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公孙瓚
Gongsun Zan.
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公孫瓚字伯珪,遼西令支人也。 〈令音郎定反。 支音其兒反。〉 為郡門下書佐。 有姿儀,大音聲,侯太守器之,以女妻焉, 〈《典略》曰:瓚性辯慧,每白事不肯梢入,常總說數曹事,無有忘誤,太守奇其才。〉 遣詣涿郡盧植讀經。 後復為郡吏。 劉太守坐事徵詣廷尉,瓚為御車,身執徒養。 及劉徙日南,瓚具米肉,於北芒上祭先人,舉觴祝曰:「昔為人子,今為人臣,當詣日南。 日南瘴氣,或恐不還,與先人辭於此。」 再拜慷慨而起,時見者莫不歔欷。 劉道得赦還。 瓚以孝廉為郎,除遼東屬國長史。 嘗從數十騎出行塞,見鮮卑數百騎,瓚乃退入空亭中,約其從騎曰:「今不沖之,則死盡矣。」 瓚乃自持矛,兩頭施刃,馳出刺胡,殺傷數十人,亦亡其從騎半,遂得免。 鮮卑懲艾,後不敢復入塞。 遷為涿令。 光和中,涼州賊起,發幽州突騎三千人,假瓚都督行事傳,使將之。 軍到薊中,漁陽張純誘遼西烏丸丘力居等叛,劫略薊中,自號將軍, 〈《九州春秋》曰:純自號彌天將軍、安定王。〉 略吏民攻右北平、遼西屬國諸城,所至殘破。 瓚將所領,追討純等有功,遷騎都尉。 屬國烏丸貪至王率種人詣瓚降。 遷中郎將,封都亭侯,進屯屬國,與胡相攻擊五六年。 丘力居等鈔略青、徐、幽、冀,四州被其害,瓚不能禦。
Gongsun Zan, whose courtesy name was Bogui, came from Lingzhi in Liaoxi. 〈Ling is read lang-ding fan. The syllable zhi is glossed qi-er fan; end of editorial note.〉 He held a post as document clerk at the commandery gate. He carried himself well and spoke in a booming voice; the prefect, Hou, valued him and married his daughter to him, 〈According to the Dianlüe, Zan was clever and articulate: when he reported on office business he refused to file it in dribs and drabs, instead summarizing the affairs of several departments in one go without slip or omission, so the prefect was struck by his ability.〉 The authorities sent him to Zhuo commandery to read the classics under Lu Zhi. He later returned to duty as a commandery clerk. When Prefect Liu was charged, summoned to the capital for the commandant of justice, Zan drove his carriage and himself took on the corvée labor and menial work of a bondservant. When Liu was sent into exile in Rinan, Zan set out rice and meat, climbed Beimang to sacrifice to the ancestors, lifted his cup, and vowed: "Once I was a son; now I am a subject, bound for Rinan. Rinan is thick with pestilential air—I may never come back—so I bid the ancestors farewell here." 」He bowed twice, rose with a surge of feeling, and every onlooker was moved to tears. Liu was pardoned on the way and came home. Recommended as filial and incorrupt, he entered the Lang office and was appointed chief clerk of the dependent state of Liaodong. Once, riding out past the border with a few dozen men, he sighted several hundred Xianbei horsemen. Zan pulled back into an abandoned watchpost and told his escort: "If we do not charge, we are dead to a man. 」He seized a double-edged spear, spurred out, and stabbed into the Hu ranks, killing or wounding dozens; he lost half his men but broke free. The lesson sobered the Xianbei, who thereafter stayed out of the frontier passes. He was promoted to magistrate of Zhuo. During the Guanghe reign, rebels erupted in Liangzhou; the court drafted three thousand shock cavalry from Youzhou, issued Zan a temporary commission and tally, and put the detachment under his command. The column reached Ji, where Zhang Chun of Yuyang incited the western Liaoxi Wuhuan under Qiu Liju to rise, raid the Ji area, and proclaim himself general, 〈The Jiuzhou Chunqiu records that Chun called himself the "Heaven-filling" general and king of Anding.〉 His bands looted townsfolk, stormed Youbeiping and the western Liaoxi dependent state, and left a trail of destruction. Zan led his own troops in the pursuit, distinguished himself, and was raised to chief of cavalry. Tan Zhi, Wuhuan king of the dependent state, brought his tribesmen in submission to Zan. He rose to general of the gentlemen of the household, was enfeoffed village marquis at the metropolitan gate, pushed his camp into the dependent state, and skirmished with the Hu for five or six years. Qiu Liju and company harried Qing, Xu, You, and Ji, and Zan proved unable to stop them.
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朝議以宗正東海劉伯安既有德義,昔為幽州刺史,恩信流著,戎狄附之,若使鎮撫,可不勞眾而定,乃以劉虞為幽州牧。 〈《吳書》曰:虞,東海恭王之後也。 遭世衰亂,又與時主疏遠,仕縣為戶曹吏。 以能治身奉職,召為郡吏,以孝廉為郎,累遷至幽州刺史,轉甘陵相,甚得東土戎狄之心。 後以疾歸家,常降身隱約,與邑黨州閭同樂共卹,等齊有無,不以名位自殊,鄉曲咸共宗之。 時鄉曲有所訴訟,不以詣吏,自投虞平之; 虞以情理為之論判,皆大小敬從,不以為恨。 嘗有失牛者,骨體毛色,與虞牛相似,因以為是,虞便推與之; 後主自得本牛,乃還謝罪。 會甘陵复亂,吏民思虞治行,復以為甘陵相,甘陵大治。 徵拜尚書令、光祿勳,以公族有禮,更為宗正。 《英雄記》曰:虞為博平令,治正推平,高尚純樸,境內無盜賊,災害不生。 時鄰縣接壤,蝗蟲為害,至博平界,飛過不入。 《魏書》曰:虞在幽州,清靜儉約,以禮義化民。 靈帝時,南宮災,吏遷補州郡者,皆責助治宮錢,或一千萬,或二千萬,富者以私財辨,或發民錢以備之,貧而清慎者,無以充調,或至自殺。 靈帝以虞清貧,特不使出錢。〉 虞到,遣使至胡中,告以利害,責使送純首。 丘力居等聞虞至,喜,各遣譯自歸。 瓚害虞有功,乃陰使人徼殺胡使。 胡知其情,間行詣虞。 虞上罷諸屯兵,但留瓚將步騎萬人屯右北平。 純乃棄妻子,逃入鮮卑,為其客王政所殺,送首詣虞。 封政為列侯。 虞以功即拜太尉,封襄賁侯。 〈《英雄記》曰:虞讓太尉,因薦衛尉趙謨、益州牧劉焉、豫州牧黃琬、南陽太守羊續,並任為公。〉 會董卓至洛陽,遷虞大司馬,瓚奮武將軍,封薊侯。
The court decided that Liu Boan of the imperial house, prince of Donghai—virtuous, once governor of Youzhou, and still remembered for winning the allegiance of frontier peoples—could restore order without a major campaign, and appointed Liu Yu as governor of Youzhou. 〈The Wushu states that Yu descended from Prince Gong of Donghai. He came of age in turmoil and had little access to power, so he began as a county clerk for household registers. His self-discipline and conscientious service won him a commandery post; as a filial-and-incorrupt appointee he entered the Lang office, climbed to governor of Youzhou, then became chancellor of Ganling, earning deep goodwill across the east and among the frontier peoples. Illness sent him home, where he lived modestly among neighbors, sharing weal and woe and pooling resources without pulling rank, until local society looked to him as a moral anchor. Villagers with disputes bypassed the yamen and brought their cases straight to Yu; he settled each on its merits, and parties great and small accepted his verdicts without bitterness. A neighbor once mistook Yu's ox for his own—the build and hide matched—and Yu handed the animal over without argument; when the man recovered his beast, he came back ashamed to make amends. Ganling erupted anew; the populace wanted Yu back, reinstalled him as chancellor, and the district flourished under his hand. Summoned to court as supervisor of the masters of writing and shining-household superintendent, he was soon named director of the imperial clan in recognition of his ritual propriety as a kinsman of the throne. The Yingxiong Ji records that as magistrate of Boping he ruled evenhandedly and lived simply, so that banditry vanished and misfortune rarely touched the district. Locusts ravaged adjoining counties yet swerved around Boping's line as if repelled. The Weishu adds that in Youzhou he kept government spare and frugal, shaping custom through rite and duty. Under Emperor Ling, after the southern palace fire, newly posted provincial officials were forced to "contribute" toward rebuilding—sums of ten or twenty million; the rich bought their way clear, commoners were squeezed, and honest poor men, unable to pay, took their own lives. The emperor exempted Yu alone, knowing he was clean-handed and destitute.〉 Yu reached his post, sent envoys among the Hu to explain costs and gains, and demanded Zhang Chun's head. Qiu Liju and the rest welcomed Yu's arrival and each dispatched interpreters to offer submission. Zan, resentful of Yu's success, secretly had the Hu messengers waylaid and murdered. The Hu discovered the plot and stole through bypaths to reach Yu. Yu asked the throne to stand down the scattered garrisons while keeping Zan with ten thousand foot and horse at Youbeiping. Zhang Chun abandoned his family, fled to the Xianbei, and was slain by his client Wang Zheng, who delivered the head to Yu. Wang Zheng received a full marquisate for the deed. For these services Yu was named grand commandant at once and enfeoffed marquis of Xiangben. 〈The Yingxiong Ji notes that Yu tried to refuse the grand commandantship and nominated Zhao Mo, Liu Yan, Huang Wan, and Yang Xu for exalted posts.〉 Dong Zhuo's entry into Luoyang brought Yu promotion to grand marshal and Zan to general who displays might, with a marquisate at Ji.
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關東義兵起,卓遂劫帝西遷,徵虞為太傅,道路隔塞,信命不得至。 袁紹、韓馥議,以為少帝制於奸臣,天下無所歸心。 虞,宗室知名,民之望也,遂推虞為帝。 遣使詣虞,虞終不肯受。 紹等復勸虞領尚書事,承製封拜,虞又不聽,然猶與紹等連和。 〈《九州春秋》曰:紹、馥使故樂浪太守甘陵張岐齎議詣虞,使即尊號。 虞厲聲呵岐曰:「卿敢出此言乎! 忠孝之道,既不能濟。 孤受國恩,天下擾亂,未能竭命以除國恥,望諸州郡烈義之士戮力西面,援迎幼主,而乃妄造逆謀,欲塗污忠臣邪!」 《吳書》曰:馥以書與袁術,云帝非孝靈子,欲依絳、灌誅廢少主,迎立代王故事; 稱虞功德治行,華夏少二,當今公室枝屬,皆莫能及。 又云:「昔光武去定王五世,以大司馬領河北,耿弇、馮異勸即尊號,卒代更始。 今劉公自恭王枝別,其數亦五,以大司馬領幽州牧,此其與光武同。」 是時有四星會於箕尾,馥稱讖云神人將在燕分。 又言濟陰男子王定得玉印,文曰「虞為天子」。 又見兩日出於代郡,謂虞當代立。 紹又別書報術。 是時術陰有不臣之心,不利國家有長主,外託公義以答拒之。 紹亦使人私報虞,虞以國有正統,非人臣所宜言,固辭不許; 乃欲圖奔匈奴以自絕,紹等乃止。 虞於是奉職脩貢,愈益恭肅; 諸外國羌、胡有所貢獻,道路不通,皆為傳送,致之京師。〉 虞子和為侍中,在長安。 天子思東歸,使和偽逃卓,潛出武關詣虞,令將兵來迎。 和道經袁術,為說天子意。 術利虞為援,留和不遣,許兵至俱西,令和為書與虞。 虞得和書,乃遣數千騎詣和。 瓚知術有異志,不欲遣兵,止虞,虞不可。 瓚懼術聞而怨之,亦遣其從弟越將千騎詣術以自結,而陰教術執和,奪其兵。 由是虞、瓚益有隙。 和逃術來北,復為紹所留。
As the eastern coalition rose, Zhuo dragged the court west and named Yu grand tutor, but couriers could not get through the cut lines. Yuan Shao and Han Fu argued that the boy emperor was a puppet and the realm lacked a rallying point. They cast Liu Yu of the imperial house—the people's hope—as the man to mount the throne. Envoys pressed the offer; Yu steadfastly refused. They asked him to head the secretariat and issue orders in the emperor's name; he declined again yet stayed in coalition with them. 〈The Jiuzhou Chunqiu: Shao and Han Fu dispatched former Lelang governor Zhang Qi of Ganling with a petition urging Yu to take the throne. Yu thundered at Zhang Qi: "How dare you utter this! You cannot even uphold loyalty and filial duty yourselves. I owe the dynasty everything, yet I have not spent myself to avenge its shame. I count on every loyal commandery westward to rally, escort the boy sovereign back—and you invent sedition to drag good officials through the mud!" 」The Wushu adds that Han Fu wrote Yuan Shu claiming the emperor was no son of Ling, proposing a Zhou Bo–style purge of the puppet and enthronement of a princely heir, praising Yu's record as unmatched among imperial cadres and the Liu kin. It also said: "Formerly Guangwu was five generations removed from the prince of Ding; as grand marshal commanding Hebei, Geng Yan and Feng Yi urged him to assume the supreme title, and in the end he replaced Gengshi. and argued that Liu Yu, likewise five generations from Prince Gong and grand marshal of Youzhou, mirrored that precedent." 」Han Fu also cited omens: four stars clustered over Ji-Wei, a prophecy of a sage in the Yan quarter. He mentioned a peasant of Jiyin who found a jade seal reading "Yu for Son of Heaven." He spoke of twin suns over Dai commandery as a sign Yu would succeed the Han. Yuan Shao sent a parallel letter to Yuan Shu. Yuan Shu, already nursing ambition, disliked a grown emperor on the throne and masked refusal in language of public duty. Shao also sounded Yu privately; Yu replied that a legitimate line still sat on the throne and such talk ill befitted a minister, then threatened flight to the Xiongnu to break with the plotters, at which they desisted. Yu thereafter kept sending tribute and memorials in scrupulous loyalty, and whenever Qiang or Hu gifts could not reach Luoyang, he relayed them eastward himself.〉 His son Liu He served as palace attendant in Chang'an. The emperor, desperate to return east, told He to slip Zhuo's guard, steal out by Wu Pass to Yu, and bid him march an escort. He crossed Yuan Shu's path and explained the sovereign's plea. Shu, coveting Yu as an ally, held He hostage, promised a joint advance west once troops gathered, and made him write to his father. Yu read the letter and dispatched several thousand horsemen toward his son. Zan saw Shu's duplicity and tried to block the expedition; Yu overruled him. Fearing Shu's spite, Zan also sent his cousin Yue with a thousand riders to court Shu while secretly telling Shu to arrest He and seize the column. The two allies were now openly at odds. Liu He broke away northward only to be held again by Yuan Shao.
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是時,術遣孫堅屯陽城拒卓,紹使周昂奪其處。 術遣越與堅攻昂,不勝,越為流矢所中死。 瓚怒曰:「余弟死,禍起於紹。」 遂出軍屯磐河,將以報紹。 紹懼,以所佩勃海太守印綬授瓚從弟範,遣之郡,欲以結援。 範遂以勃海兵助瓚,破青、徐黃巾,兵益盛; 進軍界橋。 〈《典略》載瓚表紹罪狀曰:〉
Shu stationed Sun Jian at Yangcheng against Dong Zhuo; Shao sent Zhou Ang to oust him. Yue joined Sun Jian against Zhou Ang, failed, and fell to a stray shaft. Zan roared, "My cousin is dead—and Shao caused it. 」He marched the host to the Pan River to settle scores with Shao. Shao, alarmed, handed his Bohai seal-ribbon to Zan's cousin Fan and sent him to that seat to buy goodwill. Fan brought Bohai levies to Zan's side, shattered the Qing–Xu Yellow Turbans, and swelled their strength, then drove the line to Jie Bridge. 〈The Dianlüe preserves Zan's indictment of Shao, which begins:〉
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臣聞皇、羲以來,始有君臣上下之事,張化以導民,刑罰以禁暴。 今行車騎將軍袁紹,託其先軌,寇竊人爵,既性暴亂,厥行淫穢。 昔為司隸校尉,會值國家喪禍之際,太后承攝,何氏輔政,紹專為邪媚,不能舉直,至令丁原焚燒孟津,招來董卓,造為亂根,紹罪一也。 卓既入雒而主見質,紹不能權譎以濟君父,而棄置節傳,迸竄逃亡,忝辱爵命,背上不忠,紹罪二也。 紹為勃海太守,默選戎馬,當攻董卓,不告父兄,至使太傅門戶,太僕母子,一旦而斃,不仁不孝,紹罪三也。 紹既興兵,涉歷二年,不恤國難,廣自封殖,乃多以資糧專為不急,割剝富室,收考責錢,百姓吁嗟,莫不痛怨,紹罪四也。 韓馥之迫,竊其虛位,矯命詔恩,刻金印玉璽,每下文書,皁囊施檢,文曰『詔書一封,邟鄉侯印』。 邟,口浪反。 昔新室之亂,漸以即真,今紹所施,擬而方之,紹罪五也。 紹令崔巨業候視星日,財貨賂遺,與共飲食,剋期會合,攻鈔郡縣,此豈大臣所當宜為? 紹罪六也。 紹與故虎牙都尉劉勛首共造兵,勳仍有效,又降伏張楊,而以小忿枉害於勳,信用讒慝,殺害有功,紹罪七也。 紹又上故上谷太守高焉、故甘陵相姚貢,橫責其錢,錢不備畢,二人並命,紹罪八也。 春秋之義,子以母貴。 紹母親為婢使,紹實微賤,不可以為人後,以義不宜,乃據豐隆之重任,忝污王爵,損辱袁宗,紹罪九也。 又長沙太守孫堅,前領豫州刺史,驅走董卓,掃除陵廟,其功莫大; 紹令周昂盜居其位,斷絕堅糧,令不得入,使卓不被誅,紹罪十也。 臣又每得後將軍袁術書,云紹非術類也。 紹之罪戾,雖南山之竹不能載。 昔姬周政弱,王道陵遲,天子遷都,諸侯背叛,於是齊桓立柯亭之,晉文為踐土之會,伐荊楚以致菁茅,誅曹、衛以彰無禮。 臣雖闒茸,名非先賢,蒙被朝恩,當此重任,職在鈇鉞,奉辭伐罪,輒與諸將州郡兵討紹等。 若事克捷,罪人斯得,庶續桓、文忠誠之效,攻戰形狀,前後續上。
Your servant has heard that since the sage-kings Huang and Xi there have been rulers and subjects, instruction to guide the people, and penal law to curb violence. Yet the chariot-and-cavalry general Yuan Shao, trading on pedigree, stole honors; he is by nature cruel and depraved. As colonel director of retainers during the He regency he flattered the powerful, failed to speak truth, let Ding Yuan torch Meng Ford and invite Dong Zhuo—crime the first. When Zhuo seized Luoyang and the emperor, Shao bolted, abandoning his charge—crime the second. As Bohai governor he armed in secret, struck Zhuo without warning his kin, and brought death on the grand tutor's household—crime the third. Two years of war enriched him while the realm starved; he mulcted the wealthy and wrung the commons—crime the fourth. He hijacked Han Fu's seat, forged rescripts, minted gold seals and jade tallies, and dispatched black-silk packets stamped "Imperial edict—one—Marquis of Xiangxiang." The character rendered Xiang in the text is glossed kou-lang fan. Wang Mang's Xin seizure of power crept toward the throne in stages; Shao's schemes replay that pattern—count five in the indictment. He set Cui Juye to read the omens, bought allies with feasts and silver, fixed a day to strike, then looted county seats—hardly the conduct of a senior statesman. That is his sixth offense. He and Liu Xun of the Tiger Fang guard first raised an army; Xun had real achievements and had forced Zhang Yang to yield, yet Shao murdered him over a trifle, heeding malice and destroying a proven captain—crime seven. He hounded two retired officials for cash until they could not pay and died—crime eight. The Chunqiu rule runs: a son's rank follows his mother's standing. His mother was a servant girl, so by ritual he lacked stature to inherit exalted line, yet he grasped the high command of Feng and Long, sullying the ducal fief and the Yuan clan—crime nine. Sun Jian of Changsha, once acting governor of Yuzhou, expelled Dong Zhuo and purged the tombs—no one's service matched his; Shao set Zhou Ang to usurp his command, starve his column, and block his advance, leaving Zhuo alive—crime ten. Letters from General of the Rear Yuan Shu repeatedly insist Shao is no true kinsman of his. Not every bamboo grove south of the Qin range could hold the scroll of his misdeeds. When royal Zhou faltered and vassals broke faith, Qi Huan swore the Ke pact and Jin Wen convened at Jiantu, chastised Chu for tribute and struck Cao and Wei for impiety. Though I am no sage, I bear the court's axe of execution and shall join every column in the field against Shao. Should we prevail and lay hands on the culprits, we may match the steadfast service of Huan and Wen; dispatches on the fighting will follow in order.
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〈遂舉兵與紹對戰,紹不勝。〉 以嚴綱為冀州,田楷為青州,單經為兗州,置諸郡縣。 紹軍廣川,令將麴義先登與瓚戰,生禽綱。 瓚軍敗走勃海,與範俱還薊,於大城東南築小城,與虞相近,稍相恨望。
〈He then took the field against Shao and got the better of him.〉 He named Yan Gang for Ji, Tian Kai for Qing, Dan Jing for Yan, and parcelled out county seats under them. Shao held Guangchuan and sent Qu Yi's van against Zan; they took Yan Gang, whom Zan had posted there, prisoner. Zan's line broke toward Bohai, then he and Fan withdrew into Ji, raised a satellite citadel southeast of the main walls next to Yu's camp, and the two allies slid into open enmity.
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虞懼瓚為變,遂舉兵襲瓚。 虞為瓚所敗,出奔居庸。 瓚攻拔居庸,生獲虞,執虞還薊。 會卓死,天子遣使者段訓增虞邑,督六州; 瓚遷前將軍,封易侯。 瓚誣虞欲稱尊號,脅訓斬虞。 〈《魏氏春秋》曰:初,劉虞和輯戎狄,瓚以胡夷難禦,當因不賓而討之,今加財賞,必益輕漢,效一時之名,非久長深慮。 故虞所賞賜,瓚輒鈔奪。 虞數請會,稱疾不往。 至是戰敗,虞欲討之,告東曹掾右北平人魏攸。 攸曰:「今天下引領,以公為歸,謀臣爪牙,不可無也。 瓚,文武才力足恃,雖有小惡,固宜容忍。」 乃止。 後一年,攸病死。 虞又與官屬議,密令眾襲瓚。 瓚部曲放散在外,自懼敗,掘東城門欲走。 虞兵無部伍,不習戰,又愛民屋,敕令勿燒。 故瓚得放火,因以精銳衝突。 虞眾大潰,奔居庸城。 瓚攻及家屬以還,殺害州府,衣冠善士殆盡。 《典略》曰:瓚曝虞於市而祝曰:「若應為天子者,天當降雨救之。」 時盛暑,竟日不雨,遂殺虞。 《英雄記》曰:虞之見殺,故常山相孫瑾、掾張逸、張瓚等忠義憤發,相與就虞,罵瓚極口,然後同死。〉 瓚上訓為幽州刺史。 瓚遂驕矜,記過忘善,多所賊害。 〈《英雄記》曰:瓚統內外,衣冠子弟有材秀者,必抑使困在窮苦之地。 或問其故,答曰:「今取衣冠家子弟及善士富貴之,皆自以為職當得之,不謝人善也。」 所寵遇驕恣者,類多庸兒,若故卜數師劉緯台、販繒李移子、賈人樂何當等三人,與之定兄弟之誓,自號為伯,謂三人者為仲叔季,富皆巨億,或取其女以配己子,常稱古者曲周、灌嬰之屬以譬也。〉 虞從事漁陽鮮于輔、齊周、騎都尉鮮于銀等,率州兵欲報瓚,以燕國閻柔素有恩信,共推柔為烏丸司馬。 柔招誘烏丸、鮮卑,得胡、漢數万人,與瓚所置漁陽太守鄒丹戰於潞北,大破之,斬丹。 袁紹又遣麴義及虞子和,將兵與輔合擊瓚。 瓚軍數敗,乃走還易京固守。 〈《英雄記》曰:先是有童謠曰:「燕南垂,趙北際,中央不合大如礪,惟有此中可避世。」 瓚以易當之,乃築京固守。 瓚別將有為敵所圍,義不救也。 其言曰:「救一人,使後將恃救不力戰; 今不救此,後將當念在自勉。」 是以袁紹始北擊之時,瓚南界上別營自度守則不能自固,又知必不見救,是以或自殺其將帥,或為紹兵所破,遂令紹軍徑至其門。 臣松之以為童謠之言,無不皆驗; 至如此記,似若無徵。 謠言之作,蓋令瓚終始保易,無事遠略。 而瓚因破黃巾之威,意志張遠,遂置三州刺史,圖滅袁氏,所以致敗也。〉 為圍塹十重,於塹裡築京,皆高五六丈,為樓其上; 中塹為京,特高十丈,自居焉,積穀三百萬斛。 〈《英雄記》曰:瓚諸將家家各作高樓,樓以千計。 瓚作鐵門,居樓上,屏去左右,婢妾侍側,汲上文書。〉 瓚曰:「昔謂天下事可指麾而定,今日視之,非我所決,不如休兵,力田畜谷。 兵法,百樓不攻。 今吾樓櫓千重,食盡此谷,足知天下之事矣。」 欲以此弊紹。 紹遣將攻之,連年不能拔。 〈《漢晉春秋》曰:袁紹與瓚書曰:〉
Liu Yu, fearing a coup, struck first at Zan. Zan broke him and drove him toward Juyong pass. Zan stormed Juyong, took Yu prisoner, and marched him back to Ji. After Zhuo fell, the court sent Duan Xun to swell Yu's estate and give him oversight of six provinces; Zan was raised to general of the van and enfeoffed marquis of Yi. He slandered Yu as a pretender, forced Xun's compliance, and had Yu executed. 〈The Wei Annals notes: Yu wished to win the frontier peoples by kindness; Zan argued they were untamable and should be beaten when defiant, and that bribes would only teach them to despise the court for short-term gain. Whatever Yu gave them, Zan intercepted. Yu summoned him repeatedly; Zan pleaded sickness and stayed away. After that reverse Yu resolved to destroy him and took counsel with Wei You of Youbeiping. You replied: "The realm looks to you; you still need sharp swords at your side. Zan is able in civil and military affairs; overlook his lesser vices." 」Yu dropped the plan. A year later Wei You died. Yu met his staff again and ordered a secret strike on Zan. With his units still in the field, Zan saw the assault failing and tried to cut his way out through the east gate. Yu's men were green, ill-drilled, and he forbade torching homes for fear of the populace. Zan burned freely and drove elite horse through the gap. Yu's army collapsed and ran for the walls of Juyong. On the retreat Zan cut down Yu's kin, slaughtered provincial officers, and all but wiped out the gentry of the yamen. The Dianlüe records that Zan displayed Yu in the marketplace and cried: "If Heaven wants this man as emperor, let rain spare him. 」It was the dog days; not a drop fell all day, and Zan killed him. The Yingxiong Ji adds that Sun Jin, Zhang Yi, and Zhang Zan went to the scaffold with Yu, reviled Zan to his face, and died beside him.〉 Zan had Xun named governor of Youzhou. He turned haughty, nursed grudges, forgot kindness, and shed much blood. 〈The Yingxiong Ji: Zan ran the region with an iron hand and broke any talented young gentleman by confining him to misery. Asked why, he said, "Spoil a wellborn man and he thinks rank his birthright and never remembers a favor. 」His cronies were vulgarians like the diviner Liu Weitai, the cloth-seller Li Yizi, and the trader Le Hedang—sworn "brothers" he styled Bo while they were Zhong and Ji, each worth a fortune, whose daughters he married to his sons, likening the clique to ancient parvenus.〉 Yu's aides Xianyu Fu, Qi Zhou, and Xianyu Yin raised the provincial host to settle scores with Zan and, trusting Yan Rou's name among the tribes, made him Wuhuan marshal. Rou rallied Wuhuan and Xianbei, fielded tens of thousands of Hu and Han, met Zou Dan north of the Lu River, shattered him, and took his head. Yuan Shao sent Qu Yi and Liu He to reinforce Xianyu Fu against Zan. Zan lost repeatedly and fell back to his fortress at Yi Jing. 〈The Yingxiong Ji: A rhyme ran, "South of Yan, north of Zhao, a gap wide as a grindstone—only there may you sit out the world." 」Zan read "Yi" into the verse and ringed himself in a fortress there. When subordinate commands were encircled, he refused relief on principle. He argued, "Save one detachment and the next will count on a lifeline instead of fighting to the death; leave them to their fate and every commander will learn to stand alone." 」So when Shao marched north, Zan's forward camps—knowing they could neither hold nor hope for help—mutinied or fell, and Shao's host rolled to his very gates. Pei Songzhi remarks that such ditties usually come true; yet this anecdote hardly proves the point. The rhyme rather urged Zan to cling to Yi and avoid grand designs. Flush with his victory over the Yellow Turbans, he named three provincial chiefs and aimed to crush the Yuans—hence his ruin.〉 He dug ten rings of moats and raised ramparts five or six fathoms high inside them, crowned with watchtowers; the inner citadel rose ten fathoms; he lived at its core with three million hu of grain in store. 〈The Yingxiong Ji: Every officer's household threw up a tower until thousands loomed over the camp. Zan barred himself behind an iron gate on the parapet, dismissed attendants, kept only women at hand, and hauled orders up by cord.〉 Zan said, "I once thought the realm could be ordered with a gesture; now I see it slips my grasp—better to disband for farming and fill the granaries. The Art of War says a hundred towers need never fear assault. Here I have a thousand tiers of timber and grain enough to outwait any siege—then we shall see who rules the north." 」He meant to wear Shao down. Shao's generals hammered at the place for years without breaching it. 〈The Han–Jin Annals preserves Shao's letter to Zan:〉
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孤與足下,既有前盟舊要,申以討亂之誓,愛過夷、叔,分著丹青,謂為旅力同軌,足踵齊、晉,故解印釋紱,以北帶南,分割膏腴,以奉執事,此非孤赤情之明驗邪? 豈寤足下棄烈士之高義,尋禍亡之險踪,輟而改慮,以好易怨,盜遣士馬,犯暴豫州。 始聞甲卒在南,親臨戰陳,懼於飛矢迸流,狂刃橫集,以重足下之禍,徒增孤 (子) 之咎釁也,故為薦書懇惻,冀可改悔。 而足下超然自逸,矜其威詐,謂天罔可吞,豪雄可滅,果令貴弟殞於鋒刃之端。 斯言猶在於耳,而足下曾不尋討禍源,克心罪己,苟欲逞其無疆之怒,不顧逆順之津,匿怨害民,聘於餘躬。 遂躍馬控弦,處我疆土,毒遍生民,辜延白骨。 孤辭不獲已,以登界橋之役。 是時足下兵氣霆震,駿馬電發; 僕師徒肇合,機械不嚴,強弱殊科,眾寡異論,假天之助,小戰大克,遂陵躡奔背,因壘館谷,此非天威棐諶,福豐有禮之符表乎? 足下志猶未厭,乃復糾合餘燼,率我蛑賊,以焚爇勃海。 孤又不獲寧,用及龍河之師。 羸兵前誘,大軍未濟,而足下膽破眾散,不鼓而敗,兵眾擾亂,君臣並奔。 此又足下之為,非孤之咎也。 自此以後,禍隙彌深,孤之師旅,不勝其忿,遂至積尸為京,頭顱滿野,愍彼無辜,未嘗不慨然失涕也。 後比得足下書,辭意婉約,有改往脩來之言。 僕既欣於舊好克復,且愍兆民之不寧,每輒引師南駕,以順簡書。 弗盈一時,而北邊羽檄之文,未嘗不至。 孤是用痛心疾首,靡所錯情。 夫處三軍之帥,當列將之任,宜令怒如嚴霜,喜如時雨,臧否好惡,坦然可觀。 而足下二三其德,強弱易謀,急則曲躬,緩則放逸,行無定端,言無質要,為壯士者固若此乎! 既乃殘殺老弱,幽土怨,眾叛親離,孑然無黨。 又烏丸、濊貊,皆足下同州,僕與之殊俗,各奮迅激怒,爭為鋒銳; 又東西鮮卑,舉踵來附。 此非孤德所能招,乃足下驅而致之也。 夫當荒危之世,處干戈之險,內違同盟之誓,外失戎狄之心,兵興州壤,禍發蕭牆,將以定霸,不亦難乎! 前以西山陸梁,出兵平討,會麴義餘殘,畏誅逃命,故遂住大軍,分兵撲盪,此兵孤之前行,乃界橋搴旗拔壘,先登制敵者也。 始聞足下鐫金紆紫,命以元帥,謂當因茲奮發,以報孟明之恥,是故戰夫引領,竦望旌旆,怪遂含光匿影,寂爾無聞,卒臻屠滅,相為惜之。 夫有平天下之怒,希長世之功,權禦師徒,帶養戎馬,叛者無討,服者不收,威懷並喪,何以立名? 今舊京克復,天罔雲補,罪人斯亡,忠幹翼化,華夏儼然,望於穆之作,將戢干戈,放散牛馬,足下獨何守區區之士,保內之廣,甘惡名以速朽,亡令德之久長? 壯而籌之,非良策也。 宜釋憾除嫌,敦我舊好。 若斯言之玷,皇天是聞。
You and I sealed old pacts and swore to purge rebels, love set down in vermilion ink like the martyrs Bo and Shu; I thought we would march as one with the hegemonies of Qi and Jin, so I laid down office, tied north to south, and carved out rich soil for your use—was that not candor? Yet you spurned honor, chose the path of ruin, traded peace for feud, and sent troops to ravage Yuzhou. When I learned your host had crossed south and you yourself had taken the field, I dreaded stray volleys and crossing steel—not only for your peril but because it would swell (A textual note inserts the character for "son.") It would only swell my own burden of blame; I wrote earnestly in hope you would turn back. You strutted instead, boasted you could swallow heaven and crush heroes, and let your cousin die on the spearpoints. The echo has not faded, yet you never searched out why the blow fell or owned your part; you only nursed boundless rage, ignored right and wrong, hurt the people, and dragged me into the feud. You spurred onto my soil, poisoned the living, and piled the dead until the fields whitened with bone. Left no choice, I met you at Jie Bridge. Your host then shook like thunder, your chargers flashed like lightning; my men were newly mustered, ill-drilled, odds uneven—yet heaven favored us: a skirmish became a rout, I rode down your retreat and fed my army from your camp—surely an omen that right stands with me? Still unsated, you raked up embers, marched a locust swarm of raiders, and set Bohai ablaze. Again I could not rest until I brought the host to the Long River line. I baited you with a weak screen before the main body crossed; your nerve broke, your ranks melted without a stroke of the drum, lord and liegemen fled together. That rout was your work, not mine. Afterward hatred deepened; my soldiers, unable to curb their rage, heaped the dead into mounds—each time I think of the innocents I weep. Later your letters turned soft and spoke of healing the breach. I welcomed the olive branch and pitied the people, so I drove south again as duty demanded. Before a season passed, urgent dispatches from the northern marches arrived without fail. Each left me heartsick, with nowhere to turn. A commander of three armies should rage like hoarfrost and smile like spring rain, his likes and dislikes plain to all. You shift allegiance with the wind, cringe when pressed and swagger when safe, act at random and promise nothing solid—is that how a warrior behaves? You butchered greybeards and children until Youzhou hated you, your men deserted and kinsmen fled, and you stood friendless. The Wuhuan and Hui Mo share your province; I am a stranger to them—yet they race to my banner as vanguard steel; east and west Xianbei flock in likewise. That is not my virtue at work—you drove them into my arms. In an age of arms, to break league oaths within and lose the tribes without, while mutiny stirs at home—how do you hope to win hegemony? When the western hills rebelled I sent a column; Qu Yi's broken men fled the headsman, so I held the main force back while flying columns mopped up—the same van that stormed Jie Bridge and tore down your walls. Word came that you had taken gold seal and purple ribbon as supreme commander; I expected you to redeem yourself like Meng Ming—your soldiers watched the road for your banners—yet you hid, never stirred, and were cut to pieces. I pity you still. A man who would rule the world must temper wrath with long strategy, feed his horses, punish traitors and shelter the loyal—lose both awe and kindness and what name remains? Luoyang is back in Han hands, the dynasty's net is mended, traitors swept away, loyal men rise to serve, and the heartland waits for a true restoration—we mean to stack arms and send the herds home—yet you hug a petty patch of ground, court infamy, and throw away a good name that might last. Stubborn scheming like that is poor strategy. Lay aside grudges, clear the air, and renew the bond we once had. If I lie in what I say, let High Heaven hear it.
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〈瓚不答,而增脩戎備。 謂關靖曰:「當今四方虎爭,無有能坐吾城下相守經年者明矣。 袁本初其若我何!」〉
〈Zan never replied; he only tightened his defenses. He told Guan Jing, "The realm is tearing itself apart; no one can camp under these walls and starve us out year after year. What harm can Yuan Benchu really do me?"〉"
11
建安四年,紹悉軍圍之。 瓚遣子求救於黑山賊,复欲自將突騎直出,傍西南山,擁黑山之眾,陸梁冀州,橫斷紹後。 長史關靖說瓚曰:「今將軍將士,皆已土崩瓦解,其所以能相守持者,顧戀其居處老小,以將軍為主耳。 將軍堅守曠日,袁紹要當自退; 自退之後,四方之眾必復可合也。 若將軍今舍之而去,軍無鎮重,易京之危,可立待也。 將軍失本,孤在草野,何所成邪!」 瓚遂止不出。 〈《英雄記》曰:關靖字士起,太原人。 本酷吏也,諂而無大謀,特為瓚所信幸。〉 救至,欲內外擊紹。 遣人與子書,刻期兵至,舉火為應。 〈《典略》曰:瓚遣行人文則齎書告子續曰:「袁氏之攻,似若神鬼,鼓角鳴於地中,梯衝舞吾樓上。 日窮月蹴,無所聊賴。 汝當碎首於張燕,速致輕騎,到者當起烽火於北,吾當從內出。 不然,吾亡之後,天下雖廣,汝欲求安足之地,其可得乎!」 《獻帝春秋》曰:瓚夢薊城崩,知必敗,乃遣間使與續書。 紹候者得之,使陳琳更其書曰:「蓋聞在昔衰周之世,僵戶流血,以為不然,豈意今日身當其衝!」 其餘語與《典略》所載同。〉 紹侯者得其書,如期舉火。 瓚以為救兵至,遂出欲戰。 紹設伏擊,大破之,復還守。 紹為地道,突壞其樓,稍至中京。 〈《英雄記》曰:袁紹分部攻者掘地為道,穿穴其樓下,稍稍施木柱之,度足達半,便燒所施之柱,樓輒傾倒。〉 瓚自知必敗,盡殺其妻子,乃自殺。 〈《漢晉春秋》曰:關靖曰:「吾聞君子陷人於危,必同其難,豈可獨生乎!」 乃策馬赴紹軍而死。 紹悉送其首於許。〉
In Jian'an 4 (199) Shao brought the full host to invest the fortress. Zan dispatched his son to the Black Mountain chiefs and planned a breakout: picked cavalry down the southwest ranges to rally the hill bands, raid Ji province, and fall on Shao's rear. Guan Jing warned him: "Your command is held together only by families clinging to this fort and to you as their chief. Hold fast long enough and Shao must lift the siege; once he goes, you can rally support from every side again. Abandon the citadel now and you lose your base—Yi Jing will fall overnight. Rootless on the open plain, what could you hope to accomplish?" 」Zan stayed put. 〈The Yingxiong Ji names Guan Jing, courtesy Shiqi, a Taiyuan man. A petty, flattering official without larger vision, he alone enjoyed Zan's trust.〉 When relief came, he meant to hit Shao inside and out. He sent word to his son naming the day the column would come and bidding beacon fires as the sign. 〈The Dianlüe: Zan's courier Wen Ze carried a letter to Xu: "The Yuan siege feels supernatural—drums seem to rise from the ground, ladders and rams swarm our parapets. We are worn down day and night with nowhere to turn. Grovel before Zhang Yan if you must, but bring light cavalry at once; when they arrive, light the northern beacons and I will burst out from within. If you fail, when I am dead and the realm is wide, where will you find a haven?" 」The Xiandi Chunqiu adds that Zan dreamed Ji city falling, saw doom ahead, and smuggled a letter to Xu. Shao's scouts seized it; Chen Lin forged a reply: "They say the late Zhou left corpses in rivers of blood—I never believed it—until I felt the blow myself!" The rest matches the Dianlüe text.〉 Shao's pickets lit the fires on schedule. Zan took the signal for relief and sallied to give battle. Shao's ambush shattered the sortie and drove him back behind the walls. Sappers undermined the towers until they reached the inner keep. 〈The Yingxiong Ji: Shao's teams tunneled under the ramparts, shored the galleries with timber, burned the props at mid-course, and brought the towers down.〉 Seeing the end, Zan slaughtered his family and took his own life. 〈The Han–Jin Annals: Guan Jing said, "A gentleman does not leave a man in danger and walk away—how could I survive alone?" 」He spurred into Shao's lines and died there. Shao shipped the heads to the capital at Xu.〉
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鮮于輔將其眾奉王命。 以輔為建忠將軍,督幽州六郡。 太祖與袁紹相拒於官渡,閻柔遣使詣太祖受事,遷護烏丸校尉。 而輔身詣太祖,拜左度遼將軍,封亭侯,遣還鎮撫本州。 〈《魏略》曰:輔從太祖於官渡。 袁紹破走,太祖喜,顧謂輔曰:「如前歲本初送公孫瓚頭來,孤自視忽然耳,而今克之。 此既天意,亦二三子之力。」〉 太祖破南皮,柔將部曲及鮮卑獻名馬以奉軍,從征三郡烏丸,以功封關內侯。 〈《魏略》曰:太祖甚愛閻柔,每謂之曰:「我視卿如子,亦欲卿視我如父也。」 柔由此自託於五官將,如兄弟。〉 輔亦率其眾從。 文帝踐阼,拜輔虎牙將軍,柔度遼將軍,皆進封縣侯。 位特進。
Xianyu Fu brought his troops over to the Han side. The court named him general who establishes loyalty and set him over six Youzhou commanderies. At Guandu, Yan Rou sent envoys to Cao Cao, took orders, and was raised to colonel protecting the Wuhuan. Xianyu Fu went in person, became general who crosses Liao on the left, received a village marquisate, and returned to pacify Youzhou. 〈The Weilüe: Fu campaigned with Cao Cao at Guandu. When Shao broke and ran, Cao Cao turned to Fu and said, "When Benchu sent me Zan's head I could scarcely believe my eyes; now we have beaten the man himself. This is heaven's will—and yours as well."〉" After Nanpi fell, Rou brought retainers and Xianbei to offer famous horses, joined the three-Wuhuan campaign, and earned a marquisate within the passes. 〈The Weilüe: Cao Cao doted on Yan Rou and often said, "I treat you as a son; I want you to treat me as a father." 」Rou thereafter attached himself to the heir apparent as to an elder brother.〉 Xianyu Fu marched his men in the same service. Emperor Wen raised Fu to general of tiger fangs and Rou to general who crosses Liao, each with a county marquisate. Both rose to extraordinary advance in rank.
13
陶謙字恭祖,丹楊人。 〈《吳書》曰:謙父,故餘姚長。 謙少孤,始以不羈聞於縣中。 年十四,猶綴帛爲幡,乘竹馬而戲,邑中兒僮皆隨之。 故蒼梧太守同縣甘公出遇之塗,見其容貌,異而呼之,住車與語,甚恱,因許妻以女。 甘公夫人聞之,怒曰:「妾聞陶家兒敖戲無度,如何以女許之?」 公曰:「彼有奇表,長必大成。」 遂妻之。〉 少好學,爲諸生,仕州邵,舉茂才,除盧令, 〈《吳書》曰:謙性剛直,有大節,少察孝廉,拜尚書郎,除舒令。 郡守張磐,同郡先輩,與謙父友意殊親之,而謙恥爲之屈。 與衆還城,因以公事進見,坐罷,磐常私還入與謙飲宴,或拒不爲留。 常以舞屬謙,謙不爲起,固彊之; 及舞,又不轉。 磐曰:「不當轉邪?」 曰:「不可轉,轉則勝人。」 由是不樂,卒以搆隙。 謙在官清白,無以糾舉,祠靈星,有贏錢五百,欲以臧之。 謙委官而去。〉 遷幽州剌史,徵拜議郎,參車騎將軍張溫軍事,西討韓遂。 〈《吳書》曰:會西羌寇邊,皇甫嵩爲征西將軍,表請武將。 召拜謙楊武都尉,與嵩征羌,大破之。 後邊章、韓遂爲亂,司空張溫銜命征討; 又請謙爲參軍事,接遇甚厚,而謙輕其行事,心懷不服。 及軍罷還,百寮高會,溫屬謙行酒,謙衆辱溫。 溫怒,徙謙於邊。 或說溫曰:「陶恭祖本以材略見重於公,一朝以醉飲過失,不蒙容貸,遠棄不毛,厚德不終,四方人士安所歸望! 不如釋憾除恨,克復初分,於以遠聞德美。」 溫然其言,乃追還謙。 謙至,或又謂謙曰:「足下輕辱三公,罪自己作,今蒙釋宥,德莫厚矣; 宜降志卑辭以謝之。」 謙曰:「諾。」 又謂溫曰:「陶恭祖今深自罪責,思在變革。 謝天子禮畢,必詣公門。 公宜見之,以慰其意。」 時溫於宮門見謙,謙仰曰:「謙自謝朝廷,豈爲公邪?」 溫曰:「恭祖癡病尚未除邪?」 遂爲之置酒,待之如初。〉 會徐州黃巾起,以謙爲徐州剌史,擊黃巾,破走之。
Tao Qian, whose courtesy name was Gongzu, came from Danyang. 〈The Wushu: his father had been magistrate of Yuyao. Orphaned young, he was already known county-wide for wild high spirits. At fourteen he sewed silk pennons, rode a bamboo hobbyhorse, and every lad in town trailed after him. Gan Gong of Cangwu, a townsman, met him in the street, was struck by his face, halted his carriage, talked until delighted, and betrothed a daughter. Lady Gan fumed, "That Tao boy is all mischief—why marry our girl to him?" Gan answered, "His looks are not common; grown, he will be someone." 」And he did give her to him.〉 He studied as a young man, entered provincial service, earned a flourishing-talent recommendation, and became magistrate of Lu, 〈The Wushu adds that he was stern, high-principled, filial-and-incorrupt, a masters-of-writing gentleman, then magistrate of Shu. Governor Zhang Pan, an elder from the same commandery and his father's intimate friend, favored him—yet Qian hated to bow. After a public session Pan would invite him to drink; Qian often snubbed the invitation. Pan tried to make him lead the dance; Qian would not stand though pressed; when he did move, he refused to turn. Pan asked, "Are you not supposed to wheel?" Qian replied, "I must not turn—turning means showing up the host." 」Pan took offense and a breach opened between them. As magistrate he was spotless; after a Ling-star sacrifice five hundred cash remained, which he meant to pocket. Instead he resigned his post.〉 He rose to governor of Youzhou, then consultant, joined Zhang Wen's staff, and campaigned west against Han Sui. 〈The Wushu: when western Qiang raided the frontier, Huangfu Song, as western campaign general, asked for fighting men. Qian was named valorous martial commandant of Yang and routed the Qiang with Huangfu Song. Later Bian Zhang and Han Sui rose; Minister of Works Zhang Wen took the field; he made Qian an army aide and treated him generously, yet Qian scorned his leadership and nursed resentment. At the victory feast Zhang Wen told Qian to pour wine; Qian publicly insulted him. Wen banished him to the border. Counselors said, "You prized Tao Gongzu for ability; one drunk slight, and you ship him to the wastes—how will the world trust your magnanimity? Better forgive him, heal the rift, and let your name for mercy spread." 」Wen agreed and recalled Qian. Someone told Qian on return, "You humiliated a minister of state; the fault was yours; now you are pardoned—no kindness could run deeper; humble yourself and apologize." 」Qian said, "Very well." The same man told Wen, "Tao Gongzu repents deeply and means to mend his ways. After he has made ritual apology to the throne he will call on you. You should receive him to set his mind at ease." At the palace gate Qian looked up and said, "I bow to the court—not to you." Wen snapped, "Is Gongzu still mad?" 」Yet Wen poured wine and treated him as before.〉 When Xuzhou's Yellow Turbans rose, he was named governor, crushed them, and drove them out.
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董卓之亂,州郡起兵,天子都長安,四方斷絕,謙遣使間行致貢獻,遷安東將軍、徐州牧,封溧陽侯。 是時,徐州百姓殷盛,穀米封贍,流民多歸之。 而謙背道任情:廣陵太守琅邪趙昱,徐方名士也,以忠直見疏; 〈謝承《漢書》曰:昱年十三,母嘗病,經涉三月。 昱慘戚消瘠,至目不交睫,握粟出卜,祈禱泣血,鄉黨稱其孝。 就處士東莞綦毌君受《公羊傳》,兼該羣業。 至歷年潛志,不闚園圃,親疏希見其面。 時入定省父母,須臾即還。 高絜廉正,抱禮而立,清英儼恪,莫干其志; 旌善以興化,彈邪以矯俗。 州郡請召,常稱病不應。 國相檀謨、陳遵比召,不起; 或興盛怒,終不迴意。 舉孝廉,除莒長,宣揚五教,政爲國表。 會黃巾作亂,陸梁五郡,郡縣發兵,以爲先辦。 徐州刺史巴祗表功第一,當受遷賞,昱深以爲恥,委官還家。 徐州牧陶謙初辟別駕從事,辭疾遜遁。 謙重令楊州從事會稽吳範宣旨,昱守意不移; 欲威以刑罰,然後乃起。 舉茂才,遷廣陵太守。 賊笮融從臨淮見討,迸入郡界,昱將兵拒戰,敗績,見害。〉 曹宏等,讒慝小人也,謙親任之。 刑政失和,良善多被其害,由是漸亂。 下邳闕宣自稱天子,謙初與合從寇鈔,後遂殺宣,并其衆。
During Zhuo's reign of terror, while the emperor languished in Chang'an and roads were cut, Qian smuggled tribute west, won the title general who pacifies the east, shepherd of Xuzhou, and marquis of Liyang. Xuzhou then overflowed with grain and drew refugees from every quarter. Yet Qian ruled by caprice: Zhao Yu of Guangling, a leading scholar of the east, was shunned for his honesty; 〈Xie Cheng's Hanshu: at thirteen Yu nursed his sick mother three months, withered with grief, never sleeping, divined with millet, wept blood in prayer, and won praise for filial piety. He studied the Gongyang with recluse Jun Qi of Dongguan and mastered many texts. For years he shut himself in study, shunned gardens, and rarely showed his face. Even visits to his parents were brief. He was austere, incorruptible, and grave—none could sway him; he honored virtue to improve custom and struck down vice. He refused every summons with feigned illness. Chancellors Tan Mo and Chen Zun called together—he would not come; even their fury could not move him. Recommended as filial and incorrupt, he governed Ju, taught the five moral relations, and set the standard for the realm. When the Turbans rose and overran five commanderies, every county mustered arms as top priority. Inspector Ba Zhi ranked his service first for promotion; Yu took that as an insult and resigned. Tao Qian then governor summoned him as chief clerk; he feigned illness and slipped away. Qian sent Wu Fan of Kuaiji from the Yangzhou office to press the appointment; Yu would not budge; Qian threatened the law until Yu finally accepted. He earned a flourishing-talent nomination and became governor of Guangling. Ze Rong, driven from Linhuai, broke into the district; Yu fought him, lost, and died.〉 Men like Cao Hong were venal flatterers, yet Qian kept them close. Justice skewed and honest men suffered; the province slid into chaos. Que Xuan at Xiapi declared himself emperor; Qian first allied with him for raids, then killed him and swallowed his troops.
15
初平四年,太祖征謙,攻拔十餘城,至彭城大戰。 謙兵敗走,死者萬數,泗水爲之不流。 謙退守剡。 太祖以糧少引軍還。 〈《吳書》曰:曹公父於泰山被殺,歸咎於謙。 欲伐謙而畏其彊,乃表令州郡一時罷兵。 詔曰:「今海內擾攘,州郡起兵,征夫勞瘁,寇難未弭,或將吏不良,因緣討捕,侵侮黎民,離害者衆; 風聲流聞,震蕩城邑,丘牆懼於橫暴,貞良化爲羣惡,此何異乎抱薪救焚,扇火止沸哉! 今四民流移,託身佗方,攜白首於山野,棄稚子於溝壑,顧故鄉而哀歎,向阡陌而流涕,饑厄困苦,亦已甚矣。 雖悔往者之迷謬,思奉教於今日,然兵連衆結,鋒鏑布野,恐一朝解散,夕見繫虜,是以阻兵屯據,欲止而不敢散也。 詔書到,其各罷遣甲士,還親農桑,惟留常員吏以供官署,慰示遠近,咸使聞知。」 謙被詔,乃上書曰:「臣聞懷遠柔服,非德不集; 克難平亂,非兵不濟。 是以涿鹿、版泉、三苗之野有五帝之師,有扈、鬼方、商、奄四國有王者之伐,自古在昔,未有不揚威以弭亂,震武以止暴者也。 臣前初以黃巾亂治,受策長驅,匪遑啟處。 雖憲章勑戒,奉宣威靈,敬行天誅,每伐輒克,然妖寇類衆,殊不畏死,父兄殲殪,子弟羣起,治屯連兵,至今爲患。 若承命解甲,弱國自虛,釋武備以資亂,損官威以益寇,今日兵罷,明日難必至,上忝朝廷寵授之本,下令羣凶日月滋蔓,非所以彊幹弱枝遏惡止亂之務也。 臣雖愚蔽,忠恕不昭,抱恩念報,所不忍行。 輒勒部曲,申令警備。 出芟彊寇,惟力是視,入宣德澤,躬奉職事,冀效微勞,以贖罪負。」 又曰:「華夏沸擾,于今未弭,包茅不入,職貢多闕,寤寐憂歎,無日敢寧。 誠思貢獻必至,薦羞獲通,然後銷鋒解甲,臣之願也。 臣前調穀百萬斛,已在水次,輒勑兵衞送。」 曹公得謙上事,知不罷兵。 乃進攻彭城,多殺人民。 謙引兵擊之,青州刺史田楷亦以兵救謙。 公引兵還。 臣松之案:此時天子在長安,曹公尚未秉政。 罷兵之詔,不得由曹氏出。〉
In Chuping 4 (193) Cao Cao struck Qian, stormed a dozen towns, and fought a major battle at Pengcheng. Qian's army broke; corpses choked the Si until the current stalled. Qian fell back to Yan. Short of supplies, Cao Cao withdrew. 〈The Wushu: Cao Song was murdered in Taishan, and Cao Cao blamed Qian. Wanting war yet fearing Qian's power, he petitioned for a general stand-down of provincial armies. The edict ran: "The realm is in turmoil, troops are everywhere, soldiers are spent, bandits remain—often because officers prey on civilians; rumor panics towns, the meek turn rogue—like piling fuel on a fire or fanning a boiling pot! Common folk flee to strange lands, leave elders in the hills and infants in ditches, weep for home and starve in exile—the suffering is extreme. They would lay down arms, yet fear that the day they disband they will be chains by night—so they cling to their camps. Let every command send farmers home, keep only routine clerks, and publish the mercy far and wide." 」Qian answered: "Winning distant peoples takes virtue; crushing rebels takes soldiers. The five sage-kings marched to Zhuolu and Banquan; kings struck Youhu, Guifang, Shang, and Yan—never yet did a throne end violence without showing the sword. When the Turbans first rose I took the commission and rode the long campaign without rest. We obeyed the law and struck heaven's foes, and each battle won—yet the rebels are countless, fearless of death; clans refill their ranks and camp against us still. To stack arms now would strip a weak province, arm the enemy, and shame the court that trusted me—while villains grow daily; that is not how to strengthen the center and choke rebellion. I am a dull man, yet I cannot betray the favor I owe. I have drilled my command and doubled the watch. I strike rebels abroad and rule kindly at home, hoping to atone in small measure." He added: "The heartland still seethes; the king lacks even the ritual bundle of sedge; I lie awake grieving. Only when my grain reaches the throne and roads are open will I sheathe the sword—that is my prayer. I have a million hu of grain barged and ready; escorts stand by to send it." 」Cao Cao read the reply and saw Qian would not demobilize. He marched again on Pengcheng and massacred civilians. Qian counterattacked; Tian Kai of Qingzhou marched to his aid. Cao Cao pulled back. Pei Songzhi notes: the emperor was still in Chang'an and Cao Cao had not yet held the capital. No such disbandment edict could have come from the Caos alone.〉
16
興平元年,復東征,略定琅邪、東海諸縣。 謙恐,欲走歸丹楊。 會張邈叛迎呂布,太祖還擊布。 是歲,謙病死。 〈《吳書》曰:謙死時,年六十三,張昭等爲之哀辭曰:「猗歟使君,君侯將軍,膺秉懿德,允武允文,體足剛直,守以溫仁。 令舒及盧,遺愛于民; 牧幽曁徐,甘棠是均。 憬憬夷貊,賴侯以清; 蠢蠢妖寇,匪侯不寧。 唯帝念績,爵命以章,旣牧且侯,啟土溧陽。 遂升上將,受號安東,將平世難,社稷是崇。 降年不永,奄忽殂薨,喪覆失恃,民知困窮。 曾不旬日,五郡潰崩,哀我人斯,將誰仰憑? 追思靡及,仰叫皇穹。 嗚呼哀哉!」 謙二子:商、應,皆不仕。〉
In Xingping 1 (194) he drove east again, sweeping Langya and Donghai. Qian planned flight to Danyang. Then Zhang Miao turned traitor for Lü Bu, and Cao Cao wheeled west to fight him. That same year Qian died of sickness. 〈The Wushu says: When Qian died he was sixty-three; Zhang Zhao and others for him made a dirge, saying: "Ah, lord governor, lord general, you bore fine virtue, truly martial, truly civil; your substance was wholly sternly upright, guarded with warm benevolence. As magistrate of Shu and Lu you left love behind; as governor of You and Xu you were fair as the pear-tree shade. Frontier tribes stilled by your hand; rebellious vermin—without you they would not rest. The throne remembered your service, enfeoffed you at Liyang, shepherd and lord. He rose to general who pacifies the east to heal the age and guard the state. He died too soon; the people lost their prop and fell into want. Within days five commanderies crumbled—whom now shall we lean on? Memory cannot call him back; we lift our cries to heaven. Alas, the grief!" 」He left two sons, Shang and Ying, who never served.〉
17
張楊字稚叔,雲中人也。 以武勇給并州,為武猛從事。 靈帝末,天下亂,帝以所寵小黃門蹇碩為西園上軍校尉,軍京都,欲以御四方,徵天下豪傑以為偏裨。 太祖及袁紹等皆為校尉,屬之。 〈《靈帝紀》曰:以虎賁中郎將袁紹為中軍校尉,屯騎校尉鮑鴻為下軍校尉,議郎曹操為典軍校尉,趙融、馮芳為助軍校尉,夏牟、淳于瓊為左右校尉。〉 并州刺史丁原遣楊將兵詣碩,為假司馬。 靈帝崩,碩為何進所殺。 楊復為進所遣,歸本州募兵,得千餘人,因留上黨,擊山賊。 進敗,董卓作亂。 楊遂以所將攻上黨太守於壺關,不下,略諸縣,眾至數千人。 山東兵起,欲誅卓。 袁紹至河內,楊與紹合,復與匈奴單于於夫羅屯漳水。 單于欲叛,紹、楊不從。 單于執楊與俱去,紹使將麴義追擊於鄴南,破之。 單于執楊至黎陽,攻破度遼將軍耿祉軍,眾復振。 卓以楊為建義將軍、河內太守。
Zhang Yang, courtesy Zhishu, came from Yunzhong. His valor won him a post on Bingzhou staff as valorous martial clerk. Late in Ling's reign the court named the eunuch Jian Shuo colonel of the western garden host at the capital to overawe the regions and draft empire-wide captains. Cao Cao, Yuan Shao, and the rest were made colonels under him. 〈Ling's annals list the eight colonels of the western garden.〉 Governor Ding Yuan sent Yang to Jian Shuo with troops as acting major. When Ling died, He Jin killed Jian Shuo. He Jin sent him home to raise troops; he gathered a thousand men, stayed in Shangdang, and fought hill bandits. He Jin fell and Dong Zhuo seized power. Yang struck the Shangdang governor at Huguan, failed, pillaged counties, and swelled to thousands. The eastern coalition rose to kill Zhuo. Shao entered Henei; Yang joined him and the chanyu Yufuluo on the Zhang. The chanyu plotted mutiny; Shao and Yang refused. The chanyu kidnapped Yang; Shao sent Qu Yi to rout him south of Ye. At Liyang the chanyu smashed Geng Zhi's column and Yang's following revived. Zhuo named him general who establishes righteousness and governor of Henei.
18
公孫度
Gongsun Du.
19
公孫度字升濟,本遼東襄平人也。 度父延,避吏居玄菟,任度為郡吏。 時玄菟太守公孫琙,子豹,年十八歲,早死。 度少時名豹,又與琙子同年,琙見而親愛之,遣就師學,為取妻。 後舉有道,除尚書郎,稍遷冀州刺史,以謠言免。 同郡徐榮為董卓中郎將,薦度為遼東太守。 度起玄菟小吏,為遼東郡所輕。 先時,屬國公孫昭守襄平令,召度子康為伍長。 度到官,收昭,笞殺於襄平市。 郡中名豪大姓田韶等宿遇無恩,皆以法誅,所夷滅百餘家,郡中震栗。 東伐高句驪,西擊烏丸,威行海外。
Gongsun Du, courtesy Shengji, was a native of Xiangping in Liaodong. His father Yan fled official trouble to Xuantu and got Du a clerkship. Governor Gongsun Yu of Xuantu had lost a son Bao at eighteen. Du had shared the childhood name Bao and the same birth year as the dead boy; Yu doted on him, paid for his schooling, and found him a wife. Recommended "possessed of the Way," he rose to masters-of-writing gentleman, then Jizhou governor, until slander ousted him. Fellow townsman Xu Rong, colonel under Zhuo, nominated him for Liaodong. A lowborn Xuantu clerk, he was sneered at in Liaodong. Gongsun Zhao of the dependent state, as magistrate of Xiangping, had made Du's son Kang a squad leader. Du took office, arrested Zhao, and had him flogged to death in Xiangping market. Great families who had slighted him—over a hundred clans—were wiped out by law until the commandery shook. He struck Koguryŏ east and Wuhuan west until his name carried overseas.
20
十二年,太祖征三郡烏丸,屠柳城。 袁尚等奔遼東,康斬送尚首。 語在武紀。 封康襄平侯,拜左將軍。 康死,子晃、淵等皆小,眾立恭為遼東太守。 文帝踐阼,遣使即拜恭為車騎將軍、假節,封平郭侯; 追贈康大司馬。
In the twelfth year (207) Cao Cao attacked the three Wuhuan states and sacked Liucheng. Yuan Shang fled east; Kang cut off his head for Cao Cao. The story is told in the martial annals. Kang was enfeoffed marquis of Xiangping and named general of the left. Kang's sons were infants; the gentry set Gong Yang as governor. Emperor Wen confirmed Gong as general of chariots and cavalry with credentials and marquis of Pingguo; he posthumously named Kang grand marshal.
21
公孫淵
Gongsun Yuan.
22
初,恭病陰消為閹人,劣弱不能治國。 太和二年,淵脅奪恭位。 明帝即 (位) 拜淵揚烈將軍、遼東太守。 淵遣使南通孫權,往來賂遺。 〈《吳書》載淵表權曰:
Gong wasted away from an illness that unmanned him; too frail to govern, he lost real control of the province. In Taihe 2 (228) Yuan seized Gong's seat by force. When Emperor Ming took the throne, (A gloss inserts the missing word for "throne.") The court named Yuan general who displays fierceness and governor of Liaodong. Yuan opened talks with Sun Quan south of the Yangzi, sending gifts both ways. 〈The Wushu preserves his memorial to Quan:
23
臣伏惟遭天地反易,遇無妄之運; 王路未夷,傾側擾攘。 自先人以來,歷事漢、魏,階緣際會,為國效節,繼世享任,得守籓表,猶知符命未有攸歸。 每感厚恩,頻辱顯使,退念人臣交不越境,是以固守所執,拒違前使。 雖義無二信,敢忘大恩! 陛下鎮撫,長存小國,前後裴校尉、葛都尉等到,奉被敕誡,聖旨彌密,重紈累素,幽明備著,所以申示之事,言提其耳。 臣晝則謳吟,宵則發夢,終身誦之,志不知足。 季末凶荒,乾坤否塞,兵革未戢,人民盪析。 仰此天命將有眷顧,私從一隅永瞻雲日。 今魏家不能採錄忠善,褒功臣之後,乃令讒訛得行其志,聽幽州刺史、東萊太守誑誤之言,猥興州兵,圖害臣郡。 臣不負魏,而魏絕之。 蓋聞人臣有去就之分; 田饒適齊,樂毅走趙,以不得事主,故保有道之君; 陳平、耿況,亦睹時變,卒歸於漢,勒名帝籍。 伏惟陛下德不再出,時不世遇,是以慺慺懷慕自納,望遠視險,有如近易。 誠原神謨蚤定洪業,奮六師之勢,收河、洛之地,為聖代宗。 天下幸甚!
Your servant reflects that heaven and earth are overturned and I stand in perilous times; The royal road is still blocked and the realm reels. For generations we have served Han and then Wei, risen by chance, guarded the frontier, and known the mandate of rule was still unsettled. Your grace has reached us often, yet a subject may not traffic beyond his border—so I held my ground and turned earlier embassies away. Duty allows but one allegiance—still I have not forgotten your kindness. You have long shielded our small domain; envoys brought ever clearer edicts, written in repeated silks, until your meaning rang in my ears. I murmur your words by day and dream them by night, never sated with gratitude. These last evil years have blocked heaven and earth, left arms unstacked, and scattered the people. I trust Heaven will smile again; from this distant corner I still face the light of the throne. Yet Wei will not honor loyalty; calumniators sway the court; Youzhou and Donglai whisper lies—now provincial armies march against my district. I have not betrayed Wei; Wei has betrayed me. Ministers may serve or quit—so the classics say; Tian Rao fled to Qi, Yue Yi to Zhao, when they could not serve upright rulers; Chen Ping and Geng Kuang read the times and ended in Han service, their names carved on the roster of merit. Your virtue is unique; this moment will not come again—so I tremble with awe and draw near, though the road seems perilous as plain ground. May you soon rouse the hosts, reclaim the Yellow and Luo heartland, and stand as founder of a new age. Then all under Heaven will rejoice.
24
《魏略》曰:國家知淵兩端,而恐遼東吏民為淵所誤。 故公文下遼東,因赦之曰:
The Weilüe notes that Wei knew Yuan was double-dealing and feared Liaodong might follow him astray. So Wei sent an open letter south with this amnesty:
25
告遼東、玄菟將校吏民:逆賊孫權遭遇亂階,因其先人劫略州郡,遂成群凶,自擅江表,含垢藏疾。 冀其可化,故割地王權,使南面稱孤,位以上將,禮以九命。 權親叉手,北向稽顙。 假人臣之寵,受人臣之榮,未有如權者也。 狼子野心,告令難移,卒歸反覆,背恩叛主,滔天逆神,乃敢僭號。 恃江湖之險阻,王誅未加。 比年已來,复遠遣船,越渡大海,多持貨物,誑誘邊民。 邊民無知,與之交關。 長吏以下,莫肯禁止。 至使周賀浮舟百艘,沈滯津岸,貿遷有無。 既不疑拒,齎以名馬,又使宿舒隨賀通好。 十室之邑,猶有忠信,陷君於惡,春秋所書也。 今遼東、玄菟奉事國朝,紆青拖紫,以千百為數,戴纚垂纓,咸佩印綬,曾無匡正納善之言。 龜玉毀於櫝,虎兕出於匣,是誰之過歟? 國朝為子大夫羞之! 昔狐突有言:『父教子貳,何以事君? 策名委質,貳乃辟也。』 今乃阿順邪謀,脅從姦惑,豈獨父兄之教不詳,子弟之舉習非而已哉! 若苗穢害田,隨風烈火,芝艾俱焚,安能白別乎? 且又此事固然易見,不及鑑古成敗,書傳所載也。 江南海北有萬里之限,遼東君臣無怵惕之患,利則義所不利,貴則義所不貴,此為厭安樂之居,求危亡之禍,賤忠貞之節,重背叛之名。 蠻、貊之長,猶知愛禮,以此事人,亦難為顏! 且又宿舒無罪,擠使入吳,奉不義之使,始與家訣,涕泣而行。 及至賀死之日,覆眾成山,舒雖脫死,魂魄離身。 何所逼迫,乃至於此! 今忠臣烈將,咸忿遼東反覆攜貳,皆欲乘桴浮海,期於肆意。 朕為天下父母,加念天下新定,既不欲勞動干戈,遠涉大川,費役如彼,又悼邊陲遺餘黎民,迷誤如此,故遣郎中衛慎、邵瑁等且先奉詔示意。 若股肱忠良能效節立信以輔時君,反邪就正以建大功,福莫大焉。 儻恐自嫌已為惡逆所見染汙,不敢倡言,永懷伊戚。 其諸與賊使交通,皆赦除之,與之更始。〉
To officers and folk of Liaodong and Xuantu: Sun Quan is a rebel who rode chaos, followed bandit forbears, seized the southland, and nursed every crime in secret. We hoped to reform him—ceded him territory, kingship south of the river with full royal ritual, supreme generalship, and the nine ritual gifts. Quan clasped his hands and kowtowed toward the northern court. Never has a vassal enjoyed such favor and such glory as Quan. He proved a wolf with a wolf's heart, spurned every warning, betrayed his sovereign, outraged Heaven, and seized an emperor's style. River ramparts have shielded him from the axe—until now. Lately he sends fleets across the sea with goods to seduce our frontier. Ignorant borderers trade with him. Local officers let it pass. Zhou He brought a hundred hulls to the Ta ford and opened a market. You never stopped him—you sent fine horses and let Su Shu sail with him to seal friendship. Even a village keeps faith; leading your prince into crime is what the Chunqiu condemns. You wear court rank by the thousand yet never spoke truth to power. When the casket breaks the gems shatter—whose fault is the beast's escape? The court blushes for you, gentlemen. Hu Tu said, A father who teaches divided loyalty unfit his son for service; once a name is pledged to a lord, double dealing is treason. 」Yet you abet treason—do not blame only bad upbringing or youthful habit! When the field burns, weed and crop perish together—who can tell guilt from innocence? The lesson is plain in every history book. Liaodong lies ten thousand li from Jiangnan and safely beyond Wu's reach, yet you chase profit across the sea, cheapening honor and courting ruin. Even barbarian chiefs honor rite—how can you meet the world's eyes? You thrust guiltless Su Shu east on a shameful errand—he bade his kin farewell in tears. When He perished, corpses piled like hills; Shu lived, yet his spirit fled. What force could drive men so far? Every loyal captain wants to raft across the strait to punish your wavering. We are father and mother to the realm, loath to stir another great war, yet pity you border folk—so we dispatch Wei Shen and Shao Mao to explain our will. Return to righteousness, aid your rightful lord, and earn the greatest blessing. If shame for past contact with rebels seals your lips, we pardon every man who dealt with Wu and grant a clean slate.〉
26
權遣使張彌、許晏等,齎金玉珍寶,立淵為燕王。 淵亦恐權遠不可恃,且貪貨物,誘致其使,悉斬送彌、晏等首, 〈《魏略》載淵表曰:
Sun Quan dispatched Zhang Mi and Xu Yan with treasure to crown Yuan king of Yan. Yuan distrusted the distant ally, coveted the gifts, lured the embassy in, and sent their heads back to Wei. 〈The Weilüe quotes Yuan's memorial:
27
臣前遣校尉宿舒、郎中令孫綜,甘言厚禮,以誘吳賊。 幸賴天道福助大魏,使此賊虜暗然迷惑,違戾群下,不從眾諫,承信臣言,遠遣船使,多將士卒,來致封拜。 臣之所執,得如本志,雖憂罪釁,私懷幸甚。 賊眾本號萬人,舒、綜伺察,可七八千人,到沓津。 偽使者張彌、許晏與中郎將萬泰、校尉裴潛將吏兵四百餘人,齎文書命服什物,下到臣郡。 泰、潛別齎致遺貨物,欲因市馬。 軍將賀達、虞諮領餘眾在船所。 臣本欲須涼節乃取彌等,而彌等人兵眾多,見臣不便承受吳命,意有猜疑。 懼其先作,變態妄生,即進兵圍取,斬彌、晏、泰、潛等首級。 其吏從兵眾,皆士伍小人,給使東西,不得自由,面縛乞降,不忍誅殺,輒聽納受,徙充邊城。 別遣將韓起等率將三軍,馳行至沓。 使領長史柳遠設賓主禮誘請達、諮,三軍潛伏以待其下,又驅群馬貨物,欲與交市。 達、諮懷疑不下,使諸市買者五六百人下,欲交市。 起等金鼓始震,鋒矢亂發,斬首三百餘級,被創赴水沒溺者可二百餘人,其散走山谷,來歸降及藏竄飢餓死者,不在數中。 得銀印、銅印、兵器、資貨,不可勝數。 謹遣西曹掾公孫珩奉送賊權所假臣節、印綬、符策、九錫、什物,及彌等偽節、印綬、首級。 又曰:「宿舒、孫綜前到吳,賊權問臣家內小大,舒、綜對臣有三息,脩別屬亡弟。 權敢姦巧,便擅拜命。 謹封送印綬、符策。 臣雖無昔人洗耳之風,慚為賊權汙損所加,既行天誅,猶有餘忿。」
Earlier I sent Su Shu and Sun Zong east with honeyed words and lavish gifts to bait Wu. Heaven favored Wei: Wu grew reckless, spurned counsel, believed me, and sent a great embassy with troops to seal the sham kingship. My plan worked as I hoped; though I risk blame, I rejoice inwardly. They claimed ten thousand men; Shu counted seven or eight thousand at Ta ford. Zhang Mi, Xu Yan, Wan Tai, and Pei Qian landed with four hundred men, regalia, and patents. Tai and Qian brought extra goods to trade for horses. He Da and Yu Zi waited aboard with the rest. I meant to wait for cool weather to strike, but their numbers were large, saw I would not kneel to Wu, and grew wary. Fearing a coup, I surrounded them at once and took Mi, Yan, Tai, and Qian's heads. Their followers were common soldiers; I spared the bound men who yielded and sent them to the frontier garrisons. I sent Han Qi with the three hosts at full gallop for Ta. Chief clerk Liu Yuan played host to lure Da and Zi ashore while ambushers hid; we drove horses forward as if to trade. Suspicious, they sent five or six hundred men to the beach to barter. At the first drumstroke our archers volleyed—three hundred heads, two hundred drowned, more lost in the hills uncounted. We captured silver and bronze seals, arms, and loot beyond reckoning. Respectfully I send west-department aide Gongsun Heng to deliver the credentials, seal ribbons, tallies, nine bestowals, and gear that the bandit Quan falsely lent your subject, together with Mi and others' false credentials, seal ribbons, and heads. He added: "When Shu and Zong reached Wu, Quan asked after my household; they said I had three sons, naming Xiu as heir to a dead brother. Quan then played the fool and presumed to invest me. I seal and forward his counterfeit seals and tallies. I lack the sage who washed his ears to flee office, yet I burn with shame at Quan's insult—even after heaven's stroke the embers of rage remain."
28
又曰:「臣父康,昔殺權使,結為讎隙。 今乃譎欺,遺使誘致,令權傾心,虛國竭祿,遠命上卿,寵授極位,震動南土,備盡禮數。 又權待舒、綜,契委曲,君臣上下,畢歡竭情。 而令四使見殺,梟示萬里,士眾流離,屠戮津渚,慚恥遠布,痛辱彌天。 權之怨疾,將刻肌骨。 若天衰其業,使至喪隕,權將內傷憤激而死。 若期運未訖,將播毒螫,必恐長虵來為寇害。 徐州諸屯及城陽諸郡,與相接近,如有船眾後年向海門,得其消息,乞速告臣,使得備豫。」
He continued: "My father Kang slew Wu's envoy and made a blood feud. Now Quan empties his treasury, sends a high minister, heaps the highest honors, and shakes the south with ceremony. He feasted Shu and Zong as honored kin, lord and ministers at one table. Then I killed his four envoys, exposed their heads, slaughtered his men at the landing—humiliation that fills the sky. Quan will hate me to the marrow. If Heaven ends him soon, rage will burst his heart. If he lives on, his sting will reach us—I fear the long snake will strike as raider. Xuzhou and Chengyang lie nearest Wu; if next year you hear of fleets bound for our seas, warn me at once that I may prepare."
29
又曰:「臣門戶受恩,實深實重,自臣承攝即事以來,連被榮寵,殊特無量,分當隕越,竭力致死。 而臣狂愚,意計迷闇,不即禽賊,以至見疑。 前章表所陳情趣事勢,實但欲罷弊此賊,使困自絕,誠不敢背累世之恩,附僭盜之虜也。 而後愛憎之人,緣事加誣,偽生節目,卒令明聽疑於市虎,移恩改愛,興動威怒,幾至沈沒,長為負忝。 幸賴慈恩,猶垂三宥,使得補過,解除愆責。 如天威遠加,不見假借,早當麋碎,辱先廢祀,何緣自明,建微功。 臣既喜於事捷,得自申展,悲於疇昔,至此變故,餘怖踴躍,未敢便寧。 唯陛下既崇春日生全之仁,除忿塞隙,抑弭纖介,推今亮往,察臣本心,長令抱戴,銜分三泉。」
Again: "My house owes Wei boundless favor; since I took office honors have showered on me—I should spend myself to the dust. Yet my slow wit let me delay striking the bandits and drew suspicion. My earlier memorials meant only to exhaust Wu, not to join a rebel—never to betray generations of Wei grace. Slanderers twisted every act until the court saw tigers in the market—my favor nearly drowned in wrath. Mercy thrice spared me and let me atone. Had your wrath struck once, I would be dust and my line ended—how then show this small service? I rejoice in success yet tremble at how far things nearly fell. I beg you, who give life like spring sunlight, to seal old cracks, overlook specks of fault, read my heart by this deed, and let me die still wearing your favor."
30
又曰:「臣被服光榮,恩情未報,而以罪釁,自招譴怒,分當即戮,為眾社戒。 所以越典詭常,偽通於吳,誠自念窮迫,報效未立,而為天威督罰所加,長恐奄忽不得自洗。 故敢自闕替廢於一年,遣使誘吳,知其必來,權之求郡,積有年歲,初無倡答一言之應,今權得使,來必不疑,至此一舉,果如所規,上卿大眾,翕赫豐盛,財貨賂遺,傾國極位,到見禽取,流離死亡,千有餘人,滅絕不反。 此誠暴猾賊之鋒,摧矜誇之巧,昭示天下,破損其業,足以慚之矣。 臣之慺慺念效於國,雖有非常之過,亦有非常之功,原陛下原其逾闕之愆,採其亳毛之善,使得國恩,保全終始矣。
Again: "I wear honors I have not yet repaid; my faults invite execution as a warning to the state. I played false with Wu because I feared your punishment before I could prove loyalty. I feigned disgrace a year to bait Wu—Quan had begged a county for years without answer; one embassy lured his great ministers and treasure into our trap; over a thousand perished, none returning. Thus I broke his pride and advertised his shame to the realm. I have overstepped yet served you—pardon my trespass, credit a hair's worth of good, and let me end my days in your grace.
31
大司馬長史臣郭昕、參軍臣柳浦等七百八十九人言:奉被今年七月己卯詔書,伏讀懇切,精魄散越,不知身命所當投措! 昕等伏自惟省,螻蟻小丑,器非時用,遭值千載,被受公孫淵祖考以來光明之德,惠澤沾渥,滋潤榮華,無寸尺之功,有負乘之累; 遂蒙褒獎,登名天府,並以駑蹇附龍託驥,紆青拖紫,飛騰雲梯,感恩惟報,死不擇地。 臣等聞明君在上,聽政採言,人臣在下,得無隱情,是以因緣訴讓,冒犯愬冤。 郡在籓表,密邇不羈,平昔三州,轉輸費調,以供賞賜,歲用累億,虛耗中國。 然猶跋扈,虔劉邊陲,烽火相望,羽檄相逮,城門晝閉,路無行人,州郡兵戈,奔散覆沒。 淵祖父度初來臨郡,承受荒殘,開日月之光,建神武之略,聚烏合之民,掃地為業,威震燿於殊俗,德澤被於群生。 遼土之不壞,實度是賴。 孔子曰:『微管仲,吾其被髮左衽。』 向不遭度,則郡早為丘墟,而民系於虜廷矣。 遺風餘愛,永存不朽。 度既薨殂,吏民感慕,欣戴子康,尊而奉之。 康踐統洪緒,克壯徽猷,文昭武烈,邁德種仁; 乃心京輦,翼翼虔恭,佐國平亂,效績紛紜,功隆事大,勳藏王府。 度、康當值武皇帝休明之會,合策名之計,夾輔漢室,降身委質,卑己事魏。 匪處小厭大,畏而服焉,乃慕託高風,懷仰盛懿也。 武皇帝亦虛心接納,待以不次,功無鉅細,每不見忘。
Guo Xin, Liu Pu, and 789 officers write: the seventh-month edict left us soul-scattered, not knowing where to turn. We are mites raised by the Gongsuns' light—no merit, only shame of riding above our station; yet we were raised to the roster, draped in purple, mounted the cloud ladder—we owe deathless debt. Under a wise ruler men may speak—we beg leave to voice our grievance. Our march is on the rim, cheek by jowl with rebels; for years three provinces shipped tribute costing hundreds of millions to buy peace. Still the Gongsuns ravaged the marches—beacons blazed, gates shut by day, armies broke and drowned. When Du first came he raised order from ruins, gathered rabble into an army, struck awe through the tribes, and spread mercy to the living. Liaodong survives today because Du built its foundation. Confucius said, "Without Guan Zhong we should all be wearing barbarian dress." Without Du the district would be rubble and the people slaves to the steppe. His legacy of kindness still lives. When Du died the people gladly accepted his son Kang as lord. Kang enlarged his father's design—civil and martial, generous and strong. He kept his heart on Luoyang, served the court loyally, and piled deeds high in the royal archives. They lived under Emperor Wu's bright reign, pledged themselves to Han and then to Wei, and bowed low in service. They did not cringe before a greater power—they honored true greatness. Emperor Wu welcomed them openly and never forgot the least of their service.
32
又命之曰:『海北土地,割以付君,世世子孫,實得有之。』 皇天后土,實聞德音。 臣庶小大,豫在下風,奉以周旋,不敢失墜。 淵生有蘭石之姿,少含愷悌之訓,允文允武,忠惠且直; 生民欽仰,莫弗懷愛。 淵纂戎祖考,君臨萬民,為國以禮,淑化流行,獨見先睹,羅結遐方,勤王之義,視險如夷,世載忠亮,不隕厥名。 孫權慕義,不遠萬里,連年遣使,欲自結援,雖見絕殺,不念舊怨,纖纖往來,求成恩好。 淵執節彌固,不為利回,守志匪石,確乎彌堅。 猶懼丹心未見保明,乃卑辭厚幣,誘致權使,梟截獻馘,以示無二。 吳雖在遠,水道通利,舉帆便至,無所隔限。 淵不顧敵讎之深,念存人臣之節,絕強吳之歡,昭事魏之心,靈祇明鑑,普天咸聞。 陛下嘉美洪烈,懿茲武功,誕錫休命,寵亞齊、魯,下及陪臣,普受介福。 誠以天覆之恩,當卒終始,得竭股肱,永保祿位,不虞一旦,橫被殘酷。 惟育養之厚,念積累之效,悲思不遂,痛切見棄,舉國號咷,拊膺泣血。 夫三軍所伐,蠻夷戎狄,驕逸不虔,於是致武,不聞義國反受誅討。 蓋聖王之制,五服之域,有不供職,則脩文德,而又不至,然後征伐。 淵小心翼翼,恪恭於位,勤事奉上,可謂勉矣。 盡忠竭節,還被患禍。 小弁之作,離騷之興,皆由此也。 就或佞邪,盜言孔甘,猶當清覽,憎而知善; 讒巧似直,惑亂聖聽,尚望文告,使知所由。 若信有罪,當垂三宥; 若不改寤,計功減降,當在八議。 而潛軍伺襲,大兵奄至,舞戈長驅,衝擊遼土。 犬馬惡死,況於人類! 吏民昧死,挫辱王師。
He said, "The lands north of the Bohai I give your line to hold forever." Heaven and earth heard that pledge. We who stand below accepted it with trembling care. Yuan had the stature of a pillar; raised in kindness, he was both scholar and soldier, loyal and straight. The people loved him. He ruled by rite, bound distant tribes, treated the king's call as plain duty, and his house shone with generations of loyalty. Sun Quan wooed him for years across the sea; though Yuan once spurned him, Quan still sent envoys again and again begging friendship. Yuan never wavered for bribes—his resolve was harder than stone. To prove his faith to Wei he baited Wu's envoys and sent their heads to the capital. Wu lies a sail away—no natural barrier divides us. He broke with Wu to show Wei his heart—gods and men could witness it. You praised his arms, ennobled his kin like the old dukes of Qi and Lu, and showered favor on his followers. We trusted your favor would last—then sudden ruin struck. The whole commandery weeps for the nurture he gave and the shame of his fall. Armies march against wild tribes, not against loyal vassals. The sage king first teaches; only then does he strike. Yuan served with scrupulous care. Loyal to the end, he met calamity. Such wrongs bred the laments of Little Boy and Qu Yuan. Even sweet slander should be read with cool judgment; we beg a written charge so we may know the crime. If he sinned, apply the thrice-repeated mercy; if not, weigh merit under the eight grounds of clemency. Instead you sent secret armies to storm the northeast. Even beasts cling to life—what of men? Our people met your host with desperate resistance.
33
淵雖冤枉,方臨危殆,猶恃聖恩,悵然重奔,冀必奸臣矯制,妄肆威虐,乃謂臣等曰:『漢安帝建光元年,遼東屬國都尉龐奮,受三月乙未詔書,曰收幽州刺史馮煥、玄菟太守姚光。 推案無乙未詔書,遣侍御史幽州 (牧) 考奸臣矯制者。 今刺史或儻謬承矯制乎?』 臣等議:以為刺史興兵,搖動天下,殆非矯制,必是詔命。 淵乃俯仰嘆息,自傷無罪。 深惟土地所以養人,竊慕古公杖策之岐,乃欲投冠釋紱,逝歸林麓。 臣等維持,誓之以死,屯守府門,不聽所執。 而七營虎士,五部蠻夷,各懷素飽,不謀同心,奮臂大呼,排門遁出。 近郊農民,釋其耨鎛,伐薪制梃,改案為櫓,奔馳赴難,軍旅行成,雖蹈湯火,死不顧生。 淵雖見孤棄,怨而不怒,比遣敕軍,勿得乾犯,及手書告語,懇惻至誠。 而吏士凶悍,不可解散,期於畢命,投死無悔。 淵懼吏士不從教令,乃躬馳騖,自往化解,僅乃止之。 一飯之惠,匹夫所死,況淵累葉信結百姓,恩著民心。 自先帝初興,爰暨陛下,榮淵累葉,豐功懿德,策名褒揚,辯著廊廟,勝衣舉履,誦詠明文,以為口實。 埋而掘之,古人所恥。 小白、重耳,衰世諸侯,猶慕著信,以隆霸業。 詩美文王作孚萬邦,論語稱仲尼去食存信; 信之為德,固亦大矣。
At the crisis Yuan still trusted the throne, telling us: In 121 the Liaodong colonel Pang Fen got a forged edict to seize Youzhou and Xuantu governors— investigation showed no such order; the court sent a censor to Youzhou (The manuscript adds the title "governor.") To hunt the forger. Has our governor mistaken another forgery for law? We answered: a provincial war on this scale must be imperial command, not a fake. Yuan sighed his innocence. He thought of fleeing to the hills like the ancient lord who left Bin for Qi. We swore to die blocking his gate. Seven tiger camps and tribal auxiliaries, well fed and of one mind, smashed the gates to fight. Farmers grabbed clubs and shields and ran to battle as if into boiling oil. Yuan forbade his men to harm imperial troops and wrote pleading letters in his own hand. The soldiers would not stand down—they meant to fight to the last. He rode among them himself and barely checked the rush. A single meal wins a commoner's death—how much more generations of kindness to Liaodong? From Cao Cao's rise to your reign the Gongsuns' deeds have been sung in court and market. To honor a man then destroy him shames any king who reads history. Even Duke Huan and Wen of Jin built hegemony on faith. The Songs praise King Wen's good faith; the Analects say the Master would starve before breaking trust; for faith is the greatest virtue.
34
今吳、蜀共帝,鼎足而居,天下搖盪,無所統一,臣等每為陛下懼此危心。 淵據金城之固,仗和睦之民,國殷兵強,可以橫行。 策名委質,守死善道,忠至義盡,為九州表。 方今二敵闚𨵦,未知孰定,是之不戒,而淵是害。 茹柔吐剛,非王者之道也。 臣等雖鄙,誠竊恥之。 若無天乎,臣一郡吉凶,尚未可知; 若云有天,亦何懼焉! 臣等聞仕於家者,二世則主之,三世則君之。 臣等生於荒裔之土,出於圭竇之中,無大援於魏,世隸於公孫氏,報生與賜,在於死力。 昔蒯通言直,漢祖赦其誅; 鄭詹辭順,晉文原其死。 臣等頑愚,不達大節,苟執一介,披露肝膽,言逆龍鱗,罪當萬死。 惟陛下恢崇撫育,亮其控告,使疏遠之臣,永有保持。〉
Wu and Shu now rival the throne while the realm totters—we tremble for you. Yuan held a strong land and loyal people—he could have been your shield. He pledged life to lawful duty—a model to the nine regions. You eye two enemies yet strike the loyal bulwark first. Swallowing the meek and spitting the tough is no way to rule. We are humble men, yet we blush for this policy. If Heaven does not watch, our fate is dark; if Heaven watches, why should we fear to speak truth! We have heard: two generations serve as house; the third owes liege duty. We are border folk bound to the Gongsuns for generations—we owe them our lives. Kuai Tong's blunt counsel won pardon from Han Gaozu; Zhan's soft plea moved Jin Wen to spare him. We are fools, yet we bare our hearts though it cost ten thousand deaths. We beg you widen mercy and shelter those who speak from afar.〉
35
初,淵家數有怪,犬冠幘絳衣上屋,炊有小兒蒸死甑中。 襄平北巿生肉,長圍各數尺,有頭目口喙,無手足而動搖。 占曰:「有形不成,有體無聲,其國滅亡。」 始度以中平六年據遼東,至淵三世,凡五十年而滅。 〈《魏略》曰:始淵兄晃為恭任子,在洛,聞淵劫奪恭位,謂淵終不可保,數自表聞,欲令國家討淵。 帝以淵已秉權,故因而撫之。 及淵叛,遂以國法系晃。 晃雖有前言,冀不坐,然內以骨肉,知淵破則己從及。 淵首到,晃自審必死,與其子相對啼哭。 時上亦欲活之,而有司以為不可,遂殺之。〉
Strange signs plagued Yuan's house—a capped dog on the roof, a child found steamed in the pot. Flesh grew in Xiangping market with eyes and beak yet no limbs, twitching alive. The omen read: "Form without completion, body without sound—the state will fall." 」Du seized Liaodong in 189; three generations and fifty years later the line ended. 〈The Weilüe: Yuan Huang was hostage in Luoyang; learning of the coup he begged Wei to strike his brother. The emperor spared Huang because Yuan already held the northeast. When Yuan rebelled, Huang was seized by law. Huang hoped his warnings would save him, yet knew he would share the fall. When Yuan's head came west, Huang knew he was doomed and wept with his son. The emperor wished to spare him; the law officers refused—so Huang died.〉
36
張繡,武威祖厲人,驃騎將軍濟族子也。 邊章、韓遂為亂涼州,金城麴勝襲殺祖厲長劉雋。 繡為縣吏,間伺殺勝,郡內義之。 遂招合少年,為邑中豪傑。 董卓敗,濟與李傕等擊呂布,為卓報仇。 語在 〈卓傳〉。 繡隨濟,以軍功稍遷至建忠將軍,封宣威侯。 濟屯弘農,士卒飢餓,南攻穰,為流矢所中死。 繡領其眾,屯宛,與劉表合。 太祖南征,軍淯水,繡等舉眾降。 太祖納濟妻,繡恨之。 太祖聞其不悅,密有殺繡之計。 計漏,繡掩襲太祖。 太祖軍敗,二子沒。 繡還保穰, 〈《傅子》曰:繡有所親胡車兒,勇冠其軍。 太祖愛其驍健,手以金與之。 繡聞而疑太祖欲因左右刺之,遂反。 《吳書》曰:繡降, (凌統) 用賈詡計,乞徙軍就高道,道由太祖屯中。 繡又曰:「車少而重,乞得使兵各被甲。」 太祖信繡,皆聽之。 繡乃嚴兵入屯,掩太祖。 太祖不備,故敗。〉 太祖比年攻之,不克。
Zhang Xiu of Zuli in Wuwei was a kinsman of Zhang Ji the general of agile cavalry. When Liangzhou rose, Qu Sheng of Jincheng murdered Magistrate Liu Juan of Zuli. Clerk Xiu avenged him by killing Qu Sheng and won local praise. He rallied town youths and became a local power. When Zhuo fell, Ji joined Li Jue against Lü Bu to avenge him. The account appears in 〈Zhuo's biography〉 Xiu followed Ji, won rank on merit, became general who establishes loyalty, and marquis of Xuanwei. Ji camped at Hongnong, starved his men, marched on Rang, and fell to a stray shaft. Xiu took the command, held Wan, and allied with Liu Biao. Cao Cao marched south to the Yu River; Xiu brought the whole force over. Cao Cao took Zhang Ji's widow—Xiu burned with resentment. Cao Cao heard of his spleen and plotted his murder. Word slipped out; Xiu struck first. Cao Cao lost the field and two sons. Xiu withdrew to Rang, 〈The Fuzi: Xiu's favorite Hu warrior Che Er was the bravest man in camp. Cao Cao admired his dash and handed him gold with his own hand. Xiu thought the gold was a bribe to assassinate him and rose in revolt. The Wushu adds: when Xiu first yielded, (Marginal gloss: Ling Tong.) At Jia Xu's suggestion he asked to redeploy along the heights through Cao Cao's camp. Xiu again said: "The carts are few and heavy; I beg to have the soldiers each don armor." 」Cao Cao trusted him and agreed. He marched armed men in and struck by surprise. Cao Cao was caught flat-footed and lost.〉 Cao Cao besieged him for years without success.
37
太祖拒袁紹於官渡,繡從賈詡計,復以眾降。 語在 〈詡傳〉。 繡至,太祖執其手,與歡宴,為子均取繡女,拜揚武將軍。 官渡之役,繡力戰有功,遷破羌將軍。 從破袁譚於南皮,復增邑凡二千戶。 是時天下戶口減耗,十裁一在,諸將封未有滿千戶者,而繡特多。 從征烏丸於柳城,未至,薨,諡曰定侯。 〈《魏略》曰:五官將數因請會,發怒曰:「君殺吾兄,何忍持面視人邪!」 繡心不自安,乃自殺。〉 子泉嗣,坐與魏諷謀反誅,國除。
At Guandu he followed Jia Xu and brought his army over again. The account appears in 〈Jia Xu's biography〉 Cao Cao clasped his hand, feasted him, married his son Jun to Xiu's daughter, and named him general who displays martial might. At Guandu he fought fiercely and rose to general who breaks the Qiang. He joined the storming of Nanpi and gained two thousand households in total fief. With the realm depopulated, few generals held a thousand-house fief—Xiu stood out. He died on the march to Liucheng against the Wuhuan and received the posthumous title settled marquis. 〈The Weilüe: Cao Pi repeatedly snarled at feasts, "You killed my brother—how dare you show your face?" 」Xiu could not live with the shame and took his own life.〉 His son Quan inherited the title, joined Wei Feng's plot, died for it, and the fief was abolished.
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張魯字公祺,沛國豐人也。 祖父陵,客蜀,學道鵠鳴山中,造作道書以惑百姓,從受道者出五斗米,故世號米賊。 陵死,子衡行其道。 衡死,魯復行之。 益州牧劉焉以魯為督義司馬,與別部司馬張脩將兵擊漢中太守蘇固,魯遂襲脩殺之,奪其眾。 焉死,子璋代立,以魯不順,盡殺魯母家室。 魯遂據漢中,以鬼道教民,自號「師君」。 其來學道者,初皆名「鬼卒」。 受本道已信,號「祭酒」。 各領部眾,多者為治頭大祭酒。 皆教以誠信不欺詐,有病自首其過,大都與黃巾相似。 諸祭酒皆作義舍,如今之亭傳。 又置義米肉,縣於義舍,行路者量腹取足; 若過多,鬼道輒病之。 犯法者,三原,然後乃行刑。 不置長吏,皆以祭酒為治,民夷便樂之。 雄據巴、漢垂三十年。 〈《典略》曰:熹平中,妖賊大起,三輔有駱曜。 光和中,東方有張角,漢中有張脩。 駱曜教民緬匿法,角為太平道,脩為五斗米道。 太平道者,師持九節杖為符祝,教病人叩頭思過,因以符水飲之,得病或日淺而癒者,則云此人信道,其或不愈,則為不信道。 脩法略與角同,加施靜室,使病者處其中思過。 又使人為奸令祭酒,祭酒主以老子五千文,使都習,號為奸令。 為鬼吏,主為病者請禱。 請禱之法,書病人姓名,說服罪之意。 作三通,其一上之天,著山上,其一埋之地,其一沉之水,謂之三官手書。 使病者家出米五斗以為常,故號曰五斗米師。 實無益於治病,但為淫妄,然小人昏愚,競共事之。 後角被誅,脩亦亡。 及魯在漢中,因其民信行脩業,遂增飾之。 教使作義舍,以米肉置其中以止行人; 又教使自隱,有小過者,當治道百步,則罪除; 又依月令,春夏禁殺; 又禁酒。 流移寄在其地者,不敢不奉。 臣松之謂:張脩應是張衡,非《典略》之失,則傳寫之誤。〉
Zhang Lu, courtesy Gongqi, came from Feng in Pei. His grandfather Ling settled in Shu, preached on Mount Heming, forged scriptures, and charged five pecks of rice per initiate—hence "Five Pecks of Rice" sect. Ling's son Heng continued the teaching. When Heng died, Lu inherited the movement. Liu Yan named Lu colonel who supervises righteousness; Lu marched with Zhang Xiu against Hanzhong governor Su Gu, then murdered Xiu and swallowed his troops. Liu Zhang killed Lu's kin when Lu defied him. Lu thereupon occupied Hanzhong, used ghost doctrine to teach the people, and styled himself "lord master." Those who first came to study the Way were all named "ghost privates." When they had received the root teaching and were trusted, they were titled "libationer." Each led a congregation; the largest bands had chief libationers. He preached honesty, confession of sin for illness—much like the Yellow Turbans. Libationers built hostels like government relay inns. They hung rice and meat in the lodges for wayfarers to take as needed; greed brought supernatural illness. Offenders were forgiven thrice before punishment. Libationers replaced magistrates; Han and tribal folk accepted the rule. He dominated Ba and Hanzhong for almost thirty years. 〈The Dianlüe: in the 170s rebels swelled in the capital region, including Luo Yao. In the Guanghe years Zhang Jue rose in the east and Zhang Xiu in Hanzhong. Luo Yao taught concealment; Jue preached Great Peace; Xiu the Five Pecks of Rice. Great Peace healers used nine-knot staves, confession, and charmed water—cure proved faith, lingering illness proved doubt. Xiu added silent cells where the sick meditated on sin. He named "wicked-order" libationers to drill the Daodejing into followers. Ghost clerks led prayer for the ill. They wrote the patient's name and confession of guilt. Three copies went to heaven, earth, and water—the "three officers" writ. Each family paid five pecks of rice in fees—hence the sect name. It cured nothing but duped the credulous. Jue was executed; Xiu died too. Lu expanded Xiu's practices once he held Hanzhong. He ordered righteousness lodges stocked with food for travelers; Minor sinners paved a hundred paces of road to atone; spring and summer brought a ban on slaughter; wine was forbidden. Refugees dared not defy these rules. Pei Songzhi notes: Xiu here is likely Zhang Heng—a slip in the Dianlüe or copyists.〉
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漢末,力不能征,遂就寵魯為鎮民中郎將,領漢寧太守,通貢獻而已。 民有地中得玉印者,群下欲尊魯為漢寧王。 魯功曹巴西閻圃諫魯曰:「漢川之民,戶出十萬,財富土沃,四面險固; 上匡天子,則為桓、文,次及竇融,不失富貴。 今承製署置,勢足斬斷,不煩於王。 原且不稱,勿為禍先。」 魯從之。 韓遂、馬超之亂,關西民從子午谷奔之者數万家。
Late Han could not crush him and instead enfeoffed him as pacifying colonel and governor of Hanning while he merely sent tribute. A peasant found a jade seal; his aides urged Lu to take the title king of Hanning. Yan Pu urged restraint: "You command a hundred thousand households on rich soil behind natural walls; serve the emperor as a hegemon or as Dou Rong did and keep wealth and rank. Interim titles already give you power—do not rush the crown. Wait—do not court ruin." 」Lu listened. When Han Sui and Ma Chao rose, tens of thousands fled west-of-pass folk to him via Ziwu Gorge.
40
建安二十年,太祖乃自散關出武都征之,至陽平關。 魯欲舉漢中降,其弟衛不肯,率眾數万人拒關堅守。 太祖攻破之,遂入蜀。 〈《魏名臣奏》載董昭表曰:
In Jian'an 20 (215) Cao Cao marched from Sanguan through Wudu to Yangping. Lu wished to yield; his brother Wei refused and held the pass with tens of thousands. Cao Cao stormed the pass and drove into Shu. 〈Dong Zhao's memorial in Wei mingchen zou states:
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武皇帝承涼州從事及武都降人之辭,說張魯易攻,陽平城下南北山相遠,不可守也,信以為然。 及往臨履,不如所聞,乃歎曰:『他人商度,少如人意。』 攻陽平山上諸屯,既不時拔,士卒傷夷者多。 武皇帝意沮,便欲拔軍截山而還,遣故大將軍夏侯惇、將軍許褚呼山上兵還。 會前軍未還,夜迷惑,誤入賊營,賊便退散。 侍中辛毗、劉曄等在兵後,語惇、褚,言『官兵已據得賊要屯,賊已散走』。 猶不信之。 惇前自見,乃還白武皇帝,進兵定之,幸而克獲。 此近事,吏士所知。
Cao Cao believed Liangzhou clerks who said Yangping was weakly held. On the ground he found otherwise and sighed that others' maps lie. The mountain forts resisted; casualties mounted. Cao Cao planned retreat and ordered Xiahou Dun and Xu Chu to recall the vanguard. The night confused the lines—some troops blundered into Lu's camp and routed it by accident. Xin Pi and Liu Ye behind the lines insisted the enemy was broken. Dun and Xu Chu doubted them. Dun rode up, saw the truth, and Cao Cao pressed on to victory. Living officers still remember it.
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又楊暨表曰:
Yang Ji also memorialized:
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武皇帝始征張魯,以十萬之眾,身親臨履,指授方略,因就民麥以為軍糧。 張衛之守,蓋不足言。 地險守易,雖有精兵虎將,勢不能施。 對兵三日,欲抽軍還,言『作軍三十年,一朝持與人,如何』。 此計已定,天祚大魏,魯守自壞,因以定之。
Cao Cao led a hundred thousand men, requisitioned wheat, and laid his own plans. Zhang Wei's defense was nothing special. Terrain favored the defender—elite troops could not deploy. After three days he talked of quitting—thirty years building an army, lost in a day. He had chosen retreat when Heaven broke Lu's line for him.
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《世語》曰:魯遣五官掾降,弟衛橫山築陽平城以拒,王師不得進。 魯走巴中。 軍糧盡,太祖將還。 西曹掾東郡郭諶曰:「不可。 魯已降,留使既未反,衛雖不同,偏攜可攻。 縣軍深入,以進必克,退必不免。」 太祖疑之。 夜有野麋數千突壞衛營,軍大驚。 夜,高祚等誤與衛眾遇,祚等多鳴鼓角會眾。 衛懼,以為大軍見掩,遂降。〉
The Shiyu: Lu offered surrender while Wei walled Yangping and blocked the advance. Lu fled into Ba. Supplies ran out; Cao Cao prepared to withdraw. Guo Chen objected: "We cannot leave. Lu has sued for peace; Wei alone holds out—hit him while he is isolated. We are deep in hostile ground—advance or die." 」Cao Cao wavered. That night a herd of elk stampeded Wei's camp. Gao Zuo's scouts blundered into Wei, sounded drums, and panicked the defenders. Wei thought the main host had enveloped him and surrendered.〉
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魯聞陽平已陷,將稽顙〔歸降〕,圃又曰:「今以迫往,功必輕; 不如依 (杜灌) 〔杜濩〕赴樸胡相拒,然後委質,功必多。」 於是乃奔南山入巴中。 左右欲悉燒寶貨倉庫,魯曰:「本欲歸命國家,而意未達。 今之走,避銳鋒,非有惡意。 寶貨倉庫,國家之有。」 遂封藏而去。 太祖入南鄭,甚嘉之。 又以魯本有善意,遣人慰喻。 魯盡將家出,太祖逆拜魯鎮南將軍,待以客禮,封閬中侯,邑萬戶。 封魯五子及閻圃等皆為列侯。 〈臣松之以為張魯雖有善心,要為敗而後降,今乃寵以萬戶,五子皆封侯,過矣。 習鑿齒曰:魯欲稱王,而閻圃諫止之,今封圃為列侯。 夫賞罰者,所以懲惡勸善也,苟其可以明軌訓於物,無遠近幽深矣。 今閻圃諫魯勿王,而太祖追封之,將來之人孰不思順! 塞其本源而末流自止,其此之謂與! 若乃不明於此而重燋爛之功,豐爵厚賞止於死戰之士,則民利於有亂,俗競於殺伐,阻兵仗力,干戈不戢矣。 太祖之此封,可謂知賞罰之本,雖湯武居之,無以加也。 《魏略》曰:黃初中,增圃爵邑,在禮請中。 後十餘歲病死。 《晉書》云:西戎司馬閻纘,圃孫也。〉 為子彭祖取魯女。
When Yangping fell Yan Pu said, "Surrender now and your credit will be thin; Better to take refuge with (Textual variant: Du Guan versus Du Hu.) Du Hu, join Pu Hu in resistance, then submit—you will earn far greater credit." 」So Lu fled south into Ba. Aides urged burning the stores; Lu said, "I meant to yield to the court all along. This retreat only dodges the spearhead, not treason. Let the treasury fall to the state intact." 」He sealed the treasuries intact and withdrew. Cao Cao entered Nan Zheng and praised his restraint. Because Lu had meant well, Cao Cao sent envoys to reassure him. Lu came out with his kin; Cao Cao bowed, named him general who guards the south, treated him as an honored guest, and enfeoffed him marquis of Langzhong with ten thousand households. Lu's five sons and Yan Pu each received full marquisates. 〈Pei Songzhi: Lu yielded only after defeat—such lavish rewards were excessive. Xi Zuochi notes that Yan Pu stopped Lu from kingship—so ennobling Pu was fitting. Rewards and punishments exist to deter evil and encourage good; used rightly they teach near and far alike. When Cao Cao honored Pu for that counsel, he taught the world to speak truth to power. Plug the headwaters and the flood abates—that is the point. Reward only battlefield butchery and you teach the people to crave chaos and never sheathe arms. Cao Cao's act grasped the root of justice—even Tang and Wu could not improve on it. The Weilüe adds that under Huangchu the court enlarged Yan Pu's fief and he ended his life in peace. He died of illness a decade later. The Jinshu names his grandson Yan Zuan, western Rong marshal.〉 Cao Cao took Zhang Lu's daughter as wife for his son Pengzu.
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【評】
Appraisal
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評曰:公孫瓚保京,坐待夷滅。 度殘暴而不節,淵仍業以載兇,秪足覆其族也。 陶謙昏亂而憂死,張楊授首於臣下,皆擁據州郡,曾匹夫之不若,固無可論者也。 燕、繡、魯舍群盜,列功臣,去危亡,保宗祀,則於彼為愈焉。」
The historian concludes: Gongsun Zan barricaded himself at Yi Jing and waited for ruin. Gongsun Du was savage; Yuan inherited his violence—both lines were extinguished. Tao Qian died in folly; Zhang Yang fell to his men—petty warlords beneath notice. Zhang Yan, Zhang Xiu, and Zhang Lu quit banditry, joined the rolls of merit, saved their lines, and fared better than the rest.”