1
李孔昭單者昌崔周田劉繼寧劉永錫彭之燦
Li Kongzhao, Shan Zhechang, Cui Zhoutian, Liu Jining, Liu Yongxi, and Peng Zhican.
2
徐枋戴易李天植理洪儲顧柔謙子祖禹冒襄陳貞慧
Xu Fang, Dai Yi, Li Tianzhi, Li Chang, Hong Chu, Gu Rouqian and his son Zuyu, Mao Xiang, and Chen Zhenhui.
3
祁班孫兄理孫汪渢餘增遠周齊曾傅山子眉費密
Qi Bansun and his elder brother Qi Lisun, Wang Ping, Yu Zengyuan, Zhou Qizeng, Fu Shan (courtesy name Zimei), and Fei Mi.
4
王弘撰杜濬弟岕郭都賢陶汝鼐李世熊談遷
Wang Hongzhuan, Du Jun and his younger brother Kan, Guo Duxian, Tao Runai, Li Shixiong, and Tan Qian.
5
李孔昭，字光四，薊州人。 性孤介，平居教授生徒，倡明理學。 崇禎十五年進士，見世事日非，不赴廷對，以所給牌坊銀留助軍餉。 奉母隱盤山中，躬執樵採自給。 母病，刲股療之。 北都陷，素服哭於野者三載。 薊州城破，妻王殉難死，終身不再娶。 形跡數易，人無識者。
Li Kongzhao, styled Guangsi, came from Jizhou. Solitary and uncompromising by nature, he spent his days teaching pupils and championing Neo-Confucian doctrine. He became a jinshi in the fifteenth year of Chongzhen. As the times grew worse day by day, he declined the palace audience and donated the stipend for his memorial arch to the army. He took his mother into seclusion on Mount Pan and supported them both by gathering firewood with his own hands. When his mother fell ill, he cut flesh from his own thigh to make a medicine for her. After the fall of the northern capital, he wore undyed mourning and wept in the open country for three full years. When Jizhou fell, his wife Wang died in the calamity. He never took another wife for the rest of his life. He changed his haunts again and again, and no one knew who he was.
6
清初，詔求遺老，撫按交章薦，不出。 一日，當道遣吏持書幣往，遇負薪者，呼而問之，曰：「若識李進士耶？」 負薪者詰得其故，以手遙指而去。 吏至其室，虛矣。 鄰叟曰：「汝面失之。 向所負薪者，李進士也！」 後屢物色之，卒不得。 時有某孝廉，當上公車，輒止不行，曰：「吾出郭門一步，何面目見李光四乎？」
Early in the Qing, the throne called for surviving elders of the Ming. Regional officials memorialized him again and again, yet he refused to appear. One day the authorities sent a clerk with letters and gifts. On the way he met a man carrying firewood, hailed him, and asked, "Do you know Jinshi Li?" The woodcutter pressed him until he learned why he had come, then pointed off into the distance and walked away. When the clerk reached the house, no one was there. A neighbor said, "He was right in front of you and you missed him. The man carrying firewood you met—that was Jinshi Li!" They searched for him again and again afterward, but never found him. There was a xiucai who, whenever the examination caravan was due to leave, would refuse to go, saying, "If I set foot outside the city gate, how could I bear to face Li Guangsi?"
7
會值邑中方興役，按戶簽夫，驅孔昭，孔昭曰：「吾力不能任，原出貲以代。」 吏持去。 閱數日，大學士杜立德聞孔昭在邑，急往候之，吏聞，趨謝罪。 孔昭曰：「此間不知有李進士，若勿誤也。」 由是跡愈密，或黃冠，或儒服，見者甚稀。 惟寶坻單者昌、崔周田、劉繼寧皆高士，與之友善，往來無虛歲。
Just then the county was launching a public works project and drafting laborers from every household. They pressed Kongzhao into service. He said, "I am not strong enough for this work. I will pay a substitute fee instead." The clerk took the money and went away. A few days later Grand Secretary Du Lede learned that Kongzhao was in the county and hurried to visit him. When the clerk heard of it, he rushed over to beg forgiveness. Kongzhao said, "No one here has ever heard of a Jinshi Li. You must have the wrong man." After that he hid his tracks all the more closely, appearing sometimes in Daoist garb and sometimes in scholar's robes. Few people ever caught sight of him. Only Shan Zhechang, Cui Zhoutian, and Liu Jining of Baodi—men of the highest character—were his close friends, and they never let a year go by without meeting.
8
者昌，字蔚起。 才名埒孔昭。 早餼於庠，入清不復應試。 杜立德招之，不能致，獨與孔昭徜徉田野間，悲歌慨憤，有所作，輒焚之，不以示人。 竟以憂死。
Zhechang, styled Weiqi. His literary fame rivaled Kongzhao's. He had long held a government stipend as a student of the academy. After the Qing conquest he never took the examinations again. Du Lede tried to summon him but could not. He wandered the countryside with Kongzhao alone, singing laments full of grief and rage. Whatever he wrote he burned at once and never showed anyone. He died of grief in the end.
9
周田，字錫齡。 順治中，充歲貢，不與試。 建一樓，貯古本書及金石刻萬卷，日吟嘯其中。 嘗過盤山，與孔昭坐林石間相笑語。 孔昭亦時下榻於其家，周田命其子執弟子禮，且迎孔昭母，事之如所生。
Zhoutian, styled Xiling. During the Shunzhi reign he was nominated as a tribute student but declined to sit for the examination. He built a tower and filled it with ten thousand volumes of rare books and rubbings of stone and bronze inscriptions, spending his days chanting and singing there. He once visited Mount Pan and sat with Kongzhao among the trees and boulders, laughing and talking together. Kongzhao sometimes stayed at his home as well. Zhoutian had his son observe the rites due a teacher, and he welcomed Kongzhao's mother and cared for her as if she were his own.
10
繼寧，字兌菴。 少負義氣，有古俠士風。 嘗出重金贖難女二，為之擇配。 歲饑，煮粥食餓者。 視周田如手足，有緩急恆資之，周田亦弗謝也。 晚年為子擇師遊盤山，跡孔昭，得之。 邀至其家，令其三子從受業。 暇則與周田聚宴歌呼以為樂，然每一念母，雖深夜必馳歸，弗能禁也。 晚好陶詩，因又自號潛翁。 一日，為門人講孟子盡心章，曰：「此傳心法也！」 言訖而卒。 其弟子私諡曰安節先生。
Jining, styled Duian. From youth he was known for his sense of justice and carried himself like the chivalrous men of old. He once paid a large sum to ransom two women in distress and found suitable husbands for them. In famine years he cooked porridge to feed the starving. He treated Zhoutian like a brother, always helping him in times of need, and Zhoutian never made a fuss of thanking him. In his later years he went to Mount Pan in search of a teacher for his son, tracked down Kongzhao, and found him. He invited Kongzhao to his home and had his three sons study under him. In his free time he feasted and sang with Zhoutian for pleasure. Yet whenever he thought of his mother, he would ride home at once, even in the dead of night, and could not stop himself. In his later years he came to love Tao Yuanming's poetry and took the sobriquet Hermit Weng. One day, while lecturing his disciples on Mencius's "Fully Devoting the Mind," he said, "This is the transmission of the mind-method!" He died as soon as he had spoken. His disciples privately honored him with the posthumous title Master Anjie.
11
劉永錫，字欽爾，號賸菴，魏縣人。 崇禎乙亥舉人，官長洲教諭。 南都敗，率妻栗隱居相城，大吏造其室，欲強之出，永錫袒裼疾視，曰：「我中原男子，年二十，渡漳河，登大伾，躍馬鳴鞘，兩河豪傑，誰不知我者！ 欲見辱耶？」 取壁上劍自刎。 門下士抱持之，得解，謂其妻曰：「彼再至，我與若立決矣！」 皆裂尺帛握之。 尋移居陽城湖濱，與妻及子臨、女貞織蓆以食。 市中見永錫攜席至，皆呼席先生。 食不繼，時不舉火，有遺之粟者，非其人不受，益困憊。 其女已許字，未嫁，亂後恐遭辱，絕粒死。 其妻哭之成疾，亦死。 其僮僕遇水災乏食，相繼餓死，或散走。 有老奴從魏縣來，勸之歸，曰：「室廬故在也！」 永錫曰：「我非不欲歸，然昔奉君命來，義不可離此一步。」 命其子與婦攜老奴還裡，曰：「祖宗丘墓責在汝！」 麾之去。 時歲荒，得食愈艱，每雜糠籺作飯。 臨既歸，思父不置，假貸得百金馳獻，中途馬驚，墮地死。
Liu Yongxi, styled Qiner, known as Shengan, came from Wei County. He passed the provincial examination in the yihai year of Chongzhen and served as director of studies at Changzhou. When the Southern Capital fell, he took his wife Li into hiding at Xiangcheng. A senior official came to his home and tried to force him into service. Yongxi stripped to the waist and glared at him. "I am a man of the heartland," he said. "At twenty I crossed the Zhang River and climbed Mount Daqi, riding hard with my scabbard clashing at my side. Who among the heroes of the two rivers does not know my name? Do you mean to dishonor me?" He seized the sword from the wall and tried to cut his own throat. His disciples seized him and stopped him. He told his wife, "If they come again, you and I will settle the matter on the spot at once!" They each tore off a strip of silk and kept it in their hands. Before long they moved to the shore of Yangcheng Lake. He, his wife, his son Lin, and his daughter Zhen wove mats to live on. Whenever people in the market saw Yongxi bringing in his mats, they called him Master Mat. Food ran out and they often went without cooking. When grain was sent to them, he refused it unless it came from someone he respected, and their hardship grew worse. His daughter had been betrothed but not yet married. After the chaos she feared being violated and starved herself to death. His wife wept herself into illness over the girl and died as well. His servants, caught in the floods and short of food, starved to death one after another or fled. An old servant came from Wei County and urged him to go home. "Your house is still standing," he said. Yongxi said, "It is not that I do not want to go back. I came here on my lord's commission. By duty I cannot leave this place a single step." He told his son and daughter-in-law to take the old servant home. "The duty to our ancestors' graves is yours," he said. He waved them off. Famine made food ever harder to come by. He mixed chaff and bran into whatever he could cook. After Lin returned home he could not stop thinking of his father. He borrowed a hundred taels of gold and raced to bring them to him. On the way his horse bolted, he was thrown to the ground, and died.
12
永錫容貌甚偉，至是，毀形骨立，既自悼無家，買一破船往來江湖間。 嘗泛舟中流，鼓枻而歌曰：「溯彼中流兮，採其荇矣。 呼君與父兮，莫之應矣。 身為餓夫兮，天所命矣。 中心殷殷兮，涕斯迸矣。」 又歌曰； 「白日墮兮野荒荒，逐鳧鴈兮侶牛羊，壯士何心兮歸故鄉。」 歌聲悲烈，聞者哀之。 尚書錢謙益念其窮，招之往，永錫曰：「尚書為黨魁，受主眷，枚卜時天子期以伊、傅，彼豈忘之邪？」 卻不往，卒窮餓至不能起。 一夕，大呼「烈皇帝」者三，遂卒，時順治十一年秋也。 弟子長洲徐晟、陳三島，友人常熟陸泓，經紀其喪，葬之於虎丘山塘，以妻、女祔之。
Yongxi had once been a striking figure. Now he was wasted to the bone. Mourning that he had no home left, he bought a broken boat and drifted on the rivers and lakes. Once he poled his boat into midstream, beat the oars, and sang: "Against the midstream current—gathering water-chestnuts. I call to my lord and my father—no one answers. My body is a starving man's—heaven has willed it. Grief wells in my heart—tears burst forth." He sang again: "The white sun sinks over empty wilds; I chase wild ducks and geese and keep company with cattle and sheep. What heart has a man like me to think of going home?" His voice was fierce with grief, and all who heard him were moved to tears. Minister Qian Qianyi, moved by his poverty, invited him to come. Yongxi said, "The Minister was head of the party and enjoyed the emperor's trust. When the court sought a chief minister, the Son of Heaven looked to him as another Yi Yin or Fu Yue. Has he truly forgotten that?" He refused and did not go. In the end he starved until he could no longer rise. One night he cried out "Emperor Lie" three times and died. It was autumn in the eleventh year of Shunzhi. His disciples Xu Sheng of Changzhou and Chen Sandao, and his friend Lu Hong of Changshu, arranged his funeral and buried him at Shantang on Tiger Hill, with his wife and daughter buried beside him.
13
彭之燦，字了凡，蠡縣諸生。 甲申後攜妻寓饒陽作村塾師。 未幾，妻、子相繼死，至蘇門，與孫奇逢遊。 然性不諧俗，愛靜坐。 有人延於家，以市囂，輒避去。 嘗渡河南游，韓鼎業為館之僧舍，年餘，又棄去。 獨擔瓢笠圖書，遍遊嵩、少、王屋諸名勝。 在九山絕粒數日，奇逢挽之夏峰，勸歸老先人墓旁。 之燦曰：「某出門時，已誓告先壟不再返，不能蹈東海、入西山而死，即溝壑道路，無恨也！」 順治十五年六月，竟死嘯台東北石柱下。 奇逢為鐫石記其事，立墓上，曰「餓夫之墓」。 之燦與容城張果中、西華理鬯和，並稱「蘇門三賢。」
Peng Zhican, styled Liaofan, was a licentiate of Li County. After the jiashen year he took his wife to Raoyang and taught in a village school. Before long his wife and son died one after another. He went to Sumen and became a companion of Sun Qifeng. His nature, however, could not abide the world. He loved solitary meditation. If someone invited him to stay in their home, the noise of the marketplace drove him away at once. He once traveled south of the Yellow River. Han Dingye put him up in a monastery for more than a year, but he left again. Alone he carried his gourd, hat, books, and maps, wandering to Mount Song, Mount Shao, Mount Wangwu, and other famous peaks. On Jiushan he fasted for several days. Qifeng brought him to Xiafeng and urged him to go home and spend his old age by his ancestors' graves. Zhican said, "When I left home I swore at my ancestors' graves that I would never return. If I cannot die by drowning in the eastern sea or perishing on the western hills, I have no regret even if I die in a ditch by the roadside!" In the sixth month of the fifteenth year of Shunzhi he died at last beneath the stone pillar northeast of Xiaotai. Qifeng had an inscription cut in stone recording what had happened and set it on the grave: "Tomb of the Starving Man." Zhican, together with Zhang Guozhong of Rongcheng and Li Changhe of Xihua, were known as the Three Worthies of Sumen."
14
徐枋，字昭法，長洲人。 父汧，明少詹事，殉國難，事具明史。 枋，崇禎壬午舉人。 汧殉國時，枋欲從死，汧曰； 「吾不可以不死，若長為農夫以沒世可也！」 自是遁跡山中，布衣草履，終身不入城市。 及遊靈巖山，愛其曠遠，卜澗上居之，老焉。 枋與宣城沈壽民、嘉興巢鳴盛，稱「海內三遺民」。 枋書法孫過庭，畫宗巨然，間法倪、黃，自署秦餘山人。 嘗寄靈芝一貞於王士禎，士禎與金孝章畫梅、王玠草書作齋中三詠以記之。 然性峻介，鍵戶勿與人接。 睢州湯斌巡撫江南，屏騶從，往訪之，枋避不見。 斌登其堂，堅坐移晷，為誦白駒之詩，週覽太息而去。 川湖總督蔡毓榮自荊州致書求其畫，枋答書而返幣，竟不為作。 曰：「明府是殷荊州，吾薄顧長康不為耳。」 所往來惟沈壽民與萊陽姜垓、同里楊無咎、門人吳江潘耒及南嶽僧洪儲而已。
Xu Fang, styled Zhaofa, came from Changzhou. His father Qian was Junior Mentor under the Ming and died for the dynasty. His story is told in full in the History of the Ming. Fang passed the provincial examination in the renwu year of Chongzhen. When Qian died for the dynasty, Fang wanted to die with him. Qian said: "I cannot but die. You may live out your days as a farmer—that is enough!" From then on he hid in the mountains in plain cloth and straw sandals, and never entered a city for the rest of his life. When he visited Mount Lingyan he loved its open vistas and settled above a stream, where he lived out his old age. Fang, Shen Shoumin of Xuancheng, and Chao Mingsheng of Jiaxing were known throughout the realm as the "Three Loyalist Survivors." His calligraphy followed Sun Guoting; his painting looked to Juran, with occasional debts to Ni Zan and Huang Gongwang, and he styled himself the Qin Remnant Mountain Man. He once sent Wang Shizhen a single lingzhi fungus; Shizhen commemorated the gift with three poems for his study, pairing them with Jin Xiaozhang's painting of plum blossoms and Wang Jie's cursive calligraphy. Yet he was stern and unbending by nature, kept his door barred, and refused all contact with the outside world. When Tang Bin of Suizhou became governor-general of Jiangnan, he left his mounted escort behind and came to call on Fang, who hid and refused to see him. Bin entered his hall anyway, sat there unmoving for hours, recited the Book of Songs poem "White Colt" to the empty room, gazed about with a long sigh, and left. Cai Yurong, governor-general of Chuan and Hu, wrote from Jingzhou requesting a painting; Fang replied by letter, sent the gift back, and never produced the work. He wrote back: "Your Excellency is another Yin Zhongkan—but I am no more willing to paint than Gu Kaizhi was for his officials. Those were the only people he kept company with: Shen Shoumin, Jiang Kai of Laiyang, his fellow townsman Yang Wujiu, his disciple Pan Lei of Wujiang, and the monk Hong Chu of Mount Heng.
15
家貧絕糧，耐飢寒，不受人一絲一粟。 洪儲時其急而周之，枋曰：「此世外清淨食也。」 無不受。 豢一驢，通人意。 日用間有所需，則以所作書畫卷置簏於驢背，驅之。 驢獨行，及城闉而止，不闌入一步。 見者爭趣之，曰：「高士驢至矣！」 亟取卷，以日用所需物，如其指，備而納諸簏，驢即負以返，以為常。 卒，年七十三。
His family was destitute and often without grain; he bore hunger and cold and would not take a thread or a grain from anyone. When Fang was in dire need, Hong Chu would help him along; Fang said, "This is the pure sustenance of one outside the world." —and he never refused a single gift from him. He kept a donkey that seemed to understand what he wanted. Whenever he needed something for daily life, he would load a basket on the donkey's back with scrolls of his own painting and calligraphy and send it on its way. The donkey went by itself and halted at the city gate, never stepping a foot inside the walls. People who saw it would hurry over, crying, "The recluse's donkey is here!" They would take the scrolls at once, fill the basket with whatever daily goods were wanted, and send the donkey home loaded—a routine that never varied. He died at seventy-three.
16
時商丘宋犖撫吳，枋預戒曰； 「宋中丞甚知我，若我死，勿受其賻也。」 犖果使人贈棺槥貲如枋命，終不受。 卒，以貧不能葬。 一日，有高士從武林來吊，請任窀穹，其人亦貧，而特工篆、隸，乃賃居郡中。 鬻字以庀葬具，紙得百錢。 積二年，乃克葬枋於青芝山下，而以羨歸其家。 語之曰：「吾欲稱貸富家，懼先生吐之，故勞吾腕，知先生所心許也。」 葬畢即去，不言名氏。 或有識之者，曰：「此山陰戴易也！」
When Song Luo of Shangqiu was governor of Wu, Fang left instructions in advance: "Commissioner Song knows me well—if I die, do not accept any funeral gift from him." Song did send money for a coffin, just as Fang had foreseen, but the family refused it to the end. When he died, his family was too poor to bury him. One day a recluse came from Wulin to pay his respects and offered to handle the burial; he too was poor, but excelled at seal and clerical script, and took a rented room in the prefectural city. He sold his calligraphy to pay for the funeral, charging a hundred cash per sheet. After two years of saving he was able to bury Fang at the foot of Mount Qingzhi and gave the leftover money to the family. He told them, "I thought of borrowing from a wealthy family, but feared the Master would have been disgusted—so I wore out my wrist instead; you know he would have approved." As soon as the burial was done he left without giving his name. Someone who knew him exclaimed, "That was Dai Yi of Shanyin!"
17
易，字南枝。 少從劉宗周學，遊吳門，年七十餘矣。 有六子，不受其養，獨攜一子及殘書百卷自隨。 其售字也，銖積寸累，不妄費一錢。 一蒼頭飢不能忍，輒逃去。 己寄食僧舍中，語及枋，必流涕。 嘗浮七里瀨，登嚴子陵釣台，賦詩，且歌且泣。 或竟日不得食，採野蕨充膳。 操瓢量水，坐長松古石間飲之。
Dai Yi, styled Nazhi. In his youth he had studied under Liu Zongzhou; he had come to the Suzhou region and was already past seventy. He had six sons but would not live on their support, keeping only one son and a hundred battered volumes of books with him. The money he earned from selling calligraphy he hoarded penny by penny and never spent a single cash carelessly. One old servant, unable to bear the hunger, would run away. He was living on charity in a monastery, and whenever Fang's name came up he would burst into tears. He once sailed the Qili Rapids, climbed Yan Ziling's Fishing Terrace, wrote a poem there, and sang and wept by turns. Sometimes he went a whole day without food and would gather wild ferns to eat. He would dip a gourd for water and drink it seated among ancient pines and boulders.
18
李天植，字因仲，平湖人。 崇禎癸酉舉人。 改名確，字潛夫。 甲申後，餘田四十畝、宅一區，乃並家具分與所後子震及女，而與妻別隱陳山，絕跡不入城市，訓山中童子自給。 居十年，以僧開堂，始避喧，返蜃園，賣文自食； 不足，則與其妻為椶奚竹筥以佐之。 好事者約月供薪米，力辭不受。 有司慕其高，往訪之，輒踰垣避。 所著詩文，皆吊甲申以來殉節者。 蜃園者，乍浦勝地，可望見海市者也。
Li Tianzhi, styled Yinzhong, came from Pinghu. He passed the provincial examination in the guiyou year of Chongzhen. He later changed his name to Que and took the style Qianfu. After 1644 he gave away his remaining forty mu of land, his house, and all the furnishings to his son Zhen by a later marriage and to his daughter; he and his wife withdrew separately to Mount Chen, never set foot in town again, and taught village boys for their keep. After ten years a monk opened a public hall nearby and the noise drove him back to Mirage Garden, where he lived by selling his writing; when that was not enough, he and his wife wove palm-fiber and bamboo baskets to make ends meet. Sympathizers offered him a monthly allowance of fuel and grain, but he firmly refused. Local officials, admiring his integrity, came to call on him, but he would climb over the wall to get away. Everything he wrote in verse or prose was an elegy for those who had died for the dynasty since 1644. Mirage Garden was a beauty spot at Zhapu where one could look out and see the phantom city rise on the sea.
19
又十年，家益困，鬻其園，寄身僧舍，戚友贖而歸之，始復與妻居，時年七十矣。 子震，亦棄諸生，非義一介不取。 老夫婦白頭相對，時絕食，則歎曰：「吾生本贅耳，待盡而已。」 有餽食者，非其人，終不受。 或問身後，曰：「楊王孫之葬，何必棺也！」
Ten years later the family was poorer still; he sold the garden and moved into a monastery until kinsmen bought it back for him; only then did he and his wife live together again, he being seventy by then. His son Zhen had also given up his degree candidacy and would not accept a single coin that was not earned honestly. The old couple sat white-haired face to face, and when food ran out they would sigh, "My life has been a burden from the first—I am only waiting for the end." If food was offered by someone he did not respect, he would refuse it to the end. Asked about his funeral, he said, "Like Yang Wangsun—what need of a coffin!"
20
又十年，蜃園僅存二楹，兩耳聾，又苦腹疾，終日仰臥。 客至，以粉版書相問荅。 魏禧來自江西，造其廬，天植與之粉版，書竟，天植視姓字，則強起張目視之，泣，禧亦泣。 時方絕糧，禧探囊得銀半兩贈之，五反不受，固以請，曰：「此非盜跖物也！」 始納之。 買米為炊，共食而別。 禧囑布衣週篔、侍郎曹溶糾同志為繼粟，且謀身後事，徐枋聞之曰：「李先生不食人食，聽其以餓死可也。」 已而篔齎粟往，天植果堅拒。 禧聞之，曰：「吾淺之乎為丈夫已。」 乍浦有鄭嬰垣者，孤介絕俗，與天植稱金石交，先二年，凍死雪中，至是天植亦飢死。 臨歾，曰：「吾無愧於老友矣！」 時康熙十一年也。 年八十有二。 葬牛橋。 所著有蜃園集、乍浦九山志。
Ten years on, only two rooms of Mirage Garden remained; he was deaf in both ears, tormented by stomach trouble, and lay on his back all day. When visitors came he conversed with them by writing on a whitewashed board. Wei Xi came from Jiangxi to his cottage; Tianzhi handed him a writing board, and when Xi had finished writing his name Tianzhi strained to open his eyes, looked hard at the signature, and wept—and Xi wept too. They had no grain at all; Xi found half a tael of silver in his purse and offered it, but Tianzhi refused five times until Xi insisted, "This is no robber's loot!" Only then did Tianzhi take it. He bought rice, cooked a meal, they ate together, and parted. On leaving, Xi asked the scholar Zhou Yun and Vice Minister Cao Rong to organize friends to keep grain coming and to arrange his funeral; when Xu Fang heard of it he said, "Mr. Li will not eat another man's bread—let him starve if that is his wish." Soon afterward Zhou Yun arrived with grain, and Tianzhi refused it just as firmly. When Xi heard of this he said, "How shallow I was—thinking myself a man of principle!" At Zhapu there lived Zheng Yingyuan, proud and aloof; he and Tianzhi called each other friends of iron and stone. Two years earlier Zheng had frozen to death in the snow; now Tianzhi starved to death as well. On his deathbed he said, "I have nothing to be ashamed of before my old friend!" It was the eleventh year of the Kangxi reign. He was eighty-two. He was buried at Niuchiao. His writings include the Collected Writings of Mirage Garden and the Gazetteer of the Nine Mountains of Zhapu.
21
理洪儲，字繼起，興化人。 本姓李。 父嘉兆與中州理鬯和恥與賊同姓，皆改理氏，天下稱「二理」。 洪儲早歲出家，南都覆，明之遺臣多舉兵，洪儲左右之，被逮，獲免，好事如故。 人戒之，則曰：「吾苟自反無媿，即有意外風波，久當自定。」 又曰：「憂患得其宜，湯火亦樂國也。」 枋聞之，歎曰：「是真能以忠孝作佛事者也！」 洪儲在沙門，宏暢宗風，篤好人物，海內皆能道之。 枋曰：「此其跡也，但觀其每年三月十九日素服焚香，北面揮涕，二十八年如一日，是何為者？」
Hong Chu, who bore the adopted surname Li and was styled Jiaqi, came from Xinghua; his birth name had been Li. His family had originally been surnamed Li. His father Jiazhao and Li Changhe of the Central Plains, shamed at sharing the rebels' surname Li, both took the character Li instead; people called them "the Two Lis." Hong Chu had entered the clergy in his youth; when Nanjing fell, many Ming loyalists took up arms and he aided them; he was arrested but released, and went on as before. When people cautioned him he would say, "If I search my conscience and find no fault, then even if trouble comes out of nowhere, in time it will quiet down." He also said, "When hardship is met as it should be, even boiling water and fire are a happy land." When Fang heard this he sighed and said, "Here is a man who can truly turn loyalty and filial piety into Buddhist devotion!" As a monk Hong Chu spread his school's teaching widely and cherished worthy men; everyone within the realm could tell you about him. Fang said, "That is only the surface—but watch him every year on the nineteenth of the third month, in plain dress, burning incense, facing north in tears, twenty-eight years without a break: what is that for, if not the anniversary of Chongzhen's death?"
22
顧柔謙，字剛中，無錫人，遷常熟。 幼遭家難，貲產皆盡。 嘗同兄出門遊，有數人擁之行，行乃擠大澤中。 母忽心動，急呼老僕往蹟之，得不死。 補弟子員。 甲申之變，柔謙哀憤，往往形諸詩歌，讀者悲之。 不妄交遊，以父執師事馬士奇，而江陰黃毓祺、嘉定黃淳耀皆一見定交。 諸人殉國難，柔謙皆設位以哭盡哀。 子祖禹，見父嘗閉門嘿坐，或竟日不食，祖禹叩頭寬譬，柔謙乃曰：「汝能終身窮餓，不思富貴乎？」 祖禹跪應曰：「能。」 柔謙曰：「汝能以身為人機上肉，不思報復乎？」 祖禹复應曰：「能。」 柔謙喜曰：「吾與汝偕隱耳！」 遂更名隱，署其室曰伐檀。 常夜蹴祖禹曰：「汝他日得志，如舊怨何？」 祖禹曰：「每憶幼時祖母抱兒置膝上，為言家難，及墮大澤中事，祖禹不敢忘。」 柔謙曰：「嘻，汝何見之隘？ 吾家數傳以來，頗盈盛，以祖、父之才，而竟中折，天也！ 於彼何尤？ 同室之中，寧彼以非禮來，吾不可以非禮報，汝謹識之！」 著有補韻略、六書考定、山居贅論。
Gu Rouqian, styled Gangzhong, was from Wuxi and later moved to Changshu. In childhood his family suffered a catastrophe and lost everything. Once he went out with his elder brother. Several men surrounded them on the road and, as they walked, forced them into a great swamp. Their mother had a sudden premonition, sent an old servant after them in haste, and they were saved. He qualified as a government student. After the fall of 1644 his grief and rage poured into his poems, and readers wept over them. He was choosy in friendship, honored his father's friend Ma Shiji as a teacher, and with Huang Yuqi of Jiangyin and Huang Chunyao of Jiading formed lifelong bonds at first meeting. When they died for the dynasty he set out mourning tablets for each and wept his fill. His son Zuyu once found him shut indoors, sitting in silence, having eaten nothing all day; Zuyu kowtowed and tried to comfort him, and Rouqian said, "Could you live poor and hungry all your life and never dream of riches?" Zuyu knelt and answered, "I could." Rouqian asked, "Could you let yourself be meat on the block and never think of revenge?" Zuyu answered again, "I could." Rouqian said gladly, "Then you and I will live in seclusion together!" He changed his son's name to Yin and named his study "Felling Sandalwood." He would often wake Zuyu at night and ask, "If you rise in the world someday, what will you do about our old enemies?" Zuyu said, "I still remember Grandmother holding me on her knee as a boy and telling me about the family tragedy and how we were driven into the swamp—I cannot forget." Rouqian said, "Tsk—you take too small a view! Our family had flourished for generations; with the talents of your grandfather and father we should have prospered—yet we were cut down midway. That was Heaven's will! What grievance can we hold against those men? Under one roof, let them act without propriety if they will—we must not answer in kind. Remember that!" His books include the Supplement to Rhymes in Brief, the Examination and Fixation of the Six Scripts, and Miscellaneous Discourses from Mountain Dwelling.
23
祖禹，字復初。 柔謙精於史學，嘗謂：「明一統志於戰守攻取之要，類皆不詳山川，條列又復割裂失倫，源流不備。」 祖禹承其志，撰讀史方輿紀要一百三十卷，凡職方、廣輿諸書，承譌襲謬，皆為駮正。 詳於山川險易，及古今戰守成敗之跡，而景物名勝皆在所略。 創稿時年二十九，及成書，年五十矣。 寧都魏禧見之，歎曰：「此數千百年絕無僅有之書也！」 以其書與梅文鼎曆算全書、李清南北史合鈔稱三大奇書。 祖禹與禧為金石交，禧客死，祖禹經紀其喪。 徐乾學奉敕修一統志，延致祖禹，將薦起之，力亂罷。 後終於家。
Zuyu, whose courtesy name was Fuchu. Rouqian was a fine historian and once remarked, "In the Ming dynasty's Comprehensive Gazetteer, the points that matter for war, defense, and conquest rarely give proper detail on terrain; the entries are chopped apart so the scheme falls apart, and the courses of rivers are left incomplete. Zuyu took up that aim and wrote the Essentials of Historical Geography in one hundred thirty juan, rebutting and correcting every error handed down in such works as the Directorate of Works records and the Broad Geography. It is rich on terrain and on the record of battles won and lost through the ages, but famous views and scenic sites are deliberately left out. He started the manuscript at twenty-nine and was fifty when it was complete. When Wei Xi of Ningdu saw it he exclaimed, "In thousands of years there has never been a book like this! He ranked it with Mei Wending's Complete Works on Calendar and Mathematics and Li Qing's Collated Northern and Southern Histories as the three supreme oddities among books. Zuyu and Xi were friends as close as metal and stone; when Xi died away from home, Zuyu arranged his burial. Xu Qianxue was ordered to compile the Comprehensive Gazetteer, brought Zuyu in, and was ready to recommend him back into service, but the disorder put an end to it. In the end he died at home.
24
冒襄，字辟疆，別號巢民，如皋人。 父起宗，明副使。 襄十歲能詩，董其昌為作序。 崇禎壬午副榜貢生，當授推官，會亂作，遂不出。 與桐城方以智、宜興陳貞慧、商丘侯方域，並稱「四公子」。 襄少年負盛氣，才特高，尤能傾動人。 嘗置酒桃葉渡，會六君子諸孤，一時名士咸集。 酒酣，輒發狂悲歌，訾詈懷寧阮大鋮，大鋮故奄黨也。 時金陵歌舞諸部，以懷寧為冠，歌詞皆出大鋮。 大鋮欲自結諸社人，令歌者來，襄與客且罵且稱善，大鋮聞之益恨。 甲申黨獄興，襄賴救僅免。 家故有園池亭館之勝，歸益喜客，招致無虛日，家自此中落，怡然不悔也。
Mao Xiang, courtesy name Bijiang, also called Chaomin, was from Rugao. His father Qizong had been a Ming vice commissioner. Xiang could write poetry at ten, and Dong Qichang composed a preface for him. In the Chongzhen renchen year he placed on the provincial supplemental list and was due to receive a push-official appointment, but upheaval broke out and he never took office. Together with Fang Yizhi of Tongcheng, Chen Zhenhui of Yixing, and Hou Fangyu of Shangqiu, he was known as one of the "Four Gentlemen." As a young man Xiang was proud and high-spirited, his gifts extraordinary, and he had a gift above all for swaying others. He once held a feast at Taoye Ford for the orphaned sons of the Six Gentlemen, and every notable of the day came. When the wine was deep he would sing wildly in grief and revile Ruan Dacheng of Huaining, who had belonged to the eunuch faction. Then the song companies of Jinling, with Huaining's troupe at the head, sang lyrics that all came from Dacheng. Dacheng tried to win over the literary men and sent singers; Xiang and his guests cursed them even as they praised the songs, and Dacheng hated him all the more when he heard of it. When the jiashen faction persecutions broke out, Xiang was spared only because others saved him. The family estate had fine gardens and halls; after he withdrew he entertained guests every day without pause, and though the household sank into poverty he was cheerful and never sorry.
25
襄既隱居不出，名益盛。 督撫以監軍薦，御史以人才薦，皆以親老辭。 康熙中，復以山林隱逸及博學鴻詞薦，亦不就。 著述甚富，行世者，有先世前徽錄，六十年師友詩文同人集，樸巢詩文集，水繪園詩文集。 書法絕妙，喜作擘大字，人皆藏★M8珍之。 康熙三十二年，卒，年八十有三。 私諡潛孝先生。
Once Xiang lived in seclusion and refused office, his reputation only grew. Governors recommended him to oversee troops and censors recommended him as talent, but he refused each time, pleading aged parents. Under Kangxi he was again put forward as a mountain recluse and for the Erudite Learning and Polished Composition examination, and again he would not go. He wrote copiously; works that circulated include Records of Ancestral Excellence, Collected Writings of Masters and Friends over Sixty Years, the Rustic Nest collection, and the Water-Painted Garden collection. His calligraphy was superb; he loved writing large split-stroke characters, and everyone hoarded them as treasures. In the thirty-second year of Kangxi he died at the age of eighty-three. He was given the private posthumous title Master Qianxiao.
26
陳貞慧，字定生，宜興人，明都御史陳於廷子。 於廷，東林黨魁。 貞慧與吳應箕草留都防亂檄，擯阮大鋮。 黨禍起，逮貞慧至鎮撫司，事雖解，已瀕十死。 國亡，埋身土室，不入城市者十餘年。 遺民故老時時向陽羨山中一問生死，流連痛飲，驚離吊往，聞者悲之。 順
Chen Zhenhui, courtesy name Dingsheng, was from Yixing and was the son of the Ming censor-in-chief Chen Yuting. Yuting had been a leader of the Donglin faction. Zhenhui and Wu Yingji drafted the Nanjing manifesto against disorder, which shut out Ruan Dacheng. When the faction disaster broke out he was taken to the Pacification Office; though the case was settled he had been within a hair's breadth of death many times over. After the fall of the dynasty he shut himself in an earthen room and stayed out of the cities for more than ten years. Former subjects and old friends would climb to Yangxian mountain to ask how he fared; they drank long in grief, startled by partings and mourning the dead, and those who heard it were moved to sorrow. In the Shunzhi reign,
27
治十三年，卒，年五十三。 著有皇明語林、山陽錄、雪岑集、交遊錄、秋園雜佩諸書。 子維崧，見文苑傳。
in the thirteenth year he died, aged fifty-three. He wrote Imperial Ming Conversations, Records of Shanyang, Collected Snow at the Hill Crest, Record of Associates, and Miscellaneous Adornments of the Autumn Garden, among other books. His son Weisong is discussed in the Literary Grove biography.
28
祁班孫，字奕喜，山陰人。 父彪佳，明蘇松巡撫。 班孫次六，人稱六公子，彪佳嘗受業於劉宗周，宗周將兵江上，班孫與其兄理孫罄家餉之。 祁氏藏書甲江左，班孫兄弟以故國喬木自任。 豪宕喜結客，家居山陰之梅墅，園林深茂。 登其堂，複壁大隧，莫能詰也。 慈谿布衣魏耕者，狂走四方，思得一當。 班孫兄弟與之誓天，稱莫逆。 或告變於浙大吏，四道捕耕，並縛班孫兄弟去。 既讞，兄弟爭承，祁氏客乃納賂而宥其兄。 班孫遣戍遼左，理孫竟以痛弟鬱鬱死，而祁氏家亦破。
Qi Bansun, courtesy name Yixi, was from Shanyin. His father Biaojia had been Ming governor of Jiangsu and Songjiang. Bansun was the sixth son and known as the Sixth Gentleman; Biaojia had studied under Liu Zongzhou, and when Zongzhou raised troops on the river Bansun and his elder brother Lisun spent the family fortune to feed the army. The Qi library was the finest east of the Yangtze; the brothers held themselves like the last great trees of the fallen dynasty. He was bold and loved to gather clients; he lived at Meisha in Shanyin in gardens deep and woods thick. Inside his hall were double walls and long tunnels, and no one could trace them. Wei Geng, a commoner of Cixi, roamed the realm in reckless hope of one decisive blow. The Bansun brothers swore oaths with him before Heaven and called themselves his sworn friends. Someone denounced the plot to the Zhejiang authorities; troops on four routes seized Geng and took the brothers away in bonds. After the verdict the brothers each tried to claim guilt, until a Qi family guest paid bribes and won pardon for the elder brother. Bansun was exiled to the left wing of Liaodong; Lisun died of grief for his brother, and the Qi house was broken.
29
旋班孫遁歸，祝髮於吳之堯峰，尋主毗陵馬鞍山寺，所稱咒林明大師者也。 班孫好議論古今，不談佛法，每語及先朝，則掩面哭，然終莫有知之者。 康熙十二年，卒。 發其篋，有東行風俗記、紫芝軒集。 且得其遺教，命歸祔，乃知為山陰祁六公子，遂得返葬雲。
Soon Bansun escaped home, shaved his head at Yao Peak in Wu, and later headed Ma'an Mountain Temple in Piling, known as Master Mingda of Zhoulin. Bansun loved to debate past and present and never spoke of Buddhist doctrine; whenever the former dynasty was mentioned he hid his face and wept, yet in the end no one knew who he had been. He died in the twelfth year of Kangxi. When his box was opened they found the Record of Eastern Travel Customs and the Purple Polypore Studio collection. They also found his last testament bidding his bones be brought home for burial, and only then learned he was the Sixth Gentleman Qi of Shanyin, so he could be returned and buried at Yun.
30
班孫娶少師硃燮元女孫，硃工詩。 其來歸也，與其姑商、姒張、小姑湘君，時相唱和。 商氏字塚婦曰楚纕，字介婦曰趙璧，以志閨門之盛。 班孫既被難，硃盛年，孤燈緇帳，數十年未嘗一出廳屏。 自班孫兄弟歾，淡生堂書星散，論者謂江東文獻一大厄運也。
Bansun married the granddaughter of Junior Tutor Zhu Xieyuan, who was herself a fine poet. When she came to the household she often exchanged poems with her aunt-in-law Shang, her sister-in-law Zhang, and her young aunt Xiangjun. The Shang women took styles for the household: the eldest daughter-in-law was called Chuxiang and the second Zhuozhao, to mark the splendor of the women's quarters. After Bansun's disaster Zhu was still young; for decades by a lone lamp in mourning dress she never once stepped beyond the hall screen. When the Bansun brothers were gone the Dansheng Hall library scattered like stars, and writers called it a great blow to Jiangdong's literary heritage.
31
汪渢，字魏美，錢塘人。 少孤貧，力學，與人落落寡諧，人號曰汪冷。 舉崇禎己卯鄉試，與同縣陸培齊名。 甲申後，培自經死，渢為文祭之，一慟幾絕，遂棄科舉。 ★L5黨欲強之試禮部，出千金兒其妻，俾勸駕，妻曰：「吾夫子不可勸，吾亦不屑此金也。」 嘗獨身提藥裹往來山谷間，宿食無定處。 渢故城居，母老，欲時時見渢，其兄澄、弟澐亦棄諸生服，奉母徙城外。 渢時來定省，然渢能自來，家人欲往蹟之，不可得。
Wang Feng, courtesy name Weimei, was from Qiantang. Orphaned and poor in youth, he studied hard; aloof and hard to get along with, people nicknamed him Cold Wang. In the Chongzhen jimao year he passed the provincial examination and was famed alongside Lu Pei of the same county. After jiashen Pei hanged himself; Feng wrote a funeral elegy for him, wept until he nearly fainted, and gave up the examination path forever. The ★L5 party tried to force him into the metropolitan examination, offering a thousand in gold to bribe his wife to persuade him; she said, "My husband cannot be persuaded, and I scorn this gold as well. He often went alone with medicine bundles through mountain valleys, with no fixed lodging or meal. Feng had lived in the city, but his mother was old and wanted to see him often; his elder brother Cheng and younger brother Yun also left off their student status and moved with her outside the walls. Feng would visit to pay his respects, yet though he could come of his own accord, when his kin tried to follow him they could not find him.
32
嗣因兵亂，奉母入天台。 海上師起，群盜滿山谷，復返錢塘。 當是時，湖上有三孝廉，皆高士，渢其一也，當事皆重之。 監司盧高尤下士，一日，遇渢於僧舍，問：「汪孝廉何在？」 渢應曰：「適在此，今已去矣。」 高悵然，不知應者即渢也。 高嘗艤舟載酒西湖上，約三高士以世外禮相見，惟渢不至。 已，知其在孤山，以船就之，排牆遁去。 渢不入城市，有司或以俸金為壽，不得卻，坎而埋之。 裡貴人請墓銘，饋百金，拒弗納。 徙居孤山，匡床布被外，殘書數卷，鍵戶出，或返或不返，莫可踪跡。 遇好友，飲酒一斗不醉。
Later, amid the wars, he brought his mother into Tiantai. When coastal armies rose and bandits filled the hills, they returned to Qiantang. At that time three filial scholars lived on the lake, all men of high principle; Feng was one, and officials all honored them. The surveillance commissioner Lu Gao especially honored scholars; one day he met Feng in a monastery and asked, "Where is Filial Scholar Wang? Feng replied, "He was just here, but has already gone. Gao sighed in disappointment, not knowing the man who answered was Feng himself. Gao once anchored on West Lake with wine and arranged to meet the three recluses with the courtesy due men beyond the world, but Feng alone did not appear. When he learned Feng was at Solitary Hill he went by boat to fetch him, but Feng slipped out through a breach in the wall and escaped. Feng would not enter the city; when officials sent salary as a birthday gift he could not send it back, so he buried it in a pit. When local magnates asked for tomb inscriptions and offered a hundred in gold, he refused. He moved to Solitary Hill with nothing but a camp bed, a cotton quilt, and a few worn books; he would lock the door and go away, sometimes returning and sometimes not, and no one could trace him. With close friends he could drink a gallon and not show it.
33
晚好道，夜觀天象，晝習壬遁，能數日不食，了不問世事。 黃宗羲遇之於孤山，講龍溪調息法。 嘗坐月至三更，夜寒甚，止布被一，渢與宗羲背相摩，得少暖氣。 魏禧自江西來訪，謝弗見。 禧留書曰：「吾寧都魏禧也，欲與子握手一痛哭耳！」 渢省書大驚，一見若平生歡。 臨別，執手涕下。 渢嘗從愚菴和尚究出世法，禧曰：「君事愚菴謹，豈有意為其弟子耶？」 渢曰：「吾甚敬愚菴，然今之志士，多為釋氏牽去，此吾所以不屑也。」 康熙四年秋，終於寶石山僧舍，年四十有八。 臨歾，舉書卷焚之，詩文無一存者。 起視日影，曰：「可矣！」 書五言詩一章，投筆就寢而逝。 渢與陳廷會、柴紹炳、沈昀、孫治人，稱「西陵五君子」。
In his later years he turned to the Way: at night he watched the stars, by day he practiced Ren Dun divination, could fast for days, and cared nothing for worldly affairs. Huang Zongxi met him on Solitary Hill and they discussed the Longxi method of breath regulation. Once they sat talking until the third watch; the night was bitterly cold and they had only one cotton quilt, so Feng and Zongxi pressed their backs together for a little warmth. Wei Xi came from Jiangxi to call on him, but Feng refused to receive him. Xi left a note: "I am Wei Xi of Ningdu; I only want to take your hand and weep with you once! Feng read the note and was deeply moved; when they met they rejoiced like old friends of a lifetime. When they parted they clasped hands and wept. Feng had once studied the way of release with Master Yu'an; Xi said, "You serve Yu'an devotedly—do you mean to become his disciple? Feng said, "I respect Yu'an deeply, but too many men of spirit today are pulled away by Buddhism, and that is why I will not follow it. In the autumn of Kangxi's fourth year he died in a monk's lodge on Baoshi Mountain, aged forty-eight. As death approached he burned his manuscripts, and not a poem or essay was left. He looked at the sun's shadow and said, "That will do! He wrote a five-character quatrain, set down the brush, lay down, and died. Feng, together with Chen Tinghui, Chai Shaobin, Shen Yun, and Sun Zhi, was known as one of the "Five Gentlemen of Xiling."
34
餘增遠，字謙貞，世稱若水先生，會稽人。 明崇禎十六年進士，除寶應知縣。 南都授禮部主事，遷郎中。 事敗，逃之山中。 郡縣逼之出見，乃輿疾城南，以死拒。 久之，事得解。 草屋三間，不蔽風雨，以鱉甲承漏。 聚村童五六人，授以三字經。 臥榻之下，牛宮雞，無下足處。 晨則秉耒出，與老農雜作。 同年生王天錫為海防道，欲與話舊，以疾辭。 天錫披帷直入，增遠擁衾不起，曰：「不幸有狗馬疾，不得與故人為禮。」 天錫執手勞苦，出間未數武，則已與一婢子擔糞灌園矣。 天賜遙望見之，嘆息去。 冬夏一皁帽，雖至暱者，不見其科頭。 增遠慨世路偪仄，遂疑荀卿性惡之說為確，至欲著論以非孟。 康熙八年，卒，年六十有五。 蓋二十有四年不出城南一步也。 疾革，黃宗羲造其榻前，欲為切脈，增遠笑曰：「某祈死二十年前，反祈生二十年後乎？」 宗羲泫然而別。
Yu Zengyuan, courtesy name Qianzhen, known as Master Ruoshui, was from Kuaiji. In the sixteenth year of Chongzhen he passed the jinshi examination and was appointed magistrate of Baoying. At the Southern Capital he was made a director in the Ministry of Rites and then promoted to bureau director. When the cause was lost he fled into the mountains. The prefecture and county pressed him to appear; he then had himself carried ill to the south of the city and resisted with his life. In time the matter was settled. He lived in three thatched rooms that could not keep out wind and rain, and used turtle shells to catch the dripping. He gathered five or six village children and taught them the Three-Character Classic. Ox stalls and chicken coops crowded beneath his bed, leaving no room to put his feet down. Each morning he took up his hoe and went out to labor alongside the old farmers. His fellow graduate Wang Tianxi, who served as maritime defense intendant, wished to renew their old friendship, but Zengyuan declined, pleading illness. Tianxi brushed aside the curtain and walked straight in. Zengyuan pulled his quilt around him and would not rise, saying, "I am afflicted, alas, with a common ailment, and cannot perform the courtesies owed an old friend." Tianxi clasped his hand in concern and took his leave; he had not gone more than a few paces when Zengyuan was already carrying night soil with a maid to water the garden. Watching from afar, Tiansi saw this and left with a sigh. Winter and summer he wore a single black cap; even his closest intimates never saw him with his head uncovered. Zengyuan grieved that the ways of the world had grown narrow, and came to believe Xunzi's teaching that human nature is evil; he even intended to write a treatise against Mencius. In the eighth year of the Kangxi reign he died, at the age of sixty-five. For twenty-four years he had not taken a single step south of the city wall. When his illness turned critical, Huang Zongxi came to his bedside to feel his pulse. Zengyuan smiled and said, "I have prayed for death these twenty years past—would I now pray to live another twenty?" Zongxi took his leave with tears streaming down his face.
35
同時有周齊曾者，字思沂，號唯一，鄞人，增遠同年進士也。 知廣東順德縣事，變社倉為義田，而以社倉之法行之。 國變後，棄官遯入剡源，盡去其發為發塚，架險立飄榜，曰「囊雲」，自稱無發居士。 剡源饒水石，與山僧樵子出沒瀑聲虹影間。 天錫訪之，拒曰：「咫尺清輝，舉目有山河之異，不原見也。」 為詩文，機鋒電激，汪洋自恣，寓言十九。 然清苦自立，胸中兀然有所不可，與增遠無二也。 黃宗羲嘗為兩人合志其墓雲。
At the same time there was Zhou Qizeng, courtesy name Siyi, sobriquet Weiyi, a native of Yin and Zengyuan's fellow jinshi. As magistrate of Shunde County in Guangdong, he converted the community granary into charity fields and managed them by the old granary rules. After the fall of the dynasty he abandoned his post and fled into Shanyuan, cut off all his hair and heaped it into a burial mound, built a perch on a perilous height and raised a floating placard inscribed "Encasing Clouds," and styled himself the Lay Buddhist Without Hair. Shanyuan abounded in streams and stone; with mountain monks and woodcutters he came and went amid the roar of waterfalls and the shimmer of rainbows. When Tianxi came to visit, he refused him, saying, "The clear moonlight is but a foot away, yet lifting my eyes I see rivers and mountains transformed—I do not wish to meet." In his poetry and prose his wit struck like lightning; his style was vast and unrestrained, and nine parts in ten were allegory. Yet he lived in austere self-reliance, with something unyielding in his breast that would not bend—no different from Zengyuan. Huang Zongxi once wrote a joint epitaph for the graves of the two men.
36
傅山，字青主，陽曲人。 六歲，啖黃精，不穀食，強之，乃飯。 讀書過目成誦。 明季天下將亂，諸號為搢紳先生者，多迂腐不足道，憤之，乃堅苦持氣節，不少媕冘。 提學袁繼咸為巡按張孫振所誣，孫振，閹黨也。 山約同學曹良直等詣通政使，三上書訟之，巡撫吳甡亦直袁，遂得雪。 山以此名聞一下，甲申後，山改黃冠裝，衣硃衣，居土穴，以養母。 繼咸自九江執歸燕邸，以難中詩遺山，且曰：「不敢媿友生也！」 山省書，慟哭，曰：「嗚呼！ 吾亦安敢負公哉！」
Fu Shan, courtesy name Qingzhu, was a native of Yangqu. At the age of six he ate yellow essence and would not eat grain; only when pressed did he take rice. Whatever he read he could recite after a single perusal. In the late Ming, as the realm was sliding toward chaos, the so-called gentry and masters were for the most part pedantic and unworthy of respect. He resented this and steadfastly bore hardship to uphold his integrity, never yielding to flattery or servility. Education intendant Yuan Jixian was framed by touring censor Zhang Sunzhen, who belonged to the eunuch faction. Shan joined his classmate Cao Liangzhi and others in petitioning the Commissioner of Transmission, submitting three memorials in Yuan's defense; Governor Wu Shen also took Yuan's side, and the case was cleared. By this Shan's name spread throughout the land. After the jiashen year he adopted Taoist garb, wore vermilion robes, and lived in an earthen cave to support his mother. Jixian was seized at Jiujiang and taken back to the Yan residence; he sent Shan a poem written in adversity, saying, "I dare not bring shame upon my fellow students!" When Shan read the letter he wept bitterly and cried, "Alas! How could I dare fail you, sir!"
37
順治十一年，以河南獄牽連被逮，抗詞不屈，絕粒九日，幾死。 門人中有以奇計救之，得免。 然山深自吒恨，謂不若速死為安，而其仰視天、俯視地者，未嘗一日止。 比天下大定，始出與人接。
In the eleventh year of Shunzhi he was implicated in the Henan prison affair and arrested; his defiant words did not yield, and he fasted for nine days, nearly dying. Among his disciples one devised a clever stratagem to save him, and he was spared. Yet Shan bitterly reproached himself, saying that a swift death would have been peace; still, his looking up to Heaven and down to Earth never ceased for a single day. Only when the realm was largely pacified did he begin to go out and receive visitors.
38
康熙十七年，詔舉鴻博，給事中李宗孔薦，固辭。 有司強迫，至令役夫舁其床以行。 至京師二十里，誓死不入。 大學士馮溥首過之，公卿畢至，山臥床不具迎送禮。 魏象樞以老病上聞，詔免試，加內閣中書以寵之。 馮溥強其入謝，使人舁以入，望見大清門，淚涔涔下，僕於地。 魏象樞進曰：「止，止，是即謝矣！」 翼日歸，溥以下皆出城送之。 山歎曰：「今而後其脫然無累哉！」 既而曰：「使後世或妄以許衡、劉因輩賢我，且死不瞑目矣！」 聞者咋舌。 至家，大吏咸造廬請謁。 山冬夏著一布衣，自稱曰「民」。 或曰：「君非舍人乎？」 不應也。 卒，以硃衣、黃冠斂。
In the seventeenth year of Kangxi an edict called for men of broad learning; Vice Censor-in-chief Li Zongkong recommended him, but he firmly refused. The authorities pressed him relentlessly, even ordering laborers to carry his bed and set out. Twenty li from the capital he swore he would die rather than enter the city. Grand Secretary Feng Pu was the first to call on him; the high officials all came. Shan lay on his bed and offered no greeting or farewell ceremony. Wei Xiangshu reported his age and illness to the throne; an edict excused him from the examination and appointed him Secretariat drafter as a mark of favor. Feng Pu pressed him to enter and give thanks; they carried him in. When he saw the Great Qing Gate his tears streamed down and he collapsed to the ground. Wei Xiangshu stepped forward and said, "Enough, enough—that counts as your thanks!" The next day he set out for home; Feng Pu and all the officials below him went out of the city to see him off. Shan sighed, "From now on I am finally free of encumbrance! Then he said, "If later generations should rashly praise me alongside Xu Heng and Liu Yin, I would not close my eyes even in death!" Those who heard him gasped in shock. When he reached home, high officials all came to his dwelling to pay their respects. Winter and summer he wore a single cloth garment and called himself "a commoner." Someone said, "Are you not a Secretariat drafter?" He made no reply. At his death he was laid out in vermilion robes and a yellow Daoist cap.
39
山工書畫，謂：「書寧拙毋巧，寧醜毋媚，寧支離毋輕滑，寧真率毋安排。」 人謂此言非止言書也。 詩文初學韓昌黎，崛強自喜，後信筆抒寫，俳調俗語，皆入筆端，不原以此名家矣。 著有霜紅龕集十二卷。 子眉，先卒，詩亦附焉。
Shan excelled at calligraphy and painting. He said, "In writing, better clumsy than clever, better ugly than flattering, better fragmented than slick and facile, better sincere and direct than contrived." People said these words were not merely about calligraphy. In poetry and prose he first studied Han Yu and wrote with stubborn pride; later he let the brush run freely, and banter and colloquial speech all found their way onto the page—though he did not wish to be known for that. He wrote the Collected Works from the Frost-Red Shrine in twelve juan. His son Mei died before him; Mei's poems were appended as well.
40
眉，字壽髦。 每日出樵，置書擔上，休則把讀。 山常賣藥四方，與眉共挽一車，暮抵逆旅，篝燈課經，力學，繼父志。 與客談中州文獻，滔滔不盡。 山喜苦酒，自稱老糱禪，眉乃稱小糱禪。
Mei, courtesy name Shoumao. Each day he went out to cut firewood, laid his books on the carrying pole, and when he rested took them up to read. Shan often traveled selling medicine; he and Mei together pulled a single cart. In the evening they would reach an inn, light a lamp, and study the classics, striving in learning to carry on his father's purpose. When speaking with guests of the literary heritage of the Central Plains, his words flowed on without end. Shan loved strong wine and called himself Old Leaven Chan; Mei in turn called himself Little Leaven Chan.
41
費密，字此度，新繁人。 父經虞，明雲南昆明縣知縣。 密年十四，父病，醫言嘗糞甘苦，可知生死，密嘗而苦，父病果起。 未幾，流賊張獻忠犯蜀，密上書巡按御史劉之勃，陳戰守策，不省。 已而全蜀皆陷，密展轉窮山中，會有人傳其父滇中消息，聞之痛哭，遂去家入滇。 經歷蠻峒中，奉父自滇歸蜀。 至建昌衛，為凹者蠻所得，父賂蠻人，始脫歸。
Fei Mi, courtesy name Cidu, was a native of Xinfan. His father Jingyu had been magistrate of Kunming County in Yunnan under the Ming. When Mi was fourteen his father fell ill. The physician said that if the stool tasted sweet or bitter one could know life or death. Mi tasted it and found it bitter; his father's illness then recovered. Before long the rebel Zhang Xianzhong invaded Shu. Mi submitted a memorial to touring censor Liu Zhibo outlining strategies of defense and attack, but it went unheeded. Soon all of Shu fell. Mi wandered from one remote mountain to another until someone brought word of his father in Yunnan. On hearing it he wept bitterly and left home for Yunnan. Passing through barbarian ravines, he escorted his father from Yunnan back to Shu. At Jianchang Guard they were seized by Wa tribesmen; only after his father bribed the barbarians did they escape and return home.
42
明將楊展聞密名，遣使致聘，密乃說展曰：「賊亂數年，民且無食，今非屯田，無以救蜀民，且兵不能自立。」 展納其言，命子總兵官璟偕密屯田於榮經瓦屋山之楊村，以次舉其法，行諸州縣。 後展為袁韜、武大定所殺，密與璟整師為復仇計，嘗與賊戰，躬自擐甲，左手為刃所傷。 時璟營於峨眉，裨將有與花溪民毆爭者，言「花溪居民下石擊吾營，勢且反」以怒璟。 璟欲引兵誅之，密力爭曰：「花溪，吾民也。 方與賊戰而殺吾民，彼變從賊，是益賊也。」 璟乃止，全活數百家。
Ming general Yang Zhan, hearing of Mi's reputation, sent envoys to invite him. Mi then urged Zhan, "The rebels have ravaged for years and the people are nearly starving. Without military colonies there is no way to save the people of Shu, and the army itself cannot sustain itself." Zhan accepted his advice and ordered his son, regional commander Jing, to join Mi in opening military colonies at Yang Village on Mount Wagwu in Rongjing. The method was then extended step by step and carried out in prefectures and counties throughout the region. Later Zhan was killed by Yuan Tao and Wu Dading. Mi and Jing gathered troops to plan revenge; they often fought the rebels, and Mi personally donned armor, his left hand cut by a blade. At that time Jing was encamped at Emei. A lieutenant brawled with townspeople of Huaxi and reported that the Huaxi residents were pelting the camp with stones and were on the verge of revolt, inflaming Jing's anger. Jing wished to lead troops to punish them. Mi argued forcefully, "Huaxi is our own people. If while fighting the rebels you kill our own people, they will turn and join the rebels—that only strengthens the enemy." Jing then desisted, and several hundred households were spared.
43
後密還成都省墓，至新津，為武大定兵所掠。 知密嘗參展軍事，欲殺之，以計得免。 密歎曰：「既不能報國，又不能庇親及身，不如舍而他去！」 遂奉父由成都北行入秦，溯漢江，下吳、越，流寓泰州，老焉。
Later Mi returned to Chengdu to tend his parents' graves; at Xinjin he was seized by Wu Dading's troops. Learning that Mi had once served in Zhan's army, they meant to kill him, but by a ruse he escaped. Mi sighed, "Unable to serve the state, unable to shelter kin or even myself—better to leave all this and go elsewhere!" Thereupon he led his father north from Chengdu into Qin, traveled up the Han River, went down through Wu and Yue, and settled at Taizhou, where he lived out his years.
44
經虞邃於經學，嘗著毛詩廣義、雅論諸書，以漢儒註說為宗。 密盡傳父業，又博證學士大夫，與王復禮、毛甡、閻若璩交，密一足跛，後往蘇門謁孫奇逢，稱弟子。 工詩、古文，俯仰取給於授徒、賣文，人咸重其品，悲其遇。 州守為之除徭役，杜門三十年，著書甚多。
Jingyu was deeply learned in the classics and had written works such as Extended Meaning of the Mao Odes and Treatises on Elegance, taking Han Confucian commentaries as his standard. Mi fully inherited his father's scholarship and also sought wide verification among learned gentlemen. He associated with Wang Fuli, Mao Qi, and Yan Ruoqu. Lame in one foot, he later went to Sumen to visit Sun Qifeng and styled himself his disciple. Skilled in poetry and ancient prose, he supported himself by teaching and selling his writings; all who knew him respected his integrity and grieved his hard lot. The prefect exempted him from corvée service; for thirty years he shut his door and wrote extensively.
45
密謂宋人以周、程接孔、孟，盡黜二千餘年儒者為未聞道，乃上稽古經、正史，旁及群書，作中傳正紀百二十卷，序儒者授受源流，自子夏始。 又作弘道書十卷、古今篤論四卷、中旨定錄四卷、中旨辨錄四卷、中旨申感四卷，皆申明弘道書之旨。 又有尚書說、周官注論、二南偶說、中庸大學駮議、四禮補篇、史記箋、古史正、歷代貢舉合議、費氏家訓及詩文集。 卒，年七十七。 子錫琮、錫璜，世其學。
Mi held that Song scholars, linking Zhou Dunyi and the Cheng brothers to Confucius and Mencius, dismissed more than two thousand years of Confucians as never having grasped the Way. He therefore traced the ancient classics and standard histories upward and ranged widely through other books, composing the Correct Annals of the Central Tradition in 120 juan to narrate the line of transmission among Confucians from Zixia onward. He also wrote Expounding the Way in ten juan, Earnest Discourses Ancient and Modern in four juan, Fixed Records of the Central Purport in four juan, Discriminating Records of the Central Purport in four juan, and Expressing Resonance of the Central Purport in four juan—all clarifying the aims of Expounding the Way. He also wrote Commentary on the Documents, Commentary Discussions on the Offices of Zhou, Occasional Remarks on the Two Nan, Refutations of the Doctrine of the Mean and Great Learning, Supplements to the Four Rites, Commentary on the Records of the Grand Historian, Corrections to Ancient History, Combined Discussions on Tribute and Selection Through the Ages, Instructions for the Fei Family, and collected poetry and prose. He died at the age of seventy-seven. His sons Xicong and Xihuang carried on his scholarship.
46
王弘撰，字無異，號山史，華陰人。 明諸生。 博雅能古文，嗜金石，藏古書畫金石最富。 又通濂、洛、關、閩之學，好易，精圖像。 學者翕然宗之，關中入士領袖也。 與李顒、李柏、李因篤齊名，時以得一言為榮。 凡碑版銘志非三李則弘撰，而弘撰工書法，故求者多於三李。 弘撰交遊遍天下，甲申後，奔走結納，尤著志節。
Wang Hongzhuan, courtesy name Wuyi, sobriquet Shanshi, was a native of Huayin. He had been a licentiate under the Ming. Broadly learned and skilled in ancient prose, he was devoted to epigraphy and possessed the richest collection of ancient books, paintings, and bronze and stone inscriptions. He also mastered the traditions associated with Zhou Dunyi, the Cheng brothers, Zhang Zai, and the Fujian school, loved the Book of Changes, and was expert in cosmological diagrams. Scholars revered him as their leader; he stood at the head of learning in the Guanzhong region. His reputation stood with Li Yong, Li Bai, and Li Yindu; in those days to receive a single remark from him was counted an honor. Epitaphs and commemorative inscriptions went to the Three Lis or to Hongzhuan; because Hongzhuan excelled at calligraphy, commissions came to him even more than to the Three Lis. Hongzhuan's acquaintances spanned the realm; after the jiashen year he traveled widely forging ties, and was especially noted for his steadfast integrity.
47
顧炎武遍觀四方，至華陰，謂秦人慕經學、重處士、持清議，他邦所少； 華陰綰轂之口，雖足不出戶，而能見天下之人，聞天下之事。 欲定居，弘撰為營齋舍居之。 炎武嘗曰：「好學不倦，篤於朋友，吾不如王山史。」 當時儒碩遺逸皆與弘撰往還，頗推重之。 弘撰嘗集炎武及孫枝蔚、閻爾梅等數十人所與書札，合為一冊，手題曰友聲集，各注姓氏。 中有為謀炎武卜居華下事，言：「此舉大有關係，世道人心，實皆攸賴，唯速圖之！」 蓋當日華下集議，實有所為也。
Gu Yanwu had traveled throughout the realm; when he came to Huayin he said that the people of Qin admire classical learning, esteem recluses, and uphold pure criticism—qualities rare in other regions; and that Huayin lay where the roads met, so that though one never left his door he could still meet men from all the realm and hear news of all the world. When Gu wished to settle there, Hongzhuan had a study lodge built for him to live in. Gu once said, "In tireless love of learning and devotion to friends, I am not the equal of Wang Shanshi." Men of learning and recluses throughout the land all associated with Hongzhuan and held him in high regard. Hongzhuan once gathered the letters he had exchanged with Gu Yanwu and several dozen others, including Sun Zhiwei and Yan Ermei, bound them into a single volume, inscribed it by hand as Collection of Friendly Voices, and annotated each entry with the writer's surname. One letter concerned plans to establish Gu below Mount Hua, declaring, "This step matters profoundly—the age and the hearts of men truly depend on it; act quickly!" The gatherings held below Mount Hua in those days, in short, truly had their aims.
48
康熙間，以鴻博徵，不赴。 初與因篤同學，甚密，及因篤就徵，遂與之絕。 弘撰所居華山下，有讀易廬，與華峰相向，稱絕勝。 卒，年七十有五。 著有易像圖說、山志、砥齋集。
During the Kangxi reign he was summoned through the special Boxue examination but declined to attend. He had studied closely with Li Yindu, but when Li accepted the imperial summons, Hongzhuan broke off the friendship. Below Mount Hua, where Hongzhuan lived, stood the Lodge for Reading the Changes, facing the central peak—a scene acclaimed as unrivaled. He died at the age of seventy-five. He wrote Illustrations of Yi Imagery, a mountain gazetteer, and the Dizhai Collection.
49
杜濬，字於皇，號茶村，黃岡人。 明季為諸生，避亂居金陵。 少倜儻，嘗欲著奇節，既不得試，遂刻意為詩，然不欲以詩人自名也。 於並世人獨重宣城沈壽民、吳中徐枋，自媿不如。 其在金陵，與方仲舒善，仲舒，苞父也。 金陵冠蓋輻輳，諸公貴人求詩者踵至，多謝絕。 錢謙益嘗造訪，至閉門不與通，惟故舊徒步到門，則偶接焉。 門內為竹關，關外設坐，約客至，視鍵閉，則坐而待，不得叩關，雖大府至，亦然。 及功令有挑門之役，有司按籍欲優免，濬曰：「是吾所服也！」 躬雜廝輿夜巡綽，眾莫能止。 嗜茗飲，嘗言吾有絕糧，無絕茶。 既有花塚，因拾殘茗聚封之，謂之「茶丘」。 年七十七，卒於揚州。
Du Jun, courtesy name Yuhuang, sobriquet Chacun, was a native of Huanggang. At the end of the Ming he was a licentiate; fleeing the turmoil, he settled in Jinling. In youth he was bold and unconventional and once aspired to singular deeds of honor; denied the chance to prove himself, he devoted himself to poetry, yet refused to be known merely as a poet. Among his contemporaries he uniquely esteemed Shen Shoumin of Xuancheng and Xu Fang of Wu, and considered himself their inferior. In Jinling he was close to Fang Zhongshu, who was Fang Bao's father. Jinling swarmed with officials and notables; those who came seeking poems arrived in an unbroken stream, and he mostly turned them away. Qian Qianyi once called on him, but Jun shut the door and would not receive him; only old friends who came on foot might occasionally be admitted. Inside the gate stood a bamboo barrier, with a seat placed outside. Guests were told that if the lock was closed they must sit and wait and must not knock on the gate—even high officials were subject to the same rule. When regulations imposed night-watch duty at the gates, officials reviewing the registers sought to exempt him; Jun said, "That is a duty I ought to perform!" He himself joined the runners and chair bearers on night patrol, and none could dissuade him. He was devoted to tea and used to say, "I may run out of grain, but never out of tea." He had a Flower Mound, and would gather spent tea leaves and seal them into mounds he called "Tea Hills." He died at the age of seventy-seven in Yangzhou.
50
喪歸，故人謀卜兆，子世濟曰：「吾有親，而以葬事辱二三君乎？ 是謂我非人也。」 亡何，世濟卒。 又數年，陳鵬年來守金陵，始葬諸蔣山北梅花村。
When the coffin was brought home, old friends planned to choose a burial site, but his son Shiji said, "I still have parents living—how could I burden you gentlemen with the burial? That would mean I am not human." Before long Shiji died as well. Several years later Chen Pengnian came as prefect of Jinling and at last buried him north of Mount Zhongshan at Plum Blossom Village.
51
濬詩最富，世所傳不及十一，手定者四十七冊。 吳偉業嘗云：「吾五言律得茶村焦山詩而始進。」 閻若璩於時賢多所訾謷，獨許濬五律，稱為「詩聖」。 已刻者曰變雅堂集。
Jun's poetry was exceedingly abundant; less than a tenth of it circulated in his lifetime, and what he revised by hand filled forty-seven fascicles. Wu Weiye once said, "My five-character regulated verse advanced only after I read Chacun's poems on Jiaoshan." Yan Ruoqu disparaged many talented men of the age, yet he alone approved Jun's five-character regulated verse and called him the "sage of poetry." The work that was printed bears the title Bianya Hall Collection.
52
弟岕，字蒼略，號些山。 諸生。 與兄同避亂金陵。 昆弟行身略同，而趣各異。 濬峻廉隅，孤特自遂。 遇名貴人，必以氣折之，於眾人未嘗接語言，用此叢忌嫉。 然名在天下，詩每出，遠近爭傳誦之。 岕則退然自同於眾，所著詩歌、古文，雖子弟弗示也。 方壯喪偶，不復娶。 所居室漏且穿，木榻敝帷，數十年未嘗易。 室中終歲不掃除，每日中不得食，兒女啼號，客至無酒漿，意色間無幾微不自適者。 行於途，常避人，不中道與人言，雖兒童廝輿，惟恐或傷之也。 後兄七年卒，年七十七。 有些山集。
His younger brother Jie, courtesy name Canglüe, sobriquet Xieshan. He was a licentiate. He fled the turmoil to Jinling together with his elder brother. The brothers' conduct was broadly similar, yet their temperaments differed. Jun was stern in integrity and solitary in following his own path. When he met the famous and powerful he always humbled them with his bearing; toward ordinary people he scarcely spoke at all, and for this he drew much resentment. Yet his fame spread throughout the realm, and whenever a new poem appeared, people near and far competed to recite it. Jie, by contrast, withdrew and made himself one with the common people; the poetry and prose he wrote he would not show even to his own children. While still in his prime he lost his wife and never remarried. His dwelling leaked and its roof was broken through; his wooden couch and tattered curtains he did not replace for decades. He never swept his room all year long; often at midday he had nothing to eat, his children wailed, and when guests came there was no wine—yet in his expression there was scarcely a trace of discontent. On the road he always gave way to others and never stopped mid-path to speak; even with children or servants he feared he might somehow harm them. He died seven years after his brother, at the age of seventy-seven. His collected works are titled the Xieshan Collection.
53
郭都賢，字天門，益陽人。 天啟壬戌進士，授行人。 分校順天鄉試，得史可法等六人。 歷官員外郎，出為四川參議，督江西學政，分守嶺北道，巡撫江西。 時張獻忠已逼境，賊騎充斥。 都賢晝夜繕守禦，兵餉無措，乃大會屬僚，凡官司一應供給，皆捐以助餉。 左良玉屯兵九江，驕蹇觀望，都賢惡其淫掠，檄歸之，而募士兵為戍。 會有尼之者，遂乞病，棄官入廬山。 逾年，北京陷，悲憤不食。 南都建號，史可法開閫揚州，薦授以官，辭不赴。 桂王立肇慶，以兵部尚書召，而都賢已祝髮為僧矣。 先是洪承疇坐事落職，都賢奏請起用，至是承疇經略西南，以故舊謁都賢於山中，餽以金，不受； 奏攜其子監軍，亦堅辭。 都賢見承疇時，故作目瞇狀，承疇驚問何時得目疾，都賢曰：「始吾識公時，目故有疾。」 承疇默然。
Guo Duxian, courtesy name Tianmen, was a native of Yiyang. He passed the jinshi examination in the renxu year of the Tianqi reign and was appointed Bearer of Messages. While grading the Shuntian provincial examination, he selected six candidates including Shi Kefa. He rose to vice director, was posted as assistant commissioner of Sichuan, supervised education in Jiangxi, held the Lingbei circuit, and served as governor of Jiangxi. At the time Zhang Xianzhong had already pressed upon the borders, and rebel horsemen filled the countryside. Duxian repaired the defenses day and night; with no funds for the troops, he convened his subordinates and had every official allowance and supply donated to the war effort. Zuo Liangyu encamped at Jiujiang, arrogant and holding back; Duxian detested his looting, recalled him by official dispatch, and recruited local militia to hold the defenses. When opponents blocked his efforts, he pleaded illness, resigned his post, and withdrew to Mount Lu. A year later Beijing fell; stricken with grief, he refused to eat. When the Southern Capital established its regime, Shi Kefa opened command at Yangzhou and recommended him for office, but he declined and did not go. When Prince Gui was enthroned at Zhaoqing, he was summoned as Minister of War, but Duxian had already shaved his head and become a monk. Earlier, when Hong Chengchou was dismissed for an offense, Duxian had memorialized for his reinstatement; now Chengchou was grand coordinator of the southwest and visited Duxian in the mountains as an old friend, offering gold, which Duxian refused; Chengchou also petitioned to have his son accompany the army as supervisor, but Duxian firmly refused that as well. When Duxian met Chengchou he deliberately feigned a squint; Chengchou asked in alarm when he had developed eye trouble; Duxian said, "When I first knew you, your eyes already had the ailment." Chengchou fell silent.
54
都賢篤至性，哀樂過人，嚴而介，風骨嶄然。 博學強識，工詩文，書法瘦硬，兼善繪事，寫竹尤入妙。 僧號頑石，又號些菴。 茹苦，無定居。 初依熊開元、尹民興於嘉魚，住梅熟菴； 已，流寓海陽，築補山堂：前後十九年。 歸結草廬桃花江。 客死江寧承天寺。
Duxian was profoundly sincere by nature; his joy and grief exceeded those of ordinary men; stern and upright, his bearing stood out sharply. Broadly learned with a formidable memory, he was skilled in poetry and prose; his calligraphy was lean and forceful; he was also accomplished at painting, and his bamboo paintings especially reached mastery. As a monk he took the name Wanshi and also styled himself Xie'an. He lived in hardship and had no fixed dwelling. At first he stayed with Xiong Kaiyuan and Yin Minxing at Jiayu, residing at the Meishu Hermitage; later he sojourned at Haiyang and built the Bushan Hall, where he remained for nineteen years in all. He eventually returned and built a thatched hut on Peach Blossom River. He died away from home at Chengtian Temple in Jiangning.
55
有女名純貞，許字黔國公沐氏，變後，音問梗絕，遂終於家。 純貞能詩，自署曰郭貞女。
He had a daughter named Chunzhen, betrothed to the Mu clan of the Duke of Qian; after the dynastic collapse all communication ceased, and she remained unmarried at home until her death. Chunzhen could write poetry and signed herself the Chaste Maiden Guo.
56
都督所著有衡嶽集、止菴集、秋聲吟、西山片石集、破草奚集、補山堂集、些菴雜著等書。
Duxian authored the Hengyue Collection, Zhian Collection, Autumn Sounds, Western Mountain Stone Fragments, Pocao Xi Collection, Bushan Hall Collection, Xie'an Miscellany, and other works.
57
陶汝鼐，字仲調，一字密菴，寧鄉人。 與都賢交最篤。 崇禎初，充拔貢生。 會帝幸太學，群臣請復高皇積分法，祭酒顧錫疇奏薦汝鼐才，特賜第一，詔題名勒石太學。 除五品官，不拜，乞留監肄業。 癸酉舉於鄉，兩中會試副榜。 南渡後，薙發溈山，號忍頭陀。 生平內行篤，父歾，哀慕終身。 事母曲盡孝養，處族黨多厚德，嘗為人雪奇冤，冒險難，活千餘人，然不自言也。 詩古文有奇氣，著有廣西涯樂府、古集、寄雲樓集、褐玉堂集、嘉樹堂集，都賢為序而行之。 有「生同里、長同學、出處患難同時同志」之語。
Tao Runai, courtesy name Zhongdiao, also known as Mihuan, was a native of Ningxiang. His friendship with Guo Duxian was especially close. Early in the Chongzhen reign he was selected as a tribute student. When the emperor visited the Imperial Academy, the ministers asked to restore the founding emperor's point system; Libationer Gu Xidie memorialized Runai's talent, and he was specially awarded first place, with an edict ordering his name carved in stone at the Academy. He was appointed to a fifth-rank post but declined to take office, asking instead to remain at the Directorate and continue his studies. In the guiyou year he passed the provincial examination and twice placed on the supplementary list of the metropolitan examination. After the southward crossing he tonsured on Mount Wei and took the name Monk Ren. Throughout his life his private conduct was earnest; when his father died he mourned him to the end of his days. In serving his mother he was thoroughly filial; among his clan he showed great generosity; he once righted a grave injustice for others, braved danger, and saved more than a thousand lives, yet never spoke of it himself. His poetry and prose had a singular force; he wrote the Guangxi Cliff Ballads, Ancient Collection, Cloud-Sending Tower Collection, Brown Jade Hall Collection, and Jia Tree Hall Collection, which Duxian prefaced and published. Of their bond there is the saying: "Born in the same village, raised in the same studies, alike in going forth and in hardship, alike in purpose and in will."
58
李世熊，字元仲，寧化人。 明諸生。 少負奇氣，植大節，更危險，死生弗渝。 篤交遊，敢任難事。 生平喜讀異書，博聞強記。 年八十，讀書恆至夜分始休。 六經、諸子百家靡不貫究，然獨好韓非、屈原、韓愈之書。 其為文，沉深峭刻，奧博離奇，悲憤之音，稱其所遇。 縱
Li Shixiong, courtesy name Yuanzhong, was a native of Ninghua. He had been a licentiate under the Ming. In youth he possessed a singular spirit, upheld great integrity, faced shifting dangers, and would not waver in life or death. Devoted in friendship, he dared take on difficult affairs. Throughout his life he delighted in reading unusual books and possessed a broad memory. At eighty he still read constantly, often not resting until the night watch. He mastered the Six Classics and the hundred schools without exception, yet especially loved the writings of Han Fei, Qu Yuan, and Han Yu. His writing was deep, stern, and incisive, abstruse, vast, and strange, with notes of grief and indignation that matched what he had endured. When he held forth
59
論古今興亡，儒生出處，及江南北利害，備兵屯田水利諸大政，輒慷慨欷歔，涔涔泣下不止。 年十六，補弟子員，旋中天啟元年副榜，以興化司李佘昌祚得其文，爭元於主司弗得，袖其卷去，曰：「須後作元也。」 典閩試者，爭欲物色之為重。
on the rise and fall of past and present, the choices of Confucian scholars in office and withdrawal, and the advantages and harms north and south of the Yangtze, as well as great policies of troops, garrison farming, and water conservancy, he would sigh with emotion and weep without cease. At sixteen he became a student member; soon after he placed on the supplementary list in the first year of Tianqi. She Changzuo, magistrate of Xinghua, obtained his examination essay and argued with the chief examiner that it should rank first, but could not prevail; he took the scroll away, saying, "He must be made top place later." Those who ran the Fujian examinations all sought him out as a prize candidate.
60
甲申後，自號寒支道人，屏居不見客。 徵書累下，固謝卻之。 凡守、令、監司、鎮將至其門者，罕能一識面。 閩中擁唐王監國，用大學士黃道周、禮部侍郎曹學佺、都察院何楷薦，徵拜翰林博士，辭不赴。 嘗上書道周，感憤時事。 及道周殉節，走福州請褒卹，時卹問其孤嫠。
After the jiashen year he styled himself the Han Branch Daoist, lived in seclusion, and would not receive visitors. Imperial summonses came repeatedly, and he firmly declined them all. Of prefects, magistrates, surveillance commissioners, and military commanders who came to his door, few ever met his face even once. When Fujian supported the Prince of Tang as regent, Huang Daozhou as grand secretary, Cao Xueqian as vice minister of rites, and He Kai of the censorate recommended him, he was summoned as Hanlin Academician Doctor but declined to go. He once wrote to Huang Daozhou, moved and indignant at the affairs of the day. When Daozhou died for the dynasty, he rushed to Fuzhou to seek posthumous honors, and the court's inquiry extended to the widows and orphans he had left behind.
61
順治初，師入閩，有齮齕於郡帥者，帥遣某生移書，逼入都，且言：「不出山，禍不測。」 世熊復之曰：「死生有命，豈遂懸於要津之手？ 且某年四十八矣，諸葛瘁躬之日，僅少一年； 文山盡節之辰，已多一歲。 何能抑情違性，重取羞辱哉！」 時蜚語騰沸，世熊矢死不為動，疑謗旋亦釋。
Early in Shunzhi, after the Qing army entered Fujian, an enemy at court persuaded the prefectural commander to send a student with a letter demanding that he come to the capital. "If you refuse to leave the hills," it warned, "you cannot tell what calamity may follow." Shixiong wrote back: "Life and death are fated. How could they depend on the whim of men who hold the gates of power? Besides, I am forty-eight already—only one year short of the age at which Zhuge Liang wore himself out in service; and a full year older than Wen Tianxiang when he gave his life for the Song. How could I stifle my nature and invite shame a second time!" Slander swirled around him, but Shixiong swore he would rather die than yield, and before long the suspicion lifted.
62
世熊既以文章氣節著一時，名大震。 辛卯、壬辰間，建昌潰賊黃希孕剽掠過寧化，有卒摘其園中二橘，希孕立鞭之，駐馬園側，視卒盡過乃行。 粵寇至，燔民屋，火及其園，賊魁劉大勝遣卒撲救之，曰：「奈何壞李公居？」 當時雖匹夫匹婦，無不知有寒支子者。
By then Shixiong was renowned for his writing and his integrity, and his fame resounded far and wide. Between the xinmao and renchen years the routed rebel Huang Xiyun of Jianchang raided past Ninghua. When a soldier picked two oranges from Shixiong's garden, Xiyun had him flogged on the spot, then waited on horseback until every man had passed before he rode on. When Guangdong rebels came they burned the people's houses, and the flames reached his garden. The rebel leader Liu Dasheng sent men to put the fire out, crying, "How can we destroy Master Li's home?" In those days even the humblest man or woman knew the name Hanzhizi.
63
世熊積壘塊胸中，每放浪山水，以寫其牢騷不平之概。 嘗詣西江，交魏禧、魏禮、彭士望諸子，相與泛彭蠡，登廬山絕頂。 追維闖賊橫行時事，痛悼如絕，淚下如泉湧，不能禁也。 耿精忠反，遣偽使敦聘，世熊嚴拒之。 自春徂冬，堅臥不起，乃得免。 世熊山居四十餘年，鄉人宗之，爭趨決事。 有為不善者，曰：「不使李公知也。」 晚自號媿菴，顏其齋曰「但月」。 所著有寒支集、寧化縣志、本行錄、經正錄、狗馬史記等。 年八十五，卒於家。
Grievance piled up in Shixiong's heart. He often wandered the mountains and rivers to pour out the anger and sorrow he could not otherwise release. He once traveled to the West River country, where he befriended Wei Xi, Wei Li, Peng Shiwang, and others. Together they boated on Poyang Lake and climbed to the top of Mount Lu. As he recalled the days when the rebel armies ran riot, grief overwhelmed him. Tears gushed forth like a spring and he could not hold them back. When Geng Jingzhong rose in rebellion he sent envoys with repeated invitations, but Shixiong refused them outright. From spring through winter he kept to his bed and would not rise, and so escaped being drawn in. Shixiong lived in the mountains for more than forty years. The people of his district revered him and flocked to him to settle their disputes. If someone did wrong, people would say, "Don't let Master Li find out." In his later years he called himself the Hermitage of Shame and named his study Only the Moon. His works include the Hanzhi Collection, the Gazetteer of Ninghua County, the Record of Original Conduct, the Record of Rectifying the Classics, the Dog-and-Horse Historical Notes, and others. He died at home at the age of eighty-five.
64
世熊有三弟，早世，遺子女，撫育裝遣之。 饋遺其親戚終身。 又獨建祖祠，修祖墓，編述九世以來宗譜。 凡祭祀，必親必謹。 父母忌日，則減餐絕宴會。 元旦，展先人遺像，則泣下沾襟，拜伏不能起，蓋其孝友出於天性雲。
He had three younger brothers who died young and left children behind. He raised those children and saw to their marriages and departures. He supported his kinsmen with gifts all his life. He built the ancestral hall himself, restored the family graves, and compiled the clan genealogy back nine generations. For every sacrifice he was present in person and meticulous in observance. On his parents' death anniversaries he ate sparingly and held no feasts. On New Year's Day, when he unrolled his ancestors' portraits, tears soaked his robe and he bowed until he could not rise. His filial devotion sprang from inborn nature.
65
談遷，字孺木，原名以訓，海寧人。 初為諸生。 南都立，以中書薦，召入史館，皆辭，曰：「餘豈以國家之不幸博一官耶？」 未幾，歸里。 遷肆力經史百家言，尤注心於明朝典故。 嘗謂：「史之所憑者，實錄耳。 實錄見其表，其在裡者，已不可見。 況革除之事，楊文貞未免失實； 泰陵之盛，焦泌陽又多醜正； 神、熹之載筆者，皆逆奄之舍人。 至於思陵十七年之憂勤惕厲，而太史遯荒，皇宬烈焰，國滅而史亦隨滅，普天心痛，莫甚於此！」 乃汰十五朝實錄，正其是非。 訪崇禎十七年邸報，補其缺文，成書，名曰國榷。
Tan Qian, styled Rumu, born Yixun, came from Haining. He began as a licentiate scholar. When the Southern Capital was established he was recommended for the Secretariat and summoned to the Historiography Institute, but he refused everything. "Would I trade on the nation's misfortune for an office?" he said. Before long he went home. Qian threw himself into the classics, histories, and all schools of learning, with special attention to the institutions and precedents of the Ming. He once said, "History depends on nothing but the Veritable Records. The Veritable Records show only the surface. What lies within them can no longer be seen. As for the purge of the Jianwen reign, even Yang Wenzhong's account could not avoid distortion; under the glory of the Hongzhi reign, Jiao Biyang slandered the righteous; and the scribes of the Wanli and Tianqi reigns were all clients of the eunuch faction. Worst of all were the seventeen years of anxious toil under the Chongzhen emperor, when the court historian fled into exile, the imperial archives burned, and the state and its history perished together. Under heaven no grief was greater!" He sifted the Veritable Records of fifteen reigns and set right and wrong in order. He hunted down the court gazettes of Chongzhen's seventeenth year, filled in what was missing, and completed a book called Guoque.
66
當是時，人士身經喪亂，多欲追敘緣因，以顯來世，而見聞窄狹，無所憑藉。 聞遷有是書，思欲竊之為己有。 遷家貧，不見可欲者，夜有盜入其室，盡發藏橐以去。 遷喟然曰：「吾手尚在，寧遂已乎？」 從嘉善錢氏借書復成之。 陽城張慎言目為奇士，折節下之。 慎言卒，遷方北走昌平，哭思陵，复欲赴陽城哭慎言，未至而卒，順治十二年冬十一月也。 黃宗羲為表其墓。
Men who had lived through the collapse wanted to trace how it had happened and leave a record for posterity, but their own experience was narrow and they had nothing solid to build on. When they heard that Qian had such a book, they wanted to seize it for themselves. Qian was poor and kept nothing tempting in sight, yet one night a thief broke in and carried off everything he had stored away. Qian sighed and said, "My hands are still mine. Am I to give up now?" He borrowed books from the Qian family of Jiashan and wrote the work again. Zhang Shenyan of Yangcheng saw him as a man of rare gifts and humbled himself to honor him. When Shenyan died, Qian had just gone north to Changping to weep at the Chongzhen emperor's tomb. He set out for Yangcheng to mourn Shenyan but died on the way, in the eleventh month of winter in the twelfth year of Shunzhi. Huang Zongxi wrote the epitaph for his grave.
67
明末遺逸，守志不屈，身雖隱而心不死，至事不可為，發憤著書，欲託空文以見志，如遷者，其憂憤豈有已耶？ 故以附於各省遺逸之末。
The loyalist survivors of the late Ming held to their principles though their bodies lived in hiding and their hearts never surrendered. When nothing more could be done, they poured their rage into books, trusting empty words to bear witness to their will. For a man like Qian, could grief and anger ever have an end? That is why he is placed at the close of the loyalist biographies from the provinces.