Volume 150 Treatises 103: Carriages and Clothes 2

輿服二○后妃車輿皇太子王公以下車輿傘扇鞍勒門戟旌節。

Carriages and Attire, Part 2: the carriages of empresses and consorts, of the crown prince, and of imperial princes and officials down through the ranks; parasols and fans; saddles and bridles; gate halberds; banners; and ceremonial staffs.

皇后之車，唐制六等：一曰重翟，二曰厭翟，三曰翟車，四曰安車，五曰四望車，六曰金根車。宋因之，初用厭翟車。其制：箱上有平盤，四角曲闌，兩壁紗窗，龜文，金鳳翅，前有虛匱、香爐、香寶，緋繡幰衣、絡帶、門簾，三轅鳳首，畫梯，推竿，行馬，緋繒裹索。駕六馬，金銅麵，纓轡，鈴攀，緋屜。駕士三十人，武弁、緋繡衫。常出止用正、副金塗銀裝白藤輿各一，上覆棕櫚屋，飾以鳳，輦官服同乘輿平頭輦之制。

The empress rode in carriages ranked in six grades under Tang regulations: the Heavy Pheasant, the Fulfilled Pheasant, the Pheasant, the Peace, the Four-Views, and the Golden Root carriages. The Song adopted the same arrangement and initially used the Fulfilled Pheasant carriage. It was built as follows: a flat platform on the carriage box, curved railings at each corner, gauze-paneled side walls with tortoise motifs and golden phoenix wings, censers and incense boxes mounted in front, scarlet embroidered canopies, net belts, and door curtains, three phoenix-headed shafts, painted ladders and pushing poles with running boards, and scarlet silk cords binding the harness. Six horses drew it, fitted with gilt-bronze brow plates, tasseled bridles, bell pendants, and scarlet knee covers. Thirty attendants, in military caps and scarlet embroidered jackets, walked beside it. On routine outings she used only a principal and a secondary white-rattan palanquin with gold-over-silver fittings, each covered by a palm-thatch canopy adorned with phoenixes; the palanquin bearers dressed as prescribed for the imperial flat-topped palanquin.

徽宗政和三年，議禮局上皇后車輿之制：重翟車，青質，金飾諸末，間以五采。輪金根朱牙。其箱飾以重翟羽，四面施雲鳳、孔雀，刻鏤龜文。頂輪上施金立鳳、耀葉。青羅幰衣一，紫羅畫雲龍絡帶二，青絲絡網二，紫羅畫帷一，青羅畫雲龍夾幔二。車內設紅褥及坐，橫轅上施立鳳八。香匱設香爐、香寶，香匱飾以螭首。前後施簾，長轅三，飾以鳳頭，青繒裹索。駕青馬六，馬有銅麵，插翟羽，鞶纓，攀胸鈴拂，青屜，青包尾。若受冊、謁景靈宮，則乘之。

In 1113, during Emperor Huizong's Zhenghe reign, the Bureau for Deliberation on Ritual submitted regulations for the empress's carriages: the Heavy Pheasant carriage was green-bodied, gilt at every extremity, and set off with the five colors. Its wheels had golden hubs and vermilion spokes. The carriage box was trimmed with heavy pheasant plumes, cloud-phoenixes and peacocks on all four sides, and tortoise motifs carved in relief. Gilt standing phoenixes and radiant leaf ornaments crowned the wheel hubs. It carried one green silk canopy robe, two purple silk net belts painted with cloud-dragons, two green silk net panels, one purple silk painted curtain, and two green silk side curtains painted with cloud-dragons. Within were a red cushion and seat, and eight standing phoenixes mounted on the cross-shaft. Its incense casket held censers and incense boxes and was ornamented with hornless-dragon heads. Curtains hung fore and aft; three long shafts bore phoenix-head ornaments, and green silk wrapped the harness ropes. Six green horses drew it, each fitted with a bronze brow plate, inserted pheasant plumes, belly bands and tassels, chest bells and whiskers, green knee covers, and green tail wrappers. She rode in it when receiving her patent of investiture or when paying homage at the Jingling Palace.

厭翟車，赤質，其箱飾以次翟羽；紫幰衣，紅絲絡網，紅羅畫絡帶，夾幔錦帷，餘如重翟車。駕赤騮四。若親蠶則乘之。翟車，黃質，其車側飾以翟羽；黃幰衣，黃絲絡網，錦帷絡帶，餘如重翟車。駕黃騮四。安車，赤質，金飾，間以五采，刻鏤龜文；紫幰衣，錦帷絡帶，紅絲絡網，前後施簾；車內設褥及坐，長轅三，飾以鳳頭，駕赤騮四。凡駕馬鞶纓之飾，並從車質。四望車，朱質，青幰衣，餘同安車。駕牛三。金根車，朱質，紫幰衣，餘同安車。駕牛三。自重翟車以下，備鹵簿則皆以次陳設。藤輿，金塗銀裝。上覆棕櫚屋，以龍飾，常行之儀則用之。

The Fulfilled Pheasant carriage was red-bodied, its box trimmed with secondary pheasant plumes; with purple canopy robes, red silk net panels, painted red silk net belts, brocade side curtains and curtains, and otherwise as on the Heavy Pheasant carriage. Four chestnut bays drew it. She rode in it when personally tending the silkworms. The Pheasant carriage was yellow-bodied, its sides trimmed with pheasant plumes; with yellow canopy robes, yellow silk net panels, brocade curtains and net belts, and otherwise as on the Heavy Pheasant carriage. Four yellow bays drew it. The Peace carriage was red-bodied, gilt and set with the five colors, with tortoise motifs carved in relief; with purple canopy robes, brocade curtains and net belts, red silk net panels, and curtains fore and aft; Within were a cushion and seat; three long shafts bore phoenix-head ornaments; four chestnut bays drew it. On every carriage, the horses' belly bands and tassels matched the body color of the vehicle. The Four-Views carriage was vermilion-bodied with green canopy robes and otherwise matched the Peace carriage. Three oxen drew it. The Golden Root carriage was vermilion-bodied with purple canopy robes and otherwise matched the Peace carriage. Three oxen drew it. When the full guard of honor was mustered, the carriages from the Heavy Pheasant downward were all displayed in descending rank. The rattan palanquin was fitted with gold-over-silver mountings. A palm-thatch canopy adorned with dragons covered it, and it served for everyday processions.

龍肩輿。一名棕簷子，一名龍簷子，舁以二竿，故名簷子，南渡後所製也。東都，皇后備厭翟車，常乘則白藤輿。中興，以太后用龍輿，後惟用簷子，示有所尊也。其制：方質，棕頂，施走脊龍四，走脊雲子六，朱漆紅黃藤織百花龍為障；緋門簾、看窗簾，朱漆藤坐椅，踏子，紅羅裀褥，軟屏，夾幔。

The Dragon Shoulder Palanquin. Also known as the Palm-Eave and Dragon-Eave palanquins, it took its common name from the two carrying poles; this design was introduced after the court moved south. At the Eastern Capital the empress maintained a Fulfilled Pheasant carriage for ceremony but usually traveled in a white-rattan palanquin. After the Restoration the empress dowager rode the dragon palanquin; thereafter only the eave-palanquin was used for the empress, marking that one person stood above her in rank. It was square-bodied with a palm-frond canopy, four ridge-running dragons and six cloud medallions along the ridge, and vermilion-lacquered red-and-yellow rattan screens woven with hundred-flower dragon patterns; with scarlet door curtains and viewing-window curtains, vermilion-lacquered rattan seats and chairs, footrests, red silk cushions and mats, soft screens, and side curtains.

隆興二年正月，皇后受冊畢，擇日朝謁，有司具儀物，乞乘肩輿龍簷。製造所受給使臣尹肇發，納中宮金塗銀葉棕櫚、朱漆紅黃藤織百花龍枰子、碌牙壓貼、鏤金雕木腰花泥版龍簷子一乘。金塗銀頂子，龍頭六，走脊龍四，走脊雲子六，貼絡龍四十，貼絡雲子三十，鐸子八，插拴坐龍四，環索全，鈸遮那一副，檀香龜背紅紗窗四扇，紅羅緣紅篸門簾一，瀝水全，看窗簾二，朱漆藤麵明金雕木龍頭椅一，腳踏一，紅線絛結一，朱漆小幾二，紅羅褥全，紅羅緣肩膊席褥一十六，係帶全，金塗銀鐵胎杆鞫四，魚鉤四，火踏一，朱漆梯盤全，朱漆衣匣二，金塗銅手把葉段拓叉二，金塗銅叉頭拖泥行馬二，金塗銀葉杠子二，紅茸匾絛四，紅羅夾軟屏風、夾幔各一，襯腳席褥、靠背坐褥及踏床各一，紅絹十字帕一，竿袋四，魚鉤帕二，紅油十字帕、竿袋、魚鉤帕數同上，兜地帕一，圍裙一。

In early 1164, after the empress received her patent of investiture and a day was set for her court audience, the responsible offices prepared the ritual gear and asked that she ride in the shoulder-borne dragon-eave palanquin. Yin Zhao, an envoy of the Manufactories Office, delivered to the Inner Palace one dragon-eave palanquin fitted with gold-over-silver palm leaves, a vermilion-lacquered platform of red-and-yellow rattan woven with hundred-flower dragons, jade-inlaid pressure strips, and waist panels of carved gilt wood on clay backing. The delivery also included a gold-over-silver canopy, six dragon heads, four ridge dragons and six cloud medallions, forty applied dragon ornaments and thirty cloud medallions, eight bell pendants, four seated dragon finials, ring ropes, cymbal screens, four sandalwood tortoise-back gauze window panels, a bordered red door curtain, drip edges, two viewing curtains, a vermilion rattan chair with gilt carved dragon head, footrests and tables, red silk cushions and sixteen shoulder mats, tie straps, four gilt iron-core poles with fish hooks and a fire footrest, ladder tray and garment boxes, gilt bronze carrying forks and mud boards, two gilt carrying poles, red plush bands, soft screen and side curtain, foot and back cushions with a stepping bed, cross cloths and pole bags in both plain and red-oiled sets, a ground cloth, and an apron skirt.

大安輦。真宗咸平中，為萬安太后製輿，上設行龍六。乾興元年，詔皇太后御坐簷子，名大安輦。神宗嗣位，尊皇太后為太皇太后，其行幸依治平元年之制。而皇太后、皇后常出，止用副金塗銀裝白藤輿，覆以棕櫚屋，飾以鳳。輦官服同乘輿平頭輦之制。於是詔太皇太后出入所乘，如萬安太后輿，上設行龍六，製飾率有加。金銅車，禮典不載，則如舊制。

The Great Peace Palanquin. In the Xianping era of Emperor Zhenzong, a palanquin was built for Empress Dowager Wan'an bearing six traveling dragons. In 1022 an edict designated the empress dowager's eave-palanquin as the Great Peace Palanquin. When Emperor Shenzong came to the throne he elevated the empress dowager to grand empress dowager, and her processions followed the Zhiping regulations of 1064. For routine outings, however, the empress dowager and empress used only the secondary white-rattan palanquin with gold-over-silver fittings, its palm-thatch canopy adorned with phoenixes. The palanquin bearers dressed according to the regulations for the imperial flat-topped palanquin. An edict then required that the grand empress dowager ride a palanquin like Empress Dowager Wan'an's, with six traveling dragons and ornamentation generally enhanced. The gilt-bronze carriage, which the ritual canon did not describe, continued under the old regulations.

龍興。皇太后所乘也。東都，皇太后多垂簾，皆抑損遠嫌，不肯乘輦，止用輿而已。哲宗既嗣位，尊朱貴妃為皇太妃，出入許乘簷子。有司請用牙魚鳳為飾，傘用青。元祐三年，太皇太后詔有司尋繹典故，於是簷子飾以龍鳳，傘用紅。九年，君臣議改簷子為輿，上設行龍五，出入由宣德東偏門。哲宗以皇太后諭旨，令太妃坐六龍輿出入，進黃傘，由宣德正門。於是三省議，皇太妃坐龍鳳輿，傘紅黃兼用，從皇太后出入，止用紅。紹聖元年，禮部太常寺言：「近奉旨：『皇太后欲令皇太妃坐六龍輿，朕常思皇太妃尊奉之禮，既不敢擬隆於皇太后，又不可不逮於中宮。』今參以人情，再加詳定，伏請供進龍鳳輿。」從之。

The Dragon Palanquin. The empress dowager rode in it. At the Eastern Capital empresses dowager usually ruled from behind the curtain; mindful to keep their distance and avoid suspicion, they declined the imperial palanquin and used only ordinary palanquins. After Emperor Zhezong succeeded, Consort Zhu was honored as imperial grand consort and permitted to use an eave-palanquin on her outings. The responsible offices proposed ivory fish-and-phoenix ornaments and a green parasol. In 1088 the grand empress dowager ordered the offices to review precedents; the eave-palanquin was then adorned with dragons and phoenixes and the parasol made red. In 1094 the court debated replacing the eave-palanquin with a palanquin bearing five traveling dragons, to enter and leave by the east side gate of Xuande. On the empress dowager's instruction, Emperor Zhezong directed the grand consort to ride a six-dragon palanquin with a yellow parasol, entering and leaving by the main Xuande gate. The Three Departments then ruled that the imperial grand consort should ride a dragon-and-phoenix palanquin; she might use red or yellow parasols, but when accompanying the empress dowager she used only red. In 1094 the Ministry of Rites and the Court of Imperial Sacrifices reported: "We have received the recent decree: 'The empress dowager wishes the imperial grand consort to ride a six-dragon palanquin. I have long weighed the honors due her: they must neither exceed those of the empress dowager nor fall below those of the empress. Taking popular sentiment into account as well, we have deliberated further and respectfully request that a dragon-and-phoenix palanquin be provided." The request was approved.

及徽宗即位，尊太妃為聖瑞皇太妃，詔儀物除六龍輿不用，仍進龍鳳輿外，餘悉增崇焉。紹興奉迎皇太后，詔造龍輿，其制：朱質，正方，金塗銀飾，四竿，竿頭螭首，赭窗紅簾，上覆以棕，加走龍六，內設黃花羅帳、裀褥、朱椅、踏子、紅羅黃羅繡巾二。

When Emperor Huizong ascended the throne he honored her as the Sagely Auspicious Imperial Grand Consort; ritual gear was upgraded across the board, though the six-dragon palanquin was withdrawn while the dragon-and-phoenix palanquin was retained. For the Shaoxing welcome of the empress dowager, an edict commissioned a dragon palanquin: vermilion and square, with gold-over-silver fittings, four poles topped with hornless-dragon heads, ochre windows and red curtains, a palm canopy bearing six traveling dragons, and within yellow-flowered silk curtains, cushions, vermilion chairs, footrests, and two red and yellow embroidered towels.

皇太子車輅之制。唐制三等：一曰金輅，二曰軺車，三曰四望車。太宗至道初，真宗為皇太子，謁太廟，乘金輅，常朝則乘馬。真宗天禧中，仁宗為皇太子，亦同此制。徽宗政和三年，議禮局上皇太子車輅之制：金輅，赤質，金飾諸末。重較，箱畫苣文鳥獸；黃屋，伏鹿軾，龍輈，金鳳一在軾前。設障塵。朱蓋黃裏。輪畫朱牙。左建旂，九旒，右載闟戟。旂首金龍頭，銜結綬及鈴綏。八鸞在衡，二鈴在軾。駕赤騮四，金鍐方釳，插翟尾，鏤錫，鞶纓九就。從祀、謁太廟、納妃則供之。軺車，金飾諸末，紫油通幰，紫油纁朱裏，駕馬一。四望車，金飾諸末，青油通幰，青油纁朱裏，朱絲絡網，駕馬一。軺車、四望車以次列於鹵簿仗內。皇太子妃，則有厭翟車，駕以三馬。出入亦乘簷子，中興簡儉，惟用藤簷子，頂梁、舁杠皆飾以玄漆，四角刻獸形，素藤織花為麵，如政和之制。

Regulations governing the crown prince's chariots. Under Tang regulations there were three grades: the Golden Chariot, the Light Carriage, and the Four-Views Carriage. Early in the Zhidao era, when Zhenzong was crown prince, he rode the Golden Chariot to the Imperial Ancestral Temple but used a horse for routine court audiences. During Emperor Zhenzong's Tianxi reign, when Renzong was crown prince, the same practice held. In 1113 the Bureau for Deliberation on Ritual submitted crown-prince chariot regulations: the Golden Chariot was red-bodied with gilt extremities. With double side-panels and a box painted with aster motifs, birds, and beasts; a yellow canopy, a recumbent-deer front rail, a dragon-patterned shaft brace, and a gilt phoenix mounted before the front rail. It carried a dust screen. Its canopy was vermilion outside and yellow within. The wheels were painted with vermilion spokes. On the left it bore a nine-tasseled banner; on the right a ceremonial halberd was mounted. The banner head was a gilt dragon holding knotted ribbons and bell tassels. Eight phoenix bells hung on the crossbar and two on the front rail. Four chestnut bays drew it, fitted with gilt square bits, inserted pheasant tail plumes, carved forehead plates, and nine-tasseled belly bands. It was used when accompanying sacrifices, visiting the Imperial Ancestral Temple, or taking a consort. The Light Carriage was gilt at every extremity, with a full purple-oil canopy lined in light red and vermilion, drawn by a single horse. The Four-Views Carriage was gilt at every extremity, with a full green-oil canopy lined in light red and vermilion, a vermilion silk net panel, and a single horse. The Light and Four-Views carriages were ranked in order within the ceremonial guard. The crown prince's consort used a Fulfilled Pheasant carriage drawn by three horses. She also used an eave-palanquin on outings; after the Restoration, in the spirit of austerity, only a rattan eave-palanquin was used, its top beam and poles finished in black lacquer, beast shapes carved at the corners, and plain rattan woven with floral patterns as in the Zhenghe design.

親王群臣車輅之制。唐制有四：一曰象輅，親五及一品乘之；二曰革輅，二品、三品乘之；三曰木輅，四品乘之；四曰軺車，五品乘之。宋親王、一品、二品奉使及葬，並給革輅，製同乘輿之副，惟改龍飾為螭。六引內三品以上乘革車，赤質，製如進賢車，無案，駕四赤馬，駕士二十五人。其緋幰衣、絡帶、旗戟、綢杠繡文：司徒以瑞馬，京牧以隼，御史大夫以獬豸，兵部尚書以虎，太常卿以鳳，駕士衣亦同。縣令乘軺車，黑質，兩壁紗窗，一轅，金銅飾，紫幰衣、絡帶並繡雉銜瑞草，駕二馬，駕士十八人。百官常朝皆乘馬。

Regulations governing the chariots of imperial princes and officials. Tang regulations recognized four types: the Ivory Chariot, for kin of the fifth degree and first-rank officials; the Leather Chariot, for second- and third-rank officials; the Wooden Chariot, for fourth-rank officials; and the Light Carriage, for fifth-rank officials. Under the Song, imperial princes and first- and second-rank officials on missions or at funerals received Leather Chariots modeled on the secondary imperial chariot, but with dragon ornament replaced by hornless dragons. Within the Six Escorts, officials of third rank and above rode red leather carriages modeled on the Advancement-of-Talent carriage but without a writing desk, drawn by four chestnut horses with twenty-five attendants. Scarlet canopy robes, net belts, banners, and silk pole embroidery varied by office: auspicious horses for the Minister of Education, falcons for the Metropolitan Governor, the unicorn-beast for the Censor-in-Chief, tigers for the Minister of War, phoenixes for the Director of Imperial Sacrifices — and the attendants' dress matched. County magistrates used black Light Carriages with gauze-paneled sides, a single shaft, gilt-bronze fittings, purple canopies and belts embroidered with pheasants bearing auspicious plants, two horses, and eighteen attendants. For routine court audiences all officials rode on horseback.

真宗大中祥符四年，知樞密院事王欽若言：「王公車輅上並用龍裝，乞下有司檢定制度。」詔下太常禮院詳定。本院言：「按《鹵簿令》，王公已下，象輅以象飾諸末，朱班輪，八鸞在衡，左建旂畫龍，一升一降，右載闟戟。革略以革飾諸末，左建旃，餘同象輅。木輅以漆飾之，餘同革輅。軺車，曲壁，青幰碧裏。諸輅皆朱質，朱蓋，朱旂旃，一品九旒，二品八旒，三品七旒，四品六旒，其鞶纓如之。」

In 1011 Wang Qinruo, Commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs, reported: "Princely and noble chariots all bear dragon ornament; we ask that the responsible offices review the regulations." An edict referred the matter to the Court of Imperial Sacrifices Ritual Office for detailed review. " The office replied: "Under the Regulations for the Guard of Honor, princes and nobles of rank and below used Ivory Chariots with ivory fittings, vermilion-spoked wheels, eight phoenix bells on the crossbar, a left banner painted with a dragon rising and falling, and a ceremonial halberd on the right. The Leather Chariot had leather fittings and a pennant on the left; otherwise it matched the Ivory Chariot. The Wooden Chariot was lacquered; otherwise it matched the Leather Chariot. The Light Carriage had curved sides, a green canopy, and blue lining. All chariots were vermilion-bodied with vermilion canopies, banners, and pennants: first rank bore nine tassels, second eight, third seven, fourth six, with belly bands to match."

神宗元豐三年，詳定禮文所言：「《鹵簿記》公卿奉引：第一開封令，乘軺車；次開封牧，隼旗；次太常卿，鳳旗；次司徒，瑞馬旗；次御史大夫，獬豸旗；次兵部尚書，虎旗，而乘革車。考之非是。謹按《周禮》巾車職曰：『孤乘夏篆，卿乘夏縵，大夫乘墨車。』司常職曰：『孤、卿建旃，大夫建物。』請公卿已下奉引，先開封令，乘墨車建物；次開封牧，乘墨車建旗；太常卿、御史大夫、兵部尚書乘夏縵，司徒乘夏篆，並建旃。所以參備九旗之制。」詔從之。

In 1080 the Deliberation on Ritual Texts noted: "The Record of the Guard of Honor lists princes and nobles leading the procession: first the Metropolitan Magistrate in a Light Carriage; next the Metropolitan Governor with a falcon banner; next the Director of Imperial Sacrifices with a phoenix banner; next the Minister of Education with an auspicious-horse banner; next the Censor-in-Chief with a unicorn-beast banner; next the Minister of War with a tiger banner, though riding a leather carriage. This arrangement does not hold up on examination. We note that the Rites of Zhou, Office of the Chariot Master, states: 'A feudal lord rides a Summer-Engraved carriage, a minister a Summer-Painted carriage, and a grandee an Ink carriage.' The Office of the Banner Master adds: 'Feudal lords and ministers raise pennants; grandees raise emblems.' We propose that when princes and nobles lead the procession, the Metropolitan Magistrate go first in an Ink carriage bearing an emblem; next the Metropolitan Governor in an Ink carriage bearing a banner; The Director of Imperial Sacrifices, Censor-in-Chief, and Minister of War should ride Summer-Painted carriages; the Minister of Education a Summer-Engraved carriage — all bearing pennants. This would complete the arrangement of the nine banners." The proposal was approved by edict.

政和議禮局上王公以下車製：象輅以象飾諸末，朱班輪，八鸞在衡，左建旗，右載闟戟，駕馬四，親王昏則用之。革車，赤質，載闟戟，緋羅繡輪衣、簾、旗、韜杠、絡帶，駕赤馬四。大駕鹵簿六引，法駕鹵簿三引，開封牧第乘之。王公、一品、二品、三品備鹵簿，皆供革車一乘。其輪衣、簾、旗、韜杠、絡帶繡文：開封牧以隼，大司樂以鳳，少傅以瑞馬，御史大夫以獬豸，兵部尚書以虎。軺車，黑質，紫幰衣、絡帶並繡雉，施紅錦簾，香爐、香寶結帶，駕赤馬二。鹵簿內第一引官縣令乘之，駕馬皆有銅麵，插羽，鞶纓，攀胸鈴拂，緋絹屜，紅錦包尾。

In the Zhenghe era the Bureau for Deliberation on Ritual submitted chariot regulations for princes and nobles: the Ivory Chariot had ivory fittings, vermilion spokes, eight phoenix bells, a left banner, a ceremonial halberd on the right, and four horses — for imperial princes at marriage. The leather carriage was red-bodied, bore a ceremonial halberd, and carried scarlet embroidered wheel covers, curtains, banners, wrapped poles, and net belts, drawn by four chestnut horses. In the full six-escort guard and the statutory three-escort guard, the Metropolitan Governor rode it in the appropriate position. Princes and first-, second-, and third-rank officials with full ceremonial guards each received one leather carriage. Wheel covers, curtains, banners, poles, and belts were embroidered accordingly: falcons for the Metropolitan Governor, phoenixes for the Director of Music, auspicious horses for the Junior Tutor, the unicorn-beast for the Censor-in-Chief, tigers for the Minister of War. The Light Carriage was black-bodied, with purple canopies and belts embroidered with pheasants, red brocade curtains, censers and incense boxes on ribbon ties, and two chestnut horses. The county magistrate, first escort within the ceremonial guard, used it; every horse wore bronze brow plates, feather inserts, belly bands and tassels, chest bells and whiskers, scarlet knee covers, and red brocade tail wrappers.

六年，禮制局言：

In the sixth year the Bureau of Ritual Regulations reported:

大觀中，用大司樂代太常卿為第三引，蓋以大司樂掌鼓吹之事。夫禮樂之官，宗伯為長，宜改用禮部尚書。又第四引司徒，即用地官之長，自漢以來為三公。朝廷近改司徒為少傅，然六引司徒乃地官之事，宜改用戶部尚書。其府佐依六引諸卿例，改為僚佐，其鹵簿儀仗，依兵部尚書例給。

During the Daguang era the Director of Music replaced the Director of Imperial Sacrifices as third escort, since he supervised wind and percussion. Among ritual and music offices the Minister of Rites ranks highest; he should take this role instead. The fourth escort, the Minister of Education, heads the Earth Offices and has been one of the Three Excellencies since Han times. The court recently renamed the Minister of Education as Junior Tutor, but the six-escort post concerns revenue affairs; the Minister of Revenue should take it instead. His staff should follow the six-escort precedent for ministers, and his ceremonial guard should match that of the Minister of War.

古之諸侯出封於外，同姓錫以金輅，異姓錫以象輅。蓋出而製節，則遠君而其道伸；入而謹度，則近君而其勢屈。故其入覲，則不敢乘金輅、象輅，以同於王，當自降而乘墨車也。若公侯采地在天子縣內者，則為都鄙之長，《大司馬》所謂「師都建旃「是矣。今開封牧列職於朝，與御史大夫同謂之卿可也，其在《周官》，則卿大夫之職是矣；又無金輅、象輅之錫，而乃比於古之諸侯入覲而乘墨車，可乎？

When ancient feudal lords were enfeoffed abroad, kinsmen received a Golden Chariot and non-kin an Ivory Chariot. Going out to govern, one stood far from the ruler and one's authority extended; returning to court, one stood near the ruler and one's stature was humbled. Thus at audience they did not ride the Golden or Ivory Chariot, which would equal the king's, but humbly used the Ink carriage. If a duke or marquis held a fief within the royal domain, he was chief of the capital outskirts — 'the capital outskirts erect pennants,' as the Grand Marshal says. Today the Metropolitan Governor holds court rank and may be styled a minister like the Censor-in-Chief; in the Zhou Offices this was a ministerial or grand-master post; yet he has received no Golden or Ivory Chariot — is it fitting to compare him to feudal lords at audience riding the Ink carriage?

成周上公九命，車旗以九為節，故建常九斿；侯、伯七命，車旗以七為節，故建常七斿；子、男五命，車旗以五為節，故建常五斿；其卿六命，其大夫四命，車旗亦各氐其命之數。則卿之建旃當用六斿，大夫建物當用四斿，至於三斿則上士所建也。其開封令，宜乘墨車而建物四斿；開封牧、御史大夫、戶部兵部禮部尚書皆卿也，宜乘夏縵而建旃六斿。

In the Chengzhou era a senior duke of nine commands used nine as the measure for chariot and banner, hence a nine-tasseled standard; marquises and earls of seven commands used seven, hence seven tassels; viscounts and barons of five commands used five, hence five tassels; ministers of six commands and grandees of four likewise scaled chariot and banner to their rank. A minister's pennant should bear six tassels, a grandee's emblem four; three tassels were for senior servitors. The Metropolitan Magistrate should ride an Ink carriage bearing a four-tasseled emblem; The Metropolitan Governor, Censor-in-Chief, and Ministers of Revenue, War, and Rites are ministers all; they should ride Summer-Painted carriages with six-tasseled pennants.

其年，詳定官蔡攸又言：

That year Cai You of the deliberating office added:

六引，開封令乘軺車居前，開封牧、大司樂、司徒、御史大夫、兵部尚書乘革車次之。開封牧建繡隼旗，太常卿建繡鳳旗，司徒繡瑞馬旗，御史大夫繡以獬豸，兵部尚書繡以虎，皆副之以闟戟。其先後之序，所乘之車，所建之旗，揆古則不合，驗今則有戾。且大駕之出，自漢光武時始有三引：先河南尹，次執金吾，次洛陽令，先尊而後卑也。後魏亦三引：先平城令，次司隸校尉，次丞相，先卑而後尊也。唐兼用六引，五代減為三，後周復增為六。本朝因之，以開封令居前，終以兵部尚書。然以前為尊，則大司樂不當次令、牧；以後為尊，則兵部尚書不當繼御史大夫，此先後之序未正也。

In the six escorts the Metropolitan Magistrate led in a Light Carriage, followed by the Metropolitan Governor, Director of Music, Minister of Education, Censor-in-Chief, and Minister of War in leather carriages. The Metropolitan Governor bore an embroidered falcon banner, the Director of Imperial Sacrifices a phoenix, the Minister of Education an auspicious horse, the Censor-in-Chief the unicorn-beast, the Minister of War a tiger — each with a ceremonial halberd as well. The order of march, the carriages used, and the banners raised accord neither with antiquity nor with present practice. Since Emperor Guangwu of Han the great procession used three escorts: the Metropolitan Governor of Henan first, then the Commandant of the Capital Garrison, then the Metropolitan Magistrate of Luoyang — honored ranks before humble ones. Later Wei likewise used three escorts: the Magistrate of Pingcheng first, then the Director of the Capital Inspectors, then the Chancellor — humble ranks before honored ones. Tang employed six escorts; the Five Dynasties cut them to three; Later Zhou restored six. Our dynasty followed suit, with the Metropolitan Magistrate leading and the Minister of War last. If front rank denotes honor, the Director of Music should not follow the Magistrate and Governor; if rear rank denotes honor, the Minister of War should not follow the Censor-in-Chief — the order of precedence is therefore wrong.

軺車非縣令宜駕，革車非公卿宜用，是所乘之車未稱也。鳳馬之繡，無所經見，闟戟之設，尤為訛謬，是所建之旗未宜也。司徒，三公論道之官，車徒非其所任，戶部主之可也。奉常掌禮，司樂典樂，皆專於一事，禮樂之容，非其所兼，禮部總之宜也。請改司徒用戶部尚書，改大司樂用禮部尚書，其僚佐儀製視兵部尚書。御史大夫，位亞三少，秩從二品，又尊於六尚書。其行，宜以兵部次令、牧，禮部、戶部又次之，終以御史大夫，則先後之序正矣。

A Light Carriage ill suits a county magistrate, and a leather carriage ill suits princes and nobles — the vehicles are mismatched to rank. Phoenix-and-horse embroidery appears nowhere in the classics; mounting ceremonial halberds is especially mistaken — the banners are unsuitable. The Minister of Education, a Three Excellency charged with discourse on the Way, does not oversee chariots and troops — the Minister of Revenue should. The Director of Constant Offerings handles ritual and the Director of Music handles music — each has a single charge and cannot combine both; the Ministry of Rites should oversee them. We ask that the Minister of Revenue replace the Minister of Education and the Minister of Rites replace the Director of Music, with staff and ceremonial gear matching the Minister of War. The Censor-in-Chief ranks below the Three Juniors but holds second rank and stands above the Six Ministers. In procession the Minister of War should follow the Magistrate and Governor, then the Ministers of Rites and Revenue, with the Censor-in-Chief last — that would set the order right.

夏篆者，篆其車而五采畫之也，夏縵則五采畫之而不篆，墨車則漆之而不畫。孤宜乘夏篆，象其文質之備；卿宜乘夏縵，象其文采而不足於篆。開封令秩比大夫，開封牧古之諸侯，其乘皆宜墨車。其駕之馬，令以三，牧以四，御史大夫以六，尚書，卿之任也，其駕亦四，則所乘之車稱矣。《司常》曰：「孤、卿建旃，大夫、士建物，師都建旗。」蓋通帛為旃，其色純赤；雜帛為物，其色赤白；物為三斿，旃亦如之。開封令秩視大夫，故宜建以物；開封牧率王畿之眾而衛上，師都之任也，故宜建以旗；尚書、御史大夫，古之卿也，故宜建以旃。

Summer-Engraved means engraving the carriage and painting it in five colors; Summer-Painted means painting in five colors without engraving; Ink means lacquer only, without painting. A feudal lord should ride Summer-Engraved, symbolizing full pattern and substance; a minister Summer-Painted, symbolizing ornament but short of full engraving. The Metropolitan Magistrate ranks as a grandee and the Metropolitan Governor as an ancient feudal lord — both should use Ink carriages. Harness should be three horses for the Magistrate, four for the Governor, six for the Censor-in-Chief, and four for ministers — then the vehicles would match rank. The Banner Master says: 'Feudal lords and ministers raise pennants; grandees and servitors raise emblems; the capital outskirts raise banners.' Plain silk makes a pennant, pure red in color; mixed silk makes an emblem, red and white; an emblem bears three tassels, and a pennant likewise. The Metropolitan Magistrate ranks as a grandee and should bear an emblem; the Metropolitan Governor leads the royal domain to guard the sovereign — a capital-outskirts charge — and should bear a banner; ministers and the Censor-in-Chief are ministers of old and should bear pennants.

從之。

The proposal was approved.

七年，禮制局言：「昨討論大駕六引，開封牧乘墨車，兵部尚書、禮部尚書、戶部尚書、御史大夫乘夏縵。已經冬祀陳設訖，所有駕士衣服，尚循舊六引之制，宜行改正，況天子五輅，駕士之服，各隨其輅之色，則六引駕士之服，當亦如之。請墨車駕士衣皂，夏縵駕士皂質繡五色團花，於禮為稱。」從之。

In the seventh year the Bureau of Ritual Regulations reported: "In our recent deliberation on the six escorts of the great procession, the Metropolitan Governor rides an Ink carriage and the Ministers of War, Rites, and Revenue and the Censor-in-Chief ride Summer-Painted carriages. The winter sacrifice display is already set, yet attendants' dress still follows the old six-escort rules and should be corrected; for the Son of Heaven's five chariots, attendants dress to match each chariot's color — the six escorts should follow the same rule. We ask that Ink-carriage attendants wear black and Summer-Painted attendants black robes embroidered with five-colored round flowers — which would be ritually appropriate." The request was approved.

肩輿。神宗優待宗室老疾不能騎者，出入聽肩輿。熙寧五年，太宗正司請宗室以病肩輿者，踏引、籠燭不得過兩對。中興後，人臣無乘車之制，從祀則以馬，常朝則以轎。舊制，輿簷有禁。中興東征西伐，以道路阻險，詔許百官乘轎，王公以下通乘之。其制：正方，飾有黃、黑二等，凸蓋無梁，以篾席為障，左右設牖，前施簾，舁以長竿二，名曰竹轎子，亦曰竹輿。

The Shoulder Palanquin. Emperor Shenzong allowed aged or infirm clansmen who could not ride to use shoulder palanquins on their outings. In 1072 the Directorate of the Taizong Line ruled that clansmen using shoulder palanquins for illness might have no more than two pairs of foot-guides and caged candles. After the Restoration officials had no prescribed carriages; they rode horses when accompanying sacrifices and sedan chairs for routine court audiences. Under earlier regulations palanquins and eave-palanquins were restricted. After the Restoration, with campaigns in every direction and roads treacherous, an edict allowed all officials sedan chairs, and princes and nobles likewise. It was square, finished in yellow or black, with a convex beamless canopy, bamboo-mat screens, side windows, a front curtain, and two long carrying poles — called a bamboo sedan or bamboo palanquin.

內外命婦之車。唐制有厭翟車、翟車、安車、白銅飾犢車，而幰網有降差。宋制，銀裝白藤輿簷，內命婦皇親所乘；白藤輿簷、金銅犢車、漆犢車，或覆以氈，或覆以棕，內外命婦通乘。

The carriages of titled women within and outside the palace. Tang regulations included Fulfilled Pheasant, Pheasant, and Peace carriages and a white-copper calf carriage, with graded reductions in canopy and net panels by rank. Under Song rules, silver-fitted white-rattan eave-palanquins were for titled palace women and imperial kin; white-rattan eave-palanquins, gilt-bronze calf carriages, and lacquered calf carriages, sometimes with felt or palm coverings — all titled women within and outside the palace could use them.

傘。人臣通用，以青絹為之。宋初，京城內獨親王得用。太宗太平興國中，宰相、樞密使始用之。其後，近臣及內命婦出入皆用。真宗大中祥符五年，詔除宗室外，其餘悉禁。明年，復許中書、樞密院用焉。京城外，則庶官通用。神宗熙寧之制，非品官禁用青蓋，京城惟執政官及宗室許用。哲宗紹聖二年，詔在京官不得用涼扇。徽宗政和三年，以燕、越二王出入，百官不避，乃賜三接青羅傘一，紫羅大掌扇二，塗金花鞍韉，茶燎等物皆用塗金，遂為故事。八年，詔民庶享神，不得造紅黃傘、扇及彩繪，以為祀神之物。宣和初，又詔諸路奉天神，許用紅黃傘、扇，餘祠廟並禁。其畫壁、塑像儀仗用龍飾者易之。建炎中，初駐蹕杭州，執政張澂言：「群臣扈從兵間，權免張蓋，俟回鑾仍舊。」詔前宰相到闕，許張蓋。

Parasols. Officials commonly used green silk parasols. Early in the Song, only imperial princes within the capital might use them. During Emperor Taizong's Taiping Xingguo reign, grand councilors and military commissioners first gained the privilege. Thereafter intimate officials and titled palace women used them on all outings. In 1012 Emperor Zhenzong forbade their use by all except the imperial clan. The following year the Secretariat and Bureau of Military Affairs were again permitted to use them. Outside the capital, ordinary officials used them freely. Under Emperor Shenzong's Xining rules, unranked officials could not use green canopies; within the capital only chief councilors and the imperial clan could. In 1095 Emperor Zhezong forbade capital officials from using cooling fans. In 1113, because the Princes of Yan and Yue passed through the streets without officials yielding, the court granted them one triple-jointed green-silk parasol, two large purple palm fans, gilt saddle and trappings, and gilt tea braziers and the like — establishing a lasting precedent. In the eighth year an edict forbade commoners from making red or yellow parasols, fans, or painted regalia for spirit worship. Early in Xuanhe, circuits worshiping the Heavenly Spirit alone might use red and yellow parasols and fans; all other shrines were forbidden. Dragon ornament on murals, statues, and ritual gear was ordered replaced. During Jianyan, when the court first halted at Hangzhou, Chief Councilor Zhang Cheng urged: "With ministers escorting the army in wartime, parasols should be waived for now and restored when the court returns north." Former grand councilors arriving at court were permitted parasols.

鞍勒之制。宋以賜群臣，其非賜者皆有令式，而不敢逾越焉。金塗銀鬧裝牡丹花校具八十兩，紫羅繡寶相花雉子方韉，油畫鞍，白銀銜鐙，以賜宰相，親王，樞密使帶使相，曾任宰相觀文殿大學士宮觀使，殿前馬軍步軍都指揮使。金塗銀鬧裝太平花校具七十兩，紫羅繡瑞草方韉，油畫鞍，陷銀銜鐙，以賜使相，樞密副使，參和政事，宣徽使，節度使，宮觀使，殿前馬軍步軍副都指揮使、都虞候。〈（四廂都指揮使，韉以紫羅剜花。）〉若出使，則加紅犛牛纓，金塗銀鈸。使相在外，加紅織成鞍復。〈（步軍都虞候以上賜帶甲馬者，加紅皮鞦轡校具七十兩，青氈圓韉，陷銀銜鐙。）〉金塗銀鬧裝麻葉校具五十兩，紫羅剜花方韉，油畫鞍，陷銀銜鐙，以賜三司使，觀文殿學士，資政殿大學士，翰林學士承旨，翰林學士，資政殿、端明殿、翰林侍讀侍講，龍圖、天章、寶文閣、樞密直學士，御史中丞，兩使留後，觀察、防禦使，軍廂都指揮使。〈（軍廂都指揮使初出授團練使、刺史者，賜亦同。曾任中書、樞密院後為學士、中丞者，七十兩，韉以繡瑞草。）〉見任中書、樞密院、宣徽使、使相、節度使出使，曾任中書、樞密院充諸路都總管、安撫使，朝辭日，賜亦如之。金塗銀三環寶相花校具二十五兩，紫羅圓韉，烏漆鞍，銜鐙，以賜團練使、刺史。金塗銀促結洛州花校具三十兩，紫羅圓韉，以賜諸路承受。白成十五兩，以賜諸王宮僚、翰林侍讀侍書；金塗銀寶相花校具四十兩，蠻雲校具十五兩，以賜諸班押班、殿前指揮使以上；白成窪麵校具十二兩，以賜諸班，皆藍黃絁圓韉。

Regulations governing saddles and bridles. The Song granted these to officials; all other cases followed statutory formulas, and none dared exceed them. Eighty taels of gilt-over-silver ornate peony harness fittings, purple silk saddle cloth embroidered with treasure-blossom pheasant squares, painted saddle, and white-silver bit and stirrups went to grand councilors, imperial princes, military commissioners with commissioner rank, former grand councilors serving as Duanming grand academics or palace commissioners, and the commanders-in-chief of Palace Front cavalry and infantry. Seventy taels of gilt-over-silver ornate peace-flower harness fittings, purple silk saddle cloth embroidered with auspicious grass, painted saddle, and inlaid-silver bit and stirrups went to commissioner-rank officials, vice military commissioners, participants in state affairs, palace intendant commissioners, military governors, palace commissioners, and vice commanders and chief inspectors of Palace Front forces. (For commanders of the four wings, saddle cloth of purple silk cutwork.) On diplomatic missions a red yak-hair tassel and gilt-over-silver cymbals were added. Commissioner-rank officials serving abroad added a red brocade saddle cover. (For infantry chief inspectors and above granted armored horses, add seventy taels of red-leather whip-bridle fittings, blue felt round saddle cloth, and inlaid-silver bit and stirrups.) Fifty taels of gilt-over-silver ornate hemp-leaf harness fittings, purple silk cutwork saddle cloth, painted saddle, and inlaid-silver bit and stirrups went to the Three Departments commissioner, Duanming and Zizheng academics, Hanlin academicians, readers and lecturers, pavilion and military direct academicians, the vice censor-in-chief, military deputies, observation and defense commissioners, and wing commanders. (Wing commanders first appointed regimental trainers or prefects received the same grant.) Those who had served in the Secretariat or Bureau of Military Affairs and later became academicians or vice censor-in-chief received seventy taels with saddle cloth embroidered with auspicious grass.) Incumbent Secretariat, military bureau, palace intendant, commissioner-rank, and military governor envoys, and former officials of those offices serving as circuit grand marshals or pacification commissioners received the same grant on their court farewell day. Twenty-five taels of gilt-over-silver triple-ring treasure-blossom harness fittings, purple round saddle cloth, black-lacquer saddle, and bit and stirrups went to regimental trainers and prefects. Thirty taels of gilt-over-silver quick-knot Luozhou-flower harness fittings and purple round saddle cloth went to circuit receivers. White fittings of fifteen taels went to princes' palace staff and Hanlin readers and calligraphers; Forty taels of gilt-over-silver treasure-blossom fittings and fifteen of barbarian-cloud fittings went to class formation leaders and Palace Front commanders and above; White concave-face fittings of twelve taels went to all classes, each with blue-yellow silk round saddle cloths.

其皇親婚嫁，皆給藍黃羅繡方韉，金塗銀花鞍，金塗銀校具自八十兩至十二兩，有六等。宗室女婿係親，皆賜紫羅繡瑞草方韉，校具自七十兩至五十兩，有二等。其賜契丹使，則金塗銀太平花校具七十兩，紫羅繡寶相花雉子方韉；副使則槲葉校具五十兩，紫羅繡合子地圓韉，皆油畫鞍。〈（射弓則使銀裝，副使銀棱。）〉賜諸蕃進奉大使，則如刺史而用青絛韉；副使則如宮僚。凡京官三品以上外任者，皆許馬以纓飾。

Imperial kin at marriage received blue-yellow embroidered saddle cloths, gilt floral saddles, and gilt fittings from eighty down to twelve taels in six grades. Imperial sons-in-law and affinal kin received purple saddle cloths embroidered with auspicious grass and fittings of seventy or fifty taels in two grades. Khitan envoys received seventy taels of gilt peace-flower fittings and purple saddle cloth embroidered with treasure-blossom pheasant squares; deputy envoys received fifty taels of oak-leaf fittings, purple round saddle cloth with seed-pod ground, and painted saddles. (For shooting bows the envoy used silver fittings, the deputy silver beveled fittings.) Foreign tribute envoys received grants like prefects but with green cord saddle cloth; deputies received grants like palace staff. Capital officials of third rank and above serving in the provinces might ornament their horses with tassels.

太宗太平興國七年，翰林學士承旨李昉言：「準詔詳定車服制度，請升朝官許乘銀裝絛子鞍勒，六品以下不得鬧裝，其韉皆不得刺繡、金皮飾。餘官及工商庶人，許並乘烏漆素鞍，不得用狨毛暖坐。其藍黃絛子，非宮禁不得乘。士庶、軍校乘白皮韉勒者，悉禁斷。」從之。八年，詔京朝知錄事參軍及知縣者，所乘馬並不得飾纓，後復許帶纓。端拱二年，詔內職諸班押班、禁軍指揮使、廂軍都虞候，並許乘銀裝絛子鞍勒。京官任知州、通判，許依六品朝官。真宗咸平二年，西京留台上言：「留府群官、使臣乘馬，不得帶纓。」從之。大中祥符五年，詔繡韉及鬧裝校具，除宗室及恩賜外，悉禁。天禧元年，令兩省諫舍、宗室將軍以上，許乘狨毛暖坐，餘悉禁。凡京官，三班已上外任者，皆許馬以纓飾。

In 982 Hanlin ex officio Li Fang reported: "Under the edict to fix carriage and dress regulations, court officials of the ascending audience should be permitted silver-fitted cord saddles and bridles; sixth rank and below may not use ornate fittings; and saddle cloths may not be embroidered or gold-leather trimmed. Other officials, artisans, merchants, and commoners might use plain black-lacquer saddles but not orangutan-fur warm seats. Blue-yellow cord saddles were restricted to the palace precinct. Gentry, commoners, and military officers were forbidden white-leather saddle cloths and bridles." The proposal was approved. In the eighth year capital record clerks and county magistrates were forbidden tasseled horses; the privilege was later restored. In 989 inner-service class leaders, forbidden-army commanders, and wing-army chief inspectors were permitted silver-fitted cord saddles and bridles. Capital officials serving as prefects or vice-prefects might follow sixth-rank court rules. In 999 the Western Capital Remonstrance Bureau reported: "Resident capital officials and envoys may not use tasseled horses." The proposal was approved. In 1012 embroidered saddle cloths and ornate harness fittings were forbidden except for the imperial clan and imperial grants. In 1017 remonstrance officials of the two secretariats and imperial-clan generals and above might use orangutan-fur warm seats; all others were forbidden. Capital officials of the third class and above serving in the provinces might ornament their horses with tassels.

仁宗景祐三年，詔官非五品以上，毋得乘鬧裝銀鞍，其乘金塗銀裝絛子促結鞍轡者，自文武升朝官及內職、禁軍指揮使、諸班押班、廂軍都虞候、防團副使以上，聽之；仍毋得以藍黃為絛、白皮為韉轡。民庶止許以氈皮絁為韉。京官為通判以上職任者，許權依升朝例。神宗熙寧間，文武升朝官、禁軍都指揮使以上，塗金銀裝盤絛促結；五品以上，復許銀鞍鬧裝。若開花繡韉，惟恩賜乃得乘。餘官及民庶，仍禁銀飾。舊制，諸王視宰相，用繡鞍韉。政和三年，始賜金花鞍韉，諸王不施狨坐。宣和末始賜，中興因之。乾道九年，重修儀製。權侍郎、太中大夫以上及學士、待制，經恩賜，許乘狨坐。三衙、節度使曾任執政官，亦如之。先是，建炎初，駐蹕杭州，詔扈從臣僚合設狨坐者，權宜撤去。故事，宰執、侍從自八月朔搭坐。紹興元年，以江、浙地燠，改為九月朔，著為例。乾道元年，乃詔三衙乘馬，賜狨坐。

In 1036 officials below fifth rank were forbidden ornate silver saddles; gilt cord quick-knot saddles and bridles were permitted from court officials, inner-service staff, forbidden-army commanders, class leaders, wing chief inspectors, and defense and regimental vice-commissioners upward; and they might not use blue-yellow cords or white-leather saddle cloths and bridles. Commoners might use only felt, leather, or coarse silk for saddle cloths. Capital officials serving as vice-prefects or higher might provisionally follow ascending-audience rules. During Shenzong's Xining era, ascending-audience officials and forbidden-army commanders-in-chief and above used gilt coiled-cord quick-knot gear; fifth rank and above were again permitted ornate silver saddles. Floral embroidered saddle cloths were permitted only by imperial grant. Other officials and commoners remained forbidden silver ornament. Under earlier rules imperial princes, treated like grand councilors, used embroidered saddles and cloths. In 1113 gilt floral saddles and cloths were first granted, and imperial princes ceased using orangutan seats. Grants began only late in Xuanhe; the practice continued after the Restoration. In 1173 ceremonial regulations were revised. Acting vice ministers, palace grandees of great rectitude and above, and academicians and court gentlemen might use orangutan seats when granted by the emperor. Commanders of the Three Bureaus and military governors who had formerly served as chief councilors were treated likewise. Earlier, when the court first halted at Hangzhou in Jianyan, escorting officials were told to set aside their orangutan seats for the time being. By precedent, grand councilors and attendants set up their warm seats from the first day of the eighth month. In 1131, because Jiang and Zhe were warm, the date was moved to the first day of the ninth month and made precedent. In 1165 the Three Bureaus were ordered to ride horses and granted orangutan seats.

門戟。木為之而無刃，門設架而列之，謂之棨戟。天子宮殿門左右各十二，應天數也。宗廟門亦如之。國學、文宣王廟、武成王廟亦賜焉，惟武成王廟左右各八。臣下則諸州公門設焉，私門則府第恩賜者許之。太宗淳化二年，詔諸道州、府、軍、監奏乞鼓角戟槊，如令文合賜，即下三司指揮。仁宗天聖四年，太常禮院言：「準批狀，詳定知廣安軍範宗古奏，本軍乞降槊。檢會令文，京兆河南太原府、大都督府、都護門十四戟，若中都督、上都護門十二戟，下都督、諸州門各十戟，並官給。所有軍、監門不載，伏請不行。」神宗元豐之制，凡門列戟者，官司則開封、河南、應天、大名、大都督府皆十四，中都督皆十二，下都督皆十。品官恩賜者，正一品十六，二品以上十四。中興仍舊制。

Gate halberds. Fashioned of wood without blades and arrayed on frames at the gate, they were called ceremonial halberds. At the emperor's palace gates there were twelve on each side, matching the number of Heaven. Ancestral temple gates followed the same rule. The National University and the temples of Kings Wenxuan and Wucheng received them as well; only the Temple of King Wucheng had eight on each side. For officials they stood at circuit public gates; at private gates only residences with imperial grants might display them. In 991, when circuits, prefectures, armies, and directorates requested drums, horns, halberds, and spears, the Three Departments were to issue orders at once if regulations warranted a grant. In 1026 the Court of Imperial Sacrifices Ritual Office reported: "Per the approved memorandum, deliberating on Fan Zonggu's memorial as prefect of Guangan Army requesting spears: regulations provided fourteen halberds for Jingzhao, Henan, Taiyuan, great protectorate prefectures, and protectorates; twelve for middle and upper protectorate gates; ten for lower protectorate and circuit gates — all government supplied. Army and directorate gates are not listed; we respectfully ask that the request be denied." Under Shenzong's Yuanfeng rules, gates with halberds were allotted as follows: Kaifeng, Henan, Yingtian, Daming, and great protectorate prefectures fourteen; middle protectorate twelve; lower protectorate ten. Ranked officials with imperial grants received sixteen at first rank and fourteen at second rank and above. After the Restoration the old rules continued.

旌節。唐天寶中置，節度使受命日賜之，得以專製軍事，行即建節，府樹六纛。宋凡命節度使，有司給門旗二，龍、虎各一，旌一，節一，麾槍二，豹尾二。旗以紅繒九幅，上設耀篦、鐵鑽、髹杠、緋纛。旌用塗金銅螭頭，髹杠，綢以紅繒，畫白虎，頂設髹木盤，周用塗金飾。節亦用髹杠，飾以金塗銅葉，上設髹圓盤三層，以紅綠裝釘為旄，並綢以紫綾復囊，又加碧油絹袋。麾槍設髹木盤，綢以紫繒復囊，又加碧油絹袋。豹尾，製以赤黃布，畫豹文，並髹杠。

Banners and insignia. Introduced in Tang's Tianbao era, it was granted on the day a military governor took office, giving him exclusive military authority; on campaign he displayed the insignia, and six great banners stood at his headquarters. Whenever the Song appointed a military governor, the responsible offices supplied two gate banners, one dragon and one tiger, one standard, one insignia staff, two command spears, and two leopard tails. Banners used nine panels of red silk with radiant finials, iron spikes, lacquered poles, and scarlet pennons. The standard bore a gilt-bronze hornless-dragon head on a lacquered pole wrapped in red silk painted with a white tiger, topped by a lacquered disk with gilt trim. The insignia staff used a lacquered pole with gilt-bronze leaves, three lacquered disks, red and green studded tassels, a purple silk double wrap, and a blue-oil silk pouch. Command spears had lacquered disks, purple silk double wraps, and blue-oil silk pouches. Leopard tails were red-yellow cloth painted with leopard patterns on lacquered poles.

神宗熙寧五年，詔新建節並移鎮，並降敕太常寺排比旌節，下左右金吾街仗司、騏驥院，給執擎人員、鞍馬。中興因之。建炎三年，表韓世忠之旗曰「忠勇」。紹興三年，表岳飛之旗曰「精忠」。孝宗詔以其藩邸旌節，迎置天章閣。淳熙中，光宗亦詔奉東宮旌節。其後，寧宗踐祚，有司言安奉皇帝藩邸旌節，宜有推飾。今用朱漆青地金字牌二：其一題曰「太上皇帝藩邸旌節」，其一曰「今上皇帝藩邸旌節。」蓋襲用元豐延安故事雲。

In 1072 newly established commands and transferred headquarters received orders for the Court of Imperial Sacrifices to arrange banners and insignia, with the Golden Crow guard offices and Fine-Horses Park to supply bearers, saddles, and horses. After the Restoration this continued. In 1129 Han Shizhong's banner was inscribed "Loyal and Brave." In 1133 Yue Fei's banner was inscribed "Utter Loyalty." Emperor Xiaozong ordered the banners and insignia of his princely residence installed in the Tianzhang Pavilion. During Chunxi, Emperor Guangzong likewise enshrined the Eastern Palace banners and insignia. When Emperor Ningzong ascended the throne, the responsible offices proposed enhanced ornament for enshrining the Retired Emperor's princely banners and insignia. Two vermilion-lacquer plaques on blue ground with gilt characters are now used: one reading Banners and Insignia of the Supreme Emperor's Princely Residence, the other Banners and Insignia of the Present Emperor's Princely Residence." This followed the Yuanfeng precedent of Yan'an.

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