma Bao, Hu Guozhu, Xia Guoxiang, and the others to save Yunnan. The Emperor ordered Zhao Liangdong and others to send detachments to intercept Ma Bao and his force. Ma Bao marched from Xundian to Chuxiong and encamped at Wumu, but his army broke. He went to Yao'an with Ba Yangyuan, Zhao Guozuo, Zheng Wang, Li Jiye, Lang Yingbi, and others and surrendered. Hu Guozhu entered Yunlong Prefecture from Lijiang and Heqing and, cornered at last, hanged himself. After his defeat at Pingyue, Xia Guoxiang fled into Guangxi, where Regional Commander Li Guoliang surrounded him. He surrendered together with Wang Yongqing and Jiang Yi, and Wu Shifan was cut off from all relief. Zhao Liangdong's army took Yazhou from Jiajiang, recovered Jianchang, crossed the Jinsha River, halted at Wuding, and then pushed on to Mianzhu. In the ninth month he marched in and joined Prince Zhangtai, Prince La, and the other Qing armies. The siege had already dragged on for months without success. Zhao Liangdong proposed cutting Kunming Lake's water supply to the city and urged a rapid assault. He drove his troops to the walls and tightened the encirclement in ring after ring. Xian Yu and others plotted to seize Wu Shifan and Guo Zhuangtu and deliver them to the Qing, but Wu Shifan and Guo Zhuangtu both took their own lives. On the wushen day of the tenth month, Xian Yu and the others surrendered the city. Muzhan and Commandant Ma Qi were the first to enter the city. They catalogued the rebel partisans, seized Fang Guangchen along with his son Xueqian and nephew Xuefan, and had them torn apart before the army. Wu Shifan's corpse was mutilated and his head sent to the capital. More than fifteen hundred officers and some five thousand soldiers whom Wu Shifan had appointed all surrendered. Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Huguang were all pacified. The Emperor issued a proclamation of victory and granted a general amnesty. In the spring of the twenty-first year, at the Prince Regents' request, Wu Sangui's remains were dismembered and displayed throughout the empire. Wu Shifan's head was displayed in the marketplace. Ma Bao, Xia Guoxiang, Li Benshen, Wang Yongqing, and Jiang Yi were executed by dismemberment, and their kinsmen were put to death as well. Gao Qilong, Zhang Guozhu, Ba Yangyuan, Zheng Wang, and Li Jiye were beheaded, and their property, wives, and daughters were confiscated.

三桂諸將，馬寶、王屏籓最驍勇善戰。寶初為流賊，降明桂王由榔為將。桂王奔南甸，寶降於三桂，為忠勇中營總兵。三桂反，率兵前驅，盡陷貴州至湖廣南境諸郡縣，封國公。再入廣西，一入四川，敗走姚安，詣希福軍降，至是死。屏籓亦三桂所倚任，代高啟隆為忠勇左營總兵。三桂反，令入四川為王輔臣聲援。自秦州退守保寧，敗我師蟠龍山。十九年，師克保寧，自殺。

Of Wu Sangui's generals, Ma Bao and Wang Pingfan were the fiercest and most formidable in battle. Ma Bao had begun as a bandit chief before entering the service of the Ming Prince of Gui, Zhu Youlang. When the Prince of Gui fled to Nandian, Ma Bao went over to Wu Sangui and was made Regional Commander of the Loyal and Valiant Middle Camp. When Wu Sangui rebelled, Ma Bao led the vanguard and overran the prefectures and counties from Guizhou to the southern reaches of Huguang. He was enfeoffed as Duke of the State. He campaigned again in Guangxi and once in Sichuan, was routed and fled to Yao'an, surrendered to General Xifu, and was put to death on this occasion. Wang Pingfan was likewise one of Wu Sangui's most trusted commanders and succeeded Gao Qilong as Regional Commander of the Loyal and Valiant Left Camp. When Wu Sangui rebelled, he sent Wang Pingfan into Sichuan to support Wang Fuchen. He withdrew from Qinzhou to hold Baoning and defeated the Qing army at Panlong Mountain. In the nineteenth year the Qing army took Baoning, and he killed himself.

諸專閫大將叛降三桂助亂者：雲南提督張國柱，貴州提督李本深，總兵王永清，副將江義，四川總兵譚弘、吳之茂，湖廣總兵楊來嘉，廣東總兵祖澤清，而陝西提督王輔臣兵最強，亂尤劇。

Among the frontier commanders who defected to Wu Sangui were Yunnan Regional Commander Zhang Guozhu, Guizhou Regional Commander Li Benshen, Regional Commander Wang Yongqing, Vice Commander Jiang Yi, Sichuan Regional Commanders Tan Hong and Wu Zhimao, Huguang Regional Commander Yang Laijia, and Guangdong Regional Commander Zu Zeqing. Shaanxi Regional Commander Wang Fuchen commanded the strongest force, and the disorder was fiercest where he fought.

國柱，明副將，來降。從續順公沈永忠下湖南，又從可喜定廣東，累遷至提督。三桂反，授以大將軍，封國公。陷衡州，圍長沙，戰岳州，皆國柱力。師圍世璠，乃自大理出降。

Zhang Guozhu had been a Ming vice commander before he surrendered to the Qing. He followed Prince Xushun Shen Yongzhong into Hunan and later joined Kexi in the pacification of Guangdong, rising step by step to regional commander. When Wu Sangui rebelled, Zhang Guozhu was made Grand General and enfeoffed as Duke of the State. The capture of Hengzhou, the siege of Changsha, and the fighting at Yuezhou were largely his work. When the Qing army besieged Wu Shifan, he surrendered from Dali.

本深，明總兵高傑甥，傑死，以提督代將。降於豫親王多鐸，授三等精奇尼哈番，累遷至提督。三桂反，授以將軍。彰泰師克貴陽，出降。

Li Benshen was a nephew of the Ming commander Gao Jie. After Gao Jie died, Li Benshen succeeded him as regional commander. He surrendered to Prince Yu Duo and received the third-rank hereditary title of jingkiniha, eventually rising to regional commander. When Wu Sangui rebelled, Li Benshen was made a general in his service. When Prince Zhangtai took Guiyang, Li Benshen surrendered.

永清以黔西鎮，義以鎮遠協，戕文焜，先後附三桂。至是同死。

Wang Yongqing commanded the Qianxi garrison and Jiang Yi the Zhenyuan brigade. They murdered Wen Kun and later joined Wu Sangui. They were executed together on this occasion.

弘，初以明將降，累遷至總兵。三桂反，與四川提督鄭蛟麟、總兵吳之茂合謀叛。蛟麟，明都司，自松山降。三桂使犯漢中，戰敗，復出降。弘獨力戰，屢攻鄖陽。三桂授以將軍，封國公。弘死，子天秘走萬縣，久之始出降，送京師。是年五月，磔死。

Tan Hong had begun as a Ming officer before surrendering to the Qing and rising to regional commander. When Wu Sangui rebelled, Tan Hong plotted rebellion together with Sichuan Regional Commander Zheng Jiaolin and Regional Commander Wu Zhimao. Zheng Jiaolin had been a Ming battalion commander before surrendering after Songshan. Wu Sangui sent him against Hanzhong, but after defeat he surrendered to the Qing again. Tan Hong fought on alone and repeatedly assaulted Yunyang. Wu Sangui made him a general and enfeoffed him as Duke of the State. After Tan Hong died, his son Tianmi fled to Wan County and remained at large for a long time before surrendering and being sent to the capital. In the fifth month of that year he was torn apart in execution.

之茂，與屏籓合軍援輔臣，攻秦州，力戰，敗走松潘。還與屏籓守漢中，城下，就擒，送京師誅之。

Wu Zhimao joined Wang Pingfan's army to relieve Wang Fuchen, attacked Qinzhou, fought hard, and was beaten back to Songpan. He returned to hold Hanzhong with Wang Pingfan, but when the city fell he was captured and sent to the capital for execution.

來嘉，初以鄭錦將降，授總兵。三桂反，與副將洪福同叛，三桂授以將軍。來嘉屢攻南漳，福屢攻均州。勒爾錦師渡江，福先降。來嘉敗走巫山，复走重慶。城下，出降，送京師，未至，死。

Yang Laijia had originally been a general under Zheng Chenggong before he surrendered and was appointed regional commander. When Wu Sangui rebelled, Yang Laijia rebelled together with Vice General Hong Fu, and Wu Sangui made him a general. Yang Laijia repeatedly attacked Nanzhang, while Hong Fu repeatedly attacked Junzhou. When Le'erjin's army crossed the Yangzi, Hong Fu surrendered first. Yang Laijia was defeated and fled to Wushan, then retreated again to Chongqing. When the city fell he came out to surrender and was sent to the capital, but he died before he arrived.

澤清，大壽子。以高州叛降三桂。尚之信降，澤清亦降。俄复叛，命之信討之，克高州，獲澤清及其子良楩，送京師磔死。

Zu Zeqing was the son of Zu Dashou. He rebelled from Gaozhou and went over to Wu Sangui. When Shang Zhixin surrendered, Zu Zeqing surrendered as well. Before long he rebelled again. Shang Zhixin was ordered to suppress him, captured Gaozhou, seized Zu Zeqing and his son Liangbin, and sent them to the capital to be dismembered and executed.

輔臣初為盜，號馬鷂子。從姜瓖為亂，降於英親王阿濟格。尋以侍衛從洪承疇南征，事承疇謹，除總兵。三桂留授援剿右鎮，從入緬甸，破桂王，遷提督。三桂反，招使叛，輔臣以聞，授三等精奇尼哈番，官其子繼貞。經略大學士莫洛自陝西入四川，以輔臣從。次寧羌，脅眾擊殺莫洛，反，三桂授以大將軍，固原、定邊、臨洮、蘭州、同州諸將吏悉附，大將軍貝勒董額討焉。輔臣保平涼，久不下。大學士圖海代將，督兵力攻，乃出降。詔复官爵，加太子太保，授靖寇將軍，從圖海駐漢中。輔臣內不自安，與其妻妾縊，獨不死；圖海師還，偕至西安，一夕死。上不深罪，但命停世襲，罷繼貞官。

Wang Fuchen had originally been a bandit known by the nickname the Hawk. He followed Jiang Xiang in rebellion and later surrendered to Prince Ying Ajige. He soon served as an imperial bodyguard under Hong Chengchou on the southern campaign, attended Hong Chengchou with scrupulous loyalty, and was appointed regional commander. Wu Sangui kept him on and appointed him to the Right Garrison for Relief and Suppression. He followed Wu Sangui into Burma, helped defeat Prince Gui, and was promoted to Provincial Commander. When Wu Sangui rebelled he tried to induce Wang Fuchen to join him. Wang Fuchen reported the overture to the court, was granted third-rank jingqi nihahan, and his son Jizhen was given an official post. Grand Secretary Mo Luo, the commissioner-general, entered Sichuan from Shaanxi with Wang Fuchen in his train. At Ningqiang he forced his followers to kill Mo Luo and rebelled. Wu Sangui made him Grand General, and the commanders and officials of Guyuan, Dingbian, Lintao, Lanzhou, Tongzhou, and the surrounding districts all rallied to him. Grand General Prince Dong'e was sent to suppress the revolt. Wang Fuchen held Pingliang, and for a long time the city could not be taken. Grand Secretary Tu Hai replaced the field commander, pressed a full-strength assault, and Wang Fuchen then came out and surrendered. An edict restored his rank and titles, made him Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and General for Pacifying Rebels, and he followed Tu Hai to garrison Hanzhong. Wang Fuchen could not live at ease with himself. He and his wives and concubines hanged themselves, but he alone survived; When Tu Hai's army returned, Wang Fuchen accompanied him to Xi'an and died one night. The emperor did not punish him harshly, but ordered that hereditary succession be stopped and Jizhen dismissed from office.

耿精忠，靖南王繼茂子。順治中，繼茂遣入侍，世祖授以一等精奇尼哈番，尚肅親王豪格女，封和碩額駙。康熙十年，繼茂卒，襲爵。十二年，疏請撤籓，許之，遣侍郎陳一炳如福建料理。三桂反，命仍留鎮，召一炳還。三桂以書招精忠，精忠與籓下都統馬九玉，總兵曾養性、江元勳，參領白顯忠、徐文耀、王世瑜、王振邦、蔣得鋐等謀應三桂，獨九玉以為不可，養性等皆讚之。

Geng Jingzhong was the son of Prince Jingnan Geng Jingmao. During the Shunzhi reign Geng Jingmao sent him to serve at court. The Shizu emperor granted him first-rank jingqi nihahan, matched him with a daughter of Prince Su Hooge, and enfeoffed him as imperial son-in-law. In the tenth year of the Kangxi reign Geng Jingmao died, and Geng Jingzhong inherited the title. In the twelfth year he memorialized requesting the withdrawal of the princely establishment. Permission was granted, and Vice Minister Chen Yibing was sent to Fujian to manage the transition. When Wu Sangui rebelled, Geng Jingzhong was ordered to remain in command, and Chen Yibing was recalled. Wu Sangui sent a letter recruiting Geng Jingzhong. Geng Jingzhong together with his garrison colonel Ma Jiuyu, generals Zeng Yangxing and Jiang Yuanxun, and adjutants Bai Xianzhong, Xu Wenyao, Wang Shiyu, Wang Zhenbang, Jiang Dechuan, and others plotted to join him. Only Ma Jiuyu thought it unwise, while Yangxing and the others all approved.

十三年三月，發兵反，脅總督范承謨，不屈，執而幽之，並及其賓從眷屬。巡撫劉秉政降。精忠自稱總統兵馬大將軍。蓄髮，易衣冠。鑄錢曰「裕民通寶」。以養性、顯忠、元勳為將軍，分陷延平、邵武、福寧、建寧、汀州諸府。約三桂合兵入江西。嗾潮州總兵劉進忠擾廣東。又招鄭錦發兵取沿海郡縣為聲援。浙江總督李之芳聞亂，出駐衢州，遣副將王廷梅等四出禦戰。上命將軍賚塔出浙江，將軍希爾根出江西，削精忠爵，聲討。仍遣郎中周襄緒偕精忠護衛陳嘉猷齎敕招撫，精忠留之軍中。養性與林沖、徐尚朝、馮公輔、沙有祥等將萬餘人出仙霞關，陷江山、平陽，游擊司定猷縛總兵蔡朝佐，以城降。渡飛雲江，攻瑞安不下。移師攻溫州，總兵祖弘勳以城降。巡道陳丹赤、永嘉知縣馬閟死之。精忠授弘勳將軍，眾至十萬，陷樂清、天台、仙居、嵊縣，而寧海、象山、新昌、餘姚諸縣土寇競起。養性請於精忠官其渠，使屯大嵐山，擾紹興、寧波。破黃岩，總兵阿爾泰降。分兵犯金華，精忠與其將周列、王飛石、桑明等陷廣信、建昌、饒州。復合玉山、永豐土寇東犯常山，陷開化、壽昌、淳安、遂安諸縣。別遣兵攻徽州、婺源、祁門。

In the third month of the thirteenth year he raised troops in rebellion and tried to coerce Governor Fan Chengmo, who refused to submit. Fan was seized and imprisoned, together with his guests, attendants, and family. Governor Liu Bingzheng surrendered. Geng Jingzhong styled himself Grand General Commanding All Forces. He let his hair grow out again and changed his dress. He cast coin bearing the inscription Yumin Tongbao. He made Yangxing, Xianzhong, and Yuanxun his generals and sent them to capture Yanping, Shaowu, Funing, Jianning, Tingzhou, and the other prefectures. He arranged to join forces with Wu Sangui and enter Jiangxi. He incited Chaozhou General Liu Jinzhong to harry Guangdong. He also called on Zheng Chenggong's son to send troops and seize coastal prefectures and counties as a supporting force. When Zhejiang Governor Li Zhifang heard of the rebellion, he went out to garrison Quzhou and dispatched Vice Generals Wang Tingmei and others in four directions to meet the enemy. The emperor ordered General Zaita into Zhejiang and General Xiligen into Jiangxi, stripped Geng Jingzhong of his title, and proclaimed a punitive campaign against him. He still sent Director Zhou Xiangxu together with Geng Jingzhong's guard Chen Jiayou to bear an edict offering amnesty, but Geng Jingzhong detained them in his camp. Zeng Yangxing with Lin Chong, Xu Shangchao, Feng Gongfu, Sha Youxiang, and others led more than ten thousand men out through Xianxia Pass and captured Jiangshan and Pingyang. Guerrilla Commander Si Dingyou bound Regional Commander Cai Chaozuo and surrendered the city. They crossed the Feiyun River but failed to take Ruian. They shifted their army to attack Wenzhou, and Regional Commander Zu Hongxun surrendered the city. Circuit Intendant Chen Danchi and Yongjia Magistrate Ma Kang died in the fighting. Geng Jingzhong made Zu Hongxun a general. His forces swelled to one hundred thousand men, and they captured Yueqing, Tiantai, Xianju, and Sheng County, while local bandits rose up all across Ninghai, Xiangshan, Xinchang, Yuyao, and the surrounding counties. Zeng Yangxing asked Geng Jingzhong to grant the bandit chiefs official rank and station them on Mount Dalanshan to harry Shaoxing and Ningbo. They broke Huangyan, and Regional Commander Aertai surrendered. They divided their forces to invade Jinhua, and Geng Jingzhong with his generals Zhou Lie, Wang Feishi, and Sang Ming captured Guangxin, Jianchang, and Raozhou. They joined forces again with bandits from Yushan and Yongfeng, invaded Changshan from the east, and captured Kaihua, Shoucang, Chunan, and Suian. Separate detachments were sent to attack Huizhou, Wuyuan, and Qimen.

上令康親王杰書為奉命大將軍，貝子傅喇塔為寧海將軍，率師下浙江。又以岳樂、喇布兩軍為聲援。將軍賚塔師次衢州，養性自常山來犯，賚塔同之芳遣兵擊卻之。副將牟大寅戰常山，斬精忠將張宏。洪起元戰紹興，复嵊縣。鮑虎戰淳安，擒飛石、明，复壽昌、遂安。養性、尚朝等以五萬人攻金華，副都統瑪哈達、總兵陳世凱等與戰於木道山，斬二萬餘級，養性走天台。十四年，養性復以步騎數万攻金華，遣其將硃飛熊率舟師水陸並進，傅喇塔擊斬飛熊，養性退屯茂平嶺。巡道許弘勳擊破大嵐山土寇，斬其渠。傅喇塔督兵自間道出茂平嶺背，養性兵潰，复黃岩、樂清。養性走保溫州，傅喇塔督兵合圍。瑪哈達擊敗尚朝、公輔、有祥等，复處州。穆赫林擊敗林沖，复仙居。喇布以兵助將軍額楚定徽州、婺源、祁門。將軍希爾根亦復建昌、饒州。

The emperor appointed Prince Kang Jieshu Grand General on Imperial Commission and Prince Fuzhalata General for Pacifying the Sea, and they led their armies south into Zhejiang. The armies of Prince Yuele and Labu were also sent as a supporting force. General Zaita's army halted at Quzhou. Zeng Yangxing came down from Changshan to attack, but Zaita and Li Zhifang dispatched troops and drove him back. Vice General Mou Dayin fought at Changshan and beheaded Geng Jingzhong's general Zhang Hong. Hong Qiyuan fought at Shaoxing and recovered Sheng County. Bao Hu fought at Chunan, captured Wang Feishi and Sang Ming, and recovered Shoucang and Suian. Zeng Yangxing, Xu Shangchao, and others attacked Jinhua with fifty thousand men. Vice Colonel Mahada, General Chen Shikai, and others fought them at Mudao Mountain, killed more than twenty thousand rebels, and Yangxing fled to Tiantai. In the fourteenth year Zeng Yangxing again attacked Jinhua with tens of thousands of infantry and cavalry and sent his general Zhu Feixiong with a fleet to advance by land and water together. Prince Fuzhalata attacked and killed Feixiong, and Yangxing withdrew to Maoping Ridge. Circuit Intendant Xu Hongxun defeated the bandits on Mount Dalanshan and beheaded their leader. Prince Fuzhalata led his troops along a hidden route to the rear of Maoping Ridge. Yangxing's army broke, and Huangyan and Yueqing were recovered. Zeng Yangxing fled to hold Wenzhou, and Prince Fuzhalata directed his troops to join in the encirclement. Mahada defeated Xu Shangchao, Feng Gongfu, Sha Youxiang, and the others and recovered Chuzhou. Muhelin defeated Lin Chong and recovered Xianju. Labu sent troops to assist General Echu in securing Huizhou, Wuyuan, and Qimen. General Xiligen also recovered Jianchang and Raozhou.

岳樂師次南昌，諭精忠，精忠以謾書答之。上復遣其弟聚忠齎敕諭降，至衢州，精忠拒不納。精忠母周氏，阻精忠毋叛，精忠不聽，周氏憤死。精忠攻衢州，戰屢敗，以馬九玉為將軍，率兵屯江山，而鄭錦兵至，據泉、漳諸地，與精忠扌冓釁。尚可喜請援，上令喇布自江西下廣東。精忠遣其將邵連登等擾建昌，進攻撫州、贛州。三桂兵陷袁州、吉安，相犄角，阻師行。尚之信亦叛。

Prince Yuele's army halted at Nanchang and addressed Geng Jingzhong, who replied with an insulting letter. The emperor again sent his younger brother Juzhong bearing an edict summoning surrender, but when they reached Quzhou Geng Jingzhong refused to receive them. Geng Jingzhong's mother, Lady Zhou, urged him not to rebel, but he would not listen, and she died of indignation. Geng Jingzhong attacked Quzhou but was repeatedly defeated. He made Ma Jiuyu a general and led troops to garrison Jiangshan, but Zheng Chenggong's son's troops arrived, seized Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, and other places, and clashed with Geng Jingzhong. Shang Kexi requested aid, and the emperor ordered Labu down from Jiangxi into Guangdong. Geng Jingzhong dispatched his generals Shao Liandeng and others to harry Jianchang and advance against Fuzhou and Ganzhou. Wu Sangui's troops captured Yuanzhou and Ji'an. The two rebel forces supported each other in a pincer and blocked the Qing advance. Shang Zhixin also rebelled.

十五年春，傅喇塔自黃岩進攻溫州，力戰，屢破敵壘。養性憑江拒戰，累月未能薄城。上趣傑書自金華至衢州，下福建。八月，傑書與賚塔、之芳督兵擊九玉，戰於大溪灘，九玉敗走，克江山。招仙霞關守將金應虎降，遂入關，拔浦城。鄭錦兵侵興化，將及福州。精忠勢漸蹙，謀出降，先使人戕承謨及其客嵇永仁等。傑書師進次建陽，書諭降精忠，答書請宣詔赦罪。師復進，克建寧，次延平。精忠遣其子顯祚及襄緒、嘉猷出迎師。傑書使齎敕宣示，精忠乃出降，請從軍討錦自效。傑書以聞，詔复爵，以其弟昭忠為鎮平將軍，駐福州，命精忠從軍討錦。錦敗，還台灣。乃移師趨潮州，進忠出降，令精忠駐焉。養性在溫州，屢出戰，傅喇塔督兵擊破之。養性墮水，復入城困守，精忠降，亦降，仍為籓下總兵。

In the spring of the fifteenth year Prince Fuzhalata advanced from Huangyan against Wenzhou, fought fiercely, and repeatedly broke the enemy's fortifications. Zeng Yangxing fought from across the river to resist, and for months the Qing forces could not approach the walls. The emperor pressed Prince Jieshu from Jinhua to Quzhou and then down into Fujian. In the eighth month Prince Jieshu with Zaita and Li Zhifang directed troops against Ma Jiuyu. They fought at Daxi Beach, Jiuyu was defeated and fled, and Jiangshan fell. Xianxia Pass garrison commander Jin Yinghu was induced to surrender. The Qing army then entered the pass and took Pucheng. Zheng Chenggong's son's troops invaded Xinghua and were nearing Fuzhou. Geng Jingzhong's position grew increasingly desperate. He planned to surrender and first had Fan Chengmo and his guest Ji Yongren and others murdered. Prince Jieshu's army advanced to Jianyang and wrote urging Geng Jingzhong to surrender. Geng Jingzhong replied asking that an edict of pardon be proclaimed. The army advanced again, captured Jianning, and halted at Yanping. Geng Jingzhong sent his son Xianzuo together with Zhou Xiangxu and Chen Jiayou out to meet the army. Prince Jieshu had the edict displayed. Geng Jingzhong then came out and surrendered and asked to follow the army against Zheng Chenggong's son to redeem himself. Prince Jieshu reported this to the throne. An edict restored Geng Jingzhong's title, appointed his younger brother Zhaozhong General for Pacifying the Region and stationed him at Fuzhou, and ordered Geng Jingzhong to follow the army against Zheng Chenggong's son. Zheng Chenggong's son was defeated and retreated to Taiwan. The army then shifted toward Chaozhou. Liu Jinzhong came out and surrendered, and Geng Jingzhong was ordered to garrison there. Zeng Yangxing was at Wenzhou and repeatedly came out to fight, but Prince Fuzhalata directed his troops and defeated him. Zeng Yangxing fell into the water, re-entered the city, and held on under siege. When Geng Jingzhong surrendered, Yangxing surrendered as well and remained a general under the princely establishment.

十六年，遣顯祚入侍，授散秩大臣。籓下參領徐鴻弼等使赴兵部具狀，訐精忠降後尚蓄逆謀，昭忠亦以鴻弼等狀聞，上留中未發。十七年，上令精忠還福州，以其祖及父之喪還葬。是秋，三桂死，傑書疏請誅精忠，上諭曰：「今廣西、湖南、四川俱定，賊黨引領冀歸正者不止千百。驟誅精忠，或致寒心。宜令自請來京，庶事皆寧貼。」十九年，精忠請入覲，上以九玉為總兵，轄籓下兵。昭忠、聚忠又疏劾精忠，上乃下鴻弼等狀，令法司按治，系精忠於獄。遣聚忠赴福州宣撫所部。是歲，之信以悖逆誅。二十年，雲南平。二十一年，法司具獄上，上諭廷臣欲寬之。大學士明珠奏精忠負恩謀反，罪浮於之信。乃與養性、顯忠、元勳、進忠、文耀、世瑜、振邦、得鋐並磔於市。顯祚、弘勳等皆斬。秉政逮詣京師，道死。

In the sixteenth year Xianzuo was sent to serve at court and granted the rank of minister without portfolio. Adjutants under the princely establishment, including Xu Hongbi, were sent to the Board of War to submit written accusations that Geng Jingzhong still harbored treasonous designs after his surrender. Zhaozhong also reported Hongbi's accusations, but the emperor kept the matter within the palace and did not act. In the seventeenth year the emperor ordered Geng Jingzhong back to Fuzhou to return and bury the remains of his grandfather and father. That autumn Wu Sangui died. Prince Jieshu memorialized requesting Geng Jingzhong's execution, but the emperor instructed: "Guangxi, Hunan, and Sichuan are all now pacified, and rebel partisans by the hundreds and thousands are looking to submit. To execute Geng Jingzhong suddenly might cause others to lose heart. He should be made to request permission to come to the capital of his own accord, so that all affairs may settle peacefully." In the nineteenth year Geng Jingzhong requested an audience at court. The emperor appointed Ma Jiuyu regional commander to command the forces under the princely establishment. Zhaozhong and Juzhong again memorialized to impeach Geng Jingzhong. The emperor then issued Hongbi's accusations, ordered the judicial authorities to investigate, and imprisoned Geng Jingzhong. The emperor dispatched Geng Juzhong to Fuzhou to reassure and pacify the fief troops. That same year Shang Zhixin was executed for treason and rebellion. In the twentieth year, Yunnan was pacified. In the twenty-first year, the judicial authorities completed the case and submitted it. The emperor told his court officials that he wished to show leniency. Grand Secretary Mingzhu memorialized that Geng Jingzhong had betrayed imperial favor and plotted rebellion, and that his crime was greater even than Shang Zhixin's. Geng Jingzhong was then dismembered in the marketplace together with Yangxing, Xianzhong, Yuanxun, Jinzhong, Wenyao, Shiyu, Zhenbang, and Dexuan. Xianzuo, Hongxun, and others were all beheaded. Bingzheng was arrested and sent to the capital but died on the road.

尚之信，平南王可喜子。順治中，可喜遣入侍，世祖以可喜功多，令之信秩視公爵。康熙十年，聖祖允可喜請，令之信佐軍事。之信酗酒嗜殺，可喜老病，營別宅以居，號令自擅。十二年，可喜用其客金光策，上疏請以二佐領歸老海城，而以之信襲爵留鎮。

Shang Zhixin was the son of Prince of Pingnan Shang Kexi. During the Shunzhi reign, Kexi sent him to serve at court. Because of Kexi's many achievements, the Shunzhi Emperor ordered that Zhixin's rank be treated as that of a duke. In the tenth year of the Kangxi reign, the Kangxi Emperor granted Kexi's request and ordered Zhixin to assist in military affairs. Zhixin drank heavily and was bloodthirsty. Kexi, now old and ill, built a separate residence and withdrew from daily affairs, while Zhixin issued orders on his own authority. In the twelfth year, Kexi employed his retainer Jin Guangce, who memorialized the throne requesting that two commanders escort Kexi in retirement to Haicheng while Zhixin should inherit the title and remain as garrison commander.

光，浙江義烏人，佐可喜久，以捕佛山亂民江鵬翥功，授鴻臚寺卿銜。屢以之信暴戾狀告可喜，為可喜謀，冀得見上自陳。上以可喜疏下部議，令並移所部，遣尚書梁清標如廣東料理。三桂反，命可喜仍留鎮，召清標還。總兵劉進忠以潮州叛，可喜遣次子之孝率兵討之。上授之孝平南大將軍，而命之信以討寇將軍銜協謀征剿。鄭錦遣兵助進忠。總兵祖澤清復以高州叛，孫延齡將馬雄引三桂將董重民、李廷棟、王弘勳等陷雷、廉二郡。之孝退保惠州。十五年春，可喜病益劇，之信代治事。三桂招可喜籓下水師副將趙天元、總兵孫楷宗相繼叛，之信遂降三桂，遣兵守可喜籓府，戒毋白事，殺光以徇。罷之孝兵，使侍可喜，可喜以憂憤卒。

Guang was a native of Yiwu in Zhejiang. He had long served Kexi, and for capturing the Foshan rebel Jiang Pengzhu he was granted the rank of Grand Master for Ceremonies. He repeatedly reported Zhixin's violent behavior to Kexi and made plans on Kexi's behalf, hoping that Kexi might gain an audience with the emperor and plead his own case. The emperor referred Kexi's memorial to the ministries for deliberation, ordered that all fief troops be transferred together, and dispatched Minister Liang Qingbiao to Guangdong to manage affairs. When Wu Sangui rebelled, the emperor ordered Kexi to remain as garrison commander and recalled Liang Qingbiao. Regional commander Liu Jinzhong rebelled at Chaozhou. Kexi sent his second son Zhixiao at the head of troops to suppress him. The emperor invested Zhixiao as Grand General of Pingnan and ordered Zhixin, under the title of General for Pacifying Bandits, to assist in planning the campaign. Zheng Jing sent troops to aid Liu Jinzhong. Regional commander Zu Zeqing again rebelled at Gaozhou. Sun Yanling's general Ma Xiong led Wu Sangui's generals Dong Chongmin, Li Tingdong, Wang Hongxun, and others in seizing the prefectures of Lei and Lian. Zhixiao retreated to Huizhou to hold the city. In the spring of the fifteenth year, Kexi's illness grew worse and Zhixin took over the administration. Wu Sangui induced Kexi's fief vice-commander of the naval force Zhao Tianyuan and regional commander Sun Kaizong to rebel in succession. Zhixin then surrendered to Wu Sangui, posted troops to guard Kexi's princely residence, forbade anyone to report to Kexi, and executed Guang as a warning to others. Zhixiao's troops were disbanded and he was made to attend his father. Kexi died of grief and indignation.

三桂授之信招討大將軍、輔德公，旋進號輔德親王，而以重民為兩廣總督，駐肇慶。謝厥扶者，故戶，以繒船數百附馬雄。天元之叛，厥扶實誘之。三桂亦授以將軍，使與重民水陸相援應，屢檄之信出兵。之信賂以庫金十萬，乃不復相促迫。

Wu Sangui invested Zhixin as Grand General for Pacification and Duke of Fude, then soon promoted him to Prince of Fude, while appointing Dong Chongmin governor-general of the Two Guangs at Zhaoqing. Xie Juefu was a former salt merchant who joined Ma Xiong with several hundred silk merchant ships. In truth it was Juefu who had instigated Tianyuan's rebellion. Wu Sangui also invested Juefu as a general and had him coordinate with Chongmin by land and sea, while repeatedly ordering Zhixin to send out troops. Zhixin bribed him with one hundred thousand taels from the treasury, whereupon he no longer pressed Zhixin to march.

之信旋遣使詣喇布軍，具疏請立功贖罪，上敕慰諭之。十六年，之信复疏請敕趣喇布軍入廣東。之信密嗾重民所部兵噪索餉，乘間擒重民，擊敗厥扶，走入海。乃遣副都統尚之瑛迎師，疏言闔屬歸正，並請敘籓下總兵王國棟、長史李天植等襄贊功。時方多故，而可喜有大勳，上優容之，命之信襲平南親王，國棟等復舊職。之信使入貢，上諭曰：「昔爾先人在時，屢獻方物。比年事變，信使弗通。每念爾先人忠貞不二，為國忘家，朕甚愍焉！王克承先志，遣使遠來，朕見物輒念爾先人。王其安輯粵東，以繼爾先人未盡之志。貢獻細務，勞人費事，今當暫止。」

Zhixin soon sent emissaries to Prince Labu's army, submitting a detailed memorial asking to redeem his crimes through meritorious service. The emperor issued an edict reassuring and encouraging him. In the sixteenth year, Zhixin again memorialized requesting an edict ordering Labu's army into Guangdong. Zhixin secretly incited Chongmin's troops to clamor for pay, seized Chongmin in the confusion, defeated Juefu, who fled to sea. He then dispatched vice commander-in-chief Shang Zhiying to welcome the imperial army, memorializing that his entire domain had returned to allegiance and requesting honors for fief regional commander Wang Guodong, chief secretary Li Tianzhi, and others for their assistance. Affairs were turbulent at the time, but Kexi had earned great merit, so the emperor treated Zhixin with special forbearance, ordered him to inherit the princedom of Pingnan, and restored Guodong and the others to their former posts. Zhixin sent tribute envoys. The emperor instructed them, saying, "In the days when your forebear was alive, he repeatedly presented regional products. In recent years affairs have been in turmoil and envoys have not come. Whenever I think of your forebear's unwavering loyalty, putting the state before family, I am deeply moved with compassion! The prince has succeeded in carrying on his forebear's will, sending envoys from afar. Whenever I see these gifts I think of your forebear. Let the prince settle and pacify eastern Guangdong, to continue what your forebear left unfinished. Tribute in such detail is troublesome and wasteful; for now it should be suspended."

是年秋，三桂遣其從孫世琮據廣西，巡撫傅弘烈率師討之，复梧州、潯州，規取桂林，之信令總兵尚從志以三千人從。上令之信自韶州進取宜章、郴州、永州，之信不赴。將軍莽依圖攻韶州，擊敗三桂將馬寶、胡國柱等。上命之信移師梧州，又不赴。十七年春，上以莽依圖深入廣西，命之信策應。之信仍以高、雷、廉三郡初定，疏請留鎮省城。上乃命發兵應莽依圖，之信遣國棟率兵赴宜章。及三桂死，之信乃請自進廣西，命為奮武大將軍，從師並進。十八年，天元出降，之信疏請誅之。師進次橫州，自言病作，遽還。上命以所部從莽依圖並進，之信令籓下總兵時應運率以往。及莽依圖將攻桂林，留應運守南寧。三桂兵據武宣，之信又疏言海寇宜防，將召應運還。上复諭趣之，十九年春，之信乃自將攻武宣。

That autumn, Wu Sangui sent his grandnephew Shizong to hold Guangxi. Governor Fu Honglie led troops against him, recovered Wuzhou and Xunzhou, and planned to take Guilin. Zhixin ordered regional commander Shang Congzhi to follow with three thousand men. The emperor ordered Zhixin to advance from Shaozhou to take Yizhang, Chenzhou, and Yongzhou, but Zhixin did not go. General Mangyitu attacked Shaozhou and defeated Wu Sangui's generals Ma Bao, Hu Guozhu, and others. The emperor ordered Zhixin to move his army to Wuzhou. Again he did not go. In the spring of the seventeenth year, with Mangyitu advancing deep into Guangxi, the emperor ordered Zhixin to coordinate in support. Zhixin still pleaded that the prefectures of Gaozhou, Leizhou, and Lianzhou had only just been pacified and memorialized to remain at the provincial capital as garrison commander. The emperor then ordered troops dispatched to support Mangyitu. Zhixin sent Guodong to lead troops to Yizhang. When Wu Sangui died, Zhixin then requested to advance into Guangxi himself. He was appointed Grand General Fenwu and marched together with the main army. In the eighteenth year, Tianyuan came out to surrender. Zhixin memorialized requesting his execution. The army advanced and halted at Hengzhou. Zhixin claimed he had taken ill and hurried back. The emperor ordered his troops to follow Mangyitu in the joint advance. Zhixin had fief regional commander Shi Yingyun lead them there. When Mangyitu was about to attack Guilin, Yingyun was left to guard Nanning. Wu Sangui's troops held Wuxuan. Zhixin again memorialized that coastal bandits should be guarded against and was about to recall Yingyun. The emperor again issued orders urging him on. In the spring of the nineteenth year, Zhixin finally led the attack on Wuxuan in person.

之信與之孝不相能，以之孝嘗典兵，不欲其居廣州，疏請遣還京師。之信殘暴猜忌，醉輒怒，執佩刀擊刺，又屢以鳴鏑射人。楷宗叛复降，上貸其罪，之信杖殺之。護衛張永祥為之信齎疏詣京師，上召見，授總兵。之信故阻抑，复屢辱以鞭箠。怒護衛張士選語忤，射之，殘其足，諸護衛皆不平。國棟與副都統尚之璋、總兵甯天祚密謀圖之信。巡撫金俊疏言：「之信兇殘暴虐，猶存異志。臣察其左右俱義憤不平，因密約都統王國棟等共酌機宜，之信旦夕就擒。乞敕議行誅，以為人臣懷二心者戒。」國棟亦上疏自述與俊、之璋、天祚合謀圖之信，又代之信母舒氏、胡氏疏言：「之信怙惡不悛，有不臣之心。恐禍延宗祀，乞上行誅。」上諭趣之信出師。

Zhixin and Zhixiao could not get along. Because Zhixiao had once held military command, Zhixin did not want him in Guangzhou and memorialized requesting that he be sent back to the capital. Zhixin was cruel and suspicious. When drunk he would fly into a rage, seizing his sword to strike and stab, and he repeatedly shot people with whistling arrows. Kaizong had rebelled and then surrendered again. The emperor pardoned his crime, but Zhixin beat him to death. Bodyguard Zhang Yongxiang carried a memorial from Zhixin to the capital. The emperor summoned him for an audience and invested him as regional commander. Zhixin had deliberately blocked and restrained him and again repeatedly humiliated him with the whip. Angered that bodyguard Zhang Shixuan's words had offended him, he shot him and crippled his leg. All the bodyguards were resentful. Guodong, together with vice commander-in-chief Shang Zhizhang and regional commander Ning Tianzuo, secretly plotted to seize Zhixin. Governor Jin Jun memorialized, saying, "Zhixin is fierce, cruel, and tyrannical, and still harbors disloyal intent. Your subject observes that all those around him are filled with righteous indignation. Therefore in secret I have arranged with commander-in-chief Wang Guodong and others to plan the matter together, and Zhixin will be taken at any moment. I beg that Your Majesty order deliberation on carrying out execution, to serve as a warning to ministers who harbor divided loyalties." Guodong also memorialized describing in his own words the joint plot with Jun, Zhizhang, and Tianzuo to seize Zhixin, and also submitted on behalf of Zhixin's mothers Lady Shu and Lady Hu, saying, "Zhixin persists in wickedness without reform and has the heart of a subject who refuses allegiance. Fearing calamity will reach the ancestral line, we beg Your Majesty to order execution." The emperor ordered Zhixin to hurry out on campaign.

之信既赴武宣，永祥、士選詣京師告變。上遣侍郎宜昌阿以巡視海疆至潮州，諭將軍賚塔移師，並令總督金光祖、提督折爾肯、副都統金榜選、總兵班際盛傳詔逮之信。之信與光祖、榜選、際盛等攻克武宣，之信入城。光祖等屯城外，得國棟檄，合兵圍城，傳詔逮之信。之信就逮，還廣州，上疏自辨。上令削爵，逮詣京師。籓下兵駐廣西，訛言師至雲南，即分置城守，眾情恟懼。上命宜昌阿、賚塔宣敕慰諭。七月，宜昌阿將以之信赴京師。天植怒國棟發難，白之信母，與之信弟之節、之璜、之瑛召國棟議事，伏兵殺之。賚塔率兵捕治，天植自服造謀，之信不與聞。護衛田世雄言之信實使天植殺國棟。獄上，上命賜之信死，之節、之璜、之瑛、天植皆斬。舒氏、胡氏貸其罪，並毋籍沒。世雄以不先發，坐杖流。上复諭宜昌阿曰：「之信雖有罪，其妻子不可凌辱，當護還京師。」又令察罷之信諸虐政。所部十五佐領改隸漢軍，駐防廣州。

Once Zhixin had gone to Wuxuan, Yongxiang and Shixuan went to the capital to report the conspiracy. The emperor dispatched Vice Minister Yichang'a to inspect the coastal regions and proceed to Chaozhou, instructing General Zaita to move his army. He also ordered Governor Jin Guangzu, Provincial Commander Zhe'erken, Vice Commander Jinfaxuan, and Regional Commander Ban Jisheng to deliver an edict and arrest Zhixin. Zhixin, together with Guangzu, Bangxuan, Jisheng, and others, captured Wuxuan. Zhixin entered the city. Guangzu and the others encamped outside the city. Receiving Guodong's dispatch, they combined forces to besiege the city and delivered the edict to arrest Zhixin. Zhixin was arrested, returned to Guangzhou, and submitted a memorial in his own defense. The emperor ordered his title stripped and that he be arrested and sent to the capital. The fief troops stationed in Guangxi heard a rumor that the army had reached Yunnan, immediately dispersed to garrison the cities, and the men were alarmed and fearful. The emperor ordered Yichang'a and Zaita to proclaim the edict and offer reassurance. In the seventh month, Yichang'a was about to escort Zhixin to the capital. Tianzhi, angered that Guodong had raised the affair, reported to Zhixin's mother and, with Zhixin's brothers Zhijie, Zhihuang, and Zhiying, summoned Guodong to discuss affairs and killed him with hidden troops. Zaita led troops to arrest and punish them. Tianzhi confessed to having plotted the affair, and Zhixin was said not to have known. Bodyguard Tian Shixiong stated that Zhixin had in fact ordered Tianzhi to kill Guodong. When the case was submitted, the emperor ordered Zhixin granted death. Zhijie, Zhihuang, Zhiying, and Tianzhi were all beheaded. Ladies Shu and Hu were pardoned their crimes, and their property was not confiscated. Shixiong, for not reporting first, was sentenced to beating and exile. The emperor again instructed Yichang'a, saying, "Although Zhixin is guilty, his wife and children must not be humiliated. They should be escorted back to the capital." He also ordered an investigation into abolishing Zhixin's various tyrannical policies. The fifteen company commanders under his authority were transferred to the Han Banner corps and garrisoned at Guangzhou.

之信初叛，提督嚴自明附之。自明，明參將，降，從總督孟喬芳徵撫陝、甘，又擊張獻忠，破桂王，有功，授三等阿思哈尼哈番。之信遣攻南康，敗走南安，先之信降，授鑾儀使。病死。

When Zhixin first rebelled, Provincial Commander Yan Ziming joined him. Ziming had been a Ming vice commander. After surrendering he followed Governor Meng Qiaofang in pacifying Shaanxi and Gansu, also fought Zhang Xianzhong, defeated the Prince of Gui, and for his merit was granted a third-rank ashan i hafan. Zhixin sent him to attack Nankang. Defeated, he fled to Nan'an and surrendered before Zhixin did, and was appointed Director of Ceremonial Escort. He died of illness.

孫延齡，漢軍正紅旗人。父龍，從孔有德來歸，授二等阿思哈尼哈番，從有德廣西。有德以女四貞字延齡。及有德死事，龍亦戰死，加拖沙喇哈番，以延齡襲。四貞尚幼，還京師，孝莊皇后育之宮中，賜白金萬，歲俸視郡主。長，命仍適延齡。

Sun Yanling was a member of the Plain Red Banner of the Han Eight Banners. His father Long followed Kong Youde in coming over to allegiance, was granted a second-rank ashan i hafan, and followed Youde to Guangxi. Youde gave his daughter Sizhen in marriage to Yanling. When Youde died in battle, Long also died fighting. An additional tosaha hafan was added, and Yanling inherited the rank. Sizhen was still young. She returned to the capital, was raised in the palace by Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang, was granted ten thousand taels of silver, and received an annual stipend equal to that of a commandery princess. When she came of age, she was ordered to marry Yanling as before.

有德所部諸將，線國安功最高。國安與有德同起事，偕來降。從入關，西破李自成，南破桂王，累擢廣西提督，駐南寧。李定國陷桂林，盡殺其孥。國安與總兵馬雄、全節力戰复桂林，走定國。累加太子太保、徵蠻將軍，封三等伯，統有德舊部駐桂林。康熙五年，以老乞休。

Among the generals under Youde's command, Xian Guo'an had the highest merit. Guo'an had risen in rebellion together with Youde and came over to allegiance with him. He followed the army through the pass, defeated Li Zicheng in the west and the Prince of Gui in the south, was repeatedly promoted to provincial commander of Guangxi, and was stationed at Nanning. Li Dingguo took Guilin and slaughtered Guo'an's entire family. Guo'an, together with Brigade Generals Ma Xiong and Quan Jie, fought fiercely to retake Guilin and drove Li Dingguo away. He was repeatedly promoted, receiving the titles Grand Guardian of the Heir Apparent and Pacification-of-Barbarians General, and was enfeoffed as a third-rank count. He took command of Youde's former troops and was stationed at Guilin. In the fifth year of the Kangxi reign, he requested retirement on grounds of old age.

上以延齡有德壻，四貞生長軍中，習騎射，通武事，乃授延齡鎮守廣西將軍，代國安統有德舊部。予四貞郡主儀仗，偕赴鎮。延齡漸驕縱，十一年，御史馬大士劾延齡擅除武職，兵部既駁奏，延齡复疏請，恣肆不臣，上命申禁。十二年，所部都統王永年，副都統孟一茂，參領胡同春、李一第等列延齡縱兵殃民狀，牒總督金光祖，光祖以聞。上遣侍郎勒德洪按治，得實，請逮延齡治罪，特命寬之。三桂反，上授延齡撫蠻將軍，起國安都統。時節已前卒，雄代國安為提督，命與巡撫馬雄鎮合謀剿禦。

The emperor considered that Yanling was Youde's son-in-law, and that Sizhen had grown up in the army, skilled in horsemanship and archery and versed in military affairs. He therefore appointed Yanling Military Governor of Guangxi, assigning him to replace Guo'an in command of Youde's former troops. Sizhen was granted the ceremonial guard befitting a commandery princess, and together they departed for the garrison. Yanling gradually grew arrogant and unrestrained. In the eleventh year, Censor Ma Dashi memorialized the throne, accusing Yanling of appointing military officials on his own authority. The Ministry of War had already rejected the request in its reply, yet Yanling submitted another petition all the same, behaving with wanton disloyalty. The emperor ordered that he be firmly forbidden from doing so. In the twelfth year, the commander-in-chief of his forces Wang Yongnian, the deputy commander-in-chief Meng Yimao, and the deputy commanders Hu Tongchun, Li Yidi, and others submitted a detailed account of how Yanling had allowed his troops to ravage the populace. They sent a formal dispatch to Governor-General Jin Guangzu, who reported the matter to the throne. The emperor dispatched Vice Minister Le Dehong to conduct an inquiry. The charges were found to be true, and Dehong requested that Yanling be arrested and punished. The emperor, however, specially ordered that he be treated with leniency. When Wu Sangui rebelled, the emperor granted Yanling the title Pacifying Barbarians General and recalled Guo'an to serve as commander-in-chief. Quan Jie had already died by then. Ma Xiong replaced Guo'an as provincial commander and was ordered to work with Governor Ma Xiongzhen on plans for suppression and defense.

十三年二月，延齡舉兵反，殺永年、一茂、同春、一第，幽雄鎮及其眷屬。詔奪官爵，聲討。延齡乃上疏言光祖、雄誘永年等謀害，上審其誣，諭尚可喜與光祖籌策進攻。延齡自稱安遠大將軍，移牒平樂、梧州諸郡。雄與總兵江義亦以柳州叛應三桂。國安病死。延齡招致萬羊山土寇，與所部合設五鎮，鎮兵二千。俄又自稱安遠王。慶陽知府傅弘烈當三桂未反，疏發諸不軌事，謫戍蒼梧，延齡既叛，授以將軍。弘烈說延齡迎師，四貞尤力勸之。十六年，延齡遣弘烈迎師江西。三桂诇知之，使從孫世琮率兵逼桂林，執殺延齡，四貞督兵禦戰。世琮乃留其將李廷棟戍桂林，出掠平樂、潯州、橫州、南寧。弘烈還至平樂，延齡將劉彥明、徐洪鎮、徐上遠等擒斬廷棟，與國安子成仁並出降。四貞還京師。

In the second month of the thirteenth year, Yanling took up arms in rebellion. He killed Yongnian, Yimao, Tongchun, and Yidi, and imprisoned Ma Xiongzhen along with his family. An edict stripped him of office and rank, and the court proclaimed its campaign against him. Yanling then submitted a memorial claiming that Guangzu and Ma Xiong had incited Yongnian and the others to plot against him. The emperor reviewed the accusation, found it to be slander, and instructed Shang Kexi and Guangzu to devise a plan of attack. Yanling styled himself Grand General of Pacifying the Distance and issued dispatches to the prefectures of Pingle, Wuzhou, and elsewhere. Ma Xiong, together with Brigade General Jiang Yi, also rebelled at Liuzhou in support of Wu Sangui. Guo'an died of illness. Yanling recruited bandits from Mount Wanyang. Together with his own forces he established five garrisons, each with two thousand troops. Before long he styled himself King of Pacifying the Distance. While Wu Sangui had not yet rebelled, Fu Honglie, prefect of Qingyang, had memorialized the throne exposing various acts of disloyalty and was banished to Cangwu. After Yanling rebelled, Yanling appointed him general. Honglie urged Yanling to welcome the imperial armies, and Sizhen in particular pressed him vigorously to do so. In the sixteenth year, Yanling dispatched Honglie to Jiangxi to welcome the imperial armies. Wu Sangui learned of this through spies and sent his grandnephew Shi Zong at the head of an army to march on Guilin. He seized and executed Yanling, while Sizhen took command of the troops in the defense. Shi Zong then left his general Li Tingdong to garrison Guilin and launched raids against Pingle, Xunzhou, Hengzhou, and Nanning. When Honglie returned to Pingle, Yanling's generals Liu Yanming, Xu Hongzhen, and Xu Shangyuan captured and executed Li Tingdong. Together with Guo'an's son Chengren, they all surrendered. Sizhen returned to the capital.

雄亦從有德南征有功，授二等阿思哈尼哈番。既與郭義叛，義偕嚴自明攻南康，敗走。雄旋病死雒容。子承廕出降，進伯爵，授左江總兵。十九年二月，复叛，紿弘烈登舟，襲破其營，殺之。六月，复降，逮詣京師，論死。義奪官，放還原籍。

Ma Xiong had also accompanied Youde on the southern campaigns with distinction and was granted a second-rank ashan i hafan. After he rebelled alongside Guo Yi, Guo Yi joined with Yan Ziming in an attack on Nankang, was defeated, and fled. Ma Xiong soon afterward died of illness at Luorong. His son Chengyin surrendered, was promoted to count, and was appointed brigade general of the Left River. In the second month of the nineteenth year, he rebelled again. He lured Fu Honglie aboard a boat, then launched a surprise attack that overran his camp and killed him. In the sixth month he surrendered again, was arrested and brought to the capital, and was sentenced to death. Guo Yi was stripped of office and sent back to his native place.

論曰：聖祖初親政，舉大事書殿柱，即首「三籓」。可喜乞歸老，曷嘗言撤籓？撤籓自廷議，實上指也。三桂反，精忠等響應，東南六七行省皆陷寇。上先發兵守荊州，阻寇毋使遽北。分遣禁旅屯太原、兗州、江寧、南昌，首尾相顧，次第漸進，千里赴鬥而師不勞。三桂白首舉事，意上方少，諸王諸將帥佐開國者皆物故，變起且恇擾。及聞上從容指揮，軍報迅速，閫外用命，始嘆非所料。制勝於廟堂，豈不然歟？上不欲歸咎建議撤籓諸臣，三桂等奉詔罷鎮，亦必曲意保全之。惜乎三桂等未能喻也！

The commentator says: When the Kangxi Emperor first took the reins of government in his own hands, he listed the great affairs of state on the palace columns—and "the Three Feudatories" stood first. When Shang Kexi asked permission to retire, did he ever once speak of abolishing the feudatories? The proposal to abolish the feudatories arose in court deliberations, but in truth it was the emperor's own intent. When Wu Sangui rebelled, Geng Jingzhong and others answered his call, and six or seven southeastern provinces fell entirely into rebel hands. The emperor first sent troops to hold Jingzhou, blocking the rebels so they could not quickly push north. He dispatched imperial troops to garrison Taiyuan, Yanzhou, Jiangning, and Nanchang, arranging them so front and rear could support each other and advance in steady sequence—so that though the armies fought a thousand li from home, they did not grow exhausted. Wu Sangui, his hair white, took up arms in rebellion. He assumed the emperor was still young, that the princes and the veteran generals who had helped establish the dynasty were all dead, and that when trouble erupted the court would panic in disarray. When he learned that the emperor was directing operations with calm assurance, that military dispatches moved swiftly, and that commanders in the field obeyed without question, he could only sigh that matters had not unfolded as he had expected. To prevail from the council chamber—is this not exactly what happened? The emperor had no wish to blame the officials who had advised abolishing the feudatories. Even when Wu Sangui and the others received the edict ordering them to surrender their fiefs, the emperor would surely have done everything in his power to protect them. Alas—Wu Sangui and his ilk failed to understand!

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