Volume 105 Treatises 58: Rites 8

文宣王廟武成王廟先代陵廟諸神祠

Temples of the Cultured and Propagating King, the Martial Achievement King, Ancestral Mausoleum Temples, and Various Spirit Shrines

至聖文宣王。唐開元末升為中祠，設從祀，禮令攝三公行事。朱梁喪亂，從祀遂廢。後唐長興二年，仍復從祀。周顯德二年，別營國子監，置學舍。宋因增修之，塑先聖、亞聖、十哲像，畫七十二賢及先儒二十一人像於東西廡之木壁，太祖親撰《先聖》、《亞聖讚》，十哲以下命文臣分讚之。建隆中，凡三幸國子監，謁文宣王廟。太宗亦三謁廟。詔繪三禮器物、制度於國學講論堂木壁。又命河南府建國子監文宣王廟，置官講說及賜《九經》書。

The Most Sage, Cultured and Propagating King. Late in the Tang Kaiyuan reign it was raised to a secondary shrine, collateral sacrifices were instituted, and the rites required the three chief ministers to perform the ceremonies by proxy. Amid the turmoil of the Later Liang, collateral sacrifices were discontinued. In the second year of the Later Tang Changxing era, collateral sacrifices were restored. In the second year of the Zhou Xiande era, a separate Imperial University was constructed and student quarters were provided. The Song continued to expand and refurbish the complex, casting statues of the Former Sage, the Second Sage, and the Ten Wise Ones, and painting the Seventy-two Worthies and twenty-one Former Confucians on the wooden walls of the east and west cloisters. Taizu himself wrote eulogies for the Former Sage and the Second Sage and directed civil officials to compose eulogies for the rest down through the Ten Wise Ones. During the Jianlong period the emperor visited the Imperial University three times and paid homage at the Cultured and Propagating King's temple. Taizong likewise visited the temple on three occasions. An edict ordered the ritual vessels, implements, and institutions described in the Three Rites painted on the wooden walls of the National Academy's lecture hall. He also directed Henan Prefecture to erect a Cultured and Propagating King temple at the Imperial University, appoint lecturers, and grant copies of the Nine Classics.

二年五月乙卯，詔追封十哲為公，七十二弟子為侯，先儒為伯或贈官。親製《玄聖文宣王讚》，命宰相等撰顏子以下讚，留親奠祭器於廟中，從官立石刻名。既以國諱，改諡至聖文宣王。賜孔氏錢帛，錄親屬五人並賜出身，又賜太宗御製、禦書一百五十卷，銀器八百兩。詔太常禮院定州縣釋奠器數：先聖、先師每坐酒尊一、籩豆八、簋二、簠二、俎三、罍一、洗一、篚一，尊皆加勺、冪，各置於坫，巾共二，燭二，爵共四，坫。有從祀之處，諸坐各籩二、豆二、簋一、簠一、俎一、燭一、爵一。仁宗再幸國子監，謁文宣王廟，皆再拜焉。

On yimao in the fifth month of the second year, an edict posthumously enfeoffed the Ten Wise Ones as dukes, the seventy-two disciples as marquises, and the Former Confucians as earls or conferred official titles upon them. He personally composed the Eulogy of the Mysterious Sage, Cultured and Propagating King, directed the chief ministers and others to write eulogies for Yan Hui and those ranked below him, left the sacrificial vessels he had personally presented in the temple, and had his attending officials erect stone tablets bearing their names. Because of the dynastic naming taboo, the posthumous title was then changed to the Most Sage, Cultured and Propagating King. He granted money and silks to the Kong clan, enrolled five kinsmen and conferred official status upon them, and also bestowed one hundred fifty volumes of Taizong's writings and imperial calligraphy together with eight hundred taels' worth of silver vessels. An edict directed the Directorate of the Imperial Clan Ritual Office to prescribe the sacrificial vessels for district and prefectural school ceremonies: for the Former Sage and Former Teacher, each seat was to have one wine vessel, eight baskets and stands, two grain bowls, two grain trays, three meat stands, one jar, one basin, and one hamper; every wine vessel was to have a ladle and cover and be set on a spirit altar, with two cloths, two candles, four goblets, and spirit altars in all. At seats with collateral sacrifices, each was to have two baskets, two stands, one grain bowl, one grain tray, one meat stand, one candle, and one goblet. Renzong visited the Imperial University again and paid homage at the Cultured and Propagating King's temple, bowing twice on each occasion.

熙寧七年，判國子監常秩等請立孟軻、揚雄像於廟廷，仍賜爵號，又請追尊孔子以帝號。下兩製禮官詳定，以為非是而止。

In the seventh year of Xining, Acting Superintendent of the Imperial University Chang Zhi and others asked that statues of Mencius and Yang Xiong be set up in the temple courtyard, that noble titles be conferred as well, and that Confucius be posthumously honored with an imperial title. The matter was referred to the ritual specialists of the two academies for review; they judged it improper, and the proposals were dropped.

京兆府學教授蔣夔請以顏回為兗國公，毋稱先師，而祭不讀祝，儀物一切降殺，而進閔子騫九人亦在祀典。禮官以孔子、顏子稱號，曆代各有據依，難輒更改，儀物祝獻，亦難降殺，所請九人，已在祀典。熙寧祀儀，十哲皆為從祀，惟州縣釋奠未載。請自今二京及諸州春秋釋奠，並準熙寧祀儀。

Jiang Kui, lecturer at the Capital Metropolitan Prefecture school, asked that Yan Hui be enfeoffed as Duke of Yan, no longer styled Former Teacher, that sacrifices omit the prayer recitation and that all ritual implements be reduced in rank, while noting that elevating Min Ziqian and nine others was already provided for in the sacrificial canon. The ritual officials replied that the titles of Confucius and Yan Hui rested on precedents from successive dynasties and could not lightly be altered; the ritual implements and prayer offerings likewise could not readily be reduced, and the nine men in question were already included in the sacrificial canon. Under the Xining sacrificial regulations the Ten Wise Ones were all collateral sacrifices, but district and prefectural ceremonies had not yet been recorded accordingly. They asked that henceforth the spring and autumn school sacrifices in both capitals and all prefectures follow the Xining regulations.

詔封孟軻鄒國公。晉州州學教授陸長愈請春秋釋奠，孟子宜與顏子並配。議者以謂凡配享、從祀，皆孔子同時之人，今以孟軻並配，非是。禮官言：“唐貞觀以漢伏勝、高堂生、晉杜預、範寧之徒與顏子俱配享，至今從祀，豈必同時？孟子於孔門當在顏子之列，至於荀況、揚雄、韓愈，皆發明先聖之道，有益學者，久未配食，誠闕典也。請自今春秋釋奠，以孟子配食，荀況、揚雄、韓愈並加封爵，以世次先後，從祀於左丘明二十一賢之間。自國子監及天下學廟，皆塑鄒國公像，冠服同兗國公。仍繪荀況等像於從祀：荀況，左丘明下；揚雄，劉向下；韓愈，範寧下。冠服各從封爵。 ”詔如禮部議，荀況封蘭陵伯，揚雄封成都伯，韓愈封昌黎伯，令學士院撰讚文。又詔太常寺修四孟釋菜儀。

An edict enfeoffed Mencius as Duke of Zou. Lu Changyu, lecturer at the Jinzhou prefectural school, asked that at the spring and autumn school sacrifices Mencius be given equal placement with Yan Hui. Critics argued that everyone granted equal placement or collateral sacrifice had been a contemporary of Confucius, and that giving Mencius equal placement would be improper. The ritual officials replied: 'In the Tang Zhenguan era, the Han scholar Fu Sheng, Gao Tang Sheng, the Jin scholars Du Yu and Fan Ning, and others were granted equal placement with Yan Hui and remain collateral sacrifices to this day—must they all have been contemporaries? Within Confucius's school Mencius belongs in Yan Hui's company; as for Xunzi, Yang Xiong, and Han Yu, each clarified the Former Sage's Way and benefited students, yet for long they lacked sacrificial shares—a genuine gap in the canon. They asked that henceforth at the spring and autumn school sacrifices Mencius receive sacrificial shares, that Xunzi, Yang Xiong, and Han Yu be enfeoffed, and that by chronological order they be given collateral sacrifice among the twenty-one worthies beginning with Zuo Qiuming. From the Imperial University to school temples throughout the empire, statues of the Duke of Zou were to be cast, with caps and robes matching those of the Duke of Yan. Their images were also to be painted for collateral sacrifice: Xunzi below Zuo Qiuming; Yang Xiong below Liu Xiang; Han Yu below Fan Ning. Each man's cap and robes were to follow his enfeoffment. ' An edict adopted the Ministry of Rites' proposal: Xunzi was enfeoffed as Earl of Lanling, Yang Xiong as Earl of Chengdu, Han Yu as Earl of Changli, and the Hanlin Academy was directed to compose eulogies. Another edict directed the Directorate of Sacrifices to compile the ritual for the four Mencius vegetable offerings.

元祐六年，幸太學，先詣國子監至聖文宣王殿行釋奠禮，一獻再拜。

In the sixth year of Yuanyou the emperor visited the Imperial College, first proceeding to the Most Sage, Cultured and Propagating King hall at the Imperial University to perform the school sacrifice, offering once and bowing twice.

崇寧初，封孔鯉為泗水侯，孔伋為沂水侯。詔：“古者，學必祭先師，況都城近郊，大辟黌舍，聚四方之士，多且數千，宜建文宣王廟，以便薦獻。 ”又詔：“王安石可配享孔子廟，位於鄒國公之次。 ”國子監丞趙子櫟言：“唐封孔子為文宣王，其廟像，內出王者袞冕衣之。今乃循五代故製，服上公之服。七十二子皆周人，而衣冠率用漢製，非是。 ”詔孔子仍舊，七十二子易以周之冕服。又詔辟雍文宣王殿以“大成”為名。帝幸國子監，謁文宣王殿，皆再拜行酌獻禮，遣官分奠兗國公而下。國子司業蔣靜言：“先聖與門人通被冕服，無別。配享、從祀之人，當從所封之爵，服周之服，公之袞冕九章，侯、伯之鷩冕七章。袞，公服也，達於上。鄭氏謂公袞無升龍，誤矣。考《周官》司服所掌，則公之冕與王同；弁師所掌，則公之冕與王異。今既考正配享、從祀之服，亦宜考正先聖之冕服。 ”於是增文宣王冕為十有二旒。

Early in the Chongning era, Kong Li was enfeoffed as Marquis of Sishui and Kong Ji as Marquis of Yishui. An edict declared: 'In antiquity every school sacrificed to the Former Teacher; at the capital's outskirts vast lecture halls gather scholars from all directions, often numbering in the thousands. A Cultured and Propagating King temple should be built to facilitate offerings. ' Another edict stated: 'Wang Anshi may receive equal placement in Confucius's temple, ranking after the Duke of Zou. ' Assistant Director of the Imperial University Zhao Zili said: 'The Tang enfeoffed Confucius as Cultured and Propagating King, and his temple image was clothed in kingly robes and coronets issued from within the palace. Now we merely follow the Five Dynasties precedent and dress him in a senior duke's robes. The seventy-two disciples were all men of Zhou, yet their caps and robes uniformly follow Han designs, which is improper. ' An edict left Confucius's dress unchanged but ordered the seventy-two disciples clothed in Zhou coronets and robes. Another edict named the Cultured and Propagating King hall at the Imperial Academy Great Completion. The emperor visited the Imperial University and paid homage at the Cultured and Propagating King hall, bowing twice and performing the libation offering each time, and dispatched officials to offer sacrifices separately to the Duke of Yan and those ranked below him. Vice Director of the Imperial University Jiang Jing said: 'The Former Sage and his disciples alike wore coronets and robes without distinction. Those granted equal placement or collateral sacrifice should follow their enfeoffed ranks and wear Zhou dress: dukes in nine-patterned robes and coronets, marquises and earls in seven-patterned pheasant coronets. The nine-patterned robe is ducal dress and ranks above the others. Zheng Xuan's claim that a duke's nine-patterned robe lacks ascending dragons is mistaken. According to the Director of Attire in the Offices of Zhou, a duke's coronet matches the king's; but under the Cap Master it differs from the king's. Now that the dress of those with equal placement and collateral sacrifice has been corrected, the Former Sage's coronet and robes should be corrected as well. ' Thereupon the Cultured and Propagating King's coronet was increased to twelve tassels.

大觀二年，從通仕郎侯孟請，繪子思像，從祀於左丘明二十四賢之間。議禮局言：“建隆三年，詔國子監廟門立戟十六，用正一品禮。大中祥符二年，賜曲阜廟桓圭，從上公之製。又《史記·弟子傳》曰，受業身通六藝者七十有七人，自顏回至公孫龍三十五人頗有年名及受業見於書傳，四十二人姓名僅存。《家語》曰，七十二弟子皆升堂入室者。按《唐會要》七十七人，而《開元禮》止七十二人，又復去取不一。本朝議臣，斷以七十二子之說，取琴張等五人，而去公夏首等十人。今以《家語》、《史記》參定，公夏首、後處、公肩定、顏祖、鄡單、罕父黑、秦商、原抗、樂欬、廉潔，《唐會要》、《開元禮》亦互見之，皆有伯爵，載於祀典。請追贈侯爵，使預祭享。 ”詔封公夏首钜平侯，後處膠東侯，公肩定梁父侯，顏祖富陽候，鄡單聊城侯，罕父黑祈鄉侯，秦商馮翊候，原抗樂平侯，樂欬建成侯，廉潔胙城侯。又詔改封曾參武城侯，顓孫師潁川侯，南宮縚汶陽侯，司馬耕睢陽侯，琴張陽平侯，左丘明中都伯，穀梁赤睢陵伯，戴聖考城伯，以所封犯先聖諱也。

In the second year of Daguan, at the request of Gentleman for General Service Hou Meng, an image of Zisi was painted and he was given collateral sacrifice among the twenty-four worthies beginning with Zuo Qiuming. The Bureau for Deliberating on Ritual said: 'In the third year of Jianlong an edict ordered sixteen halberds erected at the Imperial University temple gate, using first-rank ritual. In the second year of Dazhong Xiangfu the Qufu temple was granted a ceremonial jade tablet following senior-duke regulations. The Biographies of the Disciples in the Records of the Grand Historian also states that seventy-seven men received instruction and personally mastered the Six Arts; from Yan Hui to Gongsun Long, thirty-five have fairly complete biographical records in written sources, while forty-two are known only by name. The Family Sayings states that all seventy-two disciples had ascended the hall and entered the inner chamber. The Tang Institutional Compendium lists seventy-seven, whereas the Kaiyuan Rites lists only seventy-two, and the selections differ again. Deliberating officials of this dynasty adopted the account of seventy-two disciples, retaining Qin Zhang and four others while removing Gongxia Shou and nine others. Collating the Family Sayings and the Records of the Grand Historian, Gongxia Shou, Hou Chu, Gongjian Ding, Yan Zu, Zou Dan, Hanfu Hei, Qin Shang, Yuan Kang, Yue Chi, and Lian Jie also appear in the Tang Institutional Compendium and the Kaiyuan Rites; each held an earldom and is recorded in the sacrificial canon. We ask that marquisates be posthumously granted so they may participate in sacrifices. ' An edict enfeoffed Gongxia Shou as Marquis of Juping, Hou Chu as Marquis of Jiaodong, Gongjian Ding as Marquis of Liangfu, Yan Zu as Marquis of Fuyang, Zou Dan as Marquis of Liaocheng, Hanfu Hei as Marquis of Qixiang, Qin Shang as Marquis of Fengyi, Yuan Kang as Marquis of Yueping, Yue Chi as Marquis of Jiancheng, and Lian Jie as Marquis of Zuocheng. Another edict changed the enfeoffments because the former titles violated taboos of the Former Sage: Zeng Shen became Marquis of Wucheng, Zhuansun Shi Marquis of Yingchuan, Nangong Tao Marquis of Wenyang, Sima Geng Marquis of Suiyang, Qin Zhang Marquis of Yangping, Zuo Qiuming Earl of Zhongdu, Guliang Chi Earl of Suiling, and Dai Sheng Earl of Kaocheng.

政和三年，詔封王安石舒王，配享；安石子雱臨川伯，從祀。《新儀》成，以孟春元日釋菜，仲春、仲秋上丁日釋奠。以兗國公顏回、鄒國公孟軻、舒王王安石配享殿上；琅邪公閔損、東平公冉耕、下邳公冉雍、臨淄公宰予、黎陽公端木賜並西向，彭城公冉求、河內公仲由、丹陽公言偃、河東公卜商、武城侯曾參並東向；東廡。潁川侯顓孫師以下至成都伯揚雄四十九人並西向，西廡，長山侯林放以下至臨川伯王雱四十八人並東向。頒辟雍大成殿名於諸路州學。

In the third year of Zhenghe an edict enfeoffed Wang Anshi as King of Shu and granted him equal placement; his son Wang Pang was made Earl of Linchuan and given collateral sacrifice. When the New Regulations were completed, vegetable offerings were held on the first day of the first month of spring, and school sacrifices on the upper ding days of the second months of spring and autumn. The Duke of Yan Yan Hui, the Duke of Zou Mencius, and the King of Shu Wang Anshi received equal placement in the main hall; the Duke of Langye Min Sun, the Duke of Dongping Ran Geng, the Duke of Xiapi Ran Yong, the Duke of Linzi Zai Yu, and the Duke of Liyang Duanmu Ci all faced west; the Duke of Pengcheng Ran Qiu, the Duke of Henei Zhong You, the Duke of Danyang Yan Yan, the Duke of Hedong Bu Shang, and the Marquis of Wucheng Zeng Shen all faced east; in the eastern cloister. The Marquis of Yingchuan Zhuansun Shi and forty-eight others down to the Earl of Chengdu Yang Xiong, forty-nine in all, faced west in the western cloister; the Marquis of Changshan Lin Fang and forty-seven others down to the Earl of Linchuan Wang Pang, forty-eight in all, faced east. The name Great Completion Hall was promulgated to prefectural schools in all circuits.

五年，太常寺言：“兗州鄒縣孟子廟，詔以樂正子配享，公孫醜以下從祀，皆擬定其封爵：樂正子克利國侯，公孫醜壽光伯，萬章博興伯，告子不害東阿伯，孟仲子新泰伯，陳臻蓬萊伯，充虞昌樂伯，屋廬連奉符伯，徐辟仙源伯，陳代沂水伯，彭更雷澤伯，公都子平陰伯，鹹丘蒙須城伯，高子泗水伯，桃應膠水伯，盆成括萊陽伯，季孫豐城伯，子叔承陽伯。 ”大晟樂成，詔下國子學選諸生肄習，上丁釋奠，奏於堂上，以祀先聖。

In the fifth year the Directorate of Sacrifices reported: 'At the Mencius temple in Zou County, Yanzhou, an edict granted Yue Zhengzi equal placement and Gongsun Chou and those below collateral sacrifice, with proposed enfeoffments: Yue Zhengzi as Marquis of Keguo, Gongsun Chou as Earl of Shouguang, Wan Zhang as Earl of Boxing, Gaozi Buhai as Earl of Dong'e, Meng Zhongzi as Earl of Xintai, Chen Zhen as Earl of Penglai, Chong Yu as Earl of Changle, Wulu Lian as Earl of Fengfu, Xu Bi as Earl of Xianyuan, Chen Dai as Earl of Yishui, Peng Geng as Earl of Leize, Gongduzi as Earl of Pingyin, Xianqiumeng as Earl of Xucheng, Gaozi as Earl of Sishui, Tao Ying as Earl of Jiaoshui, Pencheng Kuo as Earl of Laiyang, Jisun as Earl of Fengcheng, and Zishu as Earl of Chengyang. ' When the Dasheng music was completed, an edict directed the Imperial University to select students to study it; at the upper ding school sacrifice it was performed in the hall to honor the Former Sage.

時又有算學。大觀三年，禮部、太常寺請以文宣王為先師，兗、鄒、荊三國公配享，十哲從祀。自昔著名算數者畫像兩廡，請加賜五等爵，隨所封以定其服。於是中書舍人張邦昌定算學：封風後上穀公，箕子遼東公，周大夫商高鬱夷公，大撓涿鹿公，隸首陽周公，容成平都公，常儀原都公，鬼俞區宜都公，商巫鹹河東公，晉史蘇晉陽伯，秦卜徒父潁陽伯，晉卜偃平陽伯，魯梓慎汝陽伯，晉史趙高都伯，魯卜楚丘昌衍伯，鄭裨灶滎陽伯，趙史墨易陽伯，周榮方美陽伯，齊甘德菑川伯，魏石申隆慮伯，漢鮮於妄人清泉伯，耿壽昌安定伯，夏侯勝任城伯，京房樂平伯，翼奉良成伯，李尋平陵伯，張衡西鄂伯，周興慎陽伯，單颺湖陸伯，樊英魯陽伯，晉郭璞聞喜伯，宋何承天昌盧伯，北齊宋景業廣宗伯，隋蕭吉臨湘伯，臨孝恭親豐伯，張胄玄東光伯，周王樸東平伯，漢鄧平新野子，劉洪蒙陰子，魏管輅平原子，吳趙逵穀城子，宋祖衝之範陽子，後魏商紹長樂子，北齊信都芳樂城子，北齊許遵高陽子，隋耿詢湖熟子，劉焯昌亭子，劉炫景城子，唐傅仁均博平子，王孝通介休子，瞿曇羅居延子，李淳風昌樂子，王希明琅琊子，李鼎祚讚皇子，邊岡成安子，漢郎顗觀陽子，襄楷隰陰子，司馬季主夏陽男，落下閎閬中男，嚴君平廣都男，魏劉徽淄鄉男，晉薑岌成紀男，張丘建信成男，夏侯陽平陸男，後周甄鸞無極男，隋盧大翼成平男。尋詔以黃帝為先師。

At this time there was also a School of Mathematics. In the third year of Daguan the Ministry of Rites and the Directorate of Sacrifices asked that the Cultured and Propagating King be designated Former Teacher, with the dukes of Yan, Zou, and Jing receiving equal placement and the Ten Wise Ones collateral sacrifice. Images of famous mathematicians of former times were painted in both cloisters; they asked that five ranks of nobility be granted, with dress determined by each enfeoffment. Thereupon Secretariat Drafter Zhang Bangchang fixed the School of Mathematics enfeoffments: Feng Hou as Duke of Shanggu, Jizi as Duke of Liaodong, the Zhou grandee Shang Gao as Duke of Yuyi, Da Rao as Duke of Zhuolu, Li Shou as Duke of Yangzhou, Rong Cheng as Duke of Pingdu, Chang Yi as Duke of Yuandu, Gui Yuyu as Duke of Yidu, the Shang diviner Xian as Duke of Hedong, the Jin historiographer Su as Earl of Jinyang, the Qin diviner Tu Fu as Earl of Yingyang, the Jin diviner Yan as Earl of Pingyang, the Lu diviner Zi Shen as Earl of Ruyang, the Jin historiographer Zhao as Earl of Gaodu, the Lu diviner Chuqiu as Earl of Changyan, the Zheng diviner Zao as Earl of Xingyang, the Zhao historiographer Mo as Earl of Yiyang, Zhou Rong Fang as Earl of Meiyang, Qi Gan De as Earl of Zichuan, Wei Shi Shen as Earl of Longlu, Han Xianyu Wangren as Earl of Qingquan, Geng Shouchang as Earl of Anding, Xiahou Sheng as Earl of Rencheng, Jing Fang as Earl of Yueping, Ji Feng as Earl of Liangcheng, Li Xun as Earl of Pingling, Zhang Heng as Earl of Xie, Zhou Xing as Earl of Shenyang, Shan Yang as Earl of Hulu, Fan Ying as Earl of Luyang, Jin Guo Pu as Earl of Wenxi, Song He Chengtian as Earl of Changlu, Northern Qi Song Jingye as Earl of Guangzong, Sui Xiao Ji as Earl of Linxiang, Lin Xiaogong as Earl of Qinfeng, Zhang Zixuan as Earl of Dongguang, Zhou Wang Pu as Earl of Dongping, Han Deng Ping as Viscount of Xinye, Liu Hong as Viscount of Mengyin, Wei Guan Lu as Viscount of Pingyuan, Wu Zhao Kui as Viscount of Gucheng, Song Zu Chongzhi as Viscount of Fanyang, Later Wei Shang Shao as Viscount of Changle, Northern Qi Xin Dufang as Viscount of Lecheng, Northern Qi Xu Zun as Viscount of Gaoyang, Sui Geng Xun as Viscount of Hushu, Liu Chuo as Viscount of Changting, Liu Xuan as Viscount of Jingcheng, Tang Fu Renjun as Viscount of Boping, Wang Xiaotong as Viscount of Jiexiu, Qutan Luo as Viscount of Juyan, Li Chunfeng as Viscount of Changle, Wang Ximing as Viscount of Langya, Li Dingzuo as Viscount of Zanhuang, Bian Gang as Viscount of Cheng'an, Han Lang Yi as Viscount of Guanyang, Xiang Kai as Viscount of Xiyin, Sima Jizhu as Baron of Xiayang, Luoxia Hong as Baron of Langzhong, Yan Junping as Baron of Guangdu, Wei Liu Hui as Baron of Zixiang, Jin Jiang Ji as Baron of Chengji, Zhang Qiujian as Baron of Xincheng, Xiahou as Baron of Yangpinglu, Later Zhou Zhen Luan as Baron of Wuji, and Sui Lu Dayi as Baron of Chengping. Shortly thereafter an edict made the Yellow Emperor the Former Teacher.

禮部員外郎吳時言：“書畫之學，教養生徒，使知以孔子為師，此道德之所以一也。若每學建立殿宇，則配食、從祀，難於其人。請春秋釋奠，止令書畫博士量率職事生員，陪預執事，庶使知所宗師。醫學亦準此。 ”詔皆從之。

Wu Shi, outer official of the Ministry of Rites, said: 'The schools of calligraphy and painting educate students so they know to take Confucius as teacher—this is how moral principle is unified. If every school erects its own hall, it will be difficult to decide who receives sacrificial shares or collateral sacrifice. We ask that at the spring and autumn school sacrifices only the calligraphy and painting erudites, together with a measured number of student officers on duty, accompany the ceremonies so students may know whom they revere as master. The School of Medicine should follow the same rule. ' An edict approved all of this.

其釋奠之禮：景德四年，同判太常禮院李維言：“按《開寶通禮》，諸州釋奠，並刺史致齋三日，從祭之官齋於公館。祭日，刺史為初獻，上佐為亞獻，博士為終獻。今諸州長吏不親行祀，非尊師重教之道。 ”詔太常禮院檢討以聞。按《五禮精義》，州縣釋奠，刺史、縣令初獻，上佐、縣丞亞獻，州博士、縣主簿終獻。有故，以次官攝之。大中祥符三年，判國子監孫奭言：“上丁釋奠，舊禮以祭酒、司業、博士充三獻官，新禮以三公行事，近歲止命獻官兩員臨時通攝，未副崇祀向學之意。望自今備差太尉、太常、光祿卿以充三獻。 ”又命崇文院刊《釋奠儀注》及《祭器圖》頒之諸路。熙寧五年，國子監言：“舊例遇貢舉歲，禮部貢院集諸州府所貢第一人謁奠先聖，如春秋釋奠儀。況春秋自有釋奠禮，請罷貢舉人謁奠。 ”崇寧，議禮局言：“太學獻官、太祝、奉禮，皆以法服，至於郡邑，則用常服。望命有司降祭服於州縣，凡獻官、祝、禮，各服其服，以盡事神之儀。 ”詔以衣服制度頒使州縣自造焉。

The ritual for school sacrifices: In the fourth year of Jingde, Li Wei of the Directorate of the Imperial Clan Ritual Office said: 'According to the Comprehensive Rites of the Kaibao era, for prefectural school sacrifices the prefect fasted for three days and participating officials fasted at the official residence. On the day of sacrifice the prefect served as primary offerer, the chief aide as secondary offerer, and the erudite as final offerer. Now prefectural chiefs do not personally perform the sacrifice, which fails the Way of honoring teachers and valuing instruction. ' An edict ordered the Directorate of the Imperial Clan Ritual Office to examine the matter and report. According to the Essential Meaning of the Five Rites, for district and prefectural school sacrifices the prefect or magistrate served as primary offerer, the chief aide or assistant magistrate as secondary offerer, and the prefectural erudite or district registrar as final offerer. If prevented, the next official in rank acted by proxy. In the third year of Dazhong Xiangfu, Acting Superintendent Sun Shi said: 'For the upper ding school sacrifice, the old rites used the libationer, vice director, and erudites as the three offering officials; the new rites had the three chief ministers perform the ceremonies. In recent years only two offering officials have been temporarily assigned in proxy, which does not fulfill the intent of exalting sacrifice and encouraging learning. We ask that from now on the Grand Commandant, Director of Sacrifices, and Director of Imperial Entertainments be regularly assigned as the three offerers. ' He also ordered the Palace Library to print the Regulations for School Sacrifice and Illustrations of Sacrificial Vessels and distribute them to all circuits. In the fifth year of Xining the Imperial University said: 'By former precedent, in examination years the Ministry of Rites examination compound gathered the top presented candidate from each prefecture and subprefecture to pay homage to the Former Sage using the spring and autumn school sacrifice ritual. Spring and autumn already have their own school sacrifice rites; we ask that the examination candidates' homage sacrifice be abolished. ' In Chongning the Bureau for Deliberating on Ritual said: 'At the Imperial College, offering officials, chief invokers, and ritual attendants all wear statutory robes, but in districts and prefectures they wear ordinary dress. We ask the authorities to issue sacrificial robes to districts and prefectures so that all offering officials, invokers, and attendants wear proper robes and fully perform the rites of serving the spirits. ' An edict promulgated the garment regulations and ordered districts and prefectures to make them themselves.

其謁先師之禮：建隆二年，禮院準禮部貢院移，按《禮閣新儀》云：“舊儀無貢舉人謁先師之文。開元二十六年，詔諸州貢舉人見訖，就國子監謁先師，官為開講，質問疑義，所司設食。昭文、崇文兩館學士及監內諸舉人亦準此。 ”自後諸州府貢舉人，十一月朔日正衙見訖，擇日謁先師，遂為常禮。大觀初，大司成強淵明言：“考之禮經，士始入學，有釋菜之儀。請自今每歲貢士始入辟雍，並以元日釋菜於先聖。 ”其儀：獻官一員，以丞或博士；分奠官八員，以博士、正錄；大祝一員，以正錄。應祀官前釋菜一日赴學，各宿其次。至日，詣文宣王殿常服行禮，貢士初入學者陪位於庭，其他亦略仿釋奠之儀。紹興十年，詔與大社、大稷並為大祀。淳熙四年，去王雱畫像。淳祐元年正月，理宗幸太學，詔以周敦頤、張載、程顥、程頤、朱熹從祀，黜王安石。景定二年，皇太子詣學，請以張栻、呂祖謙從祀。從之。

The ritual for paying homage to the Former Teacher: In the second year of Jianlong the Ritual Office followed a communication from the Ministry of Rites examination compound and, according to the New Regulations of the Ritual Pavilion, stated: 'The old regulations contain no provision for examination candidates paying homage to the Former Teacher. In the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan an edict ordered that after presented candidates from all prefectures had completed their audience, they proceed to the Imperial University to pay homage to the Former Teacher; officials opened lectures, doubtful points were discussed, and the responsible offices provided food. Academicians of the Hall for the Exaltation of Literature and the Hall for the Veneration of Culture, as well as all candidates within the Directorate, followed this as well. ' Thereafter presented candidates from all prefectures and subprefectures, after completing their audience in the main court on the first day of the eleventh month, chose a day to pay homage to the Former Teacher, and this became regular practice. Early in Daguan the Grandee of Achievement Qiang Yuanming said: 'Examining the ritual classics, when scholars first enter school there is the ritual of vegetable offerings. We ask that from now on, each year when presented scholars first enter the Imperial Academy, they all perform vegetable offerings to the Former Sage on the first day of the year. ' The ritual: one offering official, drawn from an assistant director or erudite; eight separate offering officials, drawn from erudites and chief recorders; one chief invoker, drawn from a chief recorder. Officials participating in the sacrifice arrived at the school one day before the vegetable offering and each lodged at his assigned place. On the day they proceeded to the Cultured and Propagating King hall in ordinary dress to perform the rites; newly enrolled presented scholars stood in attendance in the courtyard, and the rest roughly followed the school sacrifice ritual. In the tenth year of Shaoxing an edict made it a major sacrifice together with the Great Altars of Earth and Grain. In the fourth year of Chunxi the painted image of Wang Pang was removed. In the first month of the first year of Chunyou, Lizong visited the Imperial College and ordered that Zhou Dunyi, Zhang Zai, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, and Zhu Xi receive collateral sacrifice and that Wang Anshi be removed. In the second year of Jingding the crown prince visited the school and requested that Zhang Shi and Lü Zuqian receive collateral sacrifice. The request was granted.

鹹淳三年，詔封曾參郕國公，孔伋沂國公，配享先聖。封顓孫師陳國公，升十哲位。復以邵雍、司馬光列從祀。其序：兗國公、郕國公、沂國公、鄒國公，居正位之東面，西向北上，為配位；費公閔損、薛公冉雍、黎公端木賜、衛公仲由、魏公卜商，居殿上東面，西向北上，鄆公冉耕、齊公宰予、徐公冉求、吳公言偃、陳公顓孫師，居殿上西面，東向北上，為從祀；東廡，金鄉侯澹台滅明、任城侯原憲、汝陽侯南宮適、萊蕪侯曾點、須昌侯商瞿、平輿侯漆雕開、睢陽侯司馬耕、平陰侯有若、東阿侯巫馬施、陽穀侯顏辛、上蔡侯曹恤、枝江侯公孫龍、馮翊侯秦祖、雷澤侯顏高、上邽侯壤駟赤、成邑侯石作蜀、钜平侯公夏首、膠東侯後處、濟陽侯奚容點、富陽侯顏祖、滏陽侯句井疆、鄄城侯秦商、即墨侯公祖句茲、武城侯縣成、汧源侯燕伋俯句侯顏之仆、建成侯樂劾、堂邑侯顏何、林慮侯狄黑、鄆城侯孔忠、徐城侯公西點、臨濮侯施之常、華亭侯秦非、文登侯申棖、濟陰侯顏噲、泗水侯孔鯉、蘭陵伯荀況、睢陵伯穀梁赤、萊蕪伯高堂生、樂壽伯毛萇、彭城伯劉向、中牟伯鄭眾、緱氏伯杜子春、良鄉伯盧植、滎陽伯服虔、司空王肅、司徒杜預、昌黎伯韓愈、河南伯程顥、新安伯邵雍、溫國公司馬光、華陽伯張栻，凡五十二人，並西向；西廡，單父侯宓不齊、高密侯公冶長、北海侯公皙哀、曲阜侯顏無繇、共城侯高柴、壽張侯公伯寮、益都侯樊須、钜野侯公西赤、千乘侯梁鱣、臨沂侯冉孺、沐陽侯伯虔、諸城侯冉季、濮陽侯漆雕哆、高苑侯漆雕徒父、鄒平侯商澤、當陽侯任不齊、牟平侯公良孺、新息侯秦冉、梁父侯公肩定、聊城侯鄡單、祁鄉侯罕父黑、淄川侯申黨、厭次侯榮旂、南華侯左人郢、朐山侯鄭國、樂平侯原亢、胙城侯廉潔、博平侯叔仲會、高堂侯邽巽、臨朐侯公西輿如、內黃侯蘧瑗、長山侯林放、南頓侯陳亢、陽平侯琴張、博昌侯步叔乘、中都伯左丘明、臨淄伯公羊高、乘氏伯伏勝、考城伯戴聖、曲阜伯孔安國、成都伯揚雄、歧陽伯賈逵、扶風伯馬融、高密伯鄭玄、任城伯何休、偃師伯王弼、新野伯範寧、汝南伯周敦頤、伊陽伯程頤、郿伯張載、徽國公朱熹、開封伯呂祖謙，凡五十二人，並東向。

In the third year of Xianchun an edict enfeoffed Zeng Shen as Duke of Zeng and Kong Ji as Duke of Yi, granting them equal placement before the Former Sage. Zhuansun Shi was enfeoffed as Duke of Chen and elevated to a seat among the Ten Wise Ones. Shao Yong and Sima Guang were again listed for collateral sacrifice. The order was: the Duke of Yan, the Duke of Zeng, the Duke of Yi, and the Duke of Zou occupied the eastern side of the main seat, facing west and ranking from north upward, as equal-placement seats; the Duke of Fei Min Sun, the Duke of Xue Ran Yong, the Duke of Li Duanmu Ci, the Duke of Wei Zhong You, and the Duke of Wei Bu Shang occupied the eastern side of the hall, facing west and ranking from north upward; the Duke of Yun Ran Geng, the Duke of Qi Zai Yu, the Duke of Xu Ran Qiu, the Duke of Wu Yan Yan, and the Duke of Chen Zhuansun Shi occupied the western side of the hall, facing east and ranking from north upward, as collateral sacrifices; In the eastern cloister, fifty-two figures from the Marquis of Jinxiang Tantai Mieming through the Earl of Huayang Zhang Shi, including disciples, classical scholars, and Neo-Confucian masters such as Xunzi, Guliang Chi, Han Yu, Cheng Hao, Shao Yong, Sima Guang, and Zhang Shi, all faced west; in the western cloister, fifty-two figures from the Marquis of Danfu Mi Buqi through the Earl of Kaifeng Lü Zuqian, including disciples and classical and Neo-Confucian scholars such as Zuo Qiuming, Fu Sheng, Yang Xiong, Zheng Xuan, Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Yi, Zhang Zai, Zhu Xi, and Lü Zuqian, all faced east.

昭烈武成王。自唐立太公廟，春秋仲月上戊日行祭禮。上元初，封為武成王，始置亞聖、十哲等，後又加七十二弟子。梁廢從祀之祭，後唐復之。太祖建隆三年，詔修武成王廟，與國學相對，命左諫議大夫崔頌董其役，仍令頌檢閱唐末以來謀臣、名將勳績尤著者以聞。四年四月，帝幸廟，曆觀圖壁，指白起曰：“此人殺已降，不武之甚，何受享於此？ ”命去之。景德四年，詔西京擇地建廟，如東京製。大中祥符元年，加諡昭烈。

The Martial Achievement King of Illustrious Valor. From the Tang a temple to the Grand Duke was established, with sacrifices performed on the upper wu days of the second months of spring and autumn. Early in Shangyuan he was enfeoffed as Martial Achievement King; the Second Sage, Ten Wise Ones, and others were first established, and later the seventy-two disciples were added. The Liang abolished collateral sacrifices; the Later Tang restored them. In the third year of Jianlong, Taizu ordered the Martial Achievement King temple repaired opposite the National Academy, appointed Left Remonstrance Counselor Cui Song to supervise the work, and directed him to review strategists and famous generals since the late Tang whose achievements were especially outstanding and report them. In the fourth month of the fourth year the emperor visited the temple, went through the painted walls, pointed to Bai Qi and said: 'This man slaughtered men who had already surrendered—an extreme lack of martial virtue. Why should he receive offerings here? ' He ordered him removed. In the fourth year of Jingde an edict ordered a site chosen in the Western Capital to build a temple according to the Eastern Capital model. In the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu the posthumous title Illustrious Valor was added.

初，建隆議升曆代功臣二十三人，舊配享者退二十二人。慶曆儀，自張良、管仲而下依舊配享，不用建隆升降之次。元豐中，國子司業朱服言：“釋奠文宣王，以國子祭酒、司業為初獻，丞為亞獻，博士為終獻，太祝、奉禮並以監學官充。及上戊釋奠武成王，以祭酒、司業為初獻，其亞獻、終獻及讀祝、捧幣，令三班院差使臣充之。官制未行，武學隸樞密院，學官員數少，故差右選。今武學隸國子監，長、貳、丞、簿，官屬已多，請並以本監官充攝行事，仍令太常寺修入《祀儀》。”

At first, in Jianlong it was proposed to elevate twenty-three meritorious officials of successive dynasties and demote twenty-two of the former equal-placement figures. Under the Qingli regulations, from Zhang Liang and Guan Zhong downward the old equal placement was retained, and the Jianlong promotions and demotions were not used. During Yuanfeng, Vice Director Zhu Fu said: 'For the school sacrifice to the Cultured and Propagating King, the libationer and vice director serve as primary and secondary offerers, the assistant director as final offerer, and the chief invoker and ritual attendant are both drawn from Directorate school officials. But for the upper wu sacrifice to the Martial Achievement King, the libationer and vice director serve as primary offerers, while the secondary and final offerers, the reading of the prayer, and the bearing of silks are assigned by the Three-Rank Bureau to dispatched commissioners. Because the new bureaucratic system had not yet been implemented, the Military Academy was subordinate to the Bureau of Military Affairs and had few school officials, so right-selection officials were assigned. Now the Military Academy is subordinate to the Imperial University and already has numerous officials. We ask that all ceremonies be performed by this Directorate's own officials and that the Directorate of Sacrifices revise and enter this into the Sacrificial Regulations.

政和二年，武學諭張滋言：“《詩》雲‘赫赫南仲’、‘維師尚父’、‘文武吉甫’、‘顯允方叔’、‘王命召虎’、‘程伯休父’，是均為周將，功著聲詩，今昔所尊惟一尚父，而南仲、吉甫之徒不預配食，餘如卻縠之閱禮樂、敦詩書，尉繚以言為學者師法，不當棄而不錄，請並配食。 ”博士孫宗鑒亦請以黃石公配。後有司討論不定，國子監丞趙子崧復言之。

In the second year of Zhenghe, Military Academy Instructor Zhang Zi said: 'The Odes celebrate Nanzhong, the Grand Duke, Jifu, Fangshu, Hu of Zhao, and Xiufu of Cheng—all Zhou generals whose achievements are sung in verse. Yet only the Grand Duke is honored past and present, while Nanzhong, Jifu, and the like lack sacrificial shares. Others such as Que He, who reviewed ritual and music and promoted the classics, and Wei Liao, whom scholars take as a model in speech, ought not be abandoned unrecorded. We ask that they all receive sacrificial shares. ' Erudite Sun Zongjian also requested that the Yellow Stone Elder receive equal placement. Later the responsible offices deliberated without reaching a decision, and Assistant Director of the Imperial University Zhao Zisong raised the matter again.

宣和五年，禮部言：“武成王廟從祀，除本傳已有封爵者，其未經封爵之人，齊相管仲擬封涿水侯，大司馬田穰苴橫山侯，吳大將軍孫武滬瀆侯，越相范蠡遂武侯，燕將樂毅平虜侯，蜀丞相諸葛亮順興侯，魏西河守吳起封廣宗伯，齊將孫臏武清伯，田單昌平伯，趙將廉頗臨城伯，秦將王翦鎮山伯，漢前將軍李廣懷柔伯，吳將軍周瑜平虜伯。 ”於是釋奠日，以張良配享殿上，管仲、孫武、樂毅、諸葛亮、李勣並西向，田穰苴、范蠡、韓信、李靖、郭子儀並東向。東廡，白起、孫臏、廉頗、李牧、曹參、周勃、李廣、霍去病、鄧禹、馮異、吳漢、馬援、皇甫嵩、鄧艾、張飛、呂蒙、陸抗、杜預、陶侃、慕容恪、宇文憲、韋孝寬、楊素、賀若弼、李孝恭、蘇定方、王孝傑、王晙、李光弼，並西向；西廡，吳起、田單、趙奢、王翦、彭越、周亞夫、衛青、趙充國、寇恂、賈復、耿弇、段熲、張遼、關羽、周瑜、陸遜、羊祜、王濬、謝玄、王猛、王鎮惡、斛律光、王僧辯、於謹、吳明徹、韓擒虎、史萬歲、尉遲敬德、裴行儉、張仁亶、郭元振、李晟，並東向。凡七十二將雲。

In the fifth year of Xuanhe the Ministry of Rites reported: 'For collateral sacrifice at the Martial Achievement King temple, apart from those already enfeoffed in their biographies, proposed enfeoffments were: Qi chancellor Guan Zhong as Marquis of Zhuoshui, Grand Marshal Tian Rangju as Marquis of Hengshan, Wu grand general Sun Wu as Marquis of Hudu, Yue chancellor Fan Li as Marquis of Suiwu, Yan general Yue Yi as Marquis of Pinglu, Shu chancellor Zhuge Liang as Marquis of Shunxing, Wei defender of Xihe Wu Qi as Earl of Guangzong, Qi general Sun Bin as Earl of Wuqing, Tian Dan as Earl of Changping, Zhao general Lian Po as Earl of Lincheng, Qin general Wang Jian as Earl of Zhenshan, Han former general Li Guang as Earl of Huairou, and Wu general Zhou Yu as Earl of Pinglu. ' Thereupon on the day of the school sacrifice, Zhang Liang received equal placement in the main hall; Guan Zhong, Sun Wu, Yue Yi, Zhuge Liang, and Li Jie all faced west; Tian Rangju, Fan Li, Han Xin, Li Jing, and Guo Ziyi all faced east. In the eastern cloister, Bai Qi, Sun Bin, Lian Po, Li Mu, Cao Shen, Zhou Bo, Li Guang, Huo Qubing, Deng Yu, Feng Yi, Wu Han, Ma Yuan, Huangfu Song, Deng Ai, Zhang Fei, Lü Meng, Lu Kang, Du Yu, Tao Kan, Murong Ke, Yuwen Xian, Wei Xiaokuan, Yang Su, He Ruobi, Li Xiaogong, Su Dingfang, Wang Xiaojie, Wang Jun, and Li Guangbi all faced west; in the western cloister, Wu Qi, Tian Dan, Zhao She, Wang Jian, Peng Yue, Zhou Yafu, Wei Qing, Zhao Chongguo, Kou Xun, Jia Fu, Geng Yan, Duan Jiong, Zhang Liao, Guan Yu, Zhou Yu, Lu Xun, Yang Hu, Wang Jun, Xie Xuan, Wang Meng, Wang Zhen'e, Hulu Guang, Wang Sengbian, Yu Jin, Wu Mingche, Han Qinhu, Shi Wansui, Yuchi Jingde, Pei Xingjian, Zhang Renyuan, Guo Yuanzhen, and Li Sheng all faced east. In all, seventy-two generals.

紹興七年五月，太常博士黃積厚乞以仲春、仲秋上戊日行禮。十一年五月，國子監丞林保奏：“竊見昭烈武成王享以酒脯而不用牲牢，雖曰時方多事，禮用綿蕝，然非所以右武而勵將士也。乞今後上戊釋奠用牲牢，以管仲至郭子儀十八人祀於殿上。 ”從之。

In the fifth month of the seventh year of Shaoxing, Erudite of the Directorate of Sacrifices Huang Jihou requested that the rites be performed on the upper wu days of the second months of spring and autumn. In the fifth month of the eleventh year, Assistant Director Lin Bao memorialized: 'I observe that the Martial Achievement King of Illustrious Valor is offered wine and dried meat but not full sacrificial victims. Although the times were troubled and simple mats were used, this does not honor martial virtue and encourage generals and soldiers. We ask that hereafter the upper wu school sacrifice use full victims and that the eighteen from Guan Zhong to Guo Ziyi be sacrificed to in the main hall. ' The request was granted.

乾道六年，詔武成王廟升李晟於堂上，降李勣於李晟位次，仍以曹彬從祀。先是，紹興間，右正言都民望言：“李勣邪說誤國，唐祀幾滅，李晟有再造王室之勳；宜升李晟於堂上，置李勣於河間王孝恭之下。 ”至是，著作郎傅伯壽言：“武成廟從祀，出於唐開元間，一時銓次，失於太雜。如尹吉甫之伐玁狁，召虎之平淮夷，寔亞鷹揚之烈；陳湯、傅介子、馮奉世、班超之流，皆為有漢之雋功；在晉則謝安、祖逖，在唐則王忠嗣、張巡輩，皆不得預從祀之列。竊聞邇日議臣請以本朝名將從祀，謂宜並詔有司，討論曆代諸將，為之去取，然後與本朝名將，繪於殿廡，亦乞取建隆、建炎以來驍俊忠概之臣，功烈暴於天下者，參陪廟祀。 ”故有是命。

In the sixth year of Qiandao an edict ordered that at the Martial Achievement King temple Li Sheng be elevated to the main hall, Li Jie demoted to rank after Li Sheng, and Cao Bin still given collateral sacrifice. Earlier, during Shaoxing, Right Remonstrance Counselor Du Minwang said: 'Li Jie's heterodox doctrines misled the state and Tang sacrifices nearly perished, whereas Li Sheng restored the royal house; Li Sheng ought to be elevated to the main hall and Li Jie placed below the Prince of Hejian, Li Xiaogong. ' At this point, Compiler Fu Boshou said: 'Collateral sacrifice at the Martial Achievement temple originated in the Tang Kaiyuan era; the ranking of that time was done all at once and erred on excessive variety. Men such as Yin Jifu, who campaigned against the Xianyun, and Hu of Zhao, who pacified the Huaiyi, in truth rank just below the soaring hawk's martial glory; Chen Tang, Fu Jiezi, Feng Fengshi, Ban Chao, and the like all performed outstanding achievements for Han; in Jin there were Xie An and Zu Ti; in Tang there were Wang Zhongsi, Zhang Xun, and the like—all unable to enter the ranks of collateral sacrifice. I have heard that recently deliberating officials requested that famous generals of this dynasty receive collateral sacrifice. They hold that the authorities ought simultaneously deliberate on generals of successive dynasties and make selections, then together with famous generals of this dynasty paint them in the hall cloisters. I also ask that from Jianlong and Jianyan onward, fierce and loyal ministers whose achievements were manifest throughout the realm be admitted to temple sacrifices. ' Hence this edict.

先代陵廟及錄名臣後。建隆元年，詔：“前代帝王陵寢、忠臣賢士丘壟，或樵采不禁、風雨不芘，宜以郡國置戶以守，隳毀者修葺之。”

Ancestral Mausoleum Temples and Recording the Descendants of Famous Ministers. In the first year of Jianlong an edict stated: 'The mausoleums of former emperors and the mounds of loyal ministers and worthy scholars—where firewood gathering is not forbidden or wind and rain go unshielded—prefectures and commanderies should assign households to guard them, and damaged sites should be repaired.

乾德初，詔：“曆代帝王，國有常享，著於甲令，可舉而行。自五代亂離，百司廢墜，匱神乏祀，闕孰甚焉。按《祠令》，先代帝王，每三年一享，以仲春之月，牲用太牢，祀官以本州長官，有故則上佐行事。官造祭器，送諸陵廟。 ”又詔：“先代帝王，載在祀典，或廟貌猶在，久廢牲牢，或陵墓雖存，不禁樵采。其太昊、炎帝、黃帝、高辛、唐堯、虞舜、夏禹、成湯、周文王武王、漢高帝光武、唐高祖太宗，各置守陵五戶，歲春秋祠以太牢；商中宗太戊高宗武丁、周成王康王、漢文帝宣帝、魏太祖、晉武帝、後周太祖、隋高祖，各置三戶，歲一享以太牢；秦始皇帝、漢景帝武帝明帝章帝、魏文帝、後魏孝文帝、唐玄宗憲宗肅宗宣宗、梁太祖、後唐莊宗明宗、晉高祖，各置守陵兩戶，三年一祭以太牢；周桓王景王威烈王、漢元帝成帝哀帝平帝和帝殤帝安帝順帝衝帝質帝獻帝、魏明帝高貴鄉公陳留王、晉惠帝懷帝湣帝、西魏文帝、東魏孝靜帝、唐高宗中宗睿宗德宗順宗穆宗代宗敬宗文宗武宗懿宗僖宗昭宗、梁少帝、後唐末帝諸陵，常禁樵采。 ”尋又禁河南府民耕晉、漢廟壖地。凡諸陵有經開發者，有司造袞冕服、常服各一襲，具棺槨以葬，掩坎日，所在長吏致祭。

Early in Qiande an edict stated: 'Emperors of successive dynasties have regular state sacrifices recorded in statutory commands, which may be carried out. Since the turmoil of the Five Dynasties, the hundred offices have fallen into ruin, spirits lack offerings, and no gap is greater. According to the Shrine Regulations, former emperors receive a sacrifice every three years in the second month of spring, with grand-pen victims, the prefect serving as sacrificing official, and if prevented the chief aide performing the rites. Officials manufacture sacrificial vessels and send them to the various mausoleum temples. ' Another edict stated: 'Former emperors recorded in the sacrificial canon—some still have temple images standing but have long abandoned full victims, and some mausoleums still exist but do not forbid firewood gathering. For Taihao, Yandi, the Yellow Emperor, Gaoxin, Tang Yao, Yu Shun, Yu of Xia, Cheng Tang, King Wen and King Wu of Zhou, Gaozu and Guangwu of Han, and Gaozu and Taizong of Tang, five households guarding each mausoleum were assigned, with spring and autumn sacrifices using the grand pen; for Zhongzong, Taiwu, Gaozong, and Wuding of Shang; King Cheng and King Kang of Zhou; Emperor Wen and Emperor Xuan of Han; the Taizu of Wei; Emperor Wu of Jin; the Taizu of Later Zhou; and Gaozu of Sui, three households each were assigned, with one annual sacrifice using the grand pen; for the First Emperor of Qin; Emperor Jing, Emperor Wu, Emperor Ming, and Emperor Zhang of Han; Emperor Wen of Wei; Emperor Xiaowen of Later Wei; Emperor Xuanzong, Xianzong, Suzong, and Xuanzong of Tang; the Taizu of Liang; Zhuangzong and Mingzong of Later Tang; and Gaozu of Jin, two households guarding each mausoleum were assigned, with sacrifices every three years using the grand pen; the mausoleums of King Huan, King Jing, and King Weilie of Zhou; Emperor Yuan through Emperor Xian of Han; Emperor Ming of Wei, the Duke of Gaoguixiang, and the King of Chenliu; Emperor Hui, Emperor Huai, and Emperor Min of Jin; Emperor Wen of Western Wei; Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei; Emperor Gaozong through Emperor Zhaozong of Tang; the Young Emperor of Liang; and the Last Emperor of Later Tang permanently forbade firewood gathering. ' Shortly thereafter farming by the people of Henan Prefecture on the temple-border lands of Jin and Han was also forbidden. Whenever any mausoleum was opened by excavation, the responsible offices made one set each of ceremonial robes and ordinary dress, provided coffin and inner coffin for burial, and on the day the grave was closed the local chief officer performed sacrifice.

又詔前代功臣、烈士，詳其勳業優劣以聞。有司言：“齊孫臏晏嬰、晉程嬰公孫杵臼、燕樂毅、漢曹參陳平韓信周亞夫衛青霍去病霍光、蜀昭烈帝關羽張飛諸葛亮、唐房玄齡長孫無忌魏征李靖李勣尉遲恭渾瑊段秀實等，皆勳德高邁，為當時之冠；晉趙簡子、齊孟嚐君、趙趙奢、漢邴吉、唐高士廉唐儉岑文本馬周為之次；南燕慕容德、唐裴寂、元稹又次之。 ”詔孫臏等各置守塚三戶，趙簡子等各二戶，慕容德等禁樵采；其有開毀者，皆具棺槨、朝服以葬，掩坎日致祭，長吏奉行其事。

Another edict ordered that meritorious officials and martyrs of former dynasties have their achievements examined in detail and reported. The responsible offices said: 'Qi's Sun Bin and Yan Ying; Jin's Cheng Ying and Gongsun Chujiu; Yan's Yue Yi; Han's Cao Shen, Chen Ping, Han Xin, Zhou Yafu, Wei Qing, Huo Qubing, and Huo Guang; Shu's Liu Bei, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and Zhuge Liang; and Tang's Fang Xuanling, Zhangsun Wuji, Wei Zheng, Li Jing, Li Jie, Yuchi Gong, Hun Jian, and Duan Xiushi—all had lofty merit and virtue and were foremost in their times; Jin's Zhao Jianzi, Qi's Lord Mengchang, Zhao's Zhao She, Han's Bing Ji, and Tang's Gao Shilian, Tang Jian, Cen Wende, and Ma Zhou ranked next; Southern Yan's Murong De, Tang's Pei Ji, and Yuan Zhen ranked still lower. ' An edict ordered three households guarding the tombs for Sun Bin and the like, two households each for Zhao Jianzi and the like, and firewood gathering forbidden for Murong De and the like; wherever tombs were opened or damaged, coffin, inner coffin, and court dress were provided for burial, sacrifice was performed on the day the grave was closed, and the chief local officer carried out the matter.

熙寧元年，從知濮州韓鐸請：“堯陵在雷澤縣東穀林山，陵南有堯母慶都靈台廟，請敕本州春秋致祭，置守陵五戶，免其租，奉灑掃。 ”又以中丞鄧潤甫言，唐諸陵陵已定頃畝外，其餘許耕佃為守陵戶，餘並禁止。先是，仁宗嚐錄唐張九齡九代孫錫，狄仁傑裔孫國寶，郭子儀孫元亨，長孫無忌孫宏，皆命以官。神宗又錄魏征孫道嚴，段秀實十二世孫昊、八世孫文酉，仍復其家。

In the first year of Xining, following the request of Acting Prefect Han Duo of Puzhou: 'Yao's mausoleum is on Gulin Mountain east of Leize County; south of the mausoleum is the Spirit Terrace Temple of Yao's mother Qingdu. We ask that this prefecture be ordered to perform spring and autumn sacrifices, assign five households to guard the mausoleum, exempt their rents, and maintain sweeping and sprinkling. ' Following Censor Deng Runfu's statement, beyond the fixed acreage of Tang mausoleums, the remainder was permitted to be farmed and leased by mausoleum-guard households; all else was forbidden. Earlier, Renzong had enrolled Tang Zhang Jiuling's ninth-generation descendant Xi, Di Renjie's descendant Guobao, Guo Ziyi's grandson Yuanheng, and Zhangsun Wuji's grandson Hong, all ordering them given office. Shenzong further enrolled Wei Zheng's grandson Daoyan, Duan Xiushi's twelfth-generation descendant Hao and eighth-generation descendant Wenyou, and restored their families.

元祐六年，詔相州商王河亶甲塚、沂州費縣顏真卿墓並載祀典。先是，乾德中，定先代帝王配享儀，下諸州以時薦祭，牲用羊、豕，政和議禮局遂為定制。

In the sixth year of Yuanyou an edict ordered that the mound of He Dan, King of Shang of Heyi in Xiangzhou, and the tomb of Yan Zhenqing in Fei County, Yizhou, both be entered in the sacrificial canon. Earlier, in Qiande, the ritual for sacrifices to former emperors was fixed, sent down to the prefectures for timely offerings, with sheep and swine as victims; the Bureau for Deliberating on Ritual in Zhenghe then made this the established regulation.

初，紹興二年，駕部員外郎李願奏：“程嬰、公孫杵臼於趙最為功臣，神宗皇嗣未建，封嬰為成信侯，杵臼為忠智侯，命絳州立廟，歲時奉祀，其後皇嗣眾多。今廟宇隔絕，祭亦弗舉，宜於行在所設位望祭。 ”從之。十一年，中書舍人朱翌言：“謹按晉國屠岸賈之亂，韓厥正言以拒之，而嬰、杵臼皆以死匿其孤，卒立趙武，而趙祀不絕，厥之功也。宜載之祀典，與嬰、杵臼並享春秋之祀，亦足為忠義無窮之勸。 ”禮寺亦言：“崇寧間已封厥義成侯，今宜依舊立祚德廟致祭。 ”十六年，加嬰忠節成信侯，杵臼通勇忠智侯，厥忠定義成侯。後改封嬰疆濟公，杵臼英略公，厥啟侑公，升為中祀。

At first, in the second year of Shaoxing, Li Yuan of the Transport Office memorialized: 'Cheng Ying and Gongsun Chujiu were Zhao's greatest meritorious subjects. When Shenzong's imperial heir had not yet been established, Ying was enfeoffed as Marquis of Chengxin and Chujiu as Marquis of Zhongzhi, and Jiangzhou was ordered to erect a temple with seasonal sacrifices. Thereafter imperial heirs became numerous. Now the temple is cut off and sacrifices are no longer performed; it is fitting to set up seats at the traveling court and perform distant sacrifices. ' The request was granted. In the eleventh year, Secretariat Drafter Zhu Yi said: 'Carefully examining the turmoil of Tuo'an Jia in Jin, Han Jue spoke uprightly to resist him, while Ying and Chujiu both died hiding the orphan, ultimately establishing Zhao Wu so that Zhao sacrifices did not cease—this was Jue's achievement. He ought to be entered in the sacrificial canon and share spring and autumn sacrifices with Ying and Chujiu—this would also suffice as an endless encouragement to loyalty and righteousness. ' The Ritual Office also said: 'During Chongning, Jue was already enfeoffed as Marquis of Yicheng; now it is fitting to establish the Blessing-and-Virtue Temple as before and perform sacrifices. ' In the sixteenth year, Ying was further titled Marquis of Chengxin of Loyal Integrity, Chujiu Marquis of Zhongzhi of Universal Courage, and Jue Marquis of Yicheng of Loyal Determination. Later Ying was changed to Duke of Jiangji, Chujiu to Duke of Yinglue, and Jue to Duke of Qiyou, and they were elevated to secondary sacrifices.

諸祠廟。自開寶、皇祐以來，凡天下名在地誌，功及生民，宮觀陵廟，名山大川能興雲雨者，並加崇飾，增入祀典。熙寧復詔應祠廟祈禱靈驗，而未有爵號，並以名聞。於是太常博士王古請：“自今諸神祠無爵號者賜廟額，已賜額者加封爵，初封侯，再封公，次封王，生有爵位者從其本封。婦人之神封夫人，再封妃。其封號者初二字，再加四字。如此，則錫命馭神，恩禮有序。欲更增神仙封號，初真人，次真君。 ”大觀中，尚書省言，神祠加封爵等，未有定制，乃並給告、賜額、降敕。已而詔開封府毀神祠一千三十八區，遷其像入寺觀及本廟，仍禁軍民擅立大小祠。秘書監何誌同言：“諸州祠廟多有封爵未正之處，如屈原廟，在歸州者封清烈公，在潭州者封忠潔侯。永康軍李冰廟，已封廣濟王，近乃封靈應公。如此之類，皆未有祀典，致前後差誤。宜加稽考，取一高爵為定，悉改正之。他皆仿此。 ”故凡祠廟賜額、封號，多在熙寧、元祐、崇寧、宣和之時。

Various Shrines and Temples. From Kaibao and Huangyou onward, all places in the realm whose names were in local gazetteers, whose achievements reached the living people, palaces and temples and mausoleum temples, and famous mountains and great rivers able to raise clouds and rain were all given enhanced adornment and added to the sacrificial canon. In Xining another edict ordered that shrines and temples responding to prayers with spiritual efficacy but lacking noble titles all report by name. Thereupon Erudite Wang Gu of the Directorate of Sacrifices requested: 'From now on, spirit shrines without noble titles should be granted temple name plaques; those already granted plaques should receive additional enfeoffments—first marquis, then duke, then king; those who held titles in life follow their original enfeoffments. Female spirits are enfeoffed as Lady, and upon further enfeoffment as Consort. Their enfeoffment titles begin with two characters and upon addition receive four more. In this way, bestowed commands would govern the spirits and favor and ritual would be properly ordered. For immortal spirits additional titles were proposed: first Perfected Person, then Perfected Lord. ' During Daguan the Secretariat reported that adding enfeoffments to spirit shrines had no established regulation, so proclamations, granted name plaques, and issued edicts were all given together. Shortly thereafter an edict ordered Kaifeng Prefecture to destroy one thousand thirty-eight spirit shrines, move their images into monasteries and original temples, and forbid soldiers and civilians from erecting shrines on their own authority. Director of the Palace Library He Zhitong said: 'In shrines and temples throughout the prefectures many enfeoffments remain uncorrected. For example, Qu Yuan's temple is enfeoffed as Duke of Qinglie in Guizhou and as Marquis of Zhongjie in Tanzhou. The Li Bing temple in Yongkang Commandery had already been enfeoffed as King of Guangji, but was recently enfeoffed as Duke of Lingying. Cases of this sort all lacked entry in the sacrificial canon, causing inconsistencies over time. They should be examined and verified, the highest enfeoffment taken as the standard, and all corrected accordingly. All others should follow this model. ' Hence the granting of name plaques and enfeoffment titles to shrines and temples occurred mostly during Xining, Yuanyou, Chongning, and Xuanhe.

其新立廟：若何承矩、李允則守雄州，曹瑋帥秦州，李繼和節度鎮戎軍，則以有功一方者也。韓琦在中山，範仲淹在慶州，孫冕在海州，則以政有威惠者也。王承偉築祁州河堤，工部員外郎張夏築錢塘江岸，則以為人除患者也。封州曹覲、德慶府趙師旦、邕州蘇緘、恩州通判董元亨、指揮使馬遂，則死於亂賊者也。其王韶於熙河，李憲於蘭州，劉氵扈於水洛城，郭成於懷慶軍，折禦卿於嵐州，作坊使王吉於麟州神堂砦，各以功業建廟。寇準死雷州，人憐其忠，而趙普祠中山、韓琦祠相州，則以鄉里，皆載祀典焉。其他州縣嶽瀆、城隍、仙佛、山神、龍神、水泉江河之神及諸小祠，皆由禱祈感應，而封賜之多，不能盡錄雲。

Among newly established temples: He Chengjü and Li Yunze, who defended Xiongzhou; Cao Wei, who commanded Qinzhou; and Li Jihe, who governed Zhenrong Army—all were enshrined for meritorious service in a region. Han Qi in Zhongshan, Fan Zhongyan in Qingzhou, and Sun Mian in Haizhou were enshrined because their governance combined authority and kindness. Wang Chengwei, who built the Qizhou river embankment, and Zhang Xia of the Ministry of Works, who built the Qiantang River bank, were enshrined for removing harm from the people. Cao Jing of Fengzhou, Zhao Shidan of Deqing Prefecture, Su Jian of Yongzhou, Enzhou vice prefect Dong Yuanheng, and Commandant Ma Sui were enshrined for dying at the hands of rebellious bandits. Wang Shao at Xihe, Li Xian at Lanzhou, Liu Hu at Shuiluo City, Guo Cheng at Huaiqing Army, Zhe Yuqing at Lanzhou, and Workshop Commissioner Wang Ji at Shengtang Stockade in Linzhou each had temples established for their achievements. Kou Zhun died in Leizhou and people pitied his loyalty; temples to Zhao Pu in Zhongshan and Han Qi in Xiangzhou were established in their native places—all recorded in the sacrificial canon. Other prefectures and districts had shrines to peaks and streams, city gods, immortals and Buddhas, mountain spirits, dragon spirits, springs and rivers, and various minor shrines—all arising from responsive efficacy to prayers, with so many enfeoffments and grants that they cannot all be recorded here.

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