1
葉桂薛雪吳瑭章楠王士雄徐大椿王維德吳謙
Ye Gui, Xue Xue, Wu Tang, Zhang Nan, Wang Shixiong, Xu Dachun, Wang Weide, and Wu Qian.
2
綽爾濟伊桑阿張朝魁陸懋修王丙呂震鄒澍費伯雄
Chuoerji, Yisang'a, Zhang Chaokui, Lu Maoxiu, Wang Bing, Lü Zhen, Zou Shu, and Fei Boxiong.
3
蔣平階章攀桂劉祿張永祚戴尚文=【序】=自司馬遷傳扁鵲、倉公及日者、龜策，史家因之，或曰方技，或曰藝術。 大抵所收多醫、卜、陰陽、術數之流，間及工巧。 夫藝之所賅，博矣眾矣，古以禮、樂、射、禦、書、數為六藝，士所常肄，而百工所執，皆藝事也。 近代方志，於書畫、技擊、工巧併入此類，實有合於古義。
Jiang Pingjie, Zhang Pangui, Liu Lu, Zhang Yongzuo, and Dai Shangwen. [Preface] Ever since Sima Qian wrote biographies of Bian Que, Cang Gong, and the day-selection and tortoise-shell diviners, later historians have followed his lead, grouping such figures under the headings of "technical specialists" or "the arts." For the most part they record physicians, diviners, masters of yin-yang lore, and practitioners of numerology, with craftsmen mentioned only now and then. The scope of the arts is vast and manifold. In antiquity ritual, music, archery, charioteering, writing, and arithmetic formed the Six Arts that scholars regularly studied, while everything the hundred crafts practiced counted as an art as well. Modern local gazetteers place painting and calligraphy, martial arts, and craftsmanship in this same category, which truly accords with the ancient meaning.
4
聖祖天縱神明，多能藝事，貫通中、西曆算之學，一時鴻碩，蔚成專家，國史躋之儒林之列。 測繪地圖，鑄造槍砲，始仿西法。 凡有一技之能者，往往召直蒙養齋。 其文學侍從之臣，每以書畫供奉內廷。 又設如意館，制仿前代畫院，兼及百工之事。 故其時供禦器物，雕、組、陶埴，靡不精美，傳播寰瀛，稱為極盛。
Heaven-endowed with divine intelligence, the Kangxi Emperor mastered many arts and thoroughly penetrated Chinese and Western calendrical and mathematical learning. The great scholars of his age who became specialists in these fields were ranked in the dynastic histories among the Confucian literati. Surveying and mapping, and casting guns and cannon—all at first followed Western methods. Whenever someone possessed even a single skill, he was often summoned to serve in the Mengyangzhai (Hall for the Nurture of Youth). His literary attendants were often ordered to present paintings and calligraphy for service within the palace. The Ruyiguan (Hall of As-You-Will) was also established, modeled on the painting academies of earlier dynasties and including work in the hundred crafts. Thus objects made for the imperial court—whether carving, embroidery, or pottery—were all exquisite. Spread throughout the world, they were acclaimed as the height of splendor.
5
沿及高宗之世，風不替焉。 欽定醫宗金鑑，薈萃古今學說，宗旨純正。 於陰陽術數家言，亦有協紀辨方一書，頒行沿用，從俗從宜，隱示崇實黜虛之意，斯徵微尚矣。
This continued into the Qianlong reign without decline. By imperial order the Yizong Jinjian (Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition) was compiled, gathering ancient and modern medical doctrines with a pure and correct aim. For the yin-yang and numerology schools there was also the Xieji Bianfang, issued for use according to custom and convenience, implicitly showing a preference for the real and rejection of the empty—a subtle sign indeed.
6
中葉後，海禁大開，泰西藝學諸書，灌輸中國，議者以工業為強國根本，於是研格致，營製造者，乘時而起。 或由舊學以擴新知，或抒心得以濟實用，世乃愈以藝事為重。 採其可傳者著於篇，各以類為先後。 卓然成家者，具述授受源流； 兼有政績、文學列入他傳者，附存梗概； 凡涉荒誕俳諧之說，屏勿載。 後之覽者，庶為論世之資雲。
After the mid-dynasty the maritime prohibitions were greatly relaxed. Books on Western arts poured into China, and advocates held industry to be the foundation of a strong state, so those who studied natural philosophy and undertook manufacture rose with the times. Some expanded new knowledge from old learning; some expressed insight to serve practical use—and the age came increasingly to value the arts. Those worth transmitting are set down in these chapters, each class arranged in order. Those who established schools in their own right are fully described with their lines of transmission; those whose political achievements or literary accomplishments appear in other biographies have summaries appended; every tale involving the absurd or the comic is excluded. Readers hereafter may thus have material for judging the age.
7
=吳有性=吳有性，字又可，江南吳縣人。 生於明季，居太湖中洞庭山。 當崇禎辛巳歲，南北直隸、山東、浙江大疫，醫以傷寒法治之，不效。 有性推究病源，就所歷驗，著瘟疫論，謂：「傷寒自毫竅入，中於脈絡，從表入裡，故其傳經有六。 自陽至陰。 以次而深。 瘟疫自口鼻入，伏於膜原，其邪在不表不里之間。 其傳變有九，或表或裡，各自為病。 有但表而不裡者，有表而再表者，有但里而不表者，有里而再裡者，有表里分傳者，有表里分傳而再分傳者，有表勝於裡者，有先表後裡者，有先里後表者。」 其間有與傷寒相反十一事，又有變證、兼證，種種不同。 並著論制方，一一辨別。 古無瘟疫專書，自有性書出，始有發明。
= Wu Youxing = Wu Youxing, courtesy name Youke, was a native of Wu County in Jiangnan. Born in the late Ming, he lived on Dongting Mountain in Lake Tai. In the xinsi year of the Chongzhen reign, great epidemics struck Zhili, Shandong, and Zhejiang north and south. Physicians treated them with cold-damage methods without effect. Youxing investigated the source of the disease and, drawing on his own experience, wrote On Pestilence, saying: "Cold damage enters through the pores and strikes the channels and collaterals, passing from the exterior to the interior; hence its transmission through the channels has six stages. From yang to yin. Each stage deeper than the last. Pestilence enters through the mouth and nose and lies hidden in the membrane source; its evil lies between neither exterior nor interior. Its transformations have nine forms, sometimes exterior and sometimes interior, each becoming a disease in its own right. There are cases only in the exterior without the interior, cases that are exterior and then exterior again, only interior without exterior, interior and then interior again, exterior and interior transmitting separately, exterior and interior transmitting separately and then separating again, exterior prevailing over interior, exterior first and interior later, and interior first and exterior later." Among these there are eleven points opposite to cold damage, and also variant and combined patterns, each different. He also wrote treatises and prescriptions, distinguishing each one. In antiquity there was no specialized book on pestilence; only after Youxing's book appeared was there real discovery.
8
其後有戴天章、余霖、劉奎，皆以治瘟疫名。
After him came Dai Tianzhang, Yu Lin, and Liu Kui, all famed for treating pestilence.
9
天章，字麟郊，江蘇上元人。 諸生。 好學強記，尤精於醫。 所著傷寒、雜病諸書，及咳論注、瘧論注、廣瘟疫論，凡十餘種。 其論瘟疫，一宗有性之說。 謂瘟疫之異於傷寒，尤慎辨於見證之始。 辨氣、辨色、辨舌、辨神、辨脈，益加詳焉。 為人療病，不受謝。 子瀚，成雍正元年一甲第二名進士。
Tianzhang, courtesy name Linjiao, was a native of Shangyuan in Jiangsu. He was a licentiate. Fond of learning and with a strong memory, he was especially skilled in medicine. His works on cold damage and miscellaneous diseases, his commentaries on cough and malaria, and his Expanded Treatise on Pestilence totaled more than ten kinds. In discussing pestilence he wholly followed Youxing's doctrine. He said that what distinguishes pestilence from cold damage must be carefully discerned at the very first manifestation. Discerning qi, color, tongue, spirit, and pulse—he added still greater detail. In treating others he accepted no reward. His son Han placed second in the first rank of the palace examination in the first year of the Yongzheng reign.
10
霖，字師愚，安徽桐城人。 乾隆中，桐城疫，霖謂病由熱淫，投以石膏，輒愈。 後數年，至京師，大暑，疫作，醫以張介賓法者多死，以有性法亦不盡驗。 鴻臚卿馮應榴姬人呼吸將絕，霖與大劑石膏，應手而痊，踵其法者，活人無算。 霖所著曰疫疹一得，其論與有性有異同，取其辨證，而以用達原飲及三消、承氣諸方，猶有附會表里之意云。
Lin, courtesy name Shiyu, was a native of Tongcheng in Anhui. In the Qianlong reign Tongcheng suffered an epidemic. Lin said the disease came from heat excess and prescribed gypsum, which always cured. Several years later he went to the capital. In great heat an epidemic broke out. Physicians using Zhang Jiebin's methods mostly died; those using Youxing's method did not always succeed either. The concubine of Grand Secretary Feng Yingli was near death, her breath failing. Lin gave a large dose of gypsum and she recovered at once. Those who followed his method saved countless lives. Lin's work is called Unique Insights on Epidemic Rashes. Its theory differs in places from Youxing's, taking its pattern differentiation while use of Dayuan Decoction and the Three Eliminations and Chengqi formulas still bears something of exterior-interior doctrine.
11
奎，字文甫，山東諸城人。 乾隆末，著瘟疫論類編及松峰說疫二書，松峰者，奎以自號也。 多為窮鄉僻壤艱覓醫藥者說法。 有性論瘟疫，已有大頭瘟、疙瘩瘟疫、絞腸瘟、軟腳瘟之稱，奎复舉北方俗諺所謂諸疫證名狀，一一剖析之。 又以貧寒病家無力購藥，取鄉僻恆有之物可療病者，發明其功用，補本草所未備，多有心得。 同時昌邑黃元禦治疫，以浮萍代麻黃，即本奎說。 所著書流傳日本，醫家著述，亦有取焉。
Kui, courtesy name Wenfu, was a native of Zhucheng in Shandong. At the end of the Qianlong reign he wrote Classified Treatise on Pestilence and Songfeng on Epidemics; Songfeng was Kui's sobriquet. He chiefly explained methods for remote villages that could hardly obtain medicine. Youxing had already named big-head pestilence, lump pestilence, twisted-intestine pestilence, and soft-foot pestilence. Kui further listed epidemic patterns from northern popular sayings and analyzed each. He also, for poor families unable to buy medicine, took things commonly found in the countryside that could treat disease and explained their uses, supplementing what the materia medica had not recorded, with many insights. At the same time Huang Yuanyu of Changyi treated epidemics using duckweed in place of ephedra, following Kui's teaching. His books circulated in Japan, and medical writers there also drew on them.
12
=喻昌=喻昌，字嘉言，江西新建人。 幼能文，不羈，與陳際泰遊。 明崇禎中，以副榜貢生入都上書言事，尋詔徵，不就，往來靖安間。 披為僧，复蓄髮游江南。 順治中，僑居常熟，以醫名，治療多奇中。 才辯縱橫，不可一世。 著傷寒尚論篇，謂林億、成無已過於尊信王叔和，惟方有執作條辨，削去叔和序例，得尊經之旨； 而猶有未達者，重為編訂，其淵源雖出方氏，要多自抒所見。 惟溫證論中，以溫藥治溫病，後尤怡、陸鋰修並著論非之。
= Yu Chang = Yu Chang, courtesy name Jiayan, was a native of Xinjian in Jiangxi. As a youth he could write. Unrestrained, he associated with Chen Jitai. In the Chongzhen reign of the Ming, as a sub-list graduate he went to the capital and submitted a memorial on state affairs. He was soon summoned but did not take office, traveling between Jing'an and elsewhere. He was tonsured as a monk, then let his hair grow again and traveled in Jiangnan. In the Shunzhi reign he lived in Changshu and became famed as a physician; his cures were often miraculously effective. His talent and eloquence were unbounded; he considered no one his equal. He wrote Discourses on Cold Damage, saying Lin Yi and Cheng Wuyi overly revered Wang Shuhe; only Fang Youzhi's Detailed Differentiation, removing Shuhe's preface and arrangement, grasped the meaning of honoring the classics; yet there were still points not reached, and he re-edited the work. Though its source lay in Fang, it mostly expressed his own views. Only in his Warm Pattern Treatise he used warm drugs to treat warm disease; later You Yi and Lu Maoxiu both wrote treatises criticizing this.
13
又著醫門法律，取風、寒、暑、濕、燥、火六氣及諸雜證，分門著論。 次法，次律。 法者，治療之術，運用之機； 律者，明著醫之所以失，而判定其罪，如折獄然。 昌此書，專為庸醫誤人而作，分別疑似，使臨診者不敢輕嘗，有功醫術。
He also wrote Medical Laws, taking wind, cold, summer heat, damp, dry, and fire—the six qi—and miscellaneous patterns, dividing them into treatises. Next came methods, next laws. Methods are the techniques of treatment and the mechanism of application; laws clearly set forth how physicians err and judge their guilt, as in deciding cases. Chang wrote this book specifically because mediocre physicians harm people. By distinguishing what merely resembles a pattern, he made those at the bedside dare not lightly try remedies—a real service to medicine.
14
後附寓意草，皆其所治醫案。 凡診病，先議病，後用藥，又與門人定議病之式，至詳審。 所載治驗，反覆推論，務闡審證用藥之所以然，異於諸家醫案但泛言某病用某藥癒者，並為世所取法。
Appended is the Draft of Intent, containing all his medical cases. In every diagnosis he first deliberated on the disease, then used medicine. With his disciples he also fixed the form for deliberating on disease, to the utmost detail. The cures recorded reason back and forth, always explaining why careful pattern identification and use of medicine were as they were—unlike other medical case collections that only vaguely say a certain disease was cured with a certain drug—and this too became a model for the age.
15
昌通禪理，其醫往往出於妙悟。 尚論後篇及醫門法律，年七十後始成。 昌既久居江南，從學者甚多。
Chang understood Chan doctrine; his medicine often arose from subtle insight. The latter part of his Discourses and Medical Laws were completed only after he was seventy. Chang had long lived in Jiangnan and had many students.
16
徐彬，字忠可，浙江嘉興人。 昌之弟子。 著傷寒一百十三方發明及金匱要略論注，其說皆本於昌。 四庫著錄金匱要略，即用彬論注本。 凡疏釋正義，見於注； 或賸義及總括諸證不可專屬者，見於論。 彬謂：「他方書出於湊集，就採一條，時亦獲驗。 若金匱之妙，統觀一卷，全體方具。 不獨察其所用，並須察其所不用。」 世以為篤論。
Xu Bin, courtesy name Zhongke, was a native of Jiaxing in Zhejiang. He was a disciple of Chang. He wrote Explication of the One Hundred Thirteen Formulas of Cold Damage and Commentary on the Essentials of the Golden Coffer; his doctrines all derive from Chang. The Siku Catalog's Essentials of the Golden Coffer uses Bin's commentary edition. Correct interpretations appear in the commentary; remaining meanings and summaries of patterns that cannot belong to a single section appear in the discourses. Bin said: "Other formularies are patchwork compilations; take one entry and it may sometimes work. The wonder of the Golden Coffer is that viewing the whole scroll at once, the complete body is present. One must observe not only what is used but also what is not used." The age regarded this as sound doctrine.
17
=張璐=張璐，字路玉，自號石頑老人，江南長洲人。 少穎悟，博貫儒業，專心醫藥之書。 自軒、岐迄近代方法，無不搜覽。 遭明季之亂，隱於洞庭山中十餘年，著書自娛，至老不倦。 仿明王肯堂證治準繩，匯集古人方論、近代名言，薈萃折衷之，每門附以治驗醫案，為醫歸一書，後易名醫通。
= Zhang Lu = Zhang Lu, courtesy name Luyu, sobriquet the Stubborn Old Man of Stone, was a native of Changzhou in Jiangnan. In youth he was clever. He broadly mastered Confucian learning and devoted himself to medical books. From the Yellow Emperor and Qi Bo down to methods of recent times, he left nothing unsearched. Suffering the chaos of the late Ming, he hid on Dongting Mountain for more than ten years, writing for pleasure until old age without weariness. Following Wang Kentang's Standards of Pattern and Treatment, he gathered ancient formulas and modern sayings, collected and reconciled them, appending medical cases to each section in Medical Return, later renamed Comprehensive Medicine.
18
璐謂仲景書衍釋日多，仲景之意轉晦。 後見尚論、條辨諸編，又廣蒐秘本，反覆詳玩，始覺向之所謂多歧者，漸歸一貫，著傷寒纘論、緒論。 纘者，祖仲景之文； 緒者，理諸家之紛紜而清出之，以翼仲景之法。
Lu said that as commentaries on Zhongjing's books grew daily, Zhongjing's meaning grew obscure. Later he saw the Discourses, Detailed Differentiation, and other works, widely sought secret editions, studied them repeatedly, and felt what had seemed many divergences gradually became one thread. He wrote Continued and Thread Discourses on Cold Damage. "Continued" means following Zhongjing's text; "Thread" means sorting out the confusion of various schools and clarifying it to support Zhongjing's method.
19
其註本草，疏本經之大義，並系諸家治法，曰本經逢原； 論脈法大義，曰診宗三昧：皆有心得。 又謂唐孫思邈治病多有奇異，逐方研求藥性，詳為疏證，曰千金方釋義，並行於世。
In commenting on the materia medica he clarified the great meaning of the root classic and attached the treatment methods of various schools, calling it Meeting the Root Classic; on the great meaning of pulse methods he wrote The Threefold Essence of Diagnosis—both had real insight. He also said Sun Simiao of the Tang often had strange cures. He studied each formula's drug properties in detail and wrote Commentary on the Thousand Gold Formulas, all circulating in the world.
20
璐著書主博通，持論平實，不立新異。 其治病，則取法薛已、張介賓為多。 年八十餘卒。 聖祖南巡，璐子以柔進呈遺書，溫旨留覽焉。 子登、倬，皆世其業。
Lu's books chiefly aim at broad mastery; his arguments are level and solid, establishing no new oddities. In treating disease he chiefly took Xue Ji and Zhang Jiebin as models. He died at over eighty years of age. When the Kangxi Emperor toured the south, Lu's son Yourou presented his father's posthumous writings. An imperial warm edict ordered them kept for perusal. His sons Deng and Zhuo both carried on the family profession.
21
登，字誕先，著傷寒舌鑑；
Deng, courtesy name Xianxian, wrote Mirror of the Tongue in Cold Damage;
22
倬，字飛疇，著傷寒兼證析義：並著錄四庫。
Zhuo, courtesy name Feichou, wrote Analysis of Combined Patterns in Cold Damage—both are recorded in the Siku Catalog.
23
=高斗魁=高斗魁，字旦中，又號鼓峰，浙江鄞縣人。 諸生。 兄鬥樞，明季死國難。 斗魁任俠，於遺民罹難者，破產營救。 妻因事連及，勒自裁。 素精醫，遊杭，見舁棺者血瀝地，曰：「是未死！」 啟棺，與藥而甦。 江湖間傳其事，求治病者無寧晷。 著醫學心法； 又吹毛編，則自記醫案也。 其論醫宗旨，亦近於張介賓。
= Gao Doukui = Gao Doukui, courtesy name Danzhong, also called Gufeng, was a native of Yin County in Zhejiang. He was a licentiate. His elder brother Doushu died for the state in the late Ming turmoil. Doukui was chivalrous. For loyalist sufferers in hardship he ruined his estate to rescue them. His wife was implicated in a case and forced to take her own life. Skilled in medicine from youth, while traveling in Hangzhou he saw bearers of a coffin with blood dripping to the ground and cried: "This person is not dead!" He opened the coffin, gave medicine, and the man revived. The story spread through the rivers and lakes, and those seeking treatment gave him no moment's rest. He wrote Essentials of Medical Learning; and also Blowing Hair, which records his own medical cases. The aim of his medical doctrine was also close to Zhang Jiebin's.
24
=周學海=周學海，字澂之，安徽建德人，總督馥子。 光緒十八年進士，授內閣中書，官至浙江候補道。 潛心醫學，論脈尤詳，著脈義簡摩、脈簡補義、診家直訣、辨脈平脈章句。 引申舊說，參以實驗，多心得之言。 博覽群籍，實事求是，不取依託附會。 慕宋人之善悟，故於史堪、張元素、劉完素、滑壽及近世葉桂諸家書，皆有評註。 自言於清一代名醫，服膺張璐、葉桂兩家。 證治每取璐說，蓋其學頗與相近。 宦游江、淮間，時為人療治，常病不異人，遇疑難，輒有奇效。 刻古醫書十二種，所據多宋、元舊槧藏家秘笈，校勘精審，世稱善本雲。
= Zhou Xuehai = Zhou Xuehai, courtesy name Chengzhi, was a native of Jiande in Anhui and son of Governor Fu. He became jinshi in the eighteenth year of the Guangxu reign, was appointed Secretariat draftsman, and rose to expectant circuit intendant of Zhejiang. Devoted to medicine, he was especially detailed on the pulse, writing Brief Rubbing of Pulse Meaning, Supplement to Brief Pulse, Straight Formula for Pulse Examiners, and Chapter and Sentence on Discerning and Balancing the Pulse. He extended old doctrines and joined them to experiment, offering many insights of his own. He read broadly and sought truth from facts, refusing forced analogy. Admiring the Song masters' gift for insight, he commented on the books of Shi Kan, Zhang Yuansu, Liu Wansu, Hua Shou, and the near contemporary Ye Gui. He said that among famous physicians of the Qing he most revered Zhang Lu and Ye Gui. In pattern treatment he often took Lu's doctrine, for their learning was quite close. While serving in office between the Yangtze and Huai, he sometimes treated people. Ordinary cases were no different from others, but when he met difficulty he often achieved remarkable cures. He printed twelve kinds of ancient medical books, mostly from Song and Yuan old blocks and collectors' secret editions, with careful collation—the age called them fine editions.
25
=張志聰=張志聰，字隱庵，浙江錢塘人。 明末，杭州盧之頤、繇父子著書，講明醫學，志聰繼之。 構侶山堂，招同志講論其中，參考經論，辨其是非。 自順治中至康熙之初，四十年間，談軒、岐之學者咸歸之。 注素問、靈樞二經，集諸家之說，隨文衍義，勝明馬元臺本。
= Zhang Zhicong = Zhang Zhicong, courtesy name Yin'an, was a native of Qiantang in Zhejiang. In the late Ming, Lu Zhiyi and his son You of Hangzhou wrote books clarifying medicine, and Zhicong succeeded them. He built the Lushan Hall and gathered like-minded men to discuss within it, consulting the classics and distinguishing right from wrong. From the Shunzhi reign to the early Kangxi, for forty years those who spoke of Xuan and Qi learning all turned to him. He commented on the Suwen and Lingshu, gathering various schools' sayings and explaining the text as he went, surpassing the Ming edition of Ma Yuantai.
26
又注傷寒論、金匱要略，於傷寒論致力尤深，歷二十年，再易稿始成。 用王叔和原本，略改其編次。 首列六經病，次列霍亂易复並濕、暍汗、吐下，後列辨脈、平脈，而刪叔和序例，以其與本論矛盾，故去之以息辨。 駁辨成無已舊注，謂：「風傷衛，寒傷營，脈緩為中風，脈緊為傷寒。 傷寒，惡寒無汗，宜麻黃湯； 中風，惡風有汗，宜桂枝湯：諸說未盡當。 而風、寒兩感，營、衛俱傷，宜大青龍湯為尤謬。 其註，分章以明大旨，節解句釋，兼晰陰陽血氣之生始出入，經脈藏府之貫通循行，使讀論者取之有本，用之無窮，不徒求之糟粕，庶免終身由之而不知其道也。」
He also commented on Cold Damage and the Essentials of the Golden Coffer. On Cold Damage he labored especially, taking twenty years and revising the draft twice before completion. He used Wang Shuhe's original text, slightly altering its arrangement. First he listed the six-channel diseases, then cholera, relapse, and patterns of damp, summer heat, sweat, vomiting and purging, then discerning and balancing the pulse. He deleted Shuhe's preface and arrangement because they contradicted the main treatise, removing them to quiet dispute. Refuting Cheng Wuyi's old commentary, he said: "Wind injures the defensive, cold injures the constructive; a moderate pulse is wind stroke, a tight pulse is cold damage. Cold damage, with aversion to cold and no sweat, Ephedra Decoction is appropriate; wind stroke, with aversion to wind and sweat, Cinnamon Twig Decoction is appropriate—these sayings are not fully correct. When wind and cold are both felt and constructive and defensive are both injured, Major Blue Dragon Decoction is especially absurd. His commentary divides chapters to clarify the main idea, explains line by line, and clarifies the birth, movement, and passage of yin-yang and blood-qi and the penetration and circulation of channels and viscera, so readers may take the treatise with root and use it without limit—not merely seeking dregs—and may avoid following it all one's life without knowing its Way."
27
又注本草，詮釋本經，闡明藥性，本五運六氣之理。 後人不經臆說，概置勿錄。
He also commented on the materia medica, interpreting the root classic and clarifying drug nature on the principles of the five movements and six qi. Later people's groundless sayings without study were generally set aside and not recorded.
28
其自著曰侶山堂類辨、針灸秘傳。 志聰之學，以素、靈、金匱為歸，生平著書，必守經法，遺書並行於世，惟針灸祕傳佚。
His own works are Classified Discussions of Lushan Hall and Secret Transmission of Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Zhicong's learning took Suwen, Lingshu, and the Golden Coffer as its goal. All his life's books kept to the classics. His posthumous books all circulated; only Secret Transmission of Acupuncture is lost.
29
高世栻，字士宗。 與志聰同里。 少家貧，讀時醫通俗諸書，年二十三即出療病，頗有稱。 後自病，時醫治之，益劇； 久之，不藥，幸愈。 翻然悔曰：「我治人，殆亦如是，是草菅人命也。」 乃從志聰講論軒、岐、仲景之學，歷十年，悉窺精奧。 遇病必究其本末，處方不同流俗。 志聰著本草崇原，未竟，世栻繼成之。 又注傷寒論。 晚著醫學真傳，示門弟子。 自述曰：「醫理如剝蕉，剝至無可剝，方為至理。 以之論病，大中至正，一定不移。 世行分門別類之方書，皆醫門糟粕，如薛已、趙獻可輩，雖有穎悟變通，非軒、岐、仲景一脈相傳之大道。 古人云：'不知十二經絡，開口舉手便錯； 不明五運六氣，讀盡方書無濟。 病有標有本，求其標，只取本，治千人，無一損。 '故示正道，以斥旁門，使學者知所慎。」
Gao Shizong, courtesy name Shizong. He was of the same district as Zhicong. Poor in youth, he read popular books of contemporary physicians. At twenty-three he went out to treat disease and won some reputation. Later he fell ill himself. Contemporary physicians treated him and he grew worse; after a long time, without medicine, he fortunately recovered. He repented and said: "When I treat others, it is probably also like this—this is treating human life as grass." Then he studied with Zhicong the learning of Xuan, Qi, and Zhongjing, and in ten years fully penetrated its subtlety. When he met disease he always traced root and branch, and his prescriptions differed from vulgar fashion. Zhicong wrote Honoring the Root of the Materia Medica but did not finish; Shizong completed it. He also commented on Cold Damage. In old age he wrote True Transmission of Medicine for his disciples. He said of himself: "Medical principle is like stripping a plantain; strip until nothing remains to strip, and that is the ultimate principle. Use it to discuss disease and it is centrally correct and unchanging. Formularies in circulation that divide by category are all dregs of the medical gate. Men like Xue Ji and Zhao Xianke, though clever and adaptable, do not transmit the great Way handed down from Xuan, Qi, and Zhongjing. The ancients said: 'Not knowing the twelve channels and collaterals, open the mouth and lift the hand and you err; not understanding the five movements and six qi, read all formularies to no avail. Disease has branch and root; seek the branch but only take the root—treat a thousand people without one harmed. Therefore he showed the correct Way to rebuke side gates, so students would know what to heed."
30
後有張錫駒，字令韶，亦錢塘人。 著傷寒論直解、胃氣論，其學本於志聰。
Later came Zhang Xiju, courtesy name Lingshao, also of Qiantang. He wrote Straight Commentary on Cold Damage and Treatise on Stomach Qi; his learning derives from Zhicong.
31
=陳念祖=陳念祖，字修園，福建長樂人。 乾隆五十七年舉人。 著傷寒金匱淺注，本志聰、錫駒之說，多有發明，世稱善本。 嘉慶中，官直隸威縣知縣，有賢聲。 值水災，大疫，親施方藥，活人無算。 晚歸田，以醫學教授，門弟子甚眾，著書凡十餘種，並行世。
= Chen Nianzu = Chen Nianzu, courtesy name Xiuyuan, was a native of Changle in Fujian. He was a provincial graduate in the fifty-seventh year of the Qianlong reign. He wrote Brief Commentary on Cold Damage and the Golden Coffer, based on Zhicong and Xiju with many discoveries—the age called it a fine edition. In the Jiaqing reign he served as magistrate of Wei County in Zhili and had a reputation for worth. When flood and great epidemic struck, he personally dispensed formulas and medicine and saved countless lives. In old age he returned to his fields and taught medicine. He had many disciples and more than ten kinds of books, all circulating.
32
=黃元禦=黃元禦，字坤載，山東昌邑人。 諸生。 因庸醫誤藥損目，發憤學醫，於素問、靈樞、難經、傷寒論、金匱玉函經皆有註釋，凡數十萬言。 自命甚高，喜更改古書，以伸己說。 其論治病，主於扶陽以抑陰。
= Huang Yuanyu = Huang Yuanyu, courtesy name Kunzai, was a native of Changyi in Shandong. He was a licentiate. Because a mediocre physician's mistaken medicine harmed his eyes, he vowed in anger to study medicine. He commented on Suwen, Lingshu, the Difficult Classic, Cold Damage, and the Golden Coffer Jade Box Classic, totaling hundreds of thousands of words. He thought very highly of himself and liked to alter ancient books to extend his own sayings. In treating disease he chiefly supported yang to restrain yin.
33
柯琴，字韻伯，浙江慈谿人。 博學多聞，能詩、古文辭。 棄舉子業，矢志醫學。 家貧，遊吳，棲息於虞山，不以醫自鳴，當世亦鮮知者。 著內經合璧，多所校正，書佚不傳。
Ke Qin, courtesy name Yunbo, was a native of Cixi in Zhejiang. Learned and widely informed, he could write poetry and ancient-style prose. He abandoned the examination career and devoted himself to medicine. Poor in family, he traveled to Wu and lived on Yushan, not making a name as physician, and his age scarcely knew him. He wrote Combined Jade of the Inner Canon, with many corrections; the book is lost and does not circulate.
34
注傷寒論，名曰來蘇集。 以方有執、喻昌等各以己意更定，有背仲景之旨，乃據論中有太陽證、桂枝證、柴胡證諸辭以證名篇，匯集六經諸論，各以類從。 自序略曰：「傷寒論經王叔和編次，已非仲景之舊，讀者必細勘何者為仲景言，何者為叔和筆。 其間脫落、倒句、訛字、衍文，一一指破，頓見真面。 且筆法詳略不同，或互文見意，或比類相形，因此悟彼，見微知著，得於語言文字之外，始可羽翼仲景。 自來注家，不將全書始終理會，先後合參，隨文敷衍，彼此矛盾，黑白不分。 三百九十七法，不見於仲景序文，又不見於叔和序例，林氏倡於前，成氏和於後，其不足取信，王安道已辨之矣。 繼起者，猶瑣瑣於數目，亦何補於古人？ 何功於後學哉？ 大青龍湯，仲景為傷寒中風無汗而兼煩燥者設，即加味麻黃湯耳。 而謂其傷寒見風、傷風見寒，因以麻黃湯主寒傷營、桂枝湯主風傷衛、大青龍湯主風寒兩傷營衛，曲成三綱鼎立之說，此鄭聲之亂雅樂也。 且以十存二三之文，而謂之全篇，手足厥冷之厥，或混於兩陰交盡之厥，其間差謬，何可殫舉？ 此愚所以執卷長吁，不能已也！」
He commented on Cold Damage under the title Collection for Revival. Fang Youzhi, Yu Chang, and others had each revised according to their own ideas, departing from Zhongjing's aim. He therefore took the treatise's terms such as taiyang pattern, cinnamon twig pattern, and bupleurum pattern as proof for naming chapters, gathering the six-channel discourses each by kind. His preface in brief says: "Cold Damage was arranged by Wang Shuhe and is no longer Zhongjing's original. Readers must carefully distinguish what is Zhongjing's speech and what is Shuhe's pen. Among them omissions, inverted sentences, erroneous characters, and interpolated text are each pointed out, and the true face suddenly appears. Moreover the brushwork differs in detail and summary, or mutual text shows meaning, or comparison by kind shows form—thus understanding that from this, seeing the subtle and knowing the manifest, obtaining beyond language and writing, only then may one support Zhongjing. Former commentators did not reconcile the whole book from beginning to end, early and late together, but glossed as they went, contradicting each other, black and white undivided. The three hundred ninety-seven methods appear neither in Zhongjing's preface nor in Shuhe's preface and arrangement. Lin initiated it before and Cheng followed after—their untrustworthiness Wang Andao already distinguished. Those who came after still fussed over numbers—what help to the ancients? What merit for later students? Major Blue Dragon Decoction Zhongjing devised for cold damage and wind stroke without sweat with vexation and dryness—it is merely Ephedra Decoction with additions. Yet they say that in cold damage one sees wind and in wind stroke one sees cold, and thus Ephedra Decoction governs cold injuring constructive, Cinnamon Twig governs wind injuring defensive, Major Blue Dragon governs wind and cold both injuring constructive and defensive—twisting this into the threefold tripod doctrine is vulgar doctrine disordering the classic music. Moreover with only one or two tenths of the text remaining they call it the complete scroll. The reversal of cold limbs is sometimes confused with reversal at exhaustion of both yin—the errors cannot be fully listed. This is why I hold the scroll and sigh long, unable to stop!"
35
又著傷寒論翼，自序略曰：「仲景著傷寒、雜病論，合十六卷，法大備。 其常中之變，變中之常，靡不曲盡。 使全書俱在，盡可見論知源。 自叔和編次傷寒、雜病，分為兩書，然本論中雜病留而未去者尚多，雖有傷寒論之專名，終不失雜病合論之根蒂也。 名不副實，並相淆混，而旁門歧路，莫知所從，豈非叔和之謬以禍之歟？ 夫仲景之言六經為百病之法，不專為傷寒一科，傷寒、雜病，治無二理，咸歸六經之節制。 治傷寒者，但拘傷寒，不究其中有雜病之理； 治雜病者，復以傷寒論無關於雜病，而置之不問。 將參贊化育之書，悉歸狐疑之域，愚甚為斯道憂之。」 論者謂琴二書，大有功於仲景。
He also wrote Wings on Cold Damage. His preface in brief says: "Zhongjing wrote Treatises on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Disease, sixteen scrolls in all, with methods fully prepared. The constant within change and change within the constant—none is not fully traced. Had the whole book remained, one could see the treatise and know the source. Since Shuhe arranged cold damage and miscellaneous disease into two books, yet many miscellaneous diseases left undivided remain in the root treatise. Though there is the specialized name Cold Damage, it never loses the root of combined discussion of miscellaneous disease. The name does not match the reality, and they are confused together. Side gates and forked paths—none knows which to follow. Is this not Shuhe's error bringing calamity? Zhongjing said the six channels are the method for all diseases, not specialized for cold damage alone. Cold damage and miscellaneous disease share one principle, all obeying the six channels' regulation. Those who treat cold damage only cling to cold damage and do not investigate the miscellaneous-disease principles within; those who treat miscellaneous disease again say Cold Damage has nothing to do with miscellaneous disease and set it aside unasked. They bring books that assist transforming and nourishing entirely into the realm of doubt—I deeply worry for this Way." Critics say Qin's two books greatly served Zhongjing.
36
尤怡，字在涇，江蘇吳縣人。 父有田千畝，至怡中落。 貧甚，鬻字於佛寺。 業醫，人未之異也。 好為詩，與同里顧嗣立、沈德潛游。 晚年，學益深造，治病多奇中，名始著。 性淡榮利，隱於花溪，自號飼鶴山人，著書自得。 其註傷寒論，名曰貫珠集。 謂後人因王叔和編次錯亂，辨駁改訂，各成一家言，言愈多而理愈晦。 乃就六經，各提其綱，於正治法之外，太陽有權變法，斡旋法，救逆法，類病法； 陽明有明辨法，雜治法； 少陽有權變法； 太陰有藏病、經病法，經、藏俱病法； 少陰、厥陰有溫法、凊法。 凡病機進退微權，各有法以為辨，使讀者先得其法，乃能用其方。 分證甚晰，於少陰、厥陰、溫凊兩法，尤足破世人之惑。 注金匱要略，名曰心典。 別撰集諸家方書、雜病治要，足以羽翼仲景者，論其精蘊，曰金匱翼。 又著醫學讀書記，於軒、岐以下諸家，多有折衷，徐大椿稱為得古人意。 怡著述並篤雅，世以貫珠集與柯琴來蘇集並重焉。
You Yi, courtesy name Zaijing, was a native of Wu County in Jiangsu. His father had a thousand mu of fields; by Yi's time they had declined. Very poor, he sold his writing at Buddhist temples. He practiced medicine, but people did not think him unusual. Fond of poetry, he associated with Gu Sili and Shen Deqian of the same district. In old age his learning went deeper. His cures were often miraculously effective and his name became renowned. By nature indifferent to glory and profit, he hid on Flower Stream, called himself the Recluse Who Feeds Cranes, and wrote books at his pleasure. His commentary on Cold Damage is called the Stringed Pearl Collection. He said later people, because Wang Shuhe's arrangement was confused, debated and revised, each forming a school—more words only made the principle more obscure. He therefore took the six channels and raised the main thread of each. Beyond the regular treatment methods, for taiyang there are expedient, mediating, rescue, and analogous disease methods; for yangming, discerning and mixed treatment methods; for shaoyang, expedient methods; for taiyin, visceral disease, channel disease, and both channel and visceral disease methods; for shaoyin and jueyin, warming and cooling methods. Every subtle turn of disease mechanism advance and retreat has a method for discrimination, so readers first obtain the method and then can use the formulas. Pattern division is very clear. On shaoyin, jueyin, and the two methods of warming and cooling, it especially breaks worldly confusion. He commented on the Essentials of the Golden Coffer under the title Heart Canon. Separately he compiled various schools' formularies and Essentials for Treating Miscellaneous Disease, enough to support Zhongjing, discussing their essence in Golden Coffer Wings. He also wrote Notes on Reading Medicine, with much reconciliation among schools from Xuan and Qi down. Xu Dachun said it obtained the ancients' meaning. Yi's writings are all refined; the age ranks the Stringed Pearl Collection with Qin's Collection for Revival.
37
葉桂，字天士，江蘇吳縣人。 先世自歙遷吳，祖時、父朝採，皆精醫。 桂年十四喪父，從學於父之門人，聞言即解，見出師上，遂有聞於時。 切脈望色，如見五藏。 治方不出成見，嘗曰：「劑之寒溫視乎病，前人或偏寒涼，或偏溫養，習者茫無定識。 假兼備以幸中，借和平以藏拙。 朝用一方。 晚易一劑，詎有當哉？ 病有見證，有變證，必胸有成竹，乃可施之以方。」
Ye Gui, courtesy name Tianshi, was a native of Wu County in Jiangsu. His forebears moved from She to Wu. His grandfather Shi and father Chaocai were both skilled in medicine. Gui at fourteen lost his father and studied with his father's disciples. Hearing a word he understood, and when he surpassed his teacher he was heard of in the age. Taking the pulse and observing color, it was as if he saw the five viscera. His treatment formulas did not go beyond established views. He once said: "Whether a formula is cold or warm depends on the disease. Former men were sometimes partial to cold and cool, sometimes partial to warm nourishment, and learners had no fixed knowledge. Some feign comprehensiveness to hope to hit; some borrow harmony to hide incompetence. Using one formula in the morning. Changing to another dose in the evening—how can that be right? Disease has manifest pattern and changing pattern; one must have a complete plan in the breast before applying a formula."
38
其治病多奇中，於疑難證，或就其平日嗜好而得救法； 或他醫之方，略與變通服法； 或竟不與藥，而使居處飲食消息之； 或於無病時預知其病； 或預斷數十年後：皆驗。 當時名滿天下，傳聞附會，往往涉於荒誕，不具錄。 卒，年八十。 臨歿，戒其子曰：「醫可為而不可為。 必天資敏悟，讀萬卷書，而後可以濟世。 不然，鮮有不殺人者，是以藥餌為刀刃也。 吾死，子孫慎勿輕言醫！」
His cures were often miraculously effective. For doubtful difficult patterns he sometimes obtained the method of cure from the patient's daily habits; or another physician's formula, slightly altered in method of taking; or he gave no medicine at all but had them regulate dwelling, food, and drink; or when without disease he foreknew the disease; or foretold decades later—all verified. His name filled the world; attached rumors often touched the absurd and are not fully recorded. He died at eighty. On the verge of death he admonished his son: "Medicine may be practiced but may not be practiced. One must be gifted with keen intelligence and read ten thousand scrolls before one can benefit the world. Otherwise few do not kill; thus drugs and formulas are blades. When I die, descendants must not lightly speak of medicine!"
39
桂神悟絕人，貫徹古今醫術，而鮮著述。 世傳所注本草，多心得。 又許叔微本事方釋義、景岳發揮。 歿後，門人集醫案為臨證指南，非其自著。 附幼科心法一卷，傳為桂手定，徐大椿謂獨精卓，後章楠改題曰三時伏氣外感篇； 又附溫證證治一卷，傳為口授門人顧景文者，楠改題曰外感溫證篇。 二書最為學者所奉習。
Gui's divine insight surpassed others. He penetrated medical arts ancient and modern, yet wrote little. The materia medica commentary attributed to him has many insights. Also Xu Shuxi's Commentary on Effective Formulas and Elaboration on Jingyue. After his death his disciples collected medical cases as Guide to Clinical Pattern—not his own composition. Appended is one scroll of Pediatric Heart Method, transmitted as fixed by Gui's hand. Xu Dachun said it alone is exquisite, and later Zhang Nan retitled it Treatise on External Heat in the Three Seasons; also appended is one scroll on warm pattern treatment, transmitted as orally taught to disciple Gu Jingwen; Nan retitled it Treatise on External Warm Patterns. These two books students most revere and practice.
40
同里薛雪，名亞於桂，而大江南、北，言醫輒以桂為宗，百餘年來，私淑者眾。 最著者，吳瑭、章楠、王士雄。
Xue Xue of the same district ranked below Gui in name, yet south and north of the great rivers, speaking of medicine always took Gui as patriarch. For more than a hundred years private followers were many. The most renowned were Wu Tang, Zhang Nan, and Wang Shixiong.
41
雪，字生白，自號一瓢。 少學詩於同郡葉燮。 乾隆初，舉鴻博，未遇。 工畫蘭，善拳勇，博學多通，於醫時有獨見。 斷人生死不爽，療治多異跡。 生平與桂不相能，自名所居曰掃葉莊，然每見桂處方而善，未嘗不擊節也。 著醫經原旨，於靈、素奧旨，具有發揮。 世傳濕溫篇，為學者所宗，或曰非雪作。 其醫案與桂及繆遵義合刻。
Xue, courtesy name Shengbai, sobriquet One Gourd. In youth he studied poetry under Ye Xie of the same commandery. In early Qianlong he was nominated for the Boxue examination but did not succeed. He was skilled at painting orchids and martial arts, broadly learned and versatile, and in medicine he often had unique views. He judged life and death without error, and his cures had many marvels. All his life he did not get along with Gui. He named his dwelling Sweeping Leaves Villa, yet whenever he saw Gui's prescriptions he admired them and never failed to applaud. He wrote Origins of the Medical Canon, with real development of the subtle aims of Lingshu and Suwen. The Warm-Damp Treatise transmitted in the world is revered by students; some say it is not Xue's work. His medical cases were printed together with Gui's and Miao Zunyi's.
42
遵義，亦吳人。 乾隆二年進士，官知縣。 因母病，通方書，棄官為醫，用藥每出創意，吳中稱三家焉。
Zunyi was also a man of Wu. He became jinshi in the second year of Qianlong and served as magistrate. Because his mother fell ill he mastered formularies, abandoned office for medicine, and his use of drugs often showed original ideas. Wu called them the three masters.
43
瑭，字鞠通，江蘇淮陰人。 乾、嘉之間遊京師，有名。 學本於桂，以桂立論甚簡，但有醫案散見於雜證之中，人多忽之。 著溫病條辨，以暢其義，其書盛行。
Tang, courtesy name Jutong, was a native of Huaiyin in Jiangsu. Between Qianlong and Jiaqing he traveled the capital and was renowned. His learning derived from Gui. Gui's doctrine was very brief, but medical cases scattered among miscellaneous patterns were often overlooked. He wrote Detailed Differentiation of Warm Disease to expound the meaning, and the book flourished.
44
同時歸安吳貞，著傷寒指掌，亦發明桂醫案之旨，與瑭相同。
At the same time Wu Zhen of Gui'an wrote Finger Guide to Cold Damage, also developing Gui's medical cases, the same as Tang.
45
楠，字虛谷，浙江會稽人。 著醫門棒喝。 謂桂、雪最得仲景遺意，而他家不與。
Nan, courtesy name Xugu, was a native of Kuaiji in Zhejiang. He wrote Awakening Cry in the Medical Gate. He said Gui and Xue most obtained Zhongjing's legacy, and other schools did not.
46
士雄，字孟英，浙江海寧人。 居於杭，世為醫。 士雄讀書礪行，家貧，仍以醫自給。 咸豐中，杭州陷，轉徙上海。 時吳、越避寇者麕集，疫癘大作，士雄療治，多全活。 舊著霍亂論，致慎於溫補，至是重訂刊行，醫者奉為圭臬。 又著溫熱經緯，以軒、岐、仲景之文為經，葉、薛諸家之辨為緯，大意同章楠註釋。 兼採昔賢諸說，擇善而從，勝楠書。 所著凡數種，以二者為精詳。
Shixiong, courtesy name Mengying, was a native of Haining in Zhejiang. He lived in Hangzhou; the family practiced medicine for generations. Shixiong read books and cultivated conduct. Though poor he still supported himself by medicine. In the Xianfeng reign Hangzhou fell, and he moved to Shanghai. Then refugees from Wu and Yue gathered and pestilence broke out greatly. Shixiong treated them and mostly saved lives. He had formerly written Treatise on Cholera, warning against warm supplementation. Now he revised and published it, and physicians took it as standard. He also wrote Warp and Woof of Warm Heat, taking Xuan, Qi, and Zhongjing as warp and Ye and Xue's differentiations as woof—the main idea like Nan's commentary. Also gathering former worthies' sayings and choosing the good, it surpasses Nan's book. His writings number several kinds; these two are most detailed.
47
同時浙西論醫者，平湖陸以湉、嘉善汪震、烏程汪曰楨，宗旨略同。
At the same time in western Zhejiang discussing medicine were Lu Yitian of Pinghu, Wang Zhen of Jiashan, and Wang Rizhen of Wucheng, their aims roughly the same.
48
陽湖張琦、曜孫，父子皆通儒，以醫鳴，取黃元禦扶陽之說，偏於溫。 曜孫至上海，或勸士雄往就正，士雄謝之。 號葉氏學者，要以士雄為巨擘，惟喜用辛涼，論者謂亦稍偏雲。
Zhang Qi and his son Yaosun of Yanghu were both Confucian scholars famed in medicine, taking Huang Yuanyu's yang-supporting doctrine and partial to warmth. Yaosun came to Shanghai; some urged Shixiong to go seek correction, but Shixiong declined. Those who called themselves the Ye school chiefly took Shixiong as chief, yet he liked pungent cool drugs; critics said he was also somewhat partial.
49
徐大椿，原名大業，字靈胎，晚號洄溪，江蘇吳江人，翰林檢討釚孫。 生有異禀，長身廣顙，聰強過人。 為諸生，勿屑，去而窮經，探研易理，好讀黃老與陰符家言。 凡星經、地志、九宮、音律、技擊、句卒、嬴越之法，靡不通究，尤邃於醫，世多傳其異跡。 然大椿自編醫案，惟剖析虛實寒溫，發明治療之法，歸於平實，於神異者僅載一二。 其書世多有，不具錄。
Xu Dachun, original name Daye, courtesy name Lingtai, late sobriquet Huixi, was a native of Wujiang in Jiangsu and grandson of Hanlin examiner Xu. Born with unusual endowment, he was tall with a broad forehead, clever and strong beyond others. A licentiate, he disdained it and left to exhaust the classics, probing the Changes and fond of reading Huang-Lao and yinfu masters. Astronomy, geography, nine palaces, pitch and rhythm, martial arts, military science, and methods of Yue—all he thoroughly investigated, especially penetrating in medicine, and the world transmitted many marvels. Yet in his own compiled medical cases Dachun only analyzed vacuity-repletion and cold-heat, expounding treatment methods and returning to level truth; of marvels he recorded only one or two. His books are many in the world and are not fully recorded here.
50
乾隆二十四年，大學士蔣溥病，高宗命徵海內名醫，以薦召入都。 大椿奏溥病不可治，上嘉其樸誠，命入太醫院供奉，尋乞歸。 後二十年復詔徵，年已七十九，遂卒於京師，賜金治喪。
In the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong Grand Secretary Jiang Pu fell ill. The Gaozong Emperor ordered famous physicians summoned from within the seas, and on recommendation Dachun was called to the capital. Dachun memorialized that Pu's disease could not be cured. The emperor praised his honesty and ordered him to serve in the Imperial Medical Academy, but he soon begged to return. Twenty years later he was again summoned by edict. He was already seventy-nine and died in the capital; gold was bestowed for the funeral.
51
大椿學博而通，注神農本草經百種，以舊注但言其當然，不言其所以然，採掇常用之品，備列經文，推闡主治之義，於諸家中最有啟發之功。
Dachun's learning was broad and penetrating. He commented on a hundred kinds in the Divine Farmer's Root Materia Medica—old commentaries only said what was so, not why. He selected commonly used items, fully listed the classic text, and developed the meaning of governing treatment, among all schools most enlightening.
52
注難經曰經釋，辨其與靈樞、素問說有異同。 注傷寒曰類方，謂：「醫家刊定傷寒論，如治尚書者之爭洪範、武成，注大學者之爭古本、今本，終無定論。 不知仲景本論，乃救誤之書，當時隨證立方，本無定序。」 於是削除陰陽六經門目，但使方以類從，證隨方定，使人可案證以求方，而不必循經以求證。 一切葛藤，盡芟去之。 所著蘭台軌範，凡錄病論，惟取靈樞、素問、難經、金匱要略、傷寒論、隋巢元方病源、唐孫思邈千金方、王燾外台秘要而止。 錄方亦多取諸書，宋以後方，則採其義可推尋、試多獲效者，去取最為謹嚴。 於疑似出入之間，辨別尤悉。
He commented on the Difficult Classic under the title Canon Explanation, distinguishing where it differs from Lingshu and Suwen. He commented on Cold Damage under the title Classified Formulas, saying: "Medical editors fixing Cold Damage are like those debating Hongfan and Wucheng in the Documents, or ancient versus modern editions of the Great Learning—ultimately no fixed conclusion. They do not know Zhongjing's root treatise is a book for correcting errors. Formulas were made for patterns as they arose, originally without fixed order." He therefore deleted the yin-yang six-channel categories but grouped formulas by kind and fixed patterns with formulas, so people may seek formulas by pattern without following channels to seek patterns. All entanglements were entirely cut away. His Orchid Terrace Standards records disease treatises only from Lingshu, Suwen, Difficult Classic, Essentials of the Golden Coffer, Cold Damage, Sui Chao Yuanfang's Origins of Disease, Tang Sun Simiao's Thousand Gold Formulas, and Wang Tao's Secret Essentials of the Outer Terrace. Formulas too are mostly taken from these books. Post-Song formulas he took only when the meaning can be traced and trials often succeeded—selection was most strict. On seeming agreement and divergence he discriminated especially fully.
53
其論醫之書曰醫學源流論，分目九十有三。 謂：「病之名有萬，而脈之像不過數十，是必以望、聞、問三者參之。 如病同人異之辨，兼證兼病之別，亡陰亡陽之分。 病有不愈不死，有雖愈必死，又有藥誤不即死。 藥性有古今變遷，內經司天運氣之說不可泥。 針灸之法失傳。」 諸說並可取。
His book on medicine is called Treatise on the Sources of Medicine, in ninety-three sections. He said: "Disease names are ten thousand but pulse images are only several tens—one must consult the three of looking, listening, and asking. Such as distinguishing same disease in different persons, combined patterns and combined diseases, loss of yin and loss of yang. Some diseases do not heal yet do not die; some though healed must die; some from mistaken medicine do not die at once. Drug nature has ancient and modern change; one must not cling to the Inner Canon's doctrine of celestial motion and qi. Acupuncture and moxibustion methods are lost." These sayings are all acceptable.
54
又慎疾芻言，為溺於邪說俗見者痛下針砭，多驚心動魄之語。 醫貫砭，專斥趙獻可溫補之弊。 諸書並行世。
Also Cautionary Words on Disease, sharply needling those drowned in heterodox sayings and vulgar views, with many startling words. Medical Girdle Needle especially rebukes Zhao Xianke's warm supplementation. All books circulate in the world.
55
大椿與葉桂同以醫名吳中，而宗旨異。 評桂醫案，多所糾正。 兼精瘍科，而未著專書，謂世傳外科正宗一書，輕用刀針及毒藥，往往害人，詳為批評，世並奉為善本。
Dachun and Ye Gui were both famed in medicine in Wu, but their aims differed. In reviewing Gui's medical cases he corrected many points. Also skilled in ulcer medicine but without a specialized book. He said the transmitted Orthodox Surgery lightly uses knife, needle, and poisonous drugs and often harms people, and criticized it in detail; the age also took it as a fine edition.
56
同郡吳縣王維德，字洪緒，自號林屋山人。 曾祖字若谷，精瘍醫，維德傳其學，著外科全生集。 謂：「癰疽無死證，癰乃陽實，氣血熱而毒滯； 疽乃陰虛，氣血寒而毒凝。 皆以開腠理為要，治者但當論陰陽虛實。 初起色紅為癰，色白為疽，截然兩途。 世人以癰疽連呼並治，誤矣。」 其論為前人所未發。 凡治初起以消為貴，以託為畏，尤戒刀針毒藥，與大椿說略同，醫者宗之。 維德兼通陰陽家言，著永寧通書、卜筮正宗。
Wang Weide of Wu County in the same commandery, courtesy name Hongxu, sobriquet Recluse of Forest Dwelling. His great-grandfather Ziruogu was skilled in ulcer medicine. Weide inherited the learning and wrote Complete Collection for Saving Life in Surgery. He said: "Abscess and gangrene have no fatal pattern. Abscess is yang repletion, with qi and blood hot and toxin stagnant; gangrene is yin vacuity, with qi and blood cold and toxin congealed. Both take opening the interstices as essential; the physician should only discuss yin-yang vacuity and repletion. At first rise, red color is abscess, white is gangrene—utterly two paths. The world calls abscess and gangrene together and treats them together—wrong." His doctrine was what former men had not expounded. In treating initial rise, dissolving is valued and suppuration feared. Knife, needle, and poisonous drugs are especially forbidden—much like Dachun's doctrine, and physicians took him as patriarch. Weide also penetrated yin-yang masters' sayings, writing Everlasting Peace Almanac and Orthodox Divination.
57
吳謙，字六吉，安徽歙縣人。 官太醫院判，供奉內廷，屢被恩賚。 乾隆中，敕編醫書，太醫院使錢鬥保請發內府藏書，並徵集天下家藏秘籍，及世傳經驗良方，分門聚類，刪其駁雜，採其精粹，發其餘蘊，補其未備，為書二部。 小而約者，以為初學誦讀； 大而博者，以為學成參考。 既而徵書之令中止，議專編一書，期速成，命謙及同官劉裕鐸為總修官。
Wu Qian, courtesy name Liuji, was a native of She County in Anhui. He served as vice-director of the Imperial Medical Academy, attending the inner court, and was repeatedly favored with gifts. In the Qianlong reign an edict ordered medical books compiled. Director Qian Doubao requested inner palace books be issued and secret editions and experiential formulas from families under heaven be gathered, classified by category, rejecting what was confused, taking the essence, developing what remained, supplementing what was lacking—two works. The smaller and concise for beginners to recite; the larger and broad for accomplished study as reference. Later the order to gather books ceased. It was decided to compile one book for quick completion, appointing Qian and colleague Liu Yude as chief editors.
58
謙以古醫書有法無方，惟傷寒論、金匱要略、雜病論始有法有方。 靈、素而後，二書實一脈相承。 義理淵深，方法微奧，領會不易，遂多譌錯。 舊注隨文附會，難以傳信。 謙自為刪定，書成八九，及是，請就謙未成之書，更加增減。 於二書譌錯者，悉為訂正，逐條註釋，复集諸家舊注實足闡發微義者，以資參考，為全書之首，標示正軌。 次刪補名醫方論，次四診要訣，次諸病心法要訣，次正骨心法要旨。 書成，賜名醫宗金鑑，雖出眾手編輯，而訂正傷寒、金匱，本于謙所自撰。
Qian said ancient medical books have methods without formulas; only Cold Damage, Essentials of the Golden Coffer, and Treatise on Miscellaneous Disease have both methods and formulas. After Lingshu and Suwen, the two books truly inherit one thread. Principle is deep and methods subtle; comprehension is not easy, so there are many errors. Old commentaries gloss as the text goes and are hard to trust. Qian himself made a revised edition, eight or nine tenths complete; then he was asked to take Qian's unfinished book and further add and subtract. Errors in the two books were all corrected, line by line commented, and former schools' old notes that truly developed subtle meaning were gathered for reference, as the head of the whole work marking the correct track. Next deleting and supplementing famous physicians' formula treatises, next Essentials of the Four Examinations, next Essentials of Heart Methods for Various Diseases, next Essentials of Orthopedic Heart Methods. When complete it was named Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition. Though compiled by many hands, correcting Cold Damage and the Golden Coffer was based on Qian's own writing.
59
其採引清代乾隆以前醫說凡二十餘家，張璐、喻昌、徐彬、張志聰、高世式、張錫駒、柯琴、尤怡，事具本傳。
It cites more than twenty Qing medical sayings before Qianlong: Zhang Lu, Yu Chang, Xu Bin, Zhang Zhicong, Gao Shizong, Zhang Xiju, Ke Qin, You Yi—all in their main biographies.
60
其次者：林瀾，著傷寒折衷、靈素合鈔，兼通星象、堪輿之學； 汪琥，著傷寒論辨注； 魏荔彤，著傷寒金匱本義； 沈明宗，著傷寒金匱編註； 程應旄，著傷寒後條辨； 鄭重光，著傷寒論條辨續注； 周揚俊，著傷寒三注、金匱二注； 程林，著金匱直解、聖濟總錄纂要； 閔芝慶，著傷寒闡要編。 而遺書湮沒無考者，尚六七家云。
Next in rank: Lin Lan wrote Cold Damage Reconciliation and Combined Jade of Lingshu and Suwen, also penetrating astronomy and geomancy; Wang Hu wrote Commentary and Discrimination on Cold Damage; Wei Lizhi wrote Root Meaning of Cold Damage and the Golden Coffer; Shen Mingzong wrote Compiled Commentary on Cold Damage and the Golden Coffer; Cheng Yingmao wrote Later Detailed Differentiation of Cold Damage; Zheng Chongguang wrote Continued Commentary on Detailed Differentiation of Cold Damage; Zhou Yangjun wrote Three Commentaries on Cold Damage and Two on the Golden Coffer; Cheng Lin wrote Straight Explanation of the Golden Coffer and Essentials of the Sagely Relief General Collection; Min Zhiqing wrote Compiled Essentials of Cold Damage. Yet lost books beyond inquiry number six or seven more.
61
綽爾濟，墨爾根氏，蒙古人。 天命中，率先歸附。 善醫傷。 時白旗先鋒鄂碩與敵戰，中矢垂斃，綽爾濟為拔鏃，傅良藥，傷尋愈。 都統武拜身被三十餘矢，昏絕，綽爾濟令剖白駝腹，置武拜其中，遂甦。 有患臂屈不伸者，令先以熱鑊熏蒸，然後斧椎其骨，揉之有聲，即愈。
Chuoerji, of the Moergen clan, was a Mongol. In the Tianming reign he was first to submit. He was skilled in treating wounds. When White Banner vanguard Eshuo fought the enemy and was struck by an arrow near death, Chuoerji pulled the shaft, applied good medicine, and the wound soon healed. Commander Wubai was struck by more than thirty arrows and fainted. Chuoerji had a white camel's belly cut open and placed Wubai within, and he revived. One whose arm would not straighten was first steamed with a hot pot, then the bone was chopped with axe and mallet. When rubbing made a sound, he immediately recovered.
62
覺羅伊桑阿，乾隆中，以正骨起家，至鉅富。 其授徒法，削筆管為數段，包以紙，摩挲之，使其節節皆接合，如未斷者然，乃如法接骨，皆奏效。 故事，選上三旗士卒之明骨法者，每旗十人，隸上駟院，名蒙古醫士。 凡禁庭執事人有跌損者，命醫治，限日報痊，逾期則懲治之。 侍郎齊召南墜馬，傷首，腦出。 蒙古醫士以牛脬蒙其首，其創立愈。 時有秘方，能立奏效，伊桑阿名最著。 當時湖南有張朝魁者，亦以治傷科聞。
Yisang'a of the Aisin Gioro clan in the Qianlong reign rose from bone-setting to great wealth. His method of teaching disciples: cut a pen tube into sections, wrap with paper and rub until each joint joins as if unbroken—then set bones by the method and all succeeded. By precedent, from the Upper Three Banners ten men per banner skilled in bone method were chosen for the Imperial Stud, called Mongol physicians. Whenever palace attendants suffered falls, physicians were ordered to treat and report recovery by a deadline; overdue brought punishment. Vice Minister Qi Zhaonan fell from a horse, injuring his head, and his brain protruded. The Mongol physician covered his head with an ox bladder and the wound soon healed. At the time there were secret formulas with immediate effect; Yisang'a's name was most renowned. At the time in Hunan Zhang Chaokui was also famed for trauma medicine.
63
朝魁，辰谿人，又名毛矮子。 年二十餘，遇遠來乞者，朝魁厚待之，乞者授以異術，治癰疽、瘰癧及跌打、損傷、危急之證，能以刀剖皮肉，去淤血於臟腑。 又能續筋正骨，時有劉某患腹痛，僕地瀕死，朝魁往視曰：「病在大小腸。」 剖其腹二寸許，伸指入腹理之，數日愈。 辰州知府某乘輿越銀壺山，忽墮岩下，折髃骨，朝魁以刀刺之，撥正，傅以藥，運動如常。
Chaokui, a man of Chenxi, was also called Shorty Mao. At twenty-odd he met a distant beggar whom he treated generously. The beggar taught him occult arts for abscess, scrofula, falls, injuries, and critical cases—able to cut flesh with a knife and remove stagnant blood from viscera. He could also join sinews and set bones. Once Liu suffered abdominal pain and fell prostrate near death. Chaokui went and said: "The disease is in the large and small intestine." He cut the belly two cun and reached in with a finger to arrange the intestines; in days he recovered. A prefect crossed Silver Pot Mountain in a sedan, suddenly fell from a cliff and broke the hip bone. Chaokui pierced with a knife, set it right, applied medicine, and movement was normal.
64
陸懋修，字九芝，江蘇元和人。 先世以儒顯，皆通醫。 懋修為諸生，世其學。 咸豐中，粵匪擾江南，轉徙上海，遂以醫名。 研精素問，著內經運氣病釋。 後益博通漢以後書，恪守仲景家法，於有清一代醫家，悉舉其得失。 所取法在柯琴、尤怡兩家，謂得仲景意較多。 吳中葉桂名最盛，傳最廣，懋修謂桂醫案出門弟子，不盡可信。 所傳溫病證治，亦門人筆述。 開卷揭「溫邪上受、首先犯肺、逆傳心包」一語，不應經法，誤以胃熱為肺熱，由於不識陽明病，故著陽明病釋一篇，以闡明之。 又據難經「傷寒有五」之文，謂：「仲景撰用難經，溫病即在傷寒中，治溫病法不出傷寒論外。」 又謂：「瘟疫有溫、有寒，與溫病不同，醫者多混稱。 吳有性、戴天章為治疫專家，且不免此誤。」 著論辨之，並精確，有功學者。
Lu Maoxiu, courtesy name Jiuzhi, was a native of Yuanhe in Jiangsu. His forebears were eminent in Confucian learning and all penetrated medicine. Maoxiu was a licentiate and inherited the profession. In the Xianfeng reign the Taiping rebels disturbed Jiangnan. He moved to Shanghai and became famed in medicine. He studied Suwen deeply and wrote Explanation of Disease from Celestial Motion and Qi in the Inner Canon. Later he broadly penetrated books from Han onward, kept to Zhongjing's family method, and for Qing physicians entirely raised their gains and losses. His models were Ke Qin and You Yi, said to obtain Zhongjing's meaning more fully. Ye Gui of Wu was most famed and most widely transmitted. Maoxiu said Gui's medical cases came from door disciples and are not fully trustworthy. The transmitted warm disease pattern treatment is also disciples' brush notes. Opening with "warm evil ascends and first invades the lung, reversely transmitting to the pericardium" does not accord with classic method, mistaking stomach heat for lung heat from not knowing yangming disease. Therefore he wrote Explaining Yangming Disease to clarify. Also according to the Difficult Classic "cold damage has five kinds," he said: "Zhongjing adopted the Difficult Classic. Warm disease is within cold damage, and methods for warm disease do not go outside Cold Damage." He also said: "Pestilence has warm and cold, different from warm disease; physicians often confuse the names. Wu Youxing and Dai Tianzhang as pestilence specialists still did not avoid this error." He wrote treatises to discriminate, all precise, with merit for students.
65
懋修既棄舉業，不求仕進，及子潤庠登第，就養京邸，著述至老不倦。 光緒中，卒。 潤庠亦通醫，官至大學士，自有傳。
Maoxiu abandoned the examination career and did not seek advancement. When his son Runku became a provincial graduate he nourished him in the capital and wrote to old age without weariness. In the Guangxu reign he died. Runku also penetrated medicine, rose to Grand Secretary, and has his own biography.
66
王丙，字樸莊，吳縣人，懋修之外曾祖也。 著傷寒論注，以唐孫思邈千金方僅採王叔和傷寒論序例，全書載翼方中，序次最古，據為定本。 謂：「方中行、喻昌等刪駁序例，乃欲申己見，非定論。」 著迴瀾說，爭之甚力。 又著古今權量考，古一兩準今六分七釐，一升準今七勺七秒，承學者奉以為法。
Wang Bing, courtesy name Puzhuang, was a man of Wu County and Maoxiu's great-grandfather on the mother's side. He wrote Commentary on Cold Damage, taking Tang Sun Simiao's Thousand Gold Formulas which only adopted Wang Shuhe's Cold Damage preface and arrangement—the whole book loads wing formulas in the oldest order—and took it as the fixed edition. He said: "Fang Zhongxing, Yu Chang, and others deleted and refuted the preface and arrangement to extend their own views—not fixed conclusion." He wrote Returning Tides Discourse, arguing very forcefully. Also wrote Ancient and Modern Weights and Measures Examined: one ancient liang equals today six fen seven li; one sheng equals today seven spoon seven second—students took it as law.
67
呂震，字茶村，浙江錢塘人。 道光五年舉人，官湖北荊門州判。 晚寓吳，酷嗜醫，診療輒有奇效。 其言曰：「傷寒論使學者有切實下手工夫，不止為傷寒立法。 能從六經辨證，雖繁劇如傷寒，不為多歧所誤，雜證一以貫之。」 著內經要論、傷寒尋源。 懋修持論多本丙、震云。
Lü Zhen, courtesy name Chacun, was a native of Qiantang in Zhejiang. He was a provincial graduate in the fifth year of Daoguang and served as assistant magistrate of Jingmen in Hubei. In old age he lived in Wu, passionately fond of medicine; diagnosis and treatment often had remarkable effect. He said: "Cold Damage lets students have real practical effort, not only legislating for cold damage. One can discriminate patterns from the six channels. Though as complex as cold damage, one is not misled by many divergences, and miscellaneous patterns are threaded on one string." He wrote Essentials of the Inner Canon and Seeking the Source of Cold Damage. Maoxiu's holding to doctrine mostly derives from Bing and Zhen.
68
鄒澍，字潤安，江蘇武進人。 有孝行，家貧績學，隱於醫。 道光初，詔舉山林隱逸，鄉人議以澍名上，固辭。 澍通知天文推步、地理形勢沿革，詩古文亦卓然成家，不自表襮。 所著書，醫家言為多。 傷寒通解、傷寒金匱方解、醫理摘要、醫經書目，並不傳。 所刊行者，本經疏證、續疏證、本經序疏要。 謂明潛江劉氏本草述，貫串金、元諸家說，反多牽掣，故所注悉本傷寒、金匱，疏通證明，而以千金、外台副之。 深究仲景制方精意，成一家之言。
Zou Shu, courtesy name Run'an, was a native of Wujin in Jiangsu. Filial in conduct, poor in family but diligent in learning, he hid in medicine. In early Daoguang an edict nominated recluses in mountains and forests. Fellow townsmen proposed Shu's name but he firmly declined. Shu knew astronomy, calendrical calculation, and geographical changes. His poetry and ancient prose also established a school, yet he did not display himself. His writings are mostly medical. General Explanation of Cold Damage, Formula Explanation of Cold Damage and the Golden Coffer, Medical Summary, and Medical Canon Bibliography—all do not circulate. What was printed: Commentary on the Root Classic, Continued Commentary, and Essentials of Preface and Commentary on the Root Classic. He said Ming Qianjiang Liu's Materia Medica Narrative strung together Jin and Yuan schools but had many constraints. Therefore his notes all derive from Cold Damage and the Golden Coffer, clarifying proof, with Thousand Gold and Outer Terrace as supplement. He deeply investigated Zhongjing's formula intent and formed a school of his own.
69
費伯雄，字晉卿。 與澍同邑，居孟河，濱江。 咸、同間以醫名遠近，詣診者踵相接，所居遂成繁盛之區。 持脈知病，不待問。 論醫，戒偏戒雜。 謂古醫以「和緩」命名，可通其意。 著書曰醫醇，毀於寇。 撮其要，成醫醇賸義，附方論。 大旨謂常病多，奇病少，醫者執簡，始能馭繁，不可尚異。 享盛名數十年，家以致富，子孫皆世其業。 伯雄所著，詳於雜病，略於傷寒，與懋修、澍宗旨並不同。 清末江南諸醫，以伯雄為最著，用附載焉。
Fei Boxiong, courtesy name Jinqing. Of the same district as Shu, he lived at Menghe on the river. In the Xianfeng and Tongzhi reigns his medical name reached far and near. Those seeking diagnosis came in succession, and his dwelling became a flourishing district. Taking the pulse he knew the disease without waiting to ask. In discussing medicine he warned against partiality and confusion. He said ancient physicians took "harmony and ease" as their name, which can communicate the meaning. His book was called Medical Essence, destroyed by bandits. He extracted the essentials into Remaining Meaning of Medical Essence, with appended formula treatises. The main idea is that common diseases are many and strange diseases few. Physicians who hold to simplicity can govern complexity and must not esteem the unusual. He enjoyed great fame for decades. The family grew rich and descendants all inherited the profession. Boxiong's writings are detailed on miscellaneous disease and brief on cold damage—aims different from Maoxiu and Shu. Among late Qing physicians of Jiangnan, Boxiong was most renowned and is appended here.
70
清代醫學，多重考古，當道光中，始譯泰西醫書，王清任著醫林改錯。 以中國無解剖之學，宋、元後相傳臟腑諸圖，疑不盡合，於刑人時，考驗有得，參證獸畜。 未見西書，而其說與合。 光緒中，唐宗海推廣其義，證以內經異同，經脈奇經各穴，及營衛經氣，為西醫所未及。 著中西匯通醫經精義，欲通其郵而補其缺。 兩人之開悟，皆足以啟後者。
Qing medicine mostly valued antiquarian study. In the Daoguang reign Western medical books began to be translated, and Wang Qingren wrote Correcting Errors in the Medical Forest. China had no anatomy. Viscera diagrams transmitted from Song and Yuan he doubted were not fully correct. At executions he examined and compared with domestic animals. He had not seen Western books, yet his sayings accorded with them. In the Guangxu reign Tang Zonghai extended the meaning, comparing with Inner Canon differences, extraordinary channels and points, and nutritive-defensive channel qi—what Western medicine had not reached. He wrote Essential Meaning of Chinese and Western Combined Medical Canon, wishing to connect the posts and fill the gaps. Both men's enlightenment suffices to inspire those after.
71
蔣平階，字大鴻，江南華亭人。 少孤，其祖命習形家之學，十年，始得其傳。 遍證之大江南、北古今名墓，又十年，始得其旨； 又十年，始窮其變。 自謂視天下山川土壤，雖大荒內外如一也。 遂著地理辨正，取當世相傳之書，訂其紕繆，析其是非，惟尊唐楊筠鬆一人，曾文辿僅因筠松以傳。 其於廖瑀、賴文俊、何溥以下，視之蔑如。 以世所惑溺者，莫甚於平砂玉尺一書，斥其偽尤力。 自言事貴心授，非可言罄，古書充棟，半屬偽造。 其昌言救世，惟在地理辨正一書。 後復自抒所得，作天元五歌，謂此皆糟粕，其精微亦不在此，他無秘本。 三吳兩浙，有自稱得平階真傳及偽撰成書指為平階秘本者，皆假託也。
Jiang Pingjie, courtesy name Dahong, was a native of Huating in Jiangnan. Orphaned in youth, his grandfather ordered him to study form-school learning. Ten years passed before he obtained the transmission. He verified great and small, ancient and modern famous tombs north and south of the great rivers. Another ten years passed before he obtained the aim; another ten years before he exhausted the changes. He said he viewed all mountains, rivers, and soil under heaven, even within the great wilds, as one. He then wrote Discriminating Geography, taking books transmitted in the age, correcting errors and analyzing right and wrong, revering only Tang Yang Junsong. Zeng Wenchuan transmitted only through Junsong. Of Liao Yu, Lai Wenjun, He Pu and below he regarded them as nothing. What the world is most deluded by is none more than Level Sand Jade Ruler. He rebuked its falsity especially forcefully. He said the matter values heart transmission and cannot be fully spoken. Ancient books fill the rafters, half of them forged. His loud voice to save the age rests only in Discriminating Geography. Later he expressed his own attainments in Five Songs of Celestial Origin, saying these are all dregs and the subtle is not in them. He had no other secret editions. In the three Wu and two Zhe regions some claimed Pingjie's true transmission or forged books as Pingjie secret editions—all false.
72
從之學者，丹陽張仲馨，丹徒駱士鵬，山陰呂相烈，會稽姜堯，武陵胡泰徵，淄川畢世持，他無所傳授。 姜堯注青囊奧語及平砂玉尺辨偽，總括歌，即附地理辨正中。
His students were Danyang Zhang Zhongxin, Dantu Luo Shipeng, Shanyin Lü Xianglie, Kuaiji Jiang Yao, Wuling Hu Taiwei, and Zichuan Bi Shichi—no other transmission. Jiang Yao commented on Green Bag Secret Language and forged Level Sand Jade Ruler summary songs—all appended in Discriminating Geography.
73
平階生於明末，兼以詩鳴。 清初諸老，多與唱和。 地學為一代大宗，所造羅經，後人多用之，稱為「蔣盤」雲。
Pingjie was born in the late Ming and was also famed in poetry. Early Qing elders mostly exchanged poems with him. In geomancy he was a great master of the age. The compass he made later men mostly used, called the "Jiang Plate."
74
章攀桂，字淮樹，安徽桐城人。 乾隆中，官甘肅知縣，累擢江蘇松太兵備道。 有吏才，多術藝，尤精形家言。 謂近世形家諸書，理當辭顯者，莫如明張宗道地理全書，為之作注，稍辨正其誤失。 大旨本元人山陽指迷之說，專主形勢。 攀桂既仕顯，不以方技為業，自喜其術，每為親族交友擇地，貧者助之財以葬。 妻吳故農家，自恨門第微，攀桂為購佳壤葬其親，擇子弟秀異者撫教之，遂登進士第，為望族。
Zhang Pangui, courtesy name Huaishu, was a native of Tongcheng in Anhui. In the Qianlong reign he served as magistrate in Gansu and rose to Jiangsu Song-Tai circuit intendant. He had administrative talent and many arts, especially penetrating form-school doctrine. He said among recent form-school books, for clear principle none surpasses Ming Zhang Zongdao's Complete Geography. He made commentary, slightly correcting errors. The main idea derives from Yuan Shan Yang Pointing the Way, chiefly terrain. Though Pangui had risen to prominence, he did not take technique as his profession. He delighted in his art and often chose ground for kin and friends; for the poor he helped with burial funds. His wife Wu was formerly from a farming family. Resenting humble station, Pangui bought fine ground to bury her kin, chose gifted youths to nurture, and they became jinshi—the family a leading clan.
75
高宗數南巡，自鎮江至江寧，江行險，每由陸。 詔改通水道，議鑿句容故破岡瀆，攀桂相其地勢，謂茅山石巨勢高，縱成瀆，非設閘不可成，儲水多勞費。 請從上元東北攝山下，鑿金烏珠刀槍河故道，以達丹徒，工省修易。 遂監其役，瀆成，謂之新河，百年來賴其利便，攀桂亦因獲優擢。
The Gaozong Emperor several times toured south. From Zhenjiang to Jiangning the river route was dangerous and he often went by land. An edict ordered the water route improved. It was proposed to open the old Pogang canal at Jurong. Pangui surveyed terrain and said Maoshan stone was huge and high—even if a canal were made, sluices would be needed, storing much water at great cost. He requested from northeast Shangyuan below She Mountain to open the old Jindao He of the Golden Crow Pearl Knife Spear to reach Dantu—work saved and repair easy. He supervised the work. When the canal was complete it was called the New River. For a hundred years its convenience was relied on and Pangui was preferentially promoted.
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大學士於敏中於金壇裡第築園，攀桂為之相度營建，敏中歿後，事覺，高宗惡之，褫職居江寧。 晚耽禪理，歿時預知期日。 兼通日者術，括協紀辨方精要為一書，曰選擇正宗，行於世。
Grand Secretary Yu Minzhong built a garden at his Jin Tan estate. Pangui surveyed and built it. After Minzhong died the matter came out. The emperor hated it and stripped his office; he lived in Jiangning. In old age he devoted himself to Chan. At death he foreknew the day. Also penetrating day-selection, he condensed Essentials of Harmonizing Records and Selecting Directions into one book, Orthodox Selection, circulating in the world.
77
劉祿，河南人。 善風角。 聖祖召直蒙養齋，欲授以官，屢辭。 從上北征，會糧餉乏濟，命卜之，曰：「不出三日必至。」 果如其言。 後從幸熱河，一日，踉蹌至宮門，請上速徙高阜以避水厄。 時方晴霽，夜山水漲發，果衝沒行宮。 又善相人，謂張廷玉、史貽直皆異日太平宰相。 六十一年冬，乞假歸，至十一月望日，忽命家人制縗服，北向哭，未幾，哀詔至，正聖祖崩之後二日也。 後卒於家。
Liu Lu was a man of Henan. He was skilled in wind-angle divination. The Kangxi Emperor summoned him to the Mengyangzhai and wished to grant office, but he repeatedly declined. Following the northern expedition, when grain and funds were scarce he was ordered to divine and said: "Within three days it must arrive." It was as he said. Later following the emperor to Rehe, one day he staggered to the palace gate and asked the emperor to move quickly to high ground to avoid water calamity. The weather was clear, but at night mountain floods rose and indeed washed away the traveling palace. Also skilled in physiognomy, he said Zhang Tingyu and Shi Yizhi would both be peace-era grand councilors. In the sixty-first year winter he begged leave to return. On the fifteenth of the eleventh month he suddenly ordered the family to make mourning garments, cried northward, and soon the mourning edict arrived—exactly two days after the Kangxi Emperor's death. Later he died at home.
78
張永祚，字景韶，浙江錢塘人。 幼即喜仰觀五緯，長通曉星學，究悉天象。 年近三十，督學王蘭生稔其學，錄為諸生。 閩浙總督嵇曾筠求通知星象者，試永祚策，立成數千言。 薦於朝，授欽天監博士。 屢引見，佔候悉驗。 詔刊二十二史，永祚校勘天文、律曆兩志。 及書成，告歸。 晚著書，曰天象原委。 卒後，有女傳其學。 壻沈度，亦善推步，守其書。
Zhang Yongzuo, courtesy name Jingshao, was a native of Qiantang in Zhejiang. From youth he delighted in observing the five luminaries. Grown, he thoroughly understood star learning and fully knew celestial phenomena. Near thirty, Educational Commissioner Wang Lansheng knew his learning and enrolled him as licentiate. Fujian-Zhejiang Governor Ji Zengjun sought one knowing celestial phenomena. Yongzuo's examination answer was several thousand words at once. Recommended to court, he was appointed Astronomy Bureau doctor. Repeatedly summoned, his prognostications all verified. An edict ordered the Twenty-two Histories printed. Yongzuo collated the astronomy and calendar treatises. When the book was complete he asked to return. In old age he wrote Origins of Celestial Phenomena. After death a daughter transmitted the learning. Son-in-law Shen Du was also skilled in calculation and kept his books.
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戴尚文，湖南溆浦人。 諸生。 從鴻臚卿羅典學，凡天官星卜諸書，無不究覽。 嘗曰：「吾治經，師羅先生。 吾術數，未知孰可吾師者？」 聞江南某僧精六壬、奇門，往師焉，盡得其秘。 歸，應鄉試長沙，同舍生失金，尚文為占曰：「君金若干，盜者青衣，手魚肉，前行，後一白衣隨之，肩荷重物。 以某時，候驛步門外，可獲也。」 如其言往，果驗。 嘗侍母夜坐，心動，知偷兒入宅。 取井泥塗灶門，書符封之，偷不得去。
Dai Shangwen was a native of Xupu in Hunan. He was a licentiate. He studied with Grand Secretary Luo Dian. All books on celestial stars, divination, and numerology he investigated without exception. He once said: "I study the classics with Master Luo. My numerology—I do not yet know who can be my teacher." Hearing a Jiangnan monk skilled in liuren and qimen, he went as disciple and obtained all secrets. Returning, he took the provincial examination at Changsha. A roommate lost gold. Shangwen divined: "Your gold is so much. The thief wears blue, holds fish and meat, goes ahead, and a white-clad follows shouldering heavy things. At such time wait outside Yibu Gate and you may capture him." Going as said, it verified. Once attending his mother at night he felt movement and knew a thief had entered the house. He took well mud to smear the stove door, wrote a talisman to seal it, and the thief could not leave.
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嘉慶初，福康安徵苗，招致才異，羅典薦溆浦兩生，一嚴如煜，一即尚文。 謂曰：「嚴生負經濟才，應祿仕； 汝疏散，為幕客，慎勿官職自羈也。」
In early Jiaqing Fukang'an campaigned against the Miao and gathered unusual talent. Luo Dian recommended two Xupu students—one Yan Ruyu, one Shangwen. He said: "Student Yan has economic talent and should receive office; you are scattered—be a staff adviser; carefully do not bind yourself with office."
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尚文見福康安，長揖不拜，福康安欲試其術，握絲帶問曰：「君神算，知吾握中何物？」 乃請一字析其數，以五行推之，曰：「絲縷耳。」 大驚異，禮遇之，凡事必諮。 時苗猖獗，恆夜撲營，尚文輒預卜知之。 當五月，進攻旗鼓寨，佔：「有大雹，賊伏林莽，師出不利。」 勿聽。 日午，將抵寨，忽大風，雷雨雹交下，如卵如拳，擊傷士卒，伏苗乘之，果敗。 軍中呼曰「神仙」。 又大軍在乾州，營龍頭，為苗所圍，斷水，軍不得食。 尚文設壇鑿池，以法禳之，劇地，清泉滃出。 四年，駐天心寨，尚文夜觀天象，知有咎，作書置幕府，辭歸。 數日，福康安遽卒。 尚文歸未幾，亦病，自知死日。 卒後，其母傷之，焚所傳書。
Shangwen met Fukang'an, bowed with clasped hands without kneeling. Fukang'an wished to test his art, grasped a silk belt and asked: "Sir divine calculation—know what I hold?" He asked one character analyzed by number, deduced by five phases, and said: "Silk threads." Great astonishment followed. Fukang'an honored him with courtesy and consulted him in all matters. When the Miao were rampant, they constantly raided camps by night, yet Shangwen always foreknew it by divination. In the fifth month, as they attacked Qigu Stockade, he divined and said: "Great hail will fall, the rebels hide in forest and scrub, and the army's sortie will be unfavorable." They did not listen. At noon, as they were about to reach the stockade, a great wind rose. Rain, thunder, and hail fell together, as large as eggs and fists, striking and wounding the soldiers. Miao in ambush seized the moment, and defeat followed. The army called him the Immortal. Again the great army was at Qianzhou, encamped at Longtou, surrounded by the Miao with water cut off, so the army could not eat. Shangwen set up an altar and dug a pool, performed rites to avert the calamity, and from the hard ground clear spring water gushed forth. In the fourth year, while stationed at Tianxin Stockade, Shangwen observed the heavens at night, knew calamity was coming, left a letter at headquarters, and begged leave to return home. Within days Fukang'an died suddenly. Shangwen had not long returned when he too fell ill and knew the day he would die. After his death his mother grieved for him and burned the books he had transmitted.