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劉封者，本羅侯寇氏之子，長沙劉氏之甥也。 先主至荊州，以未有繼嗣，養封為子。 及先主入蜀，自葭萌還攻劉璋，時封年二十馀，有武藝，氣力過人，將兵俱與諸葛亮、張飛等溯流西上，所在戰克。 益州既定，以封為副軍中郎將。
Liu Feng was born to the Kou house of Marquis Luo and was the nephew of the Liu clan of Changsha. When Liu Bei reached Jing Province he still had no heir, so he adopted Liu Feng as his son. When Liu Bei marched into Shu from Jiameng against Liu Zhang, Liu Feng was already in his twenties—strong, skilled in arms, and bold enough to lead men beside Zhuge Liang and Zhang Fei upriver into the west, victorious at every turn. Once Yi Province was secured, Liu Feng became a general of the household serving as deputy to the army.
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初，劉璋遣扶風孟達副法正，各將兵二千人，使迎先主，先主因令達並領其眾，留屯江陵。 蜀平後，以達為宜都太守。 建安二十四年，命達從秭歸北攻房陵，房陵太守蒯祺為達兵所害。 達將進攻上庸，先主陰恐達難獨任，乃遣封自漢中乘沔水下統達軍，與達會上庸。 上庸太守申耽舉眾降，遣妻子及宗族詣成都。 先主加耽征北將軍，領上庸太守員鄉侯如故，以耽弟儀為建信將軍、西城太守，遷封為副軍將軍。 自關羽圍樊城、襄陽，連呼封、達，令發兵自助。 封、達辭以山郡初附，未可動搖，不承羽命。 會羽覆敗，先主恨之。 又封與達忿爭不和，封尋奪達鼓吹。 達既懼罪，又忿恚封，遂表辭先主，率所領降魏。 〈《魏略》載達辭先主表曰：「伏惟殿下將建伊、呂之業，追桓、文之功，大事草創，假勢吳、楚，是以有為之士深睹歸趣。 臣委質已來，愆戾山積，臣猶自知，況於君乎！ 今王朝以興，英俊鱗集，臣內無輔佐之器，外無將領之才，列次功臣，誠自愧也。 臣聞范蠡識微，浮於五湖； 咎犯謝罪，逡巡於河上。 夫際會之間，請命乞身。 何則？ 欲絜去就之分也。 況臣卑鄙，無元功巨勳，自系於時，竊慕前賢，早思遠恥。 昔申生至孝見疑於親，子胥至忠見誅於君，蒙恬拓境而被大刑，樂毅破齊而遭讒佞，臣每讀其書，未嘗不慷慨流涕，而親當其事，益以傷絕。 何者？ 荊州覆敗，大臣失節，百無一還。 惟臣尋事，自致房陵、上庸，而復乞身，自放於外。 伏想殿下聖恩感悟，愍臣之心，悼臣之舉。 臣誠小人，不能始終，知而為之，敢謂非罪！ 臣每間交絕無惡聲，去臣無怨辭，臣過奉教於君子，原君王勉之也。」〉 魏文帝善達之姿才容觀，以為散騎常侍、建武將軍，封平陽亭侯。 合房陵、上庸、西城三郡〔為新城郡，以〕達領新城太守。 遣征南將軍夏侯尚、右將軍徐晃與達共襲封。 達與封書曰：
At first Liu Zhang sent Meng Da of Fufeng to assist Fa Zheng; each brought two thousand men to greet Liu Bei, who then put Meng Da in charge of both contingents and left them holding Jiangling. After the conquest he named Meng Da governor of Yidu. In 219 Meng Da was ordered north from Zigui against Fangling; Governor Kuai Qi fell to his attack. Fearing Meng Da could not take Shangyong alone, Liu Bei sent Liu Feng from Hanzhong down the Han River to assume command of his troops and link up at Shangyong. Shen Dan of Shangyong capitulated with his entire command and sent his family and kin to Chengdu. Liu Bei named Shen Dan general who conquers the north and left him marquis of Yuan Village as governor of Shangyong; Shen Yi became general who establishes trust and governor of Xicheng; Liu Feng rose to deputy army commander. While Guan Yu besieged Fancheng and Xiangyang he repeatedly called on Liu Feng and Meng Da to send reinforcements. They refused, pleading that the hill country had only just submitted and could not be risked, and ignored Guan Yu’s command. When Guan Yu was destroyed, Liu Bei blamed them both. Liu Feng also feuded with Meng Da and soon stripped him of his ceremonial musicians. Meng Da, fearing execution and furious at Liu Feng, submitted a resignation to Liu Bei and defected to Wei with his troops. 〈The Wei Summary preserves Meng Da’s memorial: “Your Highness pursues the legacies of Yi Yin and Lü Wang and the hegemony of Huan and Wen; the enterprise is still young and leans on Wu and Chu—men of ambition know where to turn. Since I pledged my service, my offenses have stacked high—I know it, and how much more must you! Now the court flourishes and talent crowds in; I have neither administrative gifts nor martial gifts among your servants—I blush to stand even on the roll of honour. Fan Li read the signs and sailed the Five Lakes; Jiu Fan waited his lord’s pardon by the Yellow River. At such turning points wise men beg leave to withdraw. Why? They wished to keep honour whole when staying or leaving. I am mean and small, with no great merit to my name; bound by events, I emulate the ancients and flee humiliation early. Shensheng’s filial piety earned suspicion; Wu Zixu’s loyalty brought death; Meng Tian died after conquering new lands; Yue Yi fell to calumny after crushing Qi—I have always wept over such stories; to live them myself is worse still. Why? Jing fell; not one defector in a hundred kept his honour. I alone carved out Fangling and Shangyong, then asked to step aside and live at the margin. I trust Your Highness’s kindness will pity my heart and regret my choice. I am a small man who could not see things through; I knew the risk and took it—how can I claim innocence! Partings need no bitter words, banishment no grudge—I have heard gentlemen teach thus; I pray you take it to heart.”〉” Cao Pi admired Meng Da’s presence and ability, named him palace attendant and general who establishes martial might, and made him village marquis of Pingyang. He merged Fangling, Shangyong, and Xicheng into New City commandery and put Meng Da in charge. He dispatched Xiahou Shang and Xu Huang with Meng Da against Liu Feng. Meng Da wrote to Liu Feng:
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古人有言：『疏不間親，新不加舊。』 此謂上明下直，讒慝不行也。 若乃權君譎主，賢父慈親，猶有忠臣蹈功以罹禍，孝子抱仁以陷難，種、商、白起、孝己、伯奇，皆其類也。 其所以然，非骨肉好離，親親樂患也。 或有恩移愛易，亦有讒間其間，雖忠臣不能移之於君，孝子不能變之於父者也。 勢利所加，改親為讎，況非親親乎！ 故申生、衛伋、禦寇、楚建禀受形之氣，當嗣立之正，而猶如此。 今足下與漢中王，道路之人耳，親非骨血而據勢權，義非君臣而處上位，徵則有偏任之威，居則有副軍之號，遠近所聞也。 自立阿斗為太子已來，有識之人相為寒心。 如使申生從子輿之言，必為太伯； 衛伋聽其弟之謀，無彰父之譏也。 且小白出奔，入而為霸； 重耳踰垣，卒以克復。 自古有之，非獨今也。 夫智貴免禍，明尚夙達，僕揆漢中王慮定於內，疑生於外矣； 慮定則心固，疑生則心懼，亂禍之興作，未曾不由廢立之間也。 私怨人情，不能不見，恐左右必有以間於漢中王矣。 然則疑成怨聞，其發若踐機耳。 今足下在遠，尚可假息一時； 若大軍遂進，足下失據而還，竊相為危之。 昔微子去殷，智果別族，違難背禍，猶皆如斯。 〈國語曰：智宣子將以瑤為後，智果曰：「不如霄也。」 宣子曰：「霄也佷。」 對曰：「霄也佷在面，瑤之賢於人者五，其不逮者一也。 美須長大則賢，射禦足力則賢，技藝畢給則賢，巧文辯惠則賢，強毅果敢則賢，如是而甚不仁； 以五者賢陵人，而不仁行之，其誰能待之！ 若果立瑤也。 智宗必滅。」 不聽。 智果別族於太史氏為輔氏。 及智氏亡，惟輔果在焉。〉 今足下棄父母而為人後，非禮也； 知禍將至而留之，非智也； 見正不從而疑之，非義也。 自號為丈夫，為此三者，何所貴乎？ 以足下之才，棄身來東，繼嗣羅侯，不為背親也； 北面事君，以正綱紀，不為棄舊也； 怒不致亂，以免危亡，不為徒行也。 加陛下新受禪命，虛心側席，以德懷遠，若足下翻然內向，非但與僕為倫，受三百戶封，繼統羅國而已，當更剖符大邦，為始封之君。 陛下大軍，金鼓以震，當轉都宛、鄧； 若二敵不平，軍無還期。 足下宜因此時早定良計。 易有『利見大人』，詩有『自求多福』，行矣。 今足下勉之，無使狐突閉門不出。
The ancients said: “Outsiders cannot divide kin; newcomers cannot supplant old retainers.” That holds when the sovereign is clear-sighted and ministers straightforward—slander then finds no foothold. Even under capricious fathers and sage parents, loyal servants still died for their deeds and filial sons for their love—Wen Zhong, Lord Shang, Bai Qi, Xiao Ji, and Boyi all belong to that tale. It is not that kin love estrangement or welcome ruin. Favour shifts, love turns, and whisperers slip between—even loyal ministers cannot sway every ruler, nor filial sons every father. Interest turns kin into enemies—what of mere adoption? Shensheng, Ji of Wei, Yu Kou, and Jian of Chu were lawful heirs—yet each met doom. You and the King of Hanzhong are strangers by blood yet you wield real power; you are no true minister yet stand high; in the field you hold disproportionate authority, at court the title of deputy commander—the whole realm knows it. Since Liu Shan was named heir, thinking men have trembled. Had Shensheng heeded his tutor he might have become another Taibo; had Ji of Wei trusted his brother’s counsel, his father would not have been shamed. Duke Huan fled Qi yet returned to lead the alliance; Chong’er scaled the wall and won his state back. Such turns are old news, not news from our age alone. The wise flee disaster and foresee trouble early—I believe the King of Hanzhong has made his decision within while doubt gathers without; resolve breeds confidence, suspicion breeds fear—every throne struggle proves it. Men nurse private grudges—I fear someone whispers against you in Chengdu. Once suspicion hardens, the trap springs like a sprung crossbow. Distance still buys you a little time; when our hosts close in and you retreat stripped of position, I tremble for you. Weizi fled Yin; Zhiguo split his lineage—wise men dodge ruin this way. 〈The Discourses of the States tells how Lord Xuan of Zhi meant to choose Yao until Zhiguo urged Xia instead.” “Xia is brutal,” said Lord Xuan. Zhiguo answered: “Xia’s cruelty shows on his skin; Yao excels in five talents yet lacks humaneness. Long beard and tall frame, shooting and riding, every craft, fluent speech, iron nerve—all marks of talent—yet wholly ruthless; five virtues deployed without mercy will destroy everyone around him! If you raise Yao, the house of Zhi will fall.” Lord Xuan refused to listen. Zhiguo registered his line separately as the Fu clan. When Zhi fell, only Fuguo remained.〉 You turned your back on your birth parents to be adopted—against propriety; to see disaster coming yet linger—not wisdom; to hear sound counsel and doubt it—not honour. You style yourself a hero yet break three cardinal virtues—what remains to respect? Come east with your gifts and resume the Luo marquisate—you would not betray your blood; serve the Son of Heaven and restore order—you would not cast off the past; withdraw without sparking revolt and save your skin—that is no idle gesture. Our new emperor hungers for loyal talent: return and you will rank beside me, keep your three-hundred-household fief and the Luo succession, and likely gain a great province with bronze tallies. The imperial host will soon roll toward Wan and Deng; until Shu and Wu yield, there will be no going home. Choose your course before it is chosen for you. The Zhou yi promises blessing for those who approach greatness; the Odes urge men to win their own fortune—act. Move now—do not die like Hutu, who never ventured forth again.
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封不從達言。
Liu Feng ignored him.
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申儀叛封，封破走還成都。 申耽降魏，魏假耽懷集將軍，徙居南陽，儀魏興太守，封 （真鄉侯） 〔員鄉侯〕，屯洵口。 〈《魏略》曰：申儀兄名耽，字義舉。 初在西平、上庸間聚眾數千家，後與張魯通，又遣使詣曹公，曹公加其號為將軍，因使領上庸都尉。 至建安末，為蜀所攻，以其郡西屬。 黃初中，儀復來還，詔即以兄故號加儀，因拜魏興太守，封列侯。 太和中，儀與孟達不和，數上言達有貳心於蜀，及達反，儀絕蜀道，使救不到。 達死後，儀詣宛見司馬宣王，宣王勸使來朝。 儀至京師，詔轉拜儀樓船將軍，在禮請中。〉 封既至，先主責封之侵陵達，又不救羽。 諸葛亮慮封剛猛，易世之後終難制御，勸先主因此除之。 於是賜封死，使自裁。 封歎曰：「恨不用孟子度之言！」 先主為之流涕。
Shen Yi turned on Liu Feng, who broke and ran to Chengdu. Shen Dan went over to Wei as general who cherishes and gathers and retired to Nanyang; Shen Yi became Wei’s governor of Weixing and was enfeoffed 〈variant: Marquis of Zhen Village〉 marquis of Yuan Village, with troops at Xunkou. 〈The Wei Summary identifies Shen Dan, styled Yiju, as Shen Yi’s elder brother. He first raised thousands of families between Xiping and Shangyong, then dealt with Zhang Lu and Cao Cao, who named him general and commandant of Shangyong. Late in the Jian’an era Liu Bei pressed him and he submitted his territory westward. During Huangchu he returned and inherited his brother’s rank as governor of Weixing and full marquis. In Taihe he feuded with Meng Da, accused him of dealing with Shu, and blocked Shu’s roads when Meng Da rose. After Meng Da fell Shen Yi saw Sima Yi at Wan and was urged to visit Luoyang. At the capital he became general of the tower ships, honoured among invited ministers.〉 Liu Bei rebuked Liu Feng for humiliating Meng Da and refusing Guan Yu. Zhuge Liang feared his fierce temper would menace the next reign and urged Liu Bei to remove him. Liu Feng was ordered to kill himself. Liu Feng cried, “If only I had listened to Meng Da!” Liu Bei wept for him.
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達本字子敬，避先主叔父敬，改之。 〈封子林為牙門將，咸熙元年內移河東。 達子興為議督軍，是歲徙還扶風。〉
Meng Da had first styled himself Zijing but changed it to avoid Liu Bei’s uncle’s name. 〈Liu Feng’s son Liu Lin became a gate colonel and moved family to Hedong in 264. Meng Da’s son Meng Xing served as staff supervisor and returned the clan to Fufeng that year.〉
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彭羕字永年，廣漢人。 身長八尺，容貌甚偉。 姿性驕傲，多所輕忽，惟敬同郡秦子敕，薦之於太守許靖曰：
Peng Yang, styled Yongnian, came from Guanghan. He stood eight chi tall and cut an imposing figure. Proud and dismissive of most men, he respected only Qin Zici of his county and wrote to Governor Xu Jing:
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昔高宗夢傅說，周文求呂尚，爰及漢祖，納食其於布衣，此乃帝王之所以倡業垂統，緝熙厥功也。 今明府稽古皇極，允執神靈，體公劉之德，行勿翦之惠，清廟之作於是乎始，褒貶之義於是乎興，然而六翮未之備也。 伏見處士綿竹秦宓，膺山甫之德，履雋生之直，枕石漱流，吟詠缊袍，偃息於仁義之途，恬惔於浩然之域，高概節行，守真不虧，雖古人潛遁，蔑以加旃。 若明府能招致此人，必有忠讜落落之譽，豐功厚利，建跡立勳，然後紀功於王府，飛聲於來世，不亦美哉！
Ancient founders summoned ministers from dreams, rivers, and the marketplace—such is how dynasties begin and merit shines on. You revive classical rule and humane government fit for the ancestral shrine—yet your wings are not fully grown. Qin Mi of Mianzhu lives the life of a sage recluse—streams for drink, patched robes, content within humanity’s way—no ancient hermit could outshine him. If your enlightened office can win this man, there will surely be praise for blunt loyalty standing tall; abundant deeds and lasting profit; traces raised and merit established—then merit recorded at the royal court and fame sent to later ages—is it not fine!
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羕仕州，不過書佐，後又為眾人所謗毀於州牧劉璋，璋髡鉗羕為徒隸。 會先主入蜀，溯流北行。 羕欲納說先主，乃往見龐統。 統與羕非故人，又適有賓客，羕徑上統床臥，謂統曰：「須客罷當與卿善談。」 統客既罷，往就羕坐，羕又先責統食，然後共語，因留信宿，至於經日。 統大善之，而法正宿自知羕，遂並致之先主。 先主亦以為奇，數令羕宣傳軍事，指授諸將，奉使稱意，識遇日加。 成都既定，先主領益州牧，拔羕為治中從事。 羕起徒步，一朝處州人之上，形色囂然，自矜得遇滋甚。 諸葛亮雖外接待羕，而內不能善。 屢密言先主，羕心大誌廣，難可保安。 先主既敬信亮，加察羕行事，意以稍疏，左遷羕為江陽太守。
Peng Yang held only a clerkship in Yi; enemies maligned him to Liu Zhang, who shaved his head, shackled him, and bound him to labour gangs. When Liu Bei marched into Shu upriver, Peng Yang sought an introduction and called on Pang Tong. Strangers though they were, and Pang Tong had guests, Peng Yang stretched out on his couch: “When they go, we talk.” When the hall emptied, Pang Tong joined him; Peng Yang insisted on dinner first—they talked two days straight. Pang Tong was delighted; Fa Zheng already knew Peng Yang—they presented him together to Liu Bei. Liu Bei prized him, sent him repeatedly to brief generals; every mission succeeded and his standing rose. After Chengdu fell, Liu Bei made him administrative clerk of Yi province. From foot soldier to head of the provincial roll overnight, he swaggered and gloated over imperial favour. Zhuge Liang was polite in public but could not abide him within. He warned Liu Bei again and again that Peng Yang’s vaulting ambition made him unsafe. Trusting Zhuge Liang, Liu Bei cooled toward Peng Yang and named him governor of Jiangyang.
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羕聞當遠出，私情不悅，往詣馬超。 超問羕曰：「卿才具秀拔，主公相待至重，謂卿當與孔明、孝直諸人齊足並驅，寧當外授小郡，失人本望乎？」 羕曰：「老革荒悖，可複道邪！」 〈揚雄《方言》曰：悈、鰓、乾、都、耇、革，老也。 郭璞注曰：皆老者皮毛枯瘁之形也。 臣松之以為皮去毛曰革。 古者以革為兵，故語稱兵革，革猶兵也。 羕罵備為老革，猶言老兵也。〉 又謂超曰：「卿為其外，我為其內，天下不足定也。」 超羈旅歸國，常懷危懼，聞羕言大驚，默然不答。 羕退，具表羕辭，於是收羕付有司。
Bitter at reassignment, he went to Ma Chao. Chao asked Yang, saying, “Your talents stand out; the lord treats you with utmost weight—he thought you should pace alongside Kongming, Xiaozhi, and the rest—how could you be sent out to a small commandery, failing men’s original hope?” Peng Yang answered, “That worn-out hide is senile—say no more!” 〈Yang Xiong’s Fangyan lists ge among words for old age. Guo Pu glosses them as images of decrepitude. Pei Songzhi notes that de-haired hide is called ge. Ancient parlance tied weapons to leather armour—here ge refers to soldiers. Calling Liu Bei “old leather” meant “old campaigner.”〉 He added: “You outside and I inside—we could seize the realm.” Ma Chao, already fearful as a former foe now serving Shu, listened in horror and said nothing. When Peng Yang left, Ma Chao reported every word; Peng Yang was arrested.
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羕於獄中與諸葛亮書曰：
From prison Peng Yang wrote to Zhuge Liang:
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僕昔有事於諸侯，以為曹操暴虐，孫權無道，振威闇弱，其惟主公有霸王之器，可與興業致治，故乃翻然有輕舉之志。 會公來西，僕因法孝直自衒鬻，龐統斟酌其間，遂得詣公於葭萌，指掌而譚，論治世之務，講霸王之義，建取益州之策，公亦宿慮明定，即相然贊，遂舉事焉。 僕於故州不免凡庸，憂於罪罔，得遭風雲激矢之中，求君得君，志行名顯，從布衣之中擢為國士，盜竊茂才。 分子之厚，誰復過此。 〈臣松之以為「分子之厚」者，羕言劉主分兒子厚恩，施之於己，故其書後語雲「負我慈父，罪有百死」也。〉 羕一朝狂悖，自求葅醢，為不忠不義之鬼乎！ 先民有言，左手據天下之圖，右手刎咽喉，愚夫不為也。 況僕頗別菽麥者哉！ 所以有怨望意者，不自度量，苟以為首興事業，而有投江陽之論，不解主公之意，意卒感激，頗以被酒，侻失『老』語。 此僕之下愚薄慮所致，主公實未老也。 且夫立業，豈在老少，西伯九十，寧有衰志，負我慈父，罪有百死。 至於內外之言，欲使孟起立功北州，戮力主公，共討曹操耳，寧敢有他志邪？ 孟起說之是也，但不分別其間，痛人心耳。 昔每與龐統共相誓約，庶託足下末踪，盡心於主公之業，追名古人，載勳竹帛。 統不幸而死，僕敗以取禍。 自我墮之，將復誰怨！ 足下，當世伊、呂也，宜善與主公計事，濟其大猷。 天明地察，神祇有靈，復何言哉！ 貴使足下明僕本心耳。 行矣努力，自愛，自愛！
I once judged Cao Cao cruel, Sun Quan lawless, and Liu Zhang feeble—only Liu Bei had hegemonic gifts; I rose to follow him. Through Fa Zheng and Pang Tong I met you at Jiameng; we mapped Yi’s conquest and you agreed—we struck. I was a mediocrity in Yi until fate lifted me from obscurity to serve you—I even stole a “flourishing talent” nomination. Your kindness surpasses that between father and son. 〈Pei Songzhi reads this as Peng Yang acknowledging Liu Bei’s fatherly favour—hence his later “I betrayed a kind father.”〉 In one rash hour I earned execution—must I die faithless? The ancients said no fool trades the realm for his throat. I know beans from wheat—I am no fool. My resentment came from pride: I thought myself founder of your cause yet was sent to Jiangyang; wine loosened my tongue into the “old” insult. That was my petty panic—you are not old. Great deeds heed no age—King Wen was ninety; I wronged a father who treated me as a son—death a hundred times over is just. My talk with Ma Chao aimed only at northern service against Cao Cao—never treason. Ma Chao did right to report but blurred the context—it wounds me. Pang Tong and I swore to serve your enterprise and win names on the histories. He died; I stumbled into ruin. I alone am to blame. You are this age’s Yi Yin—counsel the lord and finish his great design. Heaven and earth know truth—what need of words! I only beg you to know my heart. Farewell—take care, take care!
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羕竟誅死，時年三十七。
Peng Yang was executed at thirty-seven.
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廖立 〈廖音理救反。〉 字公淵，武陵臨沅人。 先主領荊州牧，闢為從事，年未三十，擢為長沙太守。 先主入蜀，諸葛亮鎮荊土，孫權遣使通好於亮，因問士人皆誰相經緯者，亮答曰：「龐統、廖立，楚之良才，當贊興世業者也。」 建安二十年，權遣呂蒙奄襲南三郡，立脫身走，自歸先主。 先主素識待之，不深責也，以為巴郡太守。 二十四年，先主為漢中王，徵立為侍中。 後主襲位，徙長水校尉。
Liao Li 〈The surname Liao is read with entering tone li-jù.〉 Styled Gongyuan, from Linyuan in Wuling commandery. Liu Bei employed him in Jing and, before thirty, made him governor of Changsha. While Liu Bei was in Shu, Zhuge Liang held Jing; Sun Quan’s envoy asked who shaped policy—Zhuge Liang named Pang Tong and Liao Li as Chu’s best men to build the realm.” In 215 Sun Quan seized the southern commanderies; Liao Li fled to Liu Bei. Liu Bei knew him well and blamed him lightly, naming him governor of Ba commandery. In 219, when Liu Bei became king of Hanzhong, Liao Li became palace attendant. Under Liu Shan he was shifted to colonel of the Chang River regiment.
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立本意，自謂才名宜為諸葛亮之貳，而更遊散在李嚴等下，常懷怏怏。 後丞相掾〔李邵〕、蔣琬至，立計曰：
He believed himself Zhuge Liang’s natural deputy yet ranked below Li Yan—resentment festered. When clerks Li Shao and Jiang Wan came, Liao Li began his tirade:
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軍當遠出，卿諸人好諦其事。 昔先 （主） 不取漢中，走與吳人爭南三郡，卒以三郡與吳人，徒勞役吏士，無益而還。 既亡漢中，使夏侯淵、張郃深入於巴，幾喪一州。 後至漢中，使關侯身死無孑遺，上庸覆敗，徒失一方。 是羽怙恃勇名，作軍無法，直以意突耳，故前後數喪師眾也。 如向朗、文恭，凡俗之人耳。 恭作治中無綱紀； 朗昔奉馬良兄弟，謂為聖人，今作長史，素能合道。 中郎郭演長，從人者耳，不足與經大事，而作侍中。 今弱世也，欲任此三人，為不然也。 王連流俗，苟作掊克，使百姓疲弊，以致今日。
“The army marches far—mark what follows.” Once your 〈lord〉 former lord skipped Hanzhong to wrest the southern three counties from Wu—then handed them over for wasted sweat and nothing gained. Hanzhong lost, Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He nearly carved up Ba commandery. Then Guan Yu died without heirs and Shangyong collapsed—another province wasted. Guan Yu trusted bravado, ignored discipline, charged by whim—again and again he wasted armies. Xiang Lang and Wen Gong are mediocrity. Wen Gong ran the bureau without order; Xiang Lang once worshipped the Ma brothers as sages—now chief clerk and supposedly adequate? Guo Yanchang is a follower unfit for great matters—yet palace attendant. Entrusting the realm to such men in these times is folly. Wang Lian taxed the people dry—here we sit.
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（郃） 、琬具白其言於諸葛亮。 亮表立曰：「長水校尉廖立，坐自貴大，臧否群士，公言國家不任賢達而任俗吏，又言萬人率者皆小子也； 誹謗先帝，疵毀眾臣。 人有言國家兵眾簡練，部伍分明者，立舉頭視屋，憤吒作色曰：『何足言！』 凡如是者不可勝數。 羊之亂群，猶能為害，況立託在大位，中人以下識真偽邪？」 〈亮集有亮表曰：「立奉先帝無忠孝之心，守長沙則開門就敵，領巴郡則有闇昧闟茸其事，隨大將軍則誹謗譏訶，侍梓宮則挾刃斷人頭於梓宮之側。 陛下即位之後，普增職號，立隨比為將軍，面語臣曰：『我何宜在諸將軍中！ 不表我為卿，上當在五校！』 臣答：『將軍者，隨大比耳。 至於卿者，正方亦未為卿也。 且宜處五校。』 自是之後，怏怏懷恨。」 詔曰：「三苗亂政，有虞流宥，廖立狂惑，朕不忍刑，亟徙不毛之地。」〉 於是廢立為民，徙汶山郡。 立躬率妻子耕殖自守，聞諸葛亮卒，垂泣歎曰：「吾終為左衽矣！」 後監軍姜維率偏軍經汶山、詣立，稱立意氣不衰，言論自若。 立遂終徙所。 妻子還蜀。
〈He〉 Li Shao and Jiang Wan reported every word to Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang memorialised: “Liao Li glorifies himself, slanders everyone, claims we favour petty clerks over worthies, and calls our generals boys; he insults the late emperor and smears his fellows. If anyone praised Shu’s disciplined hosts he rolled his eyes at the ceiling and snarled, “Rubbish!” Instances beyond count. A stray goat upsets the herd—how much worse a fool near power—can common men judge him?” 〈Zhuge Liang’s papers add: “Liao Li betrayed Changsha to the enemy, misruled Ba, mocked superiors, and drew steel beside the late emperor’s bier. After your accession he took a general’s rank and told me: “How can I rank with mere generals! If not minister, I belong among the Five Colonelcies!” I answered: “General matches your peers. Even Li Yan is not yet minister. Stay among the Five Colonelcies for now.” He nursed a grudge ever after.” An edict said: “Sanmiao disturbed government; Youyu banished with leniency—Liao Li is mad and deluded; We cannot bear punishment—hastily move him to barren land.”〉 Liao Li was reduced to commoner status and exiled to Wenshan. He farmed with his family in exile; when Zhuge Liang died he wept, “I shall finish my days a barbarian!” Later Jiang Wei passed through and found him proud and articulate as ever. He died in exile. His family returned to Shu.
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李嚴字正方，南陽人也。 少為郡職吏，以才幹稱。 荊州牧劉表使歷諸郡縣。 曹公入荊州時，嚴宰秭歸，遂西詣蜀，劉璋以為成都令，復有能名。 建安十八年，署嚴為護軍，拒先主於綿竹。 嚴率眾降先主，先主拜嚴裨將軍。 成都既定，為犍為太守、興業將軍。 二十三年，盜賊馬秦、高勝等起事於郪， 〈音淒。〉 合聚部伍數万人，到資中縣。 時先主在漢中，嚴不更發兵，但率將郡士五千人討之，斬秦、勝等首。 枝黨星散，悉复民籍。 又越巂夷率高定遣軍圍新道縣，嚴馳往赴救，賊皆破走。 加輔漢將軍，領郡如故。
Li Yan, styled Zhengfang, came from Nanyang. Youthful clerical service brought him a reputation for competence. Liu Biao sent him through Jing’s counties and districts. When Cao Cao took Jing, Li Yan governed Zigui, then crossed to Shu; Liu Zhang made him prefect of Chengdu—another mark of ability. In 213 Liu Zhang named him protector of the army to hold Liu Bei at Mianzhu. Li Yan brought his command over to Liu Bei, who named him a general of the household. After Chengdu fell he governed Qianwei and held the title general who uplifts enterprise. In 218 rebels Ma Qin and Gao Sheng rose at Qi, 〈The place name is read like “bleak.”〉 they gathered tens of thousands of followers and marched on Zizhong. Liu Bei was in Hanzhong, so Li Yan raised no extra troops—only five thousand local troops—and took Ma Qin’s and Gao Sheng’s heads. Their followers melted away and were returned to the tax rolls. When Gao Ding of Yuexi besieged Xindao, Li Yan rode to the rescue and routed them. He was promoted to general who assists Han while keeping Qianwei.
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九年春，亮軍祁山，平催督運事。 秋夏之際，值天霖雨，運糧不繼，平遣參軍狐忠、督軍成籓喻指，呼亮來還； 亮承以退軍。 平聞軍退，乃更陽驚，說「軍糧饒足，何以便歸」！ 欲以解己不辦之責，顯亮不進之愆也。 又表後主，說「軍偽退，欲以誘賊與戰」。 亮具出其前後手筆書疏本末，平違錯章灼。 平辭窮情竭，首謝罪負。 於是亮表平曰：「自先帝崩後，平所在治家，尚為小惠，安身求名，無憂國之事。 臣當北出，欲得平兵以鎮漢中，平窮難縱橫，無有來意，而求以五郡為巴州刺史。 去年臣欲西征，欲令平主督漢中，平說司馬懿等開府闢召。 臣知平鄙情，欲因行之際偪臣取利也，是以表平子豐督主江州，隆崇其遇，以取一時之務。 平至之日，都委諸事，群臣上下皆怪臣待平之厚也。 正以大事未定，漢室傾危，伐平之短，莫若褒之。 然謂平情在於榮利而已，不意平心顛倒乃爾。 若事稽留，將致禍敗，是臣不敏，言多增咎。」 〈亮公文上尚書曰：「平為大臣，受恩過量，不思忠報，橫造無端，危恥不辦，迷罔上下，論獄棄科，導人為奸， （狹情） 〔情狹〕志狂，若無天地。 自度姦露，嫌心遂生，聞軍臨至，西鄉託疾還沮、漳，軍臨至沮，復還江陽，平參軍狐忠勤諫乃止。 今篡賊未滅，社稷多難，國事惟和，可以克捷，不可苞含，以危大業。 輒與行中軍師車騎將軍都鄉侯臣劉琰，使持節前軍師征西大將軍領涼州刺史南鄭侯臣魏延、前將軍都亭侯臣袁綝、左將軍領荊州刺史高陽鄉侯臣吳壹、督前部右將軍玄鄉侯臣高翔、督後部後將軍安樂亭侯臣吳班、領長史綏軍將軍臣楊儀、督左部行中監軍揚武將軍臣鄧芝、行前監軍征南將軍臣劉巴、行中護軍偏將軍臣費禕、行前護軍偏將軍漢成亭侯臣許允、行左護軍篤信中郎將臣丁咸、行右護軍偏將軍臣劉敏、行護軍征南將軍當陽亭侯臣姜維、行中典軍討虜將軍臣上官雝、行中參軍昭武中郎將臣胡濟、行參軍建義將軍臣閻晏、行參軍偏將軍臣爨習、行參軍裨將軍臣杜義、行參軍武略中郎將臣杜祺、行參軍綏戎都尉盛勃、領從事中郎武略中郎將臣樊岐等議，輒解平任，免官祿、節傳、印綬、符策，削其爵土。」〉 乃廢平為民，徙梓潼郡。 〈諸葛亮又與平子豐教曰：「吾與君父子戮力以獎漢室，此神明所聞，非但人知之也。 表都護典漢中，委君於東關者，不與人議也。 謂至心感動，終始可保，何圖中乖乎！ 昔楚卿屢絀，亦乃克復，思道則福，應自然之數也。 原寬慰都護，勤追前闕。 今雖解任，形業失故，奴婢賓客百數十人，君以中郎參軍居府，方之氣類，猶為上家。 若都護思負一意，君與公琰推心從事者，否可複通，逝可複還也。 詳思斯戒，明吾用心，臨書長嘆，涕泣而已。」〉
In the spring of 231 Zhuge Liang was at Qishan; Li Ping oversaw supply runs. Autumn rains cut the supply line; Li Ping sent Hu Zhong and Cheng Fan with orders for Zhuge Liang to pull back; Zhuge Liang obeyed and withdrew. Then Li Ping feigned shock: “We have plenty of grain—why retreat?” He meant to blame Zhuge Liang for timidity and cover his own logistics failure. He also memorialized the Later Lord, saying “The army feigned retreat, wishing thereby to lure the bandits to battle.” Zhuge Liang produced their correspondence; Li Ping’s lies stood exposed. Cornered, Li Ping confessed. Zhuge Liang wrote: “Since the late emperor died Li Ping has tended his private affairs, traded petty favours for reputation, and ignored the state. When I marched north I asked him to hold Hanzhong; he stalled and demanded to be inspector over five commanderies as Ba province. Last year I meant to leave him Hanzhong; he answered that Sima Yi was recruiting worthies. I knew he meant to profit from my absence, so I honoured his son Li Feng in Jiangzhou to keep him quiet. When he arrived I gave him full trust—the court marvelled at my generosity. The realm still hung in the balance—praise worked better than blame. I thought he only cranked rank and wealth—I never dreamed he would sink this low. If delay ruins the campaign, the fault is mine for trusting him too long.” 〈Liang’s official document to the Ministry says: “Ping as great minister received favour beyond measure; did not think to repay with loyalty; recklessly created without cause; peril and shame unmet; deluded above and below; argued lawsuits abandoning statute; led men to wickedness, 〈variant: narrow sentiment〉 petty, arrogant, as though heaven and earth did not exist. Sensing exposure he fled west toward Ju and Zhang, doubled back to Jiangyang, until his aide Hu Zhong stopped him. Wei still stands; national crisis demands unity—we cannot shelter traitors and risk the realm. Thereupon together with Acting Army Adviser General of Chariots and Cavalry Marquis of Dou Village Liu Yan, Bearer of Insignia Former Army Adviser Grand General Who Conquers the West Concurrent Inspector of Liang Province Marquis of Nan Zheng Wei Yan, Former General Marquis of Du Village Yuan Yi, Left General Concurrent Inspector of Jing Province Marquis of Gaoyang Village Wu Yi, Supervisor of Front Section General of the Right Marquis of Xuan Village Gao Xiang, Supervisor of Rear Section General of the Rear Marquis of Anle Village Wu Ban, Chief Clerk General Who Pacifies the Army Yang Yi, Supervisor of Left Section Acting Central Army Supervisor General Who Displays Might Deng Zhi, Acting Former Supervisor General Who Conquers the South Liu Ba, Acting Central Protector of the Army Lieutenant General Fei Yi, Acting Former Protector of the Army Lieutenant General Marquis of Hancheng Village Xu Yun, Acting Left Protector of the Army Faithful General of the Household Ding Xian, Acting Right Protector of the Army Lieutenant General Liu Min, Acting Protector of the Army General Who Conquers the South Marquis of Dangyang Village Jiang Wei, Acting Central Army Director General Who Punishes Barbarians Shangguan Yong, Acting Central Staff Adviser General of Brilliant Might Hu Ji, Acting Staff Adviser General Who Establishes Righteousness Yan Yan, Acting Staff Adviser Lieutenant General Cuan Xi, Acting Staff Adviser General of the Household Du Yi, Acting Staff Adviser General of Martial Stratagem Du Qi, Acting Staff Adviser Pacification Commandant of the Rong Sheng Bo, Concurrent Attendant Clerk General of Martial Stratagem Fan Qi, and others deliberated—thereupon removed Ping from office, stripped official salary, insignia courier, seals and ribbons, tallies and patents, and cut his noble lands.”〉" Li Ping was reduced to commoner status and exiled to Zitong. 〈Zhuge Liang wrote Li Feng: “Your father and I laboured for Han—Heaven knows it. I meant to give him Hanzhong and you the eastern gate without debate. I trusted hearts would stay true—who foresaw this breach? Great ministers fall and rise again—virtue brings restoration. Comfort your father and help him atone. Though dismissed he keeps scores of servants; you remain an attendant at headquarters—still a great house. If he owns his fault and you and Jiang Wan work in good faith, doors can reopen. Read this and know my heart—I sign in tears.”〉"
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十二年，平聞亮卒，發病死。 平常冀亮當自補复，策後人不能，故以激憤也。 〈習鑿齒曰：昔管仲奪伯氏駢邑三百，沒齒而無怨言，聖人以為難。 諸葛亮之使廖立垂泣，李平致死，豈徒無怨言而已哉！ 夫水至平而邪者取法，鏡至明而醜者無怒，水鏡之所以能窮物而無怨者，以其無私也。 水鏡無私，猶以免謗，況大人君子懷樂生之心，流矜恕之德，法行於不可不用，刑加乎自犯之罪，爵之而非私，誅之而不怒，天下有不服者乎！ 諸葛亮於是可謂能用刑矣，自秦、漢以來未之有也。〉 豐官至硃提太守。 〈蘇林《漢書音義》曰：硃音銖； 提音如北方人名匕曰提也。〉
In 234 Li Ping died of grief when he heard Zhuge Liang was gone. He had counted on Zhuge Liang to reinstate him and despaired when no successor could. 〈Xi Zuochi recalls Guan Zhong’s confiscation—Bo’s clan never complained; Confucius called that rare. Zhuge Liang reduced Liao Li to tears and Li Ping to death—far beyond mere silence. Level water and bright mirrors judge without spite because they are impartial. When justice is dispensed without malice, who would not submit? Never since Qin and Han had anyone wield punishment so fairly.〉 Li Feng rose to governor of Zhu commandery. 〈Su Lin glosses Zhu like the weight zhu; ti as northerners say for “ladle.”〉
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劉琰字威碩，魯國人也。 先主在豫州，闢為從事，以其宗姓，有風流，善談論，厚親待之，遂隨從周旋，常為賓客。 先主定益州，以琰為固陵太守。 後主立，封都鄉侯，班位每亞李嚴，為衛尉中軍師後將軍，遷車騎將軍。 然不豫國政，但領兵千馀，隨丞相亮諷議而已。 車服飲食，號為侈靡，侍婢數十，皆能為聲樂，又悉教誦讀魯靈光殿賦。 建興十年，與前軍師魏延不和，言語虛誕，亮責讓之。 琰與亮箋謝曰：「琰禀性空虛，本薄操行，加有酒荒之病，自先帝以來，紛紜之論，殆將傾覆。 頗蒙明公本其一心在國，原其身中穢垢，扶持全濟，致其祿位，以至今日。 間者迷醉，言有違錯，慈恩含忍，不致之於理，使得全完，保育性命。 雖必克己責躬，改過投死，以誓神靈； 無所用命，則靡寄顏。」 於是亮遣琰還成都，官位如故。
Liu Yan, styled Weishuo, came from Lu. In Yu province Liu Bei kept him as an attendant because he shared the imperial surname and cut a stylish figure—always a favoured companion. After Yi fell Liu Yan governed Guling. Liu Shan made him village marquis of Dou, consistently ranked below Li Yan—minister of the guards, central army adviser, rear general, then general of chariots and cavalry. He stayed out of policy with a thousand men on Zhuge Liang’s staff. He lived in notorious luxury with dozens of singing girls trained on the Lu Lingguang Hall rhapsody. In 232 he quarrelled with Wei Yan with idle boasts until Zhuge Liang rebuked him. He apologised: “I am hollow by nature, loose in morals, and a drunkard—since the late emperor gossip nearly ruined me. You knew my heart was for Han and forgave my stains—raised me to rank. When wine led me astray you spared the law and saved my life. I would atone with my life, yet if you dismiss me I have no face left.” Zhuge Liang sent him back to Chengdu at full rank.
22
琰失志慌惚。 十二年正月，琰妻胡氏入賀太后，太后令特留胡氏，經月乃出。 胡氏有美色，琰疑其與後主有私，呼 （卒） 五百撾胡，至於以履搏面，而後棄遣。 胡具以告言琰，琰坐下獄。 有司議曰：「卒非撾妻之人，面非受履之地。」 琰竟棄市。 自是大臣妻母朝慶遂絕。
He drifted in confusion. In 234 his wife Lady Hu attended the empress dowager and was kept a month—rumours flew. Suspecting an affair with the emperor, Liu Yan summoned 〈text reads zu “soldiers”〉 five hundred strokes and beat her face with shoes—then cast her out. She complained to the authorities and Liu Yan landed in jail. The judges ruled: “Soldiers are not for beating wives; faces are not for shoes.” Liu Yan was executed in the marketplace. Court ladies’ New Year visits ended after that.
23
延每隨亮出，輒欲請兵萬人，與亮異道會於潼關，如韓信故事，亮製而不許。 延常謂亮為怯，嘆恨己才用之不盡。 〈《魏略》曰：夏侯楙為安西將軍，鎮長安，亮於南鄭與群下計議，延曰：「聞夏侯楙少，主婿也，怯而無謀。 今假延精兵五千，負糧五千，直從褒中出，循秦嶺而東，當子午而北，不過十日可到長安。 楙聞延奄至，必乘船逃走。 長安中惟有御史、京兆太守耳，橫門邸閣與散民之谷足週食也。 比東方相合聚，尚二十許日，而公從斜谷來，必足以達。 如此，則一舉而咸陽以西可定矣。」 亮以為此縣危，不如安從坦道，可以平取隴右，十全必克而無虞，故不用延計。〉 延既善養士卒，勇猛過人，又性矜高，當時皆避下之。 唯楊儀不假借延，延以為至忿，有如水火。 十二年，亮出北谷口，延為前鋒。 出亮營十里，延夢頭上生角，以問占夢趙直，直詐延曰：「夫麒麟有角而不用，此不戰而賊欲自破之像也。」 退而告人曰：「角之為字，刀下用也； 頭上用刀，其凶甚矣。」
Wei Yan always wanted ten thousand men for a Han Xin–style strike on Tong Pass; Zhuge Liang refused. He called Zhuge Liang timid and brooded over wasted talent. 〈The Wei Summary says: Xiahou Mao was General Who Pacifies the West, garrisoned at Chang’an; Liang at Nan Zheng consulted subordinates; Yan said: “I hear Xiahou Mao is young—the lord’s son-in-law—timid and without stratagem. give me ten thousand men through Baozhong along the Qin ridges—I could reach Chang’an in ten days. Xiahou Mao would flee by boat. Imperial stores and public grain would feed us for weeks. Twenty days before Wei mustered you could march from Xie Valley to join me. Western Guanzhong would fall in one blow.” Zhuge Liang judged it too risky and preferred Longyou—so he passed on the scheme.〉 Wei Yan inspired fierce loyalty and towering pride—everyone deferred. Only Yang Yi stood up to him—they became fire and water. In 234 Zhuge Liang took Ji Valley with Wei Yan in the van. Wei Yan dreamed horns; Zhao Zhi lied that it meant victory without battle.” Privately Zhao Zhi said the word “horn” means knife upon head— an ill omen atop the head.”
24
秋，亮病困，密與長史楊儀、司馬費禕、護軍姜維等作身歿之後退軍節度，令延斷後，姜維次之； 若延或不從命，軍便自發。 亮適卒，秘不發喪，儀令禕往揣延意指。 延曰：「丞相雖亡，吾自見在。 府親官屬便可將喪還葬，吾自當率諸軍擊賊，云何以一人死廢天下之事邪？ 且魏延何人，當為楊儀所部勒，作斷後將乎！」 因與禕共作行留部分，令禕手書與己連名，告下諸將。 禕紿延曰：「當為君還解楊長史，長史文吏，稀更軍事，必不違命也。」 禕出門馳馬而去，延尋悔，追之已不及矣。 延遣人覘儀等，遂使欲案亮成規，諸營相次引軍還。 延大怒， （才） 儀未發，率所領徑先南歸，所過燒絕閣道。 延、儀各相表叛逆，一日之中，羽檄交至。 後主以問侍中董允、留府長史蔣琬，琬、允咸保儀疑延。 儀等槎山通道，晝夜兼行，亦繼延後。 延先至，據南谷口，遣兵逆擊儀等，儀等令何平在前禦延。 平叱延先登曰：「公亡，身尚未寒，汝輩何敢乃爾！」 延士眾知曲在延，莫為用命，軍皆散。 延獨與其子數人逃亡，奔漢中。 儀遣馬岱追斬之，致首於儀，儀起自踏之，曰：「庸奴！ 復能作惡不？」 遂夷延三族。 初，蔣琬率宿衛諸營赴難北行，行數十里，延死問至，乃旋。 原延意不北降魏而南還者，但欲除殺儀等。 平日諸將素不同，冀時論必當以代亮。 本指如此。 不便背叛。 〈《魏略》曰：諸葛亮病，謂延等雲：「我之死後，但謹自守，慎勿複來也。」 令延攝行己事，密持喪去。 延遂匿之，行至褒口，乃發喪。 亮長史楊儀宿與延不和，見延攝行軍事，懼為所害，乃張言延欲舉眾北附，遂率其眾攻延。 延本無此心，不戰軍走，追而殺之。 臣松之以為此蓋敵國傳聞之言，不得與本傳爭審。〉
That autumn Zhuge Liang, dying, secretly ordered Yang Yi, Fei Yi, and Jiang Wei to retreat with Wei Yan covering the rear and Jiang Wei next; if Wei Yan refused, march without him. His death was concealed while Fei Yi sounded Wei Yan out. Wei Yan said: “The chancellor is gone—I remain. Send the body home—I will finish the campaign—how end the war for one death! And I, Wei Yan, take orders from Yang Yi as rear guard!” He drafted orders with Fei Yi and asked him to cosign to the generals. Fei Yi lied that he would persuade Yang Yi—the civil clerk would surely obey.” Fei Yi bolted; Wei Yan realised too late. Wei Yan spied on Yang Yi’s camps withdrawing by Zhuge Liang’s plan. Wei Yan raged— 〈variant: cai “before”〉 before Yang Yi moved he raced south burning plank roads. Wei Yan and Yang Yi each denounced the other as a traitor; urgent dispatches crossed in a single day. Liu Shan asked Dong Yun and Jiang Wan; both vouched for Yang Yi and distrusted Wei Yan. Yang Yi’s men cut through the mountains and marched night and day on Wei Yan’s heels. Wei Yan seized the southern valley and attacked; Yang Yi put He Ping in the van. He Ping rebuked him: “The chancellor is barely cold—how dare you do this! Wei Yan’s men knew he was in the wrong and melted away. He fled toward Hanzhong with a few followers. Yang Yi sent Ma Dai, who sent back the head; Yang Yi trampled it, crying, “Villain! Can you again do evil?” Wei Yan’s kin to the third degree were executed. Jiang Wan had marched north to intervene but turned back when word of Wei Yan’s death came. Wei Yan did not mean to defect to Wei—he meant to kill Yang Yi. He hoped rivals would name him Zhuge Liang’s heir. That was his aim. There was no plot to rebel. 〈The Wei Summary claims Zhuge Liang told Wei Yan: after his death hold fast—do not advance again.” He left secret funeral orders with Wei Yan. Wei Yan concealed the death until Baokou. Yang Yi, fearing Wei Yan, accused him of defecting to Wei and attacked. Wei Yan fled without fighting and was killed. Pei Songzhi treats this as hostile gossip, not the canonical story.〉
25
楊儀字威公，襄陽人也。 建安中，為荊州刺史傅群主簿，背群而詣襄陽太守關羽。 羽命為功曹，遣奉使西詣先主。 先主與語論軍國計策，政治得失，大悅之，因闢為左將軍兵曹掾。 及先主為漢中王，拔儀為尚書。 先主稱尊號，東征吳，儀與尚書令劉巴不睦，左遷遙署弘農太守。 建興三年，丞相亮以為參軍，署府事，將南行。 五年，隨亮漢中。 八年，遷長史，加綏軍將軍。 亮數出軍，儀常規畫分部，籌度糧穀，不稽思慮，斯須便了。 軍戎節度，取辦於儀。 亮深惜儀之才幹，憑魏延之驍勇，常恨二人之不平，不忍有所偏廢也。 十二年，隨亮出屯谷口。 亮卒於敵場。 儀既領軍還，又誅討延，自以為功勳至大，宜當代亮秉政，呼都尉趙正以周易筮之，卦得家人，默然不悅。 而亮平生密指，以儀性狷狹，意在蔣琬，琬遂為尚書令、益州刺史。 儀至，拜為中軍師，無所統領，從容而已。
Yang Yi, styled Weigong, came from Xiangyang. He served Fu Qun of Jing then joined Guan Yu in Xiangyang. Guan Yu made him merit evaluator and envoy to Liu Bei. Liu Bei was so pleased with their talk of statecraft that he named him clerk of the Left General’s military bureau. When Liu Bei became king of Hanzhong, Yang Yi joined the secretariat. During the Wu campaign he quarrelled with Liu Ba and was nominally posted to Hongnong. In 225 Zhuge Liang took him south as staff adviser. In 227 he followed Zhuge Liang to Hanzhong. In 230 he became chief clerk and general who pacifies the army. He deployed columns and counted grain for every northern expedition with effortless speed. Campaign logistics ran through him. Zhuge Liang prized Yang Yi’s staff work and Wei Yan’s valor yet could not reconcile them. In 234 he followed Zhuge Liang to Wuzhang Plain. Zhuge Liang died facing the enemy. After killing Wei Yan he expected to succeed Zhuge Liang—divining Family he fell silent. Zhuge Liang had chosen Jiang Wan—who became director of the secretariat and governor of Yi. Yang Yi received the hollow title central army adviser with no troops.
26
初，儀為先主尚書，琬為尚書郎，後雖俱為丞相參軍長史，儀每從行，當其勞劇，自惟年宦先琬，才能逾之，於是怨憤形於聲色，嘆吒之音發於五內。 時人畏其言語不節，莫敢從也，惟後軍師費禕往慰省之。 儀對禕恨望，前後云云，又語禕曰：「往者丞相亡沒之際，吾若舉軍以就魏氏，處世寧當落度如此邪！ 令人追悔不可複及。」 禕密表其言。 十三年，廢儀為民，徙漢嘉郡。 儀至徙所，复上書誹謗，辭指激切，遂下郡收儀。 儀自殺，其妻子還蜀。 〈楚國先賢傳云：儀兄慮，字威方。 少有德行，為江南冠冕。 州郡禮召，諸公闢請，皆不能屈。 年十七，夭，鄉人號曰德行楊君。〉
Once Yang Yi’s senior and Jiang Wan’s junior, he now nursed grievance that Jiang Wan had leapfrogged him. Men shunned his rants—only Fei Yi comforted him. Yi toward Yi harboured resentment and gaze—before and after thus and so—also said to Yi: “Formerly when the Chancellor died—if I had raised the army to join Wei—living in the age would I fall this low! making men regret unable to reach again.” Fei Yi reported his words. In 235 he was reduced to commoner and exiled to Hanjia. From exile he sent abusive memorials and was arrested. He committed suicide; his family returned to Shu. 〈His elder brother Yang Lü, styled Weifang: the moral paragon of the south. He refused every honour the region offered. He died at seventeen and was remembered as “the virtuous Lord Yang.”〉
27
【評】
【Appraisal】
28
評曰：劉封處嫌疑之地，而思防不足以自衛。 彭羕、廖立以才拔進，李嚴以幹局達，魏延以勇略任，楊儀以當官顯，劉琰舊仕，並咸貴重。 覽其舉措，跡其規矩，招禍取咎，無不自己也。
Liu Feng lived under suspicion without the caution to survive. Peng Yang, Liao Li, Li Yan, Wei Yan, Yang Yi, and Liu Yan each rose on talent, grit, or old service. Their falls came from their own choices.