Volume 124 Treatises 77: Rites 27

禮二十七〈（凶禮三）〉 ○外國喪禮及入吊儀諸臣喪葬等儀

Rites 27 (Mourning Rites III) ○ Rites for Mourning in Foreign States, Condolence Reception Protocol, Officials' Funerals, and Related Ceremonies

凡外國喪，告哀使至，有司擇日設次於內東門之北隅，命官攝太常卿及博士讚禮。俟太常卿奏請，即向其國而哭之，五舉音而止。皇帝未釋素服，人使朝見，不宣班，不舞蹈，不謝麵天顏，引當殿，喝「拜」，兩拜，奏聖躬萬福。又喝「拜」，兩拜，隨拜萬歲。或增賜茶藥及傳宣撫問，即出班致詞，訖，歸位。又喝「拜」，兩拜，隨拜萬歲。喝「祗候」，退。

Whenever a foreign power suffered a death and sent an envoy to announce mourning, the responsible offices chose a day and pitched a tent at the northeast corner inside the Inner Eastern Gate, with officials deputizing as Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and ritual masters to conduct the ceremony. Once the acting Director of Imperial Sacrifices had memorialized and received approval, the emperor turned toward that state and wailed, stopping after five cries of mourning. So long as the emperor had not yet laid aside plain mourning dress, envoys from the bereaved state who came to audience were not announced in the full court roster, did not perform the dance obeisance, and did not give thanks for beholding the imperial face; they were led before the hall, called to bow twice, and offered a memorial wishing the Sacred Person ten thousand blessings. They were again called to bow twice, then bowed in homage for the emperor's longevity. If tea and medicine or an imperial message of consolation were additionally granted, they stepped out of formation to deliver an address and, when finished, returned to their places. They were again called to bow twice and then bowed in homage for the emperor's longevity. Called to pay their respects, they withdrew.

大中祥符二年十二月，北朝皇太后凶訃，遣使來告哀。詔遣官迓之，廢朝七日，擇日備禮舉哀成服，禮官詳定儀注以聞。其日，皇帝常服乘輿詣幕殿，俟時釋常服，服素服，白羅衫、黑銀帶、素紗軟腳襆頭。太常卿跪，奏請皇帝為北朝皇太后凶訃至掛服，又奏請五舉音。文武百僚進名奉慰，退幕殿。仍遣使祭奠吊慰。

In the twelfth month of the second year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1009), word came that the Liao empress dowager had died, and the Khitan court sent envoys to announce the mourning. An edict ordered officials to receive the envoys, suspended court audiences for seven days, and set a day for the full ritual of wailing and donning mourning dress; the ritual officers drafted the protocol in detail and reported it. On that day the emperor rode to the tent hall in ordinary dress; at the appointed hour he removed it and put on plain mourning: a white silk robe, black silver belt, and plain gauze soft-foot headwrap. The Director of Imperial Sacrifices knelt and asked the emperor to put on mourning for the Liao empress dowager's death, then requested five cries of mourning. Civil and military officials of every rank presented their names to offer condolences, then withdrew to the tent hall. The court also dispatched envoys to perform sacrificial rites and offer condolences.

三年正月，契丹賀正使為本國皇太後成服，所司設幕次、香、酒及衰服、絰、杖等，禮直官引使、副已下詣位，北向再拜。班首詣前，執盞跪奠，俯伏，興，歸位，皆再拜。俟使已下俱衰服、絰、杖，成服訖，禮直官再引各依位北向，舉哭盡哀。班首少前，去杖，跪，奠酒訖，執杖，俯伏，興，歸位。焚紙馬，皆舉哭，再拜畢，各還次，服吉服，歸驛。

In the first month of the third year, the Khitan New Year's envoy was observing full mourning for his state's empress dowager; the responsible offices set up a tent with incense, wine, mourning garments, hemp bands, and staffs, and ritual officers led the envoy, his deputy, and their party to their places, where they faced north and bowed twice. The head of the formation stepped forward, took the cup, knelt to offer libation, prostrated himself, rose, and returned to his place; all bowed twice again. Once the envoy and his party had all donned mourning garments, hemp bands, and staffs and completed the full mourning dress, ritual officers again led each man to his place facing north, where they wailed until grief was spent. The formation leader stepped slightly forward, set aside his staff, knelt and offered wine; when finished he took up the staff again, prostrated himself, rose, and returned to his place. Paper horses were burned; all wailed; when the second bows were completed each returned to his tent, changed into ordinary dress, and went back to the relay station.

天聖九年六月，契丹使來告哀。禮官詳定：北朝凶訃，宜於西上閣門引來使奉書，令閣門使一員跪受承進，宰臣、樞密使已下待制已上，並就都亭驛吊慰。七月一日，使者耶律乞石至，帝與皇太后發哀苑中，使者自驛赴左掖門入，至左升龍門下馬，入北偏門階下，行至右升龍北偏門，入朝堂西偏門，至文德殿門上奉書。太常博士二員與禮直官讚引入文德殿西偏門階下，行至西上閣門外階下，面北跪，進書。閣門使跪受承進。太常博士、禮直官退。使者入西上閣門殿後偏門，入宣祐西偏門，行赴內東門柱廊中間，過幕次祗候，朝見訖，赴崇政殿門幕次祗候，朝見皇太后訖，出。三日，近臣慰乞石於驛。

In the sixth month of the ninth year of Tiansheng (1031), a Khitan envoy arrived to announce mourning. The ritual officers determined the protocol: for a death in the Liao court, the mourning envoy should be led in at the Western Upper Pavilion Gate to present his document, with one Gate Department attendant kneeling to receive and forward it; the chief ministers, the Commissioner of Military Affairs, and all officials from Attendant-in-Waiting rank upward were to offer condolences at the Capital Pavilion Station. On the first day of the seventh month the envoy Yelü Qishi arrived; the emperor and empress dowager began mourning in the palace garden; the envoy left the relay station, entered through the Left Flank Gate, dismounted at the Left Ascending Dragon Gate, passed through the north side gates and the west side gate of the Audience Hall, and presented his document at the gate of the Hall of Literary Virtue. Two Masters of Ceremony and ritual officers led him in below the west side gate of the Hall of Literary Virtue, then to the steps outside the Western Upper Pavilion Gate, where they knelt facing north and presented the document. A Gate Department attendant knelt to receive and forward it. The Masters of Ceremony and ritual officers withdrew. The envoy entered through the rear side gate of the Western Upper Pavilion Gate hall and the west side gate of Xuanyou, proceeded to the pillar corridor at the Inner Eastern Gate, waited at the mourning tent, completed his audience with the emperor, then waited at the tent by the Gate of the Hall of Esteeming Governance for his audience with the empress dowager, and departed. On the third day, close ministers offered condolences to Qishi at the relay station.

嘉祐三年正月，契丹告國母哀。使人到闕入見，皇帝問云：「卿離北朝日，侄皇帝悲苦之中，聖躬萬福。」朝辭日，即云：「皇帝傳語北朝侄皇帝，嬸太皇太后上仙，遠勞人使訃告。春寒，善保聖躬。」中書、樞密以下、待制已上赴驛吊慰，云：「竊審北朝太皇太后上仙，伏惟悲苦。」五月，獻遺留物。

In the first month of the third year of Jiayou (1058), the Khitan court announced the death of the state mother. When the envoy reached the capital and was received in audience, the emperor asked: "On the day you left the Liao court, while the nephew emperor was in the depths of grief, was his Sacred Person in good health?" On the day of his farewell audience the emperor said: "Convey to the Liao nephew emperor: your aunt the grand empress dowager has passed away; we are grateful that you sent envoys from afar to announce the mourning. The spring is still cold; take good care of yourself." Officials of the Secretariat and Military Affairs Commission from Attendant-in-Waiting rank upward went to the relay station to offer condolences, saying: "We have learned that the Liao grand empress dowager has passed away; we can only imagine your grief." In the fifth month they presented goods left by the deceased.

明道元年十一月二十四日敕：夏王趙德明薨，特輟朝三日，令司天監定舉哀掛服日辰。其日，乘輿至幕殿，服素服。太常博士引太常卿當御坐前跪，奏請皇帝為夏王趙德明薨舉哀，又奏請十五舉音，又奏請可止。文武百僚進名奉慰。告哀使、副已下朝見，首領並從人作兩班見。先首領見，兩拜後，班首奏聖躬萬福。又兩拜，隨拜萬歲。喝賜例物酒食，跪受。起，又兩拜，隨拜萬歲。喝「各祗候」，退。從人儀同。是日，皇太后至幕殿，釋常服，白羅大袖、白羅大帶，舉哀如皇帝儀。其遣使致祭吊慰，如契丹。

An edict of the twenty-fourth day of the eleventh month of the first year of Mingdao (1032): Zhao Deming, King of Xia, has died; court audiences are specially suspended for three days, and the Directorate of Astronomy is to set the day and hour for wailing and donning mourning dress. On that day the emperor rode to the tent hall in plain mourning dress. A Master of Ceremony led the Director of Imperial Sacrifices to kneel before the throne and asked the emperor to wail for Zhao Deming's death, then requested fifteen cries of mourning, and finally asked that he might stop. Civil and military officials of every rank presented their names to offer condolences. The mourning envoy, his deputy, and their party were received in audience; the leaders and attendants were arranged in two formations. The leaders were received first; after two bows the head of the formation wished the Sacred Person ten thousand blessings. They bowed twice again, then bowed in homage for the emperor's longevity. They were called forward to receive the customary gifts of goods, wine, and food and knelt to accept them. They rose, bowed twice again, and bowed in homage for the emperor's longevity. Called to pay their respects, they withdrew. The attendants followed the same protocol. That same day the empress dowager came to the tent hall, removed her ordinary dress, put on white silk large sleeves and a white silk belt, and wailed according to the emperor's protocol. The dispatch of envoys to perform sacrifice and offer condolences followed the same protocol used for the Khitan.

所司預於滋福殿設大行皇帝神御坐，又於稍東設御坐。祭奠吊慰使、副並素服，由西上閣門入，陳禮物於庭。中書、門下、樞密院並立於殿下，再拜訖，升殿，分東西立。禮直官、閣門舍人讚引耶律三隱等詣神御坐前階下，俟殿上簾卷，使、副等並舉哭，殿上皆哭。再拜訖，引升殿西階，詣神御坐前上香、奠茶酒。貽謀跪讀祭文畢，降階，復位，又舉哭，再拜訖，稍東立。俟皇太后升坐，中書、樞密院起居畢，簾外侍立。舍人引吊慰祭奠使、副朝見。殿上舉哭，左右皆哭。吊慰使、副蕭日新等升殿進書訖，降坐。俟皇帝升坐，中書、樞密院起居畢，升殿侍立。舍人引吊慰祭奠使、副朝見。皇帝舉哭，左右皆哭。吊慰使、副耶律寧等升殿進書訖，賜三隱等襲衣、冠帶、器幣、鞍馬，隨行舍利、牙校等衣服、銀帶、器幣有差。吊慰使、副蕭日新等復詣承明殿，俟皇太后升坐，中書、樞密院侍立如儀。舍人引蕭日新等升殿進問聖候書畢，賜銀器、衣著有差。仍就客省賜三隱等茶酒，又令樞密副使張士遜別會三隱等伴宴於都亭驛。

The responsible offices beforehand set up the late emperor's spirit seat in the Hall of Blessings and Fortune, with an imperial seat placed slightly to the east. The sacrificial and condolence envoys and their deputies, all in plain mourning dress, entered through the Western Upper Pavilion Gate and displayed their ritual gifts in the courtyard. The Secretariat, Chancellery, and Military Affairs Commission all stood below the hall; after bowing twice they ascended and took their places on the east and west sides. Ritual officers and Gate Department attendants led Yelü Sanyin and his party to the steps before the spirit seat; when the hall curtain was raised the envoys and their deputies all wailed, and everyone in the hall wailed with them. After bowing twice they were led up the west steps to the spirit seat to offer incense and present tea and wine. Yimou knelt and read the sacrificial text to completion, descended the steps, returned to his place, wailed again, and after bowing twice stood slightly to the east. Once the empress dowager had taken her seat and the Secretariat and Military Affairs Commission had paid their greetings, they stood in attendance outside the curtain. Attendants led the condolence and sacrificial envoys and their deputies in for audience. Those in the hall wailed, and everyone on either side wailed with them. The condolence envoys Xiao Rixin and his deputies ascended the hall and presented their documents, then descended. Once the emperor had taken his seat and the Secretariat and Military Affairs Commission had paid their greetings, they ascended to stand in attendance. Attendants led the condolence and sacrificial envoys and their deputies in for audience. The emperor wailed, and everyone on either side wailed with him. The condolence envoys Yelü Ning and his deputies ascended the hall and presented their documents; Sanyin and his party were granted court robes, caps and belts, vessels, silks, and saddled horses, while accompanying relic guardians, military officers, and others received graded gifts of clothing, silver belts, vessels, and silks. The condolence envoys Xiao Rixin and his deputies then went to the Hall of Illuminated Succession; once the empress dowager had taken her seat the Secretariat and Military Affairs Commission stood in attendance as prescribed. Attendants led Xiao Rixin and his party up to present their document inquiring after the empress dowager's health; they were then granted silver vessels and clothing in graded amounts. Sanyin and his party were additionally granted tea and wine at the Reception Office, and Vice Commissioner of Military Affairs Zhang Shixun was ordered to host a separate banquet for them at the Capital Pavilion Station.

英宗即位，契丹使來賀乾元節，命先進書奠梓宮，見於東階。放夏國使人見，客省以書幣入，後吊慰使見殿門外。契丹祭奠使見於皇儀殿東廂，群臣慰於門外。使人辭於紫宸殿，命坐賜茶。故事賜酒五行，自是，終諒闇，皆賜茶。

When Emperor Yingzong ascended the throne, Khitan envoys arrived to congratulate the Qianyuan Festival; they were ordered first to present documents and offer libation at the imperial coffin, and were received on the east steps. The Xia envoys were granted an audience; the Reception Office brought in their documents and gifts; afterward the condolence envoys were received outside the hall gate. The Khitan sacrificial envoys were received in the east wing of the Hall of Imperial Rites, while the assembled ministers offered condolences outside the gate. The envoys took their leave at the Hall of Purple Brightness, were seated, and granted tea. By precedent five rounds of wine were served; from this time onward, throughout the entire mourning period, only tea was granted.

神宗之喪，夏國陳慰使丁努嵬名謨鐸、副使呂則、陳聿精等進慰表於皇儀門外，退赴紫宸殿門，賜帛有差。

At Emperor Shenzong's mourning, the Xia condolence envoys Ding Nuweiming Moduo, his deputy Lü Ze, Chen Yujing, and others presented their condolence memorial outside the Gate of Imperial Rites, then withdrew to the Gate of the Hall of Purple Brightness, where they received graded gifts of silk.

元祐初，高麗入貢，有太皇太后表及進奉物。樞密院請遵故事，惟答以皇帝回諭敕書。已而宣仁聖烈太后崩，禮部、太常、閣門同詳定：高麗奉慰使人於小祥前後到闕，令於紫宸殿門見，客省受表以進，賜器物、酒饌，退，並常服、黑帶、不佩魚。候見罷，純吉服。

Early in the Yuanyou era, Koryŏ sent tribute including a memorial to the grand empress dowager and presentation goods. The Military Affairs Commission requested that precedent be followed: reply only with the emperor's responsive edict. Soon afterward the Sagely and Fierce Grand Empress Dowager Xuanren died; the Ministry of Rites, Court of Imperial Sacrifices, and Gate Department jointly determined the protocol: if Koryŏ condolence envoys arrived around the time of the lesser auspicious rite, they were to be received at the Gate of the Hall of Purple Brightness; the Reception Office would receive their memorial and present it; they would be granted vessels, wine, and food and withdraw—all in ordinary dress with black belts, without wearing the fish tally. After the audience was completed, they changed into full ordinary dress.

淳熙十四年，金國吊祭使到闕，惟皇帝先詣梓宮行燒香禮，及使入門祭訖，皆就幄舉哭外，陳設行事並如先朝舊儀。其奉辭日，有司亦先設神御坐及設香案、茶酒、果食盤台於幾筵殿上。宰執升殿分東西立，侍從官於殿下西面立。使、副入門，殿上下皆哭，使、副升殿，哭止。使、副詣神坐前一拜，上香、奠茶、三奠酒畢，拜，興，讀祭文官跪讀祭文，一拜，興，殿上下皆哭。使、副俱降，歸位立，又再拜訖，退。

In the fourteenth year of Chunxi (1187), Jin condolence and sacrificial envoys reached the capital; apart from the emperor's prior visit to the coffin palace to burn incense and the wailing at the mourning tent after the envoys entered and completed their sacrifice, the display of ritual objects and conduct of the ceremony followed the protocols of earlier reigns. On the day of their farewell audience, the responsible offices also set up the spirit seat in advance, along with an incense table and trays of tea, wine, and fruit on the hall of the spirit couch. The chief ministers ascended the hall and took their places on the east and west sides; attendant officials stood on the west side below the hall. The envoys and their deputies entered; everyone in the hall wailed; the envoys ascended the hall and the wailing ceased. The envoys and their deputies approached the spirit seat and bowed once, offered incense, presented tea, and completed three libations of wine; they bowed and rose; the official reading the sacrificial text knelt, read it, bowed once and rose; everyone in the hall wailed. The envoys and their deputies both descended, returned to their places, bowed twice again, and withdrew.

諸臣之喪，國製：諸王、公主、宗室將軍以上有疾，皆乘輿臨問。如小疾在家，或幸其第，有至三四者。其宮邸在禁中，多不時而往。惟宰相、使相、駙馬都尉疾亟，幸其第，或賜勞加禮焉。

For the mourning of officials, state regulation held that whenever princes, princesses, and imperial clansmen of General rank and above fell ill, the emperor always went in person to inquire after them. For minor illnesses at home, the emperor might visit their residence, sometimes as many as three or four times. If their residence was within the Forbidden City, he often visited at irregular hours. Only when the chief minister, a commissioner holding ministerial rank, or the Commandant-in-Chief of the Imperial Sons-in-Law was gravely ill did the emperor visit their residence, sometimes bestowing additional gifts and ceremonial honors.

建隆元年七月，宰相範質有疾，太祖親幸其第，賜黃金、銀、絹有差。開寶二年，趙普有疾，帝再往視，賜銀器、絹甚厚。太平興國中，鎮寧軍節度楊信久病喑，忽能言，帝異之，遽幸其第，加賜賚。大中祥符三年三月，鎮安軍節度使、駙馬都尉石保吉疾亟，帝將臨視之，其日大忌，宰相言於禮非便，遂遣內侍以諭保吉，明日始臨省焉。六月，幸翰林侍講學士邢昺第視疾，賜白金千兩、衣著千匹、名藥一奩。

In the seventh month of the first year of Jianlong (960), Chief Minister Fan Zhi fell ill; Taizu personally visited his home and granted him graded gifts of gold, silver, and silk. In the second year of Kaibao (969), Zhao Pu fell ill; the emperor visited him a second time and granted him a generous gift of silver vessels and silk. During the Taiping Xingguo era (976–983), Zhenning Army Commissioner Yang Xin had long been ill and unable to speak; when he suddenly regained his voice the emperor was astonished and hastened to his home with additional gifts. In the third month of the third year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1010), Zhen'an Army Commissioner and Commandant-in-Chief of Imperial Sons-in-Law Shi Baoji was gravely ill; the emperor intended to visit him, but that day was a major taboo day and the chief minister said a visit would be ritually improper, so a palace attendant was sent to inform Baoji that the emperor would visit the following day. In the sixth month the emperor visited Hanlin Academician-Reader Xing Bing at his home to inquire after his illness, granting him one thousand taels of white gold, one thousand bolts of clothing, and a casket of renowned medicines.

熙寧七年十二月，詔頒新式，凡臨幸問疾者賜銀、絹，宰臣及樞密使帶使相者二千五百兩匹，樞密使、使相二千兩匹，知樞密院事、參知政事、樞密副使、同知樞密院事一千五百兩匹，簽書樞密院事、同簽書樞密院事、宣徽使七百五十兩匹，殿前都指揮使一千五百兩匹，駙馬都尉任使相以下者二千五百兩匹，任節度觀察留後以下者一千五百兩匹，並入內內侍省取賜。

In the twelfth month of the seventh year of Xining (1074), an edict promulgated new regulations for gifts of silver and silk on personal visits to inquire after illness: chief ministers and Commissioners of Military Affairs holding ministerial rank received 2,500 taels and bolts; Commissioners of Military Affairs and commissioners with ministerial rank 2,000; Directors of the Military Affairs Commission, Vice Directors of the Secretariat, Vice Commissioners of Military Affairs, and Associate Directors 1,500; Signers of the Military Affairs Commission, Associate Signers, and Commissioners of the Palace Domestic Service 750; Commanders-in-Chief of the Palace Front Command 1,500; Commandants-in-Chief of Imperial Sons-in-Law below commissioner with ministerial rank 2,500; those below Military Governor and Observation Commissioner 1,500—all distributed through the Inner Palace Attendant Service.

車駕臨奠。《太常新禮》：宰相、樞密、宣徽使、參知政事、樞密副使、駙馬都尉薨，皆臨幸奠酹，及發引，乘輿或再往。咸平二年，工部侍郎、樞密副使楊礪卒，即日冒雨臨其喪。大中祥符元年，殿前都虞候、端州防禦使李繼和卒，真宗將臨其喪，以問宰臣，對曰：「繼和以品秩實無此禮。陛下敦序外族，先朝亦嘗臨杜審瓊之喪，於禮無嫌。」帝然之，即日幸其第。

The emperor attends funerals in person to pour libation. According to the New Rites of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, when the chief minister, Commissioner of Military Affairs, Commissioner of the Palace Domestic Service, Vice Director of the Secretariat, Vice Commissioner of Military Affairs, or Commandant-in-Chief of Imperial Sons-in-Law died, the emperor always visited in person to pour libation, and sometimes went again when the coffin was borne away. In the second year of Xianping (999), Vice Minister of Works and Vice Commissioner of Military Affairs Yang Li died; the emperor braved the rain that same day to attend his funeral. In the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1008), Chief Commandant of the Palace Front Command and Duanzhou Defense Commissioner Li Jihe died; Emperor Zhenzong intended to attend his funeral and asked the chief minister, who replied: "By rank and grade Jihe is not entitled to this honor. Your Majesty values ties with affinal kin, and the former court also attended the funeral of Du Shenqiong—there is no ritual objection." The emperor agreed and visited his home that same day.

康定二年，右正言、知制誥吳育奏：「臣竊見車駕每有臨奠臣僚、宗戚之家，皆即時出幸，道路不戒，羽衛不全，從官奔馳，眾目驚異。萬乘法駕，豈慎重之意乎？雖震悼方切於皇慈；而舉動貴合乎經禮。臣竊詳《通禮》舊儀，蓋俟喪家成服，然後臨奠，於事不迫，在禮亦宜。臣愚欲乞今後車駕如有臨奠去處，乞俟本家既斂成服，然後出幸，則恩意容典，詳而得中，警蹕羽儀，備之有素。」事下禮官議：「遭喪之家，有出殯日乃成服者，恐至時難行臨奠。請自今聖駕臨奠臣僚、宗戚之家，若奏訃在交未前，即傳宣閣門，隻於當日令所屬候儀衛備，奏請車駕出幸；若奏訃在交未後，即次日臨奠。庶使羽衛整肅，於事為宜。」詔可。

In the second year of Kangding (1041), Right Remonstrator and Drafter of Edicts Wu Yu memorialized: "I have observed that whenever the imperial carriage attends the funeral of an official or imperial kinsman, it sets out immediately without securing the roads, without a full guard escort, with attendant officials rushing about—a sight that startles all who see it. Is this how the chariot of the Son of Heaven ought to express careful regard? Though the shock of bereavement weighs deeply upon Your Majesty's compassionate heart; yet Your Majesty's actions ought above all to conform to canonical ritual. I have examined the old protocol in the Comprehensive Rites, which generally calls for waiting until the bereaved family has completed dressing in mourning before the emperor attends to offer libations; this avoids undue haste and is ritually appropriate. I humbly request that hereafter, whenever the imperial carriage is to attend a funeral offering, it wait until the family has completed encoffinement and donned mourning dress before departing; thus imperial favor and ceremonial dignity will be both ample and properly measured, and the route guards and full guard escort will be prepared in advance." The matter was referred to the Board of Rites. They reported: "Some bereaved families do not complete mourning dress until the day of the funeral procession; we fear that at that point an imperial libation visit would be impracticable. We propose that hereafter, when the emperor attends a funeral at the home of an official or imperial kinsman, if word of death arrives before the jiaowei hour—that is, before late afternoon—the Palace Gate office should be notified at once so that the responsible officials can prepare the guard escort that same day and memorialize for the emperor's departure; If word arrives after the jiaowei hour, the imperial visit should take place the following day. This will allow the guard escort to be properly assembled—a fitting arrangement for such occasions." The edict approved the proposal.

其儀：乘輿自內出，千牛將軍四人執戈，一人執桃，一人執茢，前導。車駕將至所幸之第，讚禮者引喪主哭於大門內，望見乘輿，止哭，再拜，立於庭。皇帝至幕殿，改素服就臨，喪主內外再拜。皇帝哭，十五舉音，喪主內外皆哭。皇帝詣祭所三奠酒，喪主已下再拜。皇帝退，止哭。從官進名奉慰。皇帝改常服還內。

The protocol was as follows: the imperial carriage departed from within the palace, preceded by four Thousand-Ox Generals bearing halberds, one with a peach-wood staff, and one with a spiritual-herb staff. As the imperial carriage approached the residence, the master of ceremonies led the chief mourner to wail inside the main gate. Upon sighting the carriage, the mourner ceased wailing, bowed twice, and stood in the courtyard. Upon reaching the curtained hall, the emperor changed into plain white mourning dress and approached to attend; the chief mourner and the household, within and without, bowed twice. The emperor wailed, raising his voice fifteen times, and the chief mourner and entire household wailed with him. The emperor proceeded to the offering site and poured libations three times; the chief mourner and all those in attendance bowed twice. When the emperor withdrew, wailing ceased. Attendant officials came forward to register their names and offer condolences. The emperor changed back into ordinary dress and returned to the palace.

《通禮》著：皇帝臨諸王、妃、主、外祖父母、皇后父母、宗戚、貴臣等喪，出宮服常服，至所臨處變服素服。《天聖喪葬令》：皇帝臨臣之喪，一品服錫衰，三品已上緦衰，四品已下疑衰。皇太子臨吊三師、三少則錫衰，宮臣四品已上緦衰，五品已下疑衰。

The Comprehensive Rites stipulates that when attending the funerals of princes, consorts, princesses, maternal grandparents, the empress's parents, imperial kin, and high ministers, the emperor departs the palace in ordinary dress and changes into plain white mourning garments upon arrival. The Tian Sheng Funeral Ordinances specify that when attending an official's funeral, the emperor wears fine-cut mourning for deaths of first-rank officials, coarse hemp mourning for third rank and above, and standard hemp mourning for fourth rank and below. When the crown prince attends the funeral of a Three Preceptor or Three Junior Preceptor, he wears fine-cut mourning; for palace officials of fourth rank and above, coarse hemp mourning; for fifth rank and below, standard hemp mourning.

輟朝之制。《禮院例冊》：文武官一品、二品喪，輟視朝二日，於便殿舉哀掛服。文武官三品喪，輟視朝一日，不舉哀掛服。然其車駕臨問並特輟朝日數，各係聖恩。一品、二品喪皆以翰林學士已下為監護葬事，以內侍都知已下為同監護葬事。葬日，輟視朝一日，皆取旨後行。慶曆五年四月，禮院奏：「準度支員外郎、集賢校理知院曾公亮奏：『朝廷行輟朝禮，並乞以聞哀之明日輟朝，其假日便以充數，仍為永例。如值其日前殿須坐，則禮有重輕，自可略輕而為重，更不行輟朝之禮。』臣今看詳公亮所奏，誠於輟朝之間適宜順變。然慮君臣恩禮之情有所未盡，欲乞除人使見辭、春秋二宴合當舉樂，即於次日輟朝，餘乞依公亮所奏。」詔可。

Suspension of Court Audiences. According to the Board of Rites precedent records, upon the death of a civil or military official of first or second rank, court audiences were suspended for two days, and the emperor performed lamentation and donned mourning dress in a side hall. For officials of third rank, court audiences were suspended for one day only, without lamentation or donning mourning dress. However, the number of days suspended when the emperor personally visited, or when extraordinary suspensions were granted, all depended on the emperor's special favor. For first- and second-rank deaths, a Hanlin Academician or lower served as supervisor of funeral arrangements, assisted by a eunuch commissioner-in-chief or lower as co-supervisor. On the day of burial, court audiences were suspended for one day; all such measures were carried out only after receiving the emperor's approval. In the fourth month of the fifth year of Qingli (1045), the Board of Rites reported: "Pursuant to the memorial of Fiscal Commissioner Zeng Gongliang, Chief of the Board of Rites: 'When the court observes the ritual of suspending audiences upon a death, audiences should be suspended starting the day after word of bereavement arrives; those days should count toward the prescribed total, and this should be established as permanent precedent. If on those days the main hall must be used for scheduled court business, ritual priority permits setting aside the lesser observance in favor of the greater, and the suspension need not be observed.' We have reviewed Gongliang's proposal and find it a reasonable and flexible adaptation of suspension protocol. Yet we fear this may not fully honor the bond of grace and ritual between sovereign and minister. We propose that except when envoys' farewell audiences or the spring and autumn banquets require music, suspension should begin the day after word arrives; in all other cases Gongliang's proposal should apply." The edict approved.

太平興國六年，守司空兼門下侍郎平章事薛居正薨，準禮，一品喪合輟二日，詔特輟三日。其後鄧王錢俶、太師趙普、右僕射李沆薨，皆一品，合輟二日，詔並特輟五日。二品、三品者，亦有特輟焉。太平興國九年，右諫議大夫、參知政事李穆卒，準禮，諫議大夫不合輟朝，特輟一日。

In the sixth year of Taiping Xingguo (981), Grand Councilor Xue Juzheng died; by regulation a first-rank death warranted two days' suspension, but an edict ordered a special three-day suspension. Later, when Prince of Deng Qian Chu, Grand Preceptor Zhao Pu, and Vice Director Li Hang died—all first rank and normally entitled to two days—the court each time ordered special suspensions of five days. Second- and third-rank officials also received special suspensions on occasion. In the ninth year of Taiping Xingguo (984), Participation Secretary Li Mu died; by regulation a Remonstrator did not qualify for suspended court, but the emperor ordered a special one-day suspension.

開寶二年，羅彥瑰、魏仁浦薨，以郊祀及軍事不輟朝。景德四年，同平章事王顯薨，以皇帝朝拜諸陵，吉凶難於相干，更不輟朝。康定元年，光祿卿鄭立卒，禮官舉故事輟朝，台官言：「卿、監職任疏遠，恩禮不稱。」自後遂不輟朝。

In the second year of Kaibao (969), when Luo Yankui and Wei Renpu died, court was not suspended due to scheduled suburban sacrifices and military affairs. In the fourth year of Jingde (1007), when Grand Councilor Wang Xian died, the emperor was paying homage at the imperial tombs; since auspicious and inauspicious rites could not easily coincide, court was not suspended. In the first year of Kangding (1040), when Director of Palace Supplies Zheng Li died, the Board of Rites invoked precedent for suspension; the censorate objected: "Directors and commissioners hold remote posts; their rank does not warrant such imperial honor." Thereafter such deaths no longer triggered suspension of court.

孝宗乾道三年四月一日，太常寺言：「皇伯母秀王夫人薨，輟朝五日，內二日不視事。乞自今月二日為始，輟朝至六日止，其二日、三日並不視事。」從之。

On the first day of the fourth month of the third year of Qiandao (1167), the Court of Imperial Sacrifices reported: "The emperor's grand-aunt-by-marriage, Lady of the Elegant Prince, has died. Court is to be suspended for five days, of which two days the emperor will not conduct state business. We request suspension from the second of this month through the sixth, with the second and third days included among those when the emperor does not conduct state business." The request was approved.

舉哀掛服。尚舍設次於廣德殿或講武殿、大明殿，其後皆於後苑壬地。前一日，所司預設舉哀所幕殿，周以簾帷，色用青素。其日，皇帝常服乘輿詣幕殿，侍臣奏請降輿，俟時釋常服，服素服，白羅衫、黑銀腰帶、素紗軟腳襆頭。太常博士引太常卿當御坐前跪，奏請皇帝為某官薨舉哀，又請舉哭，十五舉音，又奏請可止。中書、門下、文武百官進名於崇政殿門外奉慰。皇帝釋素服，服常服，乘輿還內。

Lamentation and Donning Mourning Dress. The Directorate of Palace Supplies prepared the venue at Guangde Hall, Jiangwu Hall, or Daming Hall; later all such ceremonies were held at the ren site in the rear imperial garden. On the day before, the responsible offices erected a curtained mourning hall, draped with curtains in greenish-black. On that day the emperor rode to the curtained hall in ordinary dress; attendants memorialized for him to alight, and at the appointed hour he changed into plain white mourning dress—a white gauze shirt, black-silver belt, and plain gauze soft-footed headwrap. A ritual doctor led the Director of Imperial Sacrifices to kneel before the imperial seat and request the emperor to lament the death of the official in question; after requesting the lamentation, the emperor raised his voice fifteen times, whereupon the director memorialized that wailing might cease. Officials of the Department of State Affairs, the Chancellery, and the civil and military bureaucracy registered their names outside the Gate of Reverence for Governance to offer condolences. The emperor removed his mourning dress, resumed ordinary dress, and returned to the palace.

真宗乳母秦國延壽保聖夫人卒，以太宗喪始期，疑舉哀，禮官言：「《通禮》：皇帝為乳母緦麻。按《喪葬令》：皇帝為緦，一舉哀止。秦國夫人保傅聖躬，宜備哀榮。況太宗之喪已終易月之制，今為乳母發哀，合於禮典。」從之。

When Emperor Zhenzong's wet nurse, Lady of Qin, Prolonged Life and Keeper of the Sacred Person, died, the question arose whether to perform lamentation because Emperor Taizong's mourning period had only just reached its first anniversary. The Board of Rites cited the Comprehensive Rites: "The emperor wears coarse hemp mourning for a wet nurse. According to the Funeral Ordinances, sī-mourning requires only a single lamentation. The Lady of Qin had nurtured and tutored the emperor from infancy and deserved full mourning honors. Moreover, the mourning period for Emperor Taizong had already passed its first anniversary; lamenting the wet nurse now accorded with ritual propriety." The proposal was approved.

康定二年，皇子壽國公昕薨，年二歲，禮官言：「已有爵命，宜同成人。」遂發哀成服。熙寧十年，永國公薨，係無服之殤，詔特舉哀成服。

In the second year of Kangding, the two-year-old Imperial Prince Shouguo, Duke Xin, died. The Board of Rites held that because he had already received a title, he should be treated as an adult." Lamentation and full mourning dress followed. In the tenth year of Xining (1077), Duke Yongguo died as an infant requiring no mourning obligation, but an edict specially ordered lamentation and mourning dress.

輟樂。太平興國七年十月，中書言：「今月七日乾明節，選定二十二日大宴。」二十日，參知政事竇偁卒，明日，皇帝親幸其第，臨喪慟哭，設奠還宮，即令罷宴。有司奏：「伏以百司告備，六樂在庭，睿聖至仁，聞哀而罷，是以顯君父愛慈之道，勵臣子忠孝之心。伏請宣付史館，傳錄美實。」詔可。

Suspension of Music. In the tenth month of the seventh year of Taiping Xingguo (982), the Department of State Affairs reported: "The seventh of this month is the Qianming Festival, with a grand banquet scheduled for the twenty-second." On the twentieth, Participation Secretary Dou Cheng died. The next day the emperor visited his home in person, mourned at the bier, offered libations, and upon returning to the palace immediately ordered the banquet cancelled. The responsible offices memorialized: "All departments had completed preparations and the Six Musical Modes awaited performance in the hall. The sage and benevolent emperor, upon hearing of bereavement, cancelled the banquet—thereby exemplifying a ruler's compassionate love and inspiring loyalty and filial devotion among his ministers. We respectfully request that this be transmitted to the Historiography Office for recording." The edict approved.

賻贈。凡近臣及帶職事官薨，非詔葬者，如有喪訃及遷葬，皆賜賻贈，鴻臚寺與入內內侍省以舊例取旨。其嘗踐兩府或任近侍者，多增其數，絹自五百匹至五十匹，錢自五十萬至五萬，又賜羊酒有差，其優者仍給米麥香燭。自中書、樞密而下至兩省五品、三司三館職事、內職、軍校並執事禁近者亡歿，及父母、近親喪，皆有贈賜。宗室期、功、袒免、乳母、殤子及女出適者，各有常數。其特恩加賜者，各以輕重為隆殺焉。

Funeral Gifts and Grants. Whenever a close minister or salaried official died without an imperially mandated funeral, funeral gifts were granted for death notices or reburials; the Court of State Ceremonial and the Inner Palace Service followed established precedent to obtain the emperor's approval. Those who had served in the executive or military palaces or as close attendants often received larger grants: silk ranging from five hundred to fifty bolts, cash from five hundred thousand to fifty thousand; sheep and wine were granted in graded amounts, with the most favored recipients additionally receiving rice, wheat, and incense candles. From the Department of State Affairs and Bureau of Military Affairs down to fifth rank in the two departments, plus functionaries of the Three Departments and Three Academies, inner palace personnel, military officers, and close attendants—deaths and mourning for parents or close kin all received grants. Imperial clansmen in various degrees of kinship, wet nurses, infant deaths, and daughters who had married out each received stipulated amounts. Special additional grants were scaled according to the relative rank and relationship.

建隆元年十月，詔：「有死於矢石者，人給絹三匹，仍復其家三年，長吏存撫之。」慶曆二年，詔：「陣亡軍校無子孫者，賜其家錢，指揮使七萬，副指揮使六萬，軍使、都頭、副兵馬使、副都頭五萬。」

In the tenth month of the first year of Jianlong (960), an edict declared: "Those who die in battle shall receive three bolts of silk each, and their households shall be exempt from corvée labor for three years, with local magistrates charged to provide care. In the second year of Qingli (1042), an edict granted cash to the families of military officers killed in battle who left no descendants: seventy thousand for commanders, sixty thousand for vice-commanders, and fifty thousand for army commissioners, company chiefs, and their deputies.

熙寧七年，參酌舊制著為新式：諸臣喪，兩人以上各該支賜孝贈，隻就數多者給；官與職各該賻贈者，從多給，差遣、權並同，權發遣並與正同。諸兩府、使相、宣徽使並前任宰臣問疾或澆奠已賜不願敕葬者，並宗室不經澆奠支賜，雖不係敕葬，並支賻贈。餘但經問疾或澆奠支賜或敕葬者，更不支賻贈。前兩府如澆奠隻支賻贈，仍加絹一百、布一百、羊酒米麵各一十。諸支賜孝贈：在京，羊每口支錢一貫，以折第二等絹充，每匹折錢一貫三百文，餘支本色；在外，米支白秔米，麵每石支小麥五斗，酒支細色，餘依價錢。諸文臣卿監以上，武臣元係諸司使以上，分司、致仕身亡者，其賻贈並依見任官三分中給二，限百日內經所在官司投狀，召命官保關申，限外不給。待制、觀察使以上更不召保。

In the seventh year of Xining (1074), existing regulations were codified into new rules: when two or more persons each qualify for funeral grants on an official's death, only the highest amount is paid; When both rank and functional title qualify for grants, the higher amount applies; acting and temporary appointments are treated the same as regular ones. Grand councilors, envoys-in-chief, palace commissioners, and former chief ministers who had received illness or libation gifts but declined an imperial funeral, as well as imperial clansmen who had not received libation grants—all received funeral gifts even without an imperial burial order. All others who had already received illness, libation, or imperial burial grants received no further funeral gifts. Former grand councilors who received only libation grants still received funeral gifts, plus an additional one hundred bolts of silk and cloth, and ten units each of sheep, wine, rice, and flour. For funeral grants in the capital, each sheep was paid at one string of cash, convertible into second-grade silk at one string three hundred cash per bolt; other items were paid in kind; Outside the capital, rice was paid in polished white rice, flour at five pecks of wheat per picul, wine in fine grade, with other items paid at cash equivalent. Civil officials of director rank and above, military officers of commissioner rank or higher, and officials who died while on detached service or in retirement received two-thirds of the grant payable to an active official of equivalent rank; claims had to be filed with the local office within one hundred days with a guarantor, or no payment was made. Stewards of the Academy and observation commissioners and above were exempt from the guarantor requirement.

元豐五年，詔：「鄜延路沒於王事、有家屬見今在本路欲歸鄉者給賻外，其大使臣以上更支行李錢百千，小使臣五十千，差使、殿侍三十千，其餘比類支給。」

In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), an edict stated: "For those on the Fuyan Circuit who died in the state's service whose families wish to return home, in addition to funeral grants, great envoys and above receive an extra one hundred thousand cash for travel expenses, minor envoys fifty thousand, and dispatch envoys and palace attendants thirty thousand, with comparable amounts for others."

紹興二十六年，詔：「今後命官實因幹辦公事邂逅非理致死者，並遵依舊法。所有李光申請於《紹興條》內添注日限指揮，更不施行。」舊法非理致死者，謂焚溺墜壓之類，通判以上賜銀五百兩，餘三百兩，職司已上取旨。初，紹興二年五月，吏部侍郎李光申明立定折跌骨五十餘日，三十日內身亡之人，並支前項銀數。至是，戶部侍郎宋貺言：「自立定日限，後來多是因他病身故之人，子孫規圖賞給，計會所屬，旋作差出名目，陳乞保奏，誠為期罔。」故有是命。

In the twenty-sixth year of Shaoxing (1156), an edict declared: "Hereafter, when appointed officials die unexpectedly by accident or violence while handling public business, the old law shall apply. Li Guang's proposal to add a time-limit provision to the Shaoxing regulations shall no longer apply. The old law defined accidental violent death as burning, drowning, falls, crushing, and the like: officials of prefectural judge rank and above received five hundred taels of silver, others three hundred; functional commissioners and above received grants at imperial discretion. In the fifth month of the second year of Shaoxing (1132), Vice Director of Personnel Li Guang had ruled that persons who died within thirty days of a bone fracture from a fall sustained more than fifty days earlier qualified for the prescribed silver grant. At this time Vice Director of Revenue Song Kuang reported: "Since that time limit was established, most claims have involved persons who died of unrelated illnesses; descendants schemed for the reward, colluded with local officials, fabricated nominal assignments, and submitted fraudulent petitions—a clear abuse." Hence the present edict.

詔葬。《禮院例冊》：諸一品、二品喪，敕備本品鹵簿送葬者，以少牢贈祭於都城外，加璧，束帛深青二、纁二。諸重：一品柱鬲六，五品已上四，六品已下二。諸銘旌：三品已上長九尺，五品已上八尺，六品已上七尺，皆書某官封姓之柩。諸而車：三品已上油幰、牛絲絡綱施襈，兩廂畫龍，幰竿諸末垂六旒蘇；七品已上油幰、施襈，兩廂畫雲氣，垂四旒蘇；九品已上無旒蘇；庶人鱉甲車，無幰、巽、畫飾。諸引、披、鐸、翣、輓歌：三品已上四引、四披、六鐸、六翣、輓歌六行三十六人；四品二引、二披、四鐸、四翣、輓歌者四行十六人；五品、六品輓歌八人；七品、八品輓歌六人；六品、九品〈（謂非升朝者）〉輓歌四人。其持引、披者，皆布幘、布深衣；輓歌，白練幘、白練褠衣，皆執鐸、綍，並鞋襪。諸四品已上用方相，七品已上用魌頭。諸纛：五品已上，其竿長九尺；已下五尺已上。諸葬不得以石為棺槨及石室，其棺槨皆不得雕鏤彩畫、施方牖檻，棺內不得藏金寶珠玉。

Imperially Ordered Funerals. According to the Board of Rites precedent records, for first- and second-rank deaths when an edict ordered the deceased's full rank insignia to escort the funeral, a shaolao offering was presented outside the capital, with an added jade bi and bundles of dark green and russet silk. Bell frames: first rank, six pole-stands with tripods; fifth rank and above, four; sixth rank and below, two. Inscription banners: third rank and above, nine feet; fifth rank and above, eight feet; sixth rank and above, seven feet—all inscribed with the deceased's title and surname. Funeral carriages: third rank and above had oiled canopies, oxen with silk trappings, rope pennants, dragon paintings on both sides, and six tassel clusters hanging from the canopy poles; seventh rank and above had oiled canopies and pennants, cloud patterns on both sides, and four tassel clusters; ninth rank and above had no tassel clusters; Commoners used plain tortoise-pattern carts without canopy, awning, or painted decoration. Guides, mantle-bearers, bells, feather-fans, and dirge singers: third rank and above, four guides, four mantle-bearers, six bells, six feather-fans, and six rows totaling thirty-six dirge singers; fourth rank, two guides, two mantle-bearers, four bells, four feather-fans, and sixteen dirge singers in four rows; fifth and sixth rank, eight dirge singers; seventh and eighth rank, six dirge singers; sixth and ninth ranks— (meaning those not in court audience) Four dirge singers. Those bearing the guide ropes and pall all wear cloth turbans and plain hemp deep robes; Dirge singers wear white silk turbans and padded white silk robes, carry bells and mourning ropes, and wear shoes and stockings. Fourth rank and above used fangxiang exorcists; seventh rank and above used demon-mask bearers. Funeral banners: fifth rank and above, poles nine feet long; below that, from five feet upward. Burials may not use stone coffins, outer coffins, or stone chambers; coffins may not be carved, painted, or fitted with latticed windows and railings; and no gold, jewels, pearls, or jade may be placed within.

又按《會要》：勳戚大臣薨卒，多命詔葬，遣中使監護，官給其費，以表一時之恩。凡凶儀皆有買道、方相、引魂車，香、蓋、紙錢、鵝毛、影輿，錦繡虛車，大輿，銘旌；儀棺，行幕，各一；輓歌十六。其明器、床帳、衣輿、結彩床皆不定數。墳所有石羊虎、望柱各二，三品以上加石人二人。入墳有當壙、當野、祖思、祖明、地軸、十二時神、誌石、券石、鐵券各一。殯前一日對靈柩，及至墳所下事時，皆設敕祭，監葬官行禮。熙寧初，又著新式，頒於有司。

The Institutional Compendium also records that when meritorious imperial kin or great ministers died, an imperial funeral was often ordered, a palace envoy dispatched to supervise, and the costs paid by the state—a mark of exceptional favor. All state funeral regalia included way-purchasing rites, fangxiang exorcists, soul-guiding carriages, incense, canopies, paper money, goose-feather banners, spirit-image palanquins, brocade dummy carriages, the main hearse, and inscription banners; a ceremonial coffin and a traveling canopy, one each; sixteen dirge singers. Spirit goods, bed curtains, clothing palanquins, and decorated mourning beds had no fixed quota. The grave precinct had two stone sheep, two stone tigers, and two sight pillars; third rank and above added two stone human figures. Burial rites included one each of the tomb-sealing, open-field, Zusi, and Zuming ceremonies, the earth-axis effigy, the twelve time spirits, epitaph stone, contract stone, and iron deed. On the day before encoffining, when facing the coffin, and again when completing burial at the grave, imperial sacrifices were performed by the supervising burial officer. Early in the Xining reign (1068–1077), new regulations were compiled and promulgated to the relevant offices.

乾德三年六月，中書令、秦國公孟昶薨，其母李氏繼亡，命鴻臚範禹偁監護喪事，仍詔禮官議定吉凶儀仗禮例以聞。太常禮院言：「檢詳故事，晉天福十二年葬故魏王，周廣順元年葬故樞密使楊邠、侍衛使史弘肇、三司使王章例，並用一品禮。墓方圓九十步，墳高一丈八尺，明器九十事，石作六事，音身隊二十人，當壙、當野、祖明、祖思、地軸、十二時神、蚊廚帳、暖帳各一，需車一，輓歌三十六人；拂一、纛一、翣六、盾車、魂車、儀槨車、買道車、誌石車各一；方相氏、鵝毛纛、銘旌、香輿、影輿、蓋輿、錢輿、五穀輿、酒醢輿、衣物輿、庖牲輿各一；黃白紙帳、園宅、象生什物、行幕，並誌文、輓歌詞、啟攢啟奠祝文，並請下有司修製。其儀：太僕寺革輅，兵部本品鹵簿儀仗，太常寺本品鼓吹儀仗，殿中省傘一、曲蓋二、朱漆團扇四，自第導引出城，量遠近各還。贈玉一、纁二，贈祭少牢禮料，亦請下光祿、太府寺、少府監諸司依禮供應。又楚王母依子官一品例，準令文，外命婦一品侍近二人、青衣六人，偏扇、方扇各十六，行鄣三、坐鄣二，白銅飾犢車駕牛馭人四，從人十六，夾車、從車六，傘一、大扇一、團扇二、戟六十。伏緣久不施用，如特賜施行，即合於孟昶吉凶仗內相參排列。」詔並令排列祗應，仍俟導引至城外，分半導至西京墳下及葬，命供奉官周貽慶押奉議軍士二指揮防護至洛陽。又賜子玄喆墳莊一區。

In the sixth month of the third year of Qiande (965), Meng Chang, Chief Councillor and Duke of Qin, died; his mother Lady Li soon followed. Fan Yucheng of the Court of State Ceremonial was appointed to supervise the funeral, and ritual officials were ordered to determine the funeral protocol and report. The Directorate of Ritual reported: "Examining precedents, the burials of the late King of Wei in Jin Tianfu 12 (947), and of Yang Bin, Shi Hongzhao, and Wang Zhang in Later Zhou Guangshun 1 (951)—all used first-rank funeral rites. The grave measured ninety paces square; the mound stood one zhang eight chi; there were ninety spirit objects, six stone works, and a twenty-man musical escort; one each of the tomb-sealing, open-field, Zuming, Zusi, earth-axis, twelve time spirits, mosquito-kitchen, and warm canopies; one supply carriage; and thirty-six dirge singers; one whisk, one banner, six feather fans, and one each of the shield carriage, soul carriage, ceremonial coffin carriage, way-purchasing carriage, and epitaph carriage; one fangxiang exorcist, goose-feather banner, inscription banner, and one each of the incense, spirit-image, canopy, paper-money, grain, wine-and-preserves, clothing, and kitchen-offering palanquins; They requested that relevant offices prepare yellow and white paper canopies, estate models, lifelike grave goods, traveling tents, the epitaph, dirge lyrics, and the coffin-opening and libation prayers. The procession would include the Court of the Imperial Stud's leather chariot, this rank's guard regalia from the Ministry of War, and matching musical escort from the Court of Imperial Sacrifices; the Palace Domestic Service would supply one umbrella, two curved canopies, and four vermilion round fans; these would escort the cortege from the residence out of the city and return according to distance. One jade tablet and two bolts of hsien silk were to be granted, along with a young-ox sacrificial feast; the Court of Imperial Entertainments, Court of the Imperial Treasury, and Directorate of the Palace Domestic Service were requested to supply these according to ritual. For Meng Chang's mother, following her son's first-rank status, the regulations called for a first-rank enfeoffed lady: two close attendants, six green-robed maidservants, sixteen side fans and sixteen square fans, three traveling screens and two sitting screens, a white-copper-decorated calf carriage with four handlers, sixteen followers, six flanking and escort carriages, one umbrella, one large fan, two round fans, and sixty halberds. These items had long fallen out of use; if specially granted for this occasion, they should be incorporated into Meng Chang's funeral procession. The emperor ordered all items prepared and deployed; after escorting the cortege outside the city, half the escort would continue to the Western Capital grave for burial. Palace attendant Zhou Yiqing was ordered to lead two commands of Fengyi Army soldiers as guard escort to Luoyang. Meng Chang's son Xuanzhe was also granted a burial estate.

開寶四年，建武軍節度使何繼筠卒，詔遣中使護葬，仍賜寶劍、甲胄同葬。咸平元年，護國軍節度使、駙馬都尉王承衍葬，鹵簿、鼓吹備而不作，以在太宗大祥忌禁內也。元豐五年，崇信軍節度使、華陰郡王宗旦薨，聽以旌節、牌印葬。尋又詔：不即隨葬者徒二年，因而行用者罪之。紹興二十四年，太師、清河郡王張俊葬，上曰：「張俊極宣力，與他將不同，恩數務從優厚。」仍賜七梁額花冠貂蟬籠巾朝服一襲、水銀二百兩、龍腦一百五十兩。其後，楊存中薨，孝宗令諸寺院聲鍾，仍賜水銀、龍腦以斂。

In the fourth year of Kaibao (971), He Jiyun, military commissioner of Jianwu, died; a palace envoy was dispatched to supervise the burial, and a treasured sword and suit of armor were granted for burial with him. In the first year of Xianping (998), at the burial of Wang Chengyan, military commissioner of Huguo and imperial son-in-law, guard regalia and musical escort were assembled but not performed, as the occasion fell within the second-anniversary mourning restrictions for Emperor Taizong. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), Zong Dan, Prince of Huayin and military commissioner of Chongxin, died; he was permitted to be buried with his command baton and seal of office. An edict soon followed: failure to bury them immediately with the deceased was punishable by two years' penal servitude; unauthorized use was also a punishable offense. In the twenty-fourth year of Shaoxing (1154), at the burial of Zhang Jun, Grand Preceptor and Prince of Qinghe, the emperor said: "Zhang Jun served with exceptional zeal, unlike other generals; his honors should be especially generous. He was also granted a full set of court dress including a seven-ridge floriated crown and marten-trimmed cap, two hundred taels of mercury, and one hundred fifty taels of borneol. Later, when Yang Cunzhong died, Emperor Xiaozong ordered temples to toll their bells and granted mercury and borneol for the encoffining.

《熙寧新式》：先是，知制誥曾布言：「竊以朝廷親睦九族，故於死喪之際，臨吊賻恤，至於窀穸之具，皆給於縣官，又擇近臣專董其事，所以深致其哀榮而盡其送終之禮。近世使臣沿襲故常，過取饋遺，故私家之費，往往倍於公上。祥符中，患其無節，嘗詔有司定其數。皇祐中，又著之《編敕》，令使臣所受無過五百，朝臣無過三百，有違之者，御史奏劾。伏見比歲以來，不復循守，其取之者不啻十倍於著令。乞取舊例裁定酌中之數，以為永式。」詔令太常禮院詳定，令布裁定以聞。

New Format of Xining: Drafting Edict Officer Zeng Bu had earlier observed: "The court cherishes its imperial kin; at death it sends condolences and funeral gifts, supplies burial goods at state expense, and appoints close ministers to oversee the arrangements—all to confer full mourning honor and complete the rites of seeing off the dead. In recent times, however, envoys had followed old custom and accepted excessive gifts, so private costs often doubled the state's expenditure. During the Xiangfu era (1008–1016), concerned at the lack of restraint, the court once ordered relevant offices to fix the amounts. In the Huangyou era (1049–1053), limits were codified in the Compiled Statutes: envoys could accept no more than five hundred, court ministers no more than three hundred; violators were subject to censorial impeachment. In recent years, however, these limits have gone unenforced; what envoys accept is often ten times the stipulated amount. I request that old precedents be consulted to establish a moderate fixed amount as a permanent standard. An edict ordered the Directorate of Ritual to review the matter and directed Zeng Bu to determine the amounts and report.

嘉祐七年，詔大宗正：自今皇親之喪，五年以上未葬者，不以有無尊親新喪，並擇日葬之。初，龍圖閣直學士向傳式言：「故事，皇親係節度使以上方許承凶營葬，其卑幼喪皆隨葬之。自慶曆八年後，積十二年未葬者幾四百餘喪，官司難於卒辦，致濮王薨百日不及葬。請自今兩宅遇有尊屬之喪，不以官品為限而葬之。」下判大宗正司、太常禮儀院、司天監議，而有是詔。元祐中，又詔御史臺：「臣僚父母無故十年不葬，即依條彈奏，及令吏部候限滿檢察。尚有不葬父母，即未得與關升磨勘。如失檢察，亦許彈奏。」

In the seventh year of Jiayou (1062), the Director of the Imperial Clan was ordered: henceforth, any imperial kinsman's remains unburied for five years or more were to be buried on a chosen day, regardless of whether a senior relative had recently died. This followed a memorial by Xiang Chuanshi, Academician of the Hall of Dragon Diagrams: "By precedent, only imperial kin of military commissioner rank or above could undertake mourning and arrange burial; the deaths of younger and junior kin were buried along with them. Since the eighth year of Qingli (1048), nearly four hundred deaths had accumulated unburied over twelve years; the bureaucracy could not cope, with the result that when the Prince of Pu died, burial could not be completed within the hundred-day mourning period. I request that henceforth, whenever either imperial residence suffers the death of a senior relative, burial proceed without regard to official rank. The matter was referred to the Imperial Clan Directorate, the Directorate of Ritual, and the Directorate of Astronomy for deliberation, resulting in this edict. During the Yuanyou era (1086–1094), the Censorate was further ordered: "When an official's parents remain unburied without cause for ten years, impeach according to statute, and direct the Ministry of Personnel to inspect when the term expires. Officials whose parents remain unburied may not be considered for promotion or merit review. Failure to inspect may also be impeached."

追封冊命。《通禮》：策贈貴臣，守宮於主人大門外設使、副位，使人公服從朝堂受策，載於犢車，各備鹵簿，至主人之門降車。使者稱：「有制。」主人降階稽顙，內外皆哭。讀冊訖，主人拜送之。

Posthumous Enfeoffment and Patent. The Comprehensive Rites stipulates that for posthumous enfeoffment of honored ministers, palace attendants set up chief and deputy envoy positions outside the bereaved family's main gate; envoys in official dress receive the patent at court, load it on a calf carriage with full guard regalia, and dismount at the family's gate. The envoy announces: "By imperial edict. The bereaved family descends the steps and prostrates; all within and without weep. After the patent is read, the host bows and sees the envoys off.

定諡。王公及職事官三品以上薨〈（贈官同）〉，本家錄行狀上尚書省，考功移太常禮院議定，博士撰議，考功審覆，判都省集合省官參議，具上中書門下宰臣判準，始錄奏聞。敕付所司即考功錄牒，以未葬前賜其家。省官有異議者，聽具議聞。蘊德丘園，聲實明著，雖無官爵，亦奏賜諡曰「先生」。

Fixing Posthumous Titles. When princes and salaried officials of third rank and above die— (meaning same as posthumously conferred rank) the family submits a conduct summary to the Department of State Affairs; the Directorate of Merit Review forwards it to the Directorate of Ritual for deliberation; a ritual academician drafts the evaluation; the Directorate of Merit Review reviews it; the chief of the Department convenes provincial officials for joint deliberation; and upon approval by the chief ministers, the posthumous title is recorded and memorialized to the throne. An edict directs the relevant office to record the patent, which the Directorate of Merit Review grants to the family before burial. Provincial officials who dissent may submit their views for report. Those of distinguished virtue and reputation who lived in retirement—even without office or rank—might also be granted the posthumous title "Master."

太平興國八年，詔增《周公諡法》五十五字，美諡七十一字為一百字，平諡七字為二十字，惡諡十七字為三十字。其沈約、賀琛《續廣諡》盡廢。後以直史館胡旦言：「舊制，文武官臣僚皆以功行上下，各賜諡法。近朝以來，遂成闕典。建隆以後，臣僚三品以上合賜諡者百餘人，望令史館編錄行狀，送禮官定諡付館，修入國史。」詔：「今後並令禮官取行狀定諡，送考功詳覆，關送史館，永為定式。」

In the eighth year of Taiping Xingguo (983), the Duke of Zhou's Posthumous Title Canon was expanded by fifty-five characters: laudatory titles from seventy-one to one hundred, neutral titles from seven to twenty, and pejorative titles from seventeen to thirty. Shen Yue's and He Chen's Continued and Expanded Posthumous Titles were entirely abolished. Later, Hanlin Compiler Hu Dan observed: "Under the old system, civil and military officials received posthumous title canons according to their merit and conduct. In recent times this practice had fallen into neglect. Since the Jianlong era (960–963), more than one hundred officials of third rank and above who should have received posthumous titles had not; I request that the Historiography Institute compile their conduct summaries, send them to ritual officials to fix posthumous titles, and enter them in the national history. An edict declared: "Henceforth ritual officials shall determine posthumous titles from conduct summaries, submit them to the Directorate of Merit Review for review, and transmit them to the Historiography Institute—this shall be the permanent standard."

直集賢院王皞言：「諡者，行之表也。善行有善諡，惡行有惡諡，蓋聞諡知行，以為勸戒。《六典》：太常博士掌王公以下擬諡，皆跡其功德為之褒貶。近者臣僚薨卒，雖官該擬諡，其家自知父祖別無善政，慮定諡之際，斥其繆戾，皆不請諡。竊惟諡法自周公以來，垂為不刊之典，蓋以彰善癉惡，激濁揚清，使其身沒之後，是非較然，用為勸懲。今若任其遷避，則為惡者肆誌而不悛。乞自今後不必候其請諡，並令有司舉行，如此，則隱慝無行之人，有所沮勸。若須行狀申乞方行擬諡，考諸方冊，別無明證。惟衛公叔文子卒，其子戍請諡。臣謂春秋之時，禮壞樂闕，公叔之卒，有司不能明舉舊典，故至將葬，始請諡於君。且周制，太史掌小喪賜諡，小史掌卿大夫之家賜諡請誄。以此知有司之職，自當舉行，明矣。」詔下有司詳定，如皞請焉。

Wang Hao, Academician of the Hall for Veneration of Excellence, argued: "A posthumous title is the outward expression of a person's conduct. Good conduct earns a laudatory title, evil conduct a pejorative one; the title reveals the life, serving as encouragement and warning. The Six Codes stipulates that the Court of Imperial Sacrifices academician drafts posthumous titles for princes and below, praising or censuring according to merit and virtue. Recently, when officials died eligible for posthumous titles, their families—knowing their forebears had no worthy achievements and fearing exposure of their failings—declined to request posthumous titles. The posthumous title canon, established since the Duke of Zhou, is an immutable institution for displaying virtue and exposing vice, stirring the muddy and raising the clear, so that after death right and wrong stand clear as encouragement and warning. If evasion is permitted, the wicked will indulge themselves without repentance. I request that henceforth relevant offices proceed without waiting for a family's request, so that those who conceal their shame may be deterred. Requiring a family's petition and conduct summary before drafting a posthumous title finds no clear support in historical records. Only when Duke Wei Gongsun Wenzi died did his son Shu request a posthumous title. I hold that in Spring and Autumn times, when ritual had decayed, the relevant offices failed to carry out the old canon at Gongsun Wenzi's death; only at the point of burial did his son request a posthumous title from the ruler. Under Zhou institutions, the Grand Scribe granted posthumous titles for lesser mourning, and the Junior Scribe granted posthumous titles and requested eulogies for ministers and grandees. From this it is clear that relevant offices were duty-bound to proceed on their own authority. An edict referred the matter to relevant offices for deliberation, as Wang Hao had requested.

禮院更議贈安遠軍節度使馬懷德已葬請諡，乃言：「自古作諡，皆在葬前。唐《開元》，三品以上將葬，既啟殯，告贈諡於柩前；無贈者，設啟奠即告諡。既葬加諡，出於唐時。如顏杲卿、盧弈盡忠王室，當時置而不議。至郭知運死五十餘年乃始請諡，右司員外郎崔原以為非旌善之禮，而太常博士獨孤及謂新製死不必有諡，又謂有故闕禮，追遠請諡，順也。及長於開元之世。親聞啟奠告諡，而謂新製不必有諡，豈非誣哉？又有故闕禮，追遠請諡，皆違禮經，何順之有？國家給諡，一用唐令，然請諡之家，例供尚書省官酒食，撰議官又當有所贈遺，故或闕而不請。景祐四年，宋綬建議，令官給酒食。其後，又罷贈遺。自此，既葬請諡者甚眾。歲月浸久，官閥行跡，士大夫所不能知，子孫與其門生故吏，志在虛美隱惡，而有司據以加諡，是廢聖人之法，而褟唐庸有司之議也。」詔：「自今得諡者，令葬前奏請；或其家不請，則尚書、太常合議定諡，前葬牒史館及付其家。即褟私諡不以實，論如選舉不以實法。既葬請諡者，不定諡。」

When the Directorate of Ritual reconsidered the case of Ma Huai'de, posthumously granted military commissioner of Anyuan, who had already been buried and whose family now requested a posthumous title, it observed: "From antiquity, posthumous titles were conferred before burial. The Tang Kaiyuan regulations stipulated that for third rank and above, after opening the encoffining and before burial, the granted posthumous title was announced before the coffin; where no posthumous grant was involved, the posthumous title was announced at the opening libation. Adding posthumous titles after burial originated in Tang times. Yan Gaoqing and Lu Yi, who gave their lives for the throne, were at the time passed over without deliberation. When Guo Zhiyun's family first requested a posthumous title more than fifty years after his death, Assistant Director Cui Yuan held this violated the rite of honoring virtue; but ritual academician Du Gongji argued that the new Tang regulation did not require posthumous titles, and that when ritual had been omitted for cause, a belated request was proper. Du Gongji had grown up in the Kaiyuan era. He had personally witnessed posthumous titles announced at opening libations, yet claimed the new regulations did not require them—is this not self-contradiction? As for claiming that omitted ritual justified a belated request—both violate the ritual canon; where is the propriety? The Song followed Tang regulations for posthumous titles, yet families requesting titles customarily supplied wine and food to Department officials and gave gifts to drafting officials; some therefore declined to request titles at all. In the fourth year of Jingyou (1037), Song Shou proposed that the state supply wine and food instead. Gifts to drafting officials were subsequently abolished as well. Thereafter, requests for posthumous titles after burial became very common. As years pass, official pedigree and conduct become unknown even to scholar-officials; descendants, students, and former subordinates, intent on empty praise and concealing faults, supply the materials on which officials grant posthumous titles—thus abandoning the sages' method and slavishly following the views of mediocre Tang officials. An edict declared: "Henceforth, those eligible for posthumous titles must petition before burial; if the family does not petition, the Department of State Affairs and Court of Imperial Sacrifices shall jointly determine the title, record it with the Historiography Institute before burial, and grant it to the family. Private posthumous titles that do not reflect the truth shall be prosecuted under the same law that punishes untruthful recommendations in official selection. Those who petition for a posthumous title only after burial shall not be granted one."

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