1
霍峻字仲邈，南郡枝江人也。 兄篤於鄉里合部曲數百人，篤卒，荊州牧劉表令峻攝其眾。 表卒，峻率眾歸先主，先主以峻為中郎將。 先主自葭萌南還襲劉璋，留峻守葭萌城。 張魯遣將楊帛誘峻，求共守城，峻曰：「小人頭可得，城不可得。」 帛乃退去。 後璋將扶禁、向存等帥萬餘人由閬水上，攻圍攻峻，且一年，不能下。 峻城中兵才數百人，伺其怠隙，選精銳出擊，大破之，即斬存首。 先主定蜀，嘉峻之功，乃分廣漢為梓潼郡，以峻為梓潼太守、裨將軍。 在官三年，年四十卒，還葬成都。 先主甚悼惜，乃詔諸葛亮曰：「峻既佳士，加有功於國，欲行爵。」 遂親率群僚臨會弔祭，因留宿墓上，當時榮之。
Huo Jun, styled Zhongmiao, came from Zhijiang in Nan Commandery. His older brother Huo Du had raised a few hundred local followers; after Du died, Jing governor Liu Biao put Jun in charge of that band. After Liu Biao’s death, Jun brought his men to Liu Bei, who made him a general of the household. Liu Bei marched south from Jiameng to attack Liu Zhang and left Huo Jun to hold the fortress there. Zhang Lu’s officer Yang Bo tried to win him over for a joint defense, but Huo Jun replied, "You may have my head; you will not have this city." Yang Bo withdrew his force. Liu Zhang’s generals Fu Jin and Xiang Cun then brought over ten thousand men up the Lang River and besieged the town for the better part of a year without breaking it. Huo Jun had only a few hundred defenders. When he saw an opening, he sent picked troops out in a sortie, routed the besiegers, and took Xiang Cun’s head. Once Liu Bei had secured Shu, he singled out Huo Jun’s exploit, carved Zitong commandery out of Guanghan, and named him its governor with the rank of major general. He served three years in post, died at forty, and was brought home for burial in Chengdu. The First Sovereign greatly mourned and pitied him, then issued an edict to Zhuge Liang saying, "Jun is already an excellent gentleman, moreover having merit for the state; I wish to carry out enfeoffment." He then led the full court to the funeral, stayed the night by the grave, and contemporaries counted it the highest honor.
2
子霍弋
Son: Huo Yi
3
子弋，字紹先，行主末年為太子舍人。 後主踐阼，除謁者。 丞相諸葛亮北駐漢中，請為記室，使與子喬共周旋游處。 亮卒，為黃門侍郎。 後主立太子璿，以弋為中庶子，璿好騎射，出入無度，弋援引古義，盡言規諫，甚得切磋之體。 後為參軍庲降屯副貳都督，又轉護軍，統事如前。 時永昌郡夷獠恃險不賓，數為寇害，乃以弋領永昌太守，率偏軍討之，遂斬其豪帥，破壞邑落，郡界寧靜。 遷監軍、翊軍將軍，領建寧太守，還統南郡事。 景耀六年，進號安南將軍。 是歲，蜀並於魏，弋與巴東領軍襄陽羅憲各保全一方，舉以內附，鹹因仍前任，寵待有加。 〈《汉晋春秋》曰：霍弋闻魏军来，弋欲赴成都，后主以备敌既定，不听。 及成都不守，弋素服号哭，大临三日。 诸将咸劝宜速降，弋曰：“今道路隔塞，未详主之安危，大故去就，不可苟也。 若主上与魏和，见遇以礼，则保境而降，不晚也。 若万一危辱，吾将以死拒之，何论迟速邪！” 得后主东迁之问，始率六郡将守上表曰：“臣闻人生於三，事之如一，惟难所在，则致其命。 今臣国败主附，守死无所，是以委质，不敢有贰。” 晋文王善之，又拜南中都督，委以本任。 后遣将兵救援吕兴，平交阯、日南、九真三郡，功封列侯，进号崇赏焉。 弋孙彪，晋越巂太守。
His son Huo Yi, styled Shaoxian, ended the Former Ruler’s reign as a gentleman attendant at the heir’s residence. When Liu Shan took the throne, Yi was made an usher at court. Zhuge Liang, campaigning from Hanzhong, asked him onto his staff as secretary and paired him with Zhuge Qiao for daily companionship. After Zhuge Liang’s death he rose to gentleman attendant at the yellow gates. When the crown prince Liu Xuan was installed, Huo Yi became his senior attendant. The prince loved the hunt and rode abroad without restraint; Yi quoted classical examples and spoke frankly, in the best tradition of candid counsel. He later served as staff officer and deputy to the Laixiang garrison commander, then as protector of the army, with responsibilities much as before. Tribal peoples in Yongchang were defying the court from the hills and raiding often, so Yi was named acting governor and led a column against them. He executed their leaders, broke up their villages, and the region grew calm. He advanced to army supervisor and general who aids the army, briefly held Jianning, and then resumed oversight of Nan commandery. In 263 he was promoted to general who pacifies the south. That year Wei absorbed Shu. Huo Yi and Luo Xian of Xiangyang, commanding east of Ba, each kept his district intact and surrendered it to Wei; both kept their posts and received heightened favor. 〈The Han–Jin chunqiu records that when Huo Yi learned Wei was invading, he asked to rush to Chengdu, but the emperor, convinced the defenses were set, refused. After Chengdu fell, he dressed in mourning, wept aloud, and kept vigil for three days. His officers pressed him to yield at once, but Yi said the lines were cut and he still did not know the ruler’s fate; on so grave a choice he would not act rashly. If His Majesty could make peace with Wei and be treated with courtesy, he could still surrender his command intact and not be late. If the worst befell the throne, he would resist to the death, and speed was beside the point. When he heard the emperor had been moved east, he led the commanders of six commanderies in a memorial: a subject owes his life where duty calls, he said, and would give it where hardship fell. The kingdom had collapsed and his sovereign had yielded; there was no longer a cause worth dying for, so he pledged allegiance and swore he would not serve two masters. Sima Zhao approved, named him commander-in-chief of the southern interior, and left him in his former post. He later led a relief column for Lü Xing, reduced Jiaozhi, Rinan, and Jiuzhen, earned a full marquisate, and received an enhanced title in recognition. His grandson Huo Biao became governor of Yuexi under the Jin.
4
《襄阳记》曰：罗宪字令则。 父蒙，避乱於蜀，官至广汉太守。 宪少以才学知名，年十三能属文。 后主立太子，为太子舍人，迁庶子、尚书吏部郎，以宣信校尉再使於吴，吴人称美焉。 时黄皓预政，众多附之，宪独不与同，皓恚，左迁巴东太守。 时右大将军阎宇都督巴东，为领军，后主拜宪为宇副贰。 魏之伐蜀，召宇西还，留宇二千人，令宪守永安城。 寻闻成都败，城中扰动，江边长吏皆弃城走，宪斩称成都乱者一人，百姓乃定。 得后主委质问至，乃帅所统临于都亭三日。 吴闻蜀败，起兵西上，外讬救援，内欲袭宪。 宪曰：“本朝倾覆，吴为脣齿，不恤我难而徼其利，背盟违约。 且汉已亡，吴何得久，宁能为吴降虏乎！” 保城缮甲，告誓将士，厉以节义，莫不用命。 吴闻锺、邓败，百城无主，有兼蜀之志，而巴东固守，兵不得过，使步协率众而西。 宪临江拒射，不能御，遣参军杨宗突围北出，告急安东将军陈骞，又送文武印绶、任子诣晋王。 协攻城，宪出与战，大破其军。 孙休怒，复遣陆抗等帅众三万人增宪之围。 被攻凡六月日而救援不到，城中疾病大半。 或说宪奔走之计，宪曰：“夫为人主，百姓所仰，危不能安，急而弃之，君子不为也，毕命於此矣。” 陈骞言於晋王，遣荆州刺史胡烈救宪，抗等引退。 晋王即委前任，拜宪凌江将军，封万年亭侯。 会武陵四县举众叛吴，以宪为武陵太守巴东监军。 泰始元年改封西鄂县侯。 宪遣妻子居洛阳，武帝以子袭为给事中。 三年冬，入朝，进位冠军将军、假节。 四年三月，从帝宴于华林园，诏问蜀大臣子弟，后问先辈宜时叙用者，宪荐蜀郡常忌、杜轸、寿良、巴西陈寿、南郡高轨、南阳吕雅、许国、江夏费恭、琅邪诸葛京、汝南陈裕，即皆叙用，咸显於世。 宪还，袭取吴之巫城，因上伐吴之策。 宪方亮严正，待士不倦，轻财好施，不治产业。 六年薨，赠安南将军，谥曰烈侯。 子袭，以凌江将军领部曲，早卒，追赠广汉太守。 袭子徽，顺阳内史，永嘉五年为王如所杀。 此作“献”，名与本传不同，未详孰是也。〉
The Xiangyang ji gives Luo Xian’s style as Lingze. His father Luo Meng had fled the turmoil into Shu and rose to governor of Guanghan. Even as a boy he was known for literary talent and could write polished essays at thirteen. After the crown prince was named, he served as gentleman attendant, then as palace attendant and personnel director at the secretariat, and twice went to Wu as envoy with the rank of colonel who spreads trust, winning praise in the eastern court. When the eunuch Huang Hao dominated politics, most officials curried favor, but Luo Xian held aloof; Huang Hao exiled him to the governorship of Badong. General Yan Yu of the right commanded east of Ba while also leading the central army; the emperor named Luo Xian his second-in-command there. When Wei invaded Shu, Yan Yu was recalled westward, leaving two thousand men under Luo Xian to hold Yong’an. News of Chengdu’s fall threw the town into panic; riverfront magistrates bolted, but Luo Xian executed a man who spread false rumors of riot, and the people calmed down. When the emperor’s formal surrender order reached him, he led his troops to the metropolitan pavilion and kept mourning rites for three days. Wu, learning of Shu’s collapse, marched west on the pretext of rescue while intending to seize Luo Xian’s position. Luo Xian said his dynasty had fallen and Wu, supposedly a close ally, was profiting from Shu’s ruin instead of helping—breaking faith and the treaty. Han was gone, he argued, and Wu could not last; he would never surrender to become Wu’s prisoner. He strengthened the walls and arms, rallied his officers on their honor, and every man obeyed. After Zhong Hui and Deng Ai fell, Wu saw a chance to swallow Shu, but Luo Xian’s grip on Badong blocked the route, so Wu sent Bu Xie west with an army. Luo Xian’s bowmen along the river could not hold the line; he sent Yang Zong through the encirclement to Chen Qian and forwarded seals and hostages to the king of Jin. When Bu Xie assaulted the walls, Luo Xian sallied out and shattered his force. Sun Xiu, furious, sent Lu Kang with thirty thousand more men to tighten the siege. The siege ran half a year without relief, and disease laid low most of the garrison. When someone urged retreat, he replied that a leader owed the people steadiness in danger; to bolt in a crisis was unworthy of a gentleman, and he would see the defense through here. Chen Qian persuaded the king of Jin to send Hu Lie from Jingzhou; Lu Kang then lifted the siege. The king confirmed him in office, named him general who crosses the river, and enfeoffed him as village marquis of Wannian. When four Wuling counties rose against Wu, he was appointed governor of Wuling and army supervisor for east of Ba. In 265 his title was transferred to marquis of Xi'e county. He moved his family to Luoyang, and Emperor Wu of Jin gave his son Luo Xi a post as palace attendant. In the winter of 267 he attended court and was promoted to general who vanquishes champions with ceremonial credentials. At a spring banquet in Hualin Park in 268, the emperor asked which Shu officials’ sons and which veteran worthies should be employed; Luo Xian nominated Chang Ji, Du Zhen, Shou Liang, Chen Shou, Gao Gui, Lü Ya, Xu Guo, Fei Gong, Zhuge Jing, and Chen Yu, and every name he offered was soon in office and well known. When he came back he struck east, captured the Wu outpost at Wucheng, and followed with a memorial urging a campaign against Wu. He was upright and austere, tireless with his men, generous with his purse, and uninterested in amassing property. He died in 270 and was posthumously named general who pacifies the south with the epithet “martial marquis.” His son Luo Xi, general who crosses the river leading family troops, died young and was honored posthumously as governor of Guanghan. Luo Xi’s son Hui served as interior secretary of Shunyang and was killed by the rebel Wang Ru in 311. The excerpt uses a different character for the name than our main text; it is unclear which spelling is right.〉
5
王連字文儀，南陽人也。 劉璋時入蜀為梓潼令。 先主起事葭萌，進軍來南，連閉城不降，先主義之，不強逼也。 及成都既平，以連為什邡令，轉在廣都，所居有績。 遷司鹽校尉，較鹽鐵之利，利入甚多，有裨國用，於是簡取良才以為官屬，若呂乂、杜祺、劉干，終皆至大官，自連所拔也。 遷蜀郡太守、興業將軍，領鹽府如故。 建興元年，拜屯騎校尉，領丞相長史，封平陽亭侯。 時南方諸郡不賓，諸葛亮將自征之，連諫以為「此不毛之地，疫癘之鄉，不宜以一國之望，冒險而行」。 亮慮諸將才不及己，意欲必往而連言輒懇至，故停留者久之。 會連卒。 子山嗣，官至江陽太守。
Wang Lian, styled Wenyi, was a native of Nanyang. Under Liu Zhang he entered Shu and served as magistrate of Zitong. When Liu Bei rose at Jiameng and marched south, Wang Lian shut the gates and refused to yield; Liu Bei respected his stand and did not press the siege. After Chengdu fell he was named magistrate of Shifang, then moved to Guangdu, and in each post he left a strong record. He rose to colonel director of salt, where he tightened the salt-and-iron accounts and greatly increased revenue for the treasury. He recruited able men—Lü Yi, Du Qi, and Liu Gan among them—who all rose to high rank on his recommendation. He was promoted to governor of Shu and general who establishes enterprise while continuing to head the salt monopoly. In 223 he became colonel of garrisoned cavalry, chief clerk to the chancellor, and village marquis of Pingyang. At the time the southern commanderies did not submit; Zhuge Liang was about to personally campaign against them; Lian remonstrated deeming that "this is barren land, a region of pestilence; it is not fitting that the hope of the whole state risk danger in going." Zhuge Liang doubted any general could replace him, yet Wang Lian’s pleas were so earnest that the campaign was delayed for a long while. Then Wang Lian died. His son Wang Shan inherited the title and rose to governor of Jiangyang.
6
向朗字巨達，襄陽宜城人也。 〈《襄阳记》曰：朗少师事司马德操，与徐元直、韩德高、庞士元皆亲善。〉 荊州牧劉表以為臨沮長。 表卒，歸先主。 先主定江南，使朗督秭歸、夷道、巫 （山） 、夷陵四縣軍民事。 蜀既平，以朗為巴西太守，頃之轉任，又徙房陵。 后主践阼，为步兵校尉，代王连领丞相长史。 丞相亮南征，朗留统后事。 五年，隨亮漢中。 朗素與馬謖善，謖逃亡，朗知情不舉，亮恨之，免官還成都。 數年，為光祿勳，亮卒後徒左將軍，追論舊功，封顯明亭侯，位特進。 初，朗少時雖涉獵文學，然不治素檢，以吏能稱。 自去長史，優遊無事垂三十年， 〈臣松之案：朗坐马谡免长史，则建兴六年中也。 朗至延熙十年卒，整二十年耳，此云“三十”，字之误也。〉 乃更潛心典籍，孜孜不倦。 年逾八十，猶手自校書，刊定謬誤，積聚篇卷，於時最多。 開門接賓，誘納後進，但講論古義，不干時事，以是見稱。 上自執政，下及童冠，皆敬重焉。 延熙十年卒。 〈襄阳记曰：朗遗言戒子曰：“传称师克在和不在众，此言天地和则万物生，君臣和则国家平，九族和则动得所求，静得所安，是以圣人守和，以存以亡也。 吾，楚国之小子耳，而早丧所天，为二兄所诱养，使其性行不随禄利以堕。 今但贫耳； 贫非人患，惟和为贵，汝其勉之！”〉 子條嗣，景耀中為御史中丞。 〈襄阳记曰：条字文豹，亦博学多识，入晋为江阳太守、南中军司马。〉
Xiang Lang, styled Juda, came from Yicheng in Xiangyang. 〈The Xiangyang ji notes that in his youth he studied under Sima Hui and was close to Xu Shu, Han Song, and Pang Tong.〉 Jing governor Liu Biao made him magistrate of Linju. After Liu Biao died he went over to Liu Bei. Once Liu Bei had secured the south bank of the Yangzi, he put Xiang Lang in charge of Zigui, Yidao, and Wu (mountain) , and Yiling—four counties’ civil and military affairs. After Shu was pacified he became governor of Baxi, was shifted to other posts, and was later transferred to Fangling. When Liu Shan took the throne, Xiang Lang became colonel of foot soldiers and succeeded Wang Lian as chief clerk to the chancellor. During Zhuge Liang's southern expedition he stayed behind to manage the capital. In 227 he followed Zhuge Liang to Hanzhong. He had long been friendly with Ma Su; when Ma fled after his defeat, Xiang Lang knew but said nothing. Zhuge Liang, furious, stripped him of rank and sent him back to Chengdu. Some years later he became superintendent of the imperial household; after Zhuge Liang's death he was promoted to general of the left, enfeoffed as village marquis of Xianming for past service, and given the specially advanced rank. In his youth he had read widely but cared little for personal restraint and was known chiefly as a capable administrator. After he left the chief clerkship he lived at ease for almost thirty years, 〈Pei Songzhi notes that Xiang Lang lost the chief clerk's post over Ma Su in 228, and died in 247—only twenty years later—so the text's "thirty" is a scribal error.〉 He then devoted himself to the classics with tireless energy. Past eighty he still collated texts by hand, emended errors, and amassed the largest private library of his day. He welcomed guests, encouraged younger scholars, discoursed only on antiquity, and steered clear of politics, for which people admired him. From high ministers down to schoolboys, everyone held him in respect. He died in 247. 〈The Xiangyang ji records his deathbed advice to his sons: the classics say victory lies in harmony, not numbers; when heaven and earth, ruler and minister, and kin are at peace, life thrives and the state is calm, which is why sages cling to harmony for survival or ruin. He called himself a humble man of Chu who had lost his father young and been reared by two older brothers so that his character never sank into greed for rank and pay. Today I am simply poor; Want is not the worst affliction; harmony is what counts—strive for that! His son Xiang Tiao inherited the line and under the Jingyao reign served as imperial secretary. 〈The Xiangyang ji adds that Tiao, styled Wenbao, was learned and well read; under the Jin he governed Jiangyang and served as army major in the southern interior.〉
7
侄向寵
Nephew: Xiang Chong
8
張裔字君嗣，蜀郡成都人也。 治《公羊春秋》，博涉《史》、《漢》。 汝南許文休入蜀，謂裔干裡敏捷，是中夏鐘元常之倫也。 劉璋時，舉孝廉，為魚復長，還州署從事，領帳下司馬。 張飛自荊州由墊江入，璋授裔兵，拒張飛於德陽陌下，軍敗，還成都。 為璋奉使詣先主，先主許以禮其君而安其人也，裔還，城門乃開。 先主以裔巴郡太守，還為司金中郎將，典作農戰之器。 先是，益州郡殺太守正昂，耆率雍闓恩信著於南土，使命周旋，遠通孫權。 乃以裔為益州太守，逕往至郡。 闓遂趑趄不賓，假鬼教曰：「張府君如瓠壺，外雖澤而內實粗，不足殺，令縛與吳。」 於是遂送裔於權。
Zhang Yi, styled Jinsi, was a native of Chengdu in Shu commandery. He mastered the Gongyang tradition of the Spring and Autumn and read widely in the Records of the Historian and the Book of Han. Xu Jing of Runan, on entering Shu, pronounced Zhang Yi as quick and capable in office as Zhong Yao of the central plain. Under Liu Zhang he was nominated filial and incorrupt, served as magistrate of Yufu, then came back to headquarters as an aide and marshal of the guard. When Zhang Fei marched in from Jingzhou via Dianjiang, Liu Zhang gave Zhang Yi troops to block him on the Deyang plain; Yi was beaten and withdrew to Chengdu. Zhang Yi went to Liu Bei as Liu Zhang’s envoy; Liu Bei pledged to honor Zhang’s lord and spare the people, whereupon Yi returned and the gates were opened. Liu Bei first made him governor of Ba, then recalled him as general of the household for metals to oversee farm tools and weapons. Earlier, Yizhou commandery had slain Governor Zheng Ang; the chieftain Yong Kai, influential in the south, sent envoys and opened contact with Sun Quan. Zhang Yi was therefore named governor of Yizhou and went straight to his post. Kai thereupon hesitated and did not submit, feigning ghost instruction saying, "Administrator Zhang is like a gourd vessel: outside although glossy yet inside truly coarse; not worth killing—order bind him and give to Wu." They then sent Zhang Yi as a captive to Sun Quan.
9
會先主薨，諸葛亮遣鄧芝使吳，亮令芝言次可從權請裔。 裔自至吳數年，流徒伏匿，權未之知也，故許芝遣裔。 裔臨發，權乃引見。 問裔曰：「蜀卓氏寡女，亡奔司馬相如，貴土風俗何以乃爾乎？」 裔對曰：「愚以為卓氏之寡女，猶賢於買臣之妻。」 權又謂裔曰：「君還，必用事西朝，終不作田父子閭裡也，將何以報我？」 裔對曰：「裔負罪而歸，將委命有司。 若蒙僥倖得全首領，五十八已前父母之年也，自此已後大王之賜也。」 權言笑歡悅，有器裔之色。 裔出閣，深悔不能陽愚，即便就船，倍道兼行。 權果追之，裔已入永安界數十里，追者不能及。
When Liu Bei died, Zhuge Liang sent Deng Zhi to Wu and told him to seize an opening to ask Sun Quan for Zhang Yi’s release. Zhang Yi had spent years in Wu in obscurity, and Sun Quan had lost track of him, so he agreed to let Deng Zhi take him back. Just before Zhang Yi sailed, Sun Quan finally received him in audience. He asked Yi saying, "Shu's Zhuo clan's widowed daughter fled to join Sima Xiangru—how is it that your land's customs are thus?" Yi replied saying, "Your foolish servant thinks the Zhuo clan's widowed daughter was still worthier than Mai Chen's wife." Quan further said to Yi, "When you return, you will surely hold office in the western court; in the end you will not be a farmer father and son in the lanes—how will you repay me?" Yi replied saying, "Yi bearing guilt returns, will entrust his life to the authorities. If by good fortune permitted to preserve head and neck, fifty-eight and before is parents' years; from this after is the Great King's gift." Sun Quan laughed and showed open regard for him. Leaving the hall, Zhang Yi regretted he had not played the fool; he went straight to the boat and raced homeward at double speed. Sun Quan did send pursuers, but Zhang Yi was already dozens of li inside Yong’an and they could not overtake him.
10
既至蜀，丞相亮以為參軍，署府事，又領益州治中從事。 亮出駐漢中，裔以射聲校尉領留府長史，常稱曰：「公賞不遺遠，罰不阿近，爵不可以無功取，刑不可以貴勢免，此賢愚之所以僉忘其身者也。」 其明年，北詣亮諮事，送者數百，車乘盈路，裔還書與所親曰：「近者涉道，晝夜接客，不得寧息，人自敬丞相長史，男子張君嗣附之，疲倦欲死。」 其談啁流速，皆此類也。 〈臣松之以为谈啁贵於机捷，书疏可容留意。 今因书疏之巧，以著谈啁之速，非其理也。〉 少與犍為楊恭友善，恭早死，遺孤未數歲，裔迎留，與分屋而居，事恭母如母。 恭之子息長大，為之娶婦，買田宅產業，使立門戶。 撫恤故舊，振贍衰宗，行義甚至。 加輔漢將軍，領長史如故。 建興八年卒。 子毣嗣， 〈毣音忙角反，见字林，曰“毣，思貌也”。〉 歷三郡守、監軍。 毣郁，太子中庶子。
Back in Shu, Zhuge Liang made him an army adviser with charge of headquarters business and added the post of administrative aide for Yizhou. When Liang went out and encamped at Hanzhong, Yi as Colonel of Archers Who Sound the Charge led chief clerk of the rear headquarters, often declaring saying, "The Duke's rewards do not omit the distant, punishments do not partial the near; noble rank may not be taken without merit, punishment may not be escaped by noble power—this is why worthy and foolish alike forget their persons." The next year, going north to consult Liang on affairs, several hundred saw him off, carriages filled the road; Yi returned a letter to those close saying, "Lately traveling the road, day and night receiving guests, unable to obtain quiet rest—men themselves revere the chief clerk to the chancellor; the fellow Zhang Jinsi attached to it—weary nearly to death." His witty, rapid talk was always in this vein. 〈Pei Songzhi remarks that banter prizes quick wit while letters allow deliberation. To infer his conversational speed from the polish of a written note is misleading.〉 In youth he had befriended Yang Gong of Qianwei; when Gong died leaving a small child, Zhang Yi took the boy in, housed him separately, and honored Gong’s mother as his own. When the boy grew up, Zhang Yi found him a wife, bought land and a house, and set him up with his own household. He helped old friends and bolstered struggling kinsmen with exceptional generosity. He was promoted to general who assists Han while keeping the chief clerkship. He died in 230. His son Zhang Mao inherited the title, 〈The commentary gives Mao’s reading (mang-jue fan) and cites the Zilin gloss “thoughtful mien.”〉 He later served as governor of three commanderies and as army supervisor. Zhang Mao’s son Yu became a palace attendant to the crown prince.
11
楊洪字季休，犍為武陽人也。 劉璋時歷部諸郡。 先主定蜀，太守李嚴命為功曹。 嚴欲徒郡治捨，洪固諫不聽，遂辭功曹，請退。 嚴 （欲） 薦洪於州，為 （蜀部從事） [部蜀從事]。 先主爭漢中，急書發兵，軍師將軍諸葛亮以問洪，洪曰：「漢中則益州咽喉，存亡之機會，若無漢中則無蜀矣，此家門之禍也。 方今之事，男子當戰，女子當運，發兵何疑？」 時蜀郡太守法正從先主北行，亮於是表洪領蜀郡太守，眾事皆辦，遂使即真。 頃之，轉為益州治中從事。
Yang Hong, styled Jixiu, came from Wuyang in Qianwei. Under Liu Zhang he served in several commanderies of the province. After Liu Bei took Shu, Governor Li Yan made him merit clerk. Li Yan wanted to move the commandery seat; Yang Hong protested firmly and, ignored, resigned as merit clerk and withdrew. Li Yan (wished) recommended him to the province as (Shu department aide) [department aide for Shu]. The First Sovereign contested Hanzhong; urgent letters raised troops; Military Adviser General Zhuge Liang used this to ask Hong; Hong said, "Hanzhong is then Yizhou's throat; the pivot of survival or perishing; if there is no Hanzhong then there is no Shu—this is a calamity for the family gate. As to the present matter, men ought to fight, women ought to transport—what doubt in raising troops?" Fa Zheng had gone north with Liu Bei, so Zhuge Liang had Yang Hong appointed acting governor of Shu; he handled every task and was soon confirmed in the post. He was soon transferred to administrative aide for Yizhou.
12
五年，丞相亮北住漢中，欲用張裔為留府長史，問洪何如？ 洪對曰：「裔天姿明察，長於治劇，才誠堪之，然性不公平，恐不可專任，不如留向朗。 朗情偽差少，裔隨從目下，效其器能，於事兩善。」 初，裔少與洪親善。 裔流放在吳，洪臨裔郡，裔子郁給郡吏，微過受罰，不特原假。 裔後還聞之，深以為恨，與洪情好有損。 及洪見亮出，至裔許，具說所言。 裔答洪曰：「公留我了矣，明府不能止。」 時人或疑洪意自欲作長史，或疑洪知裔自嫌，不願裔處要職，典後事也。 後裔與司鹽校尉岑述不和，至於忿恨。 亮與裔書曰：「君昔在[陌]下，營壞，吾之用心，食不知味； 後流洪迸南海，相為悲歎，寢不安席； 及其來還，委付大任，同獎王室，自以為與君古之石交也。 石交之道，舉仇以相益，割骨肉以相明，猶不相謝也，況吾但委意於元儉，而君不能忍邪？」 論者由是明洪無私。
In 227, with Zhuge Liang in Hanzhong, he considered making Zhang Yi chief clerk of the rear headquarters and asked Yang Hong’s opinion. Hong replied saying, "Yi's heaven-given nature is clear and perceptive; he excels at governing difficult matters; talent truly suffices for it, yet his nature is not fair and even; I fear he cannot be solely entrusted—better retain Xiang Lang. Lang's feelings of falsehood are somewhat less; Yi following under the eye, displaying his tools and ability—on affairs both good." Zhang Yi and Yang Hong had been close since youth. While Zhang Yi was a hostage in Wu, Yang Hong governed his old commandery; Zhang Yi’s son Yu served there and was punished for a minor fault without special leniency. When Zhang Yi returned and learned of it, he nursed a deep grudge and their friendship cooled. After Yang Hong’s interview with Zhuge Liang he went to Zhang Yi and repeated every word. Yi answered Hong saying, "The Duke has kept me indeed; the enlightened prefect could not stop it." Some thought Yang Hong wanted the chief clerk’s post for himself; others thought he knew Zhang Yi would refuse the rear post and spoke accordingly. Later Zhang Yi quarreled bitterly with Cen Shu, the colonel director of salt. Liang wrote Yi a letter saying, "Sir, formerly below the roads [at Deyang], the camp was ruined—my heart's use, eating did not know flavor; when rumor said you had been banished to the southern seas, he had grieved with you and could not sleep at ease; and after his return, when Zhuge Liang entrusted him with weighty office to help the house of Han, he had thought theirs the “stone friendship” of old. Stone friendship's way raises enemy to mutually benefit, cuts flesh and bone to mutually clarify, still does not decline—how much more I only entrusted intention to Yuanjian, yet you cannot endure?" Onlookers then saw that Yang Hong had acted without private motive.
13
洪少不好學問，而忠清款亮，憂公如家，事繼母至孝。 六年卒官。 始洪為李嚴功曹，嚴未 （至） [去]犍為而洪已為蜀郡。
Yang Hong had little scholarly bent but was loyal, candid, devoted to the public good as to his own kin, and deeply filial to his stepmother. He died in office in 228. When Yang Hong had been merit clerk to Li Yan, before Yan (had yet reached) [left] Qianwei, Yang Hong was already governor of Shu.
14
洪迎門下書佐何祗，有才策功干，舉郡吏，數年為廣漢太守，時洪亦尚在蜀郡。 是以西土鹹服諸葛亮能盡時人之器用也。 〈益部耆旧传杂记曰：每朝会，祗次洪坐。 嘲祗曰：“君马何驶？” 祗曰：“故吏马不敢驶，但明府未著鞭耳。” 众传之以为笑。 祗字君肃，少寒贫，为人宽厚通济，体甚壮大，又能饮食，好声色，不持节俭，故时人少贵之者。 尝梦井中生桑，以问占梦赵直，直曰：“桑非井中之物，会当移植； 然桑字四十下八，君寿恐不过此。” 祗笑言“得此足矣”。 初仕郡，后为督军从事。 时诸葛亮用法峻密，阴闻祗游戏放纵，不勤所职，尝奄往录狱。 众人咸为祗惧。 祗密闻之，夜张灯火见囚，读诸解状。 诸葛晨往，祗悉已闇诵，答对解释，无所凝滞，亮甚异之。 出补成都令，时郫县令缺，以祗兼二县。 二县户口猥多，切近都治，饶诸奸秽，每比人，常眠睡，值其觉寤，辄得奸诈，众咸畏祗之发摘，或以为有术，无敢欺者。 使人投算，祗听其读而心计之，不差升合，其精如此。 汶山夷不安，以祗为汶山太守，民夷服信。 迁广汉。 后夷反叛，辞“令得前何府君，乃能安我耳”！ 时难屈祗，拔祗族人为，汶山复得安。 转祗为犍为。 年四十八卒，如直所言。 后有广汉王离，字伯元，亦以才幹显。 为督军从事，推法平当，稍迁，代祗为犍为太守，治有美绩，虽聪明不及祗，而文采过之也。〉
Yang Hong had promoted his clerk He Zhi, a man of talent, to county service; within a few years He became governor of Guanghan while Yang Hong still governed Shu. People in the west marveled that Zhuge Liang could employ every man to the full measure of his gifts. 〈The Yibu qijiu zhuan notes that at court He Zhi always sat below Yang Hong. Yang Hong teased him: "Why are your horses so fast?" He Zhi replied that a former subordinate’s horses would not outrun his patron’s—unless the governor had not yet raised his whip. The story became a standing joke at court. He Zhi, styled Junsu, grew up in poverty. He was generous and easygoing, built like a wrestler, with a huge appetite and a taste for music and women; because he lived loosely, contemporaries thought little of him. He dreamed of mulberry sprouting in a well and asked the diviner Zhao Zhi, who said mulberry did not belong in a well and foretold a transfer to another post; yet the graph sang, meaning mulberry, is built from the pieces for forty and eight, so your years may not pass forty-eight. He Zhi laughed and said that would be enough for him. He began in the commandery office and rose to aide on army affairs. Zhuge Liang’s justice was strict; hearing that He Zhi was carousing and neglecting duty, he once descended on the jail without warning to audit the dockets. Everyone feared for him. He Zhi got wind of the visit, lit the prison lamps that night, interviewed the inmates, and studied every plea. When Zhuge Liang arrived at dawn, He Zhi had memorized the files and answered every question without hesitation, which greatly impressed the chancellor. He was posted as magistrate of Chengdu and, with Pi county also vacant, was given both districts. Both counties were populous, close to the capital, and rife with crime. At hearings He Zhi often seemed to doze; when suspects woke to his questions he caught their lies. People thought him uncanny and no one dared cheat him. When clerks read tallies aloud, he computed in his head without missing a measure—such was his precision. When the Wenshan tribes grew restless, He Zhi was made their governor and won the trust of Chinese and tribesmen alike. He was reassigned as governor of Guanghan. When the tribes rebelled again, they demanded the return of “our old Governor He” before they would submit. He Zhi could not be spared from his new post, so a kinsman of his clan was promoted in his stead and Wenshan grew calm again. He Zhi was then moved to Qianwei. He died at forty-eight, exactly as Zhao Zhi had predicted. Later Wang Li of Guanghan, styled Boyuan, also rose on ability and administrative skill. He served as aide on army affairs, applied the law evenhandedly, rose step by step, succeeded He Zhi as governor of Qianwei, and governed well—less brilliant than He Zhi but the finer writer.〉
15
費詩字公舉，犍為南安人也。 劉璋時為綿竹令，先主攻綿竹時，詩先舉城降。 成都既定，先主領益州牧，以詩為督軍從事，出為牂牁太守，還為州前部司馬。 先主為漢中王，遣詩拜關羽為前將軍，羽聞黃忠為後將軍， （羽） 怒曰：「大丈夫終不與老兵同列！」 不肯受拜。 詩謂羽曰：「夫立王業者，所用非一。 昔蕭、曹與高祖少小親舊，而陳、韓亡命後主，論其班列，韓最居上，未聞蕭、曹以此為怨。 今 （漢王） [漢中王]以一時之功隆崇於漢升，然意之輕重，寧當與君侯齊乎！ 且王與君侯臂猶一體，同休等戚，禍福共之，愚為君侯不宜計官號之高下、爵祿之多少為意也。 僕一介之使，銜命之人，君侯不受拜，如是便還，但相為惜此舉動，恐有後悔耳！」 羽大感悟，遂即受拜。
Fei Shi, styled Gongju, came from Nan'an in Qianwei. Under Liu Zhang he was magistrate of Mianzhu and was the first to surrender the town when Liu Bei attacked. After Chengdu fell, Liu Bei as governor of Yizhou made him an army aide, then governor of Zangke, then brought him back as forward-division major of the province. When Liu Bei became king of Hanzhong, he sent Fei Shi to present Guan Yu with appointment as general of the van. Guan Yu learned that Huang Zhong had been named general of the rear, (Guan Yu) angrily said, "A great man in the end will not share rank with an old soldier!" He refused the commission. Shi said to Yu, "Now he who establishes kingly enterprise employs not one kind. Xiao He and Cao Shen had grown up with Gaozu, while Chen Ping and Han Xin arrived as fugitives, yet Han Xin ranked above them in court order without rousing Xiao’s or Cao’s resentment. Today (the king of Han) the king of Hanzhong has honored Hansheng for one exploit, but His Majesty’s regard for you, my lord, surely still outweighs that. You and the king are as two arms on one body, sharing weal and woe; you should not fuss over title or pay. Your servant, a single messenger, a man bearing mandate—if you, lord, do not accept investiture, thus I will return, only mutually for you pity this movement, fearing there will be later regret!" Guan Yu was deeply moved and accepted the appointment.
16
後群臣議欲推漢中王稱尊號，詩上疏曰：「殿下以曹操父子逼主篡位，故乃羈旅萬里，糾合士眾，將以討賊。 今天敵未克，而先主自立，恐人心疑惑。 昔高祖與楚約，先破秦者王。 及屠咸陽，獲子嬰，猶懷推讓，況今殿下未出門庭，便欲自立邪！ 愚臣誠不為殿下取也。」 由是忤指，左遷部永昌從事。 〈习凿齿曰：夫创本之君，须大定而后正己，纂统之主，俟速建以系众心，是故惠公朝虏而子圉夕立，更始尚存而光武举号，夫岂忘主徼利，社稷之故也。 今先主纠合义兵，将以讨贼。 贼强祸大，主没国丧，二祖之庙，绝而不祀，苟非亲贤，孰能绍此？ 嗣祖配天，非咸阳之譬，杖正讨逆，何推让之有？ 於此时也，不知速尊有德以奉大统，使民欣反正，世睹旧物，杖顺者齐心，附逆者同惧，可谓闇惑矣。 其黜降也宜哉！ 臣松之以为凿齿论议，惟此论最善。〉
Later the assembled ministers deliberated and wished to urge the King of Hanzhong to assume the imperial title. Shi submitted a memorial saying, "Your Highness, because Cao Cao and his son coerced the ruler and usurped the throne, wandered in exile ten thousand li, gathered officers and troops, and intended to punish the rebels. The great enemy was still unbeaten, he warned, and proclaiming oneself emperor now would only unsettle popular feeling. Gaozu had sworn with Chu that whoever first destroyed Qin would be king. Even after taking Xianyang and capturing Ying Ziying, Gaozu had hesitated to claim the throne; how could Liu Bei, who had not yet left his own threshold, rush to declare himself? Your foolish servant truly does not approve for Your Highness." For this bluntness he was demoted to an aide in Yongchang. 〈Xi Zuochi observes that a founder waits until the realm is settled before taking supreme rank, while a successor must act quickly to steady hearts—hence Duke Hui of Jin was captured in the morning and his heir enthroned that evening, and Guangwu took title while Gengshi still lived; such steps served the state, not private ambition. Liu Bei had rallied a loyal host to punish the usurper. The foe was powerful, the sovereign dead, the altars of the two Han founders untended—who but a worthy kinsman could renew the line? To succeed the ancestors and match heaven is not the same as Gaozu’s moment at Xianyang; when one wields justice against traitors, there is no room for false modesty. To delay enthroning a worthy heir at such a hour, letting the people rejoice in restoration and the wicked tremble, would be folly indeed. Small wonder Fei Shi was demoted! Pei Songzhi calls this the finest of Xi Zuochi’s arguments.〉
17
建興三年，隨諸葛亮南行，歸至漢陽縣，降人李鴻來詣亮，亮見鴻，時蔣琬與詩在坐。 鴻曰：「聞過孟達許，適見王沖從南來，言往者達之去就，明公切齒，欲誅達妻子，賴先主不聽言。 達曰：『諸葛亮見顧有本末，終不爾也。』 盡不信沖言，委仰明公，無復已已。」 亮謂琬、詩曰：「還都當有書與子度相聞。」 詩進曰：「孟達小子，昔事振威不忠，後又背叛先主，反覆之人，何足與書邪！」 亮默然不答。 亮欲誘達以為外援，竟與達書曰：「往年南征，歲 （未及） [末及]還，適與李鴻會於漢陽，承知消息，慨然永歎，以存足下平素之志，豈徒空托名榮，貴為乘離乎！ 嗚呼孟子，斯實劉封侵陵足下，以傷先主待士之義。 又鴻道王沖造作虛語，云足下量度吾心，不受沖說。 尋表明之言，追平生之好，依依東望，故遣有書。」 達得亮書，數相交通，辭欲叛魏。 魏遣司馬宣王征之，即斬滅達。 亮亦以達無款誠之心，故不救助也。 蔣琬秉政，以詩為諫議大夫，卒於家。
In 225, returning with Zhuge Liang from the southern campaign, they reached Hanyang county, where the defector Li Hong came to see Zhuge Liang; Jiang Wan and Fei Shi were present. Hong said, "I heard passing Meng Da's place, just then saw Wang Chong coming from the south, speaking of former times Da's going and coming, the enlightened lord gnashed teeth, wished to execute Da's wife and children, relied on the First Sovereign not listening to the words. Meng Da had replied that Zhuge Liang’s goodwill had always been consistent and he would never do such a thing. He wholly did not believe Chong's words, entrusted and looked up to the enlightened lord, no more end." Liang said to Wan and Shi, "When returning to the capital there ought to be a letter to exchange news with Zidu." Shi advanced saying, "Meng Da the petty fellow, formerly served General Who Strikes Terror disloyally, afterward again betrayed the First Sovereign—a man of back and forth—what worth to exchange letters!" Zhuge Liang said nothing. Liang wished to entice Da to be an external aid; in the end wrote Da a letter saying, "In former years on the southern campaign, before the year (before the year had ended) had closed I was still on the road; I met Li Hong at Hanyang and learned your mind. I sighed long for the loyalty you have always shown—surely you do not seek empty glory while we remain apart! Alas, Meng Da—it was Liu Feng’s bullying that wronged you and violated the late emperor’s duty to his men. Li Hong also said Wang Chong’s story was invented, and he praised you for seeing my true intent and rejecting the lie. Clarifying what was declared above, pursuing the friendship of a lifetime, lingering as I gaze east—I therefore send this letter." Meng Da answered repeatedly and began plotting to revolt from Wei. Wei sent Sima Yi against him and had him killed at once. Zhuge Liang did not send help because he judged Meng Da insincere. Under Jiang Wan’s regency Fei Shi became grandee remonstrant and died at home.
18
王沖者，廣漢人也。 為牙門將，統屬江州李嚴。 為嚴所疾，懼罪降魏。 魏以沖為樂陵太守。 〈孙盛蜀世谱曰：诗子立，晋散骑常侍。 自后益州诸费有名位者，多是诗之后也。〉
Wang Chong was from Guanghan. He was a camp-gate general under Li Yan of Jiangzhou. Li Yan disliked him, so fearing punishment he defected to Wei. Wei made him governor of Leling. 〈Sun Sheng’s Shu genealogy records Fei Shi’s son Li as a Jin gentleman attendant at leisure. Most later Fei clansmen of note in Yizhou descended from him.〉
19
评曰：霍峻孤城不倾，王连固节不移，向朗好学不倦，张裔肤敏应机，杨洪乃心忠公，费诗率意而言，皆有可纪焉。 以先主之广济，诸葛之准绳，诗吐直言，犹用陵迟，况庸后乎哉！
The historian’s judgment: Huo Jun held a lone city; Wang Lian kept faith; Xiang Lang never tired of study; Zhang Yi was quick and resourceful; Yang Hong was utterly loyal; Fei Shi spoke his mind—all merit remembrance. Yet even Liu Bei’s generosity and Zhuge Liang’s fairness could not save Fei Shi from demotion for blunt speech—what hope for lesser lords thereafter?