1
折德扆
Zhe Deyi
2
折德扆，世居雲中，為大族。 父從阮，自晉、漢以來，獨據府州，控扼西北，中國賴之。 仕周至靜難軍節度使。 其鎮府州時，署德扆為馬步軍都校。 廣順間，周世宗建府州為永安軍，以德扆為節度使，時從阮鎮邠寧，父子俱領節鎮，時人榮之。
Zhe Deyi came from a great clan that had lived in Yunzhong for generations. His father Congruan had held Fuzhou alone since the Jin and Han dynasties, guarding the northwestern passes on which the realm depended. Under the Zhou he rose to military commissioner of the Jingnan Army. While governing Fuzhou he appointed Deyi chief commander of his cavalry and infantry. In the Guangshun era Emperor Shizong of Zhou made Fuzhou the Yong'an Army and appointed Deyi its military commissioner, while Congruan still held Binning—father and son both commanded frontier circuits, to the envy of their contemporaries.
3
顯德中，德扆率師攻下河市鎮，斬幷軍五百餘級。 入朝，以其弟德愿權總州事。 時世宗南征，還次通許橋，德扆迎謁，且請遷內地。 世宗以其素得蕃情，不許，厚加賜賚而遣之。 德扆未至，德愿又破幷軍五百餘於沙谷砦，斬其將郝章、張釗。
During the Xiande reign Deyi led a force that captured Hexia Town and took more than five hundred heads among the Bing army. He went to court and left his younger brother Deyuan in temporary charge of the prefecture. The emperor was returning from a southern campaign and stopped at Tongxu Bridge; Deyi came to pay his respects and asked to be transferred to an interior post. The emperor refused, saying Deyi was indispensable to frontier relations, but showered him with gifts before sending him home. Before Deyi returned, Deyuan routed another five hundred Bing troops at Shagu Fort and killed their commanders Hao Zhang and Zhang Zhao.
4
子御勳
Son: Yu Xun
5
御勳，字世隆，德扆鎮府州日，表為右職。 德扆卒，以御勳領汾州團練使、權知府州事。 開寶二年，太祖征太原，御勳詣行在謁見，以為永安軍留後。 四年，以郊祀來朝，禮畢歸鎮。 九年，郊祀西洛，復來朝，道病後期，改泰寧軍節度使，留京師。 太平興國二年，卒，年四十，贈侍中。
Yu Xun, courtesy name Shilong, was recommended for a senior staff post while his father Deyi governed Fuzhou. After Deyi died, Yu Xun was appointed regimental trainer of Fenzhou and put in temporary charge of Fuzhou. In 969, when Taizu marched on Taiyuan, Yu Xun came to the field headquarters and was named acting commissioner of the Yong'an Army. Four years later he came to court for the suburban sacrifice and returned to his post when the rites ended. In 976, when the sacrifice was held at Luoyang, he came again but fell ill en route and arrived late; he was reassigned as military commissioner of Taining and kept at the capital. He died in 977 at the age of forty and was posthumously made Palace Attendant.
6
子御卿
Son: Yu Qing
7
御卿，幼補節院使，御勳知州事，署為兵馬都校。 御勳徙鎮，召為閑廄副使、知府州。 太宗征河東，命御卿與尹憲領屯兵同攻嵐州，又破岢嵐軍，擒其軍使折令圖以獻，遂下嵐州，又殺其憲州刺史霍翊，又擒其將馬延忠等七人。 遷崇儀使。
Yu Qing entered service young as a military commission envoy; when Yu Xun governed the prefecture he named him chief of cavalry and infantry. When Yu Xun was transferred elsewhere, Yu Qing was summoned as deputy commissioner of the spare stables and appointed prefect of Fuzhou. During Taizong's Hedong campaign Yu Qing and Yin Xian were ordered to attack Lanzhou together; they routed the Kela garrison, captured its commander Zhe Lingtu, took the city, killed prefect Huo Yi, and seized seven officers including Ma Yanzhong. He was promoted to commissioner of honored rites.
8
淳化三年，凡四遷而為府州觀察使。 五年，拜永安軍節度使。 既而契丹眾萬餘入寇，御卿大敗之於子河氵義，斬首五千級，獲馬千匹，契丹將號突厥太尉、司徒、舍利死者二十餘人，擒其吐渾一人，自是契丹知所畏。 太宗因遣使問御卿曰：「西北要害皆屯勁兵，戎人何自而至？」 御卿對曰：「敵緣山峽小徑入，謀剽略。 臣諜知之，遣人邀其歸路，因縱兵大擊，敗走之，人馬墜厓谷死者相忱，其大將韓德威僅以身免。 皆聖靈所及，非臣之功也。」 上嘉之。
By 992, after four promotions, he had become observation commissioner of Fuzhou. In 994 he was appointed military commissioner of the Yong'an Army. Soon afterward more than ten thousand Khitan raided; Yu Qing crushed them at Zihe Yi, taking five thousand heads and a thousand horses; more than twenty Khitan officers bearing titles such as Turkic Grand Captain, Minister, and Sheli were killed, and one Tuyuhun captive was taken—from then on the Khitan learned to fear him. Taizong sent an envoy to ask Yu Qing, "Every key point in the northwest is held by crack troops—how did the barbarians get through?" Yu Qing answered, "They slipped in by a narrow mountain track, intending to raid. I learned of it through scouts and sent men to cut off their retreat, then struck hard and drove them off; men and horses fell dead in heaps in the ravines, and their commander Han Dewei barely escaped alive. It was all due to your sacred favor, not my merit." The emperor praised him warmly.
9
歲餘，御卿被病，德威諜知之，且為李繼遷所誘，率眾來侵，以報子河氵義之役。 御卿力疾出戰，德威聞其至，不敢進。 會疾甚，其母密遣人召歸，御卿曰：「世受國恩，邊寇未滅，御卿罪也。 今臨敵棄士卒自便，不可，死於軍中乃其分也。 為白太夫人，無念我，忠孝豈兩全！」 言訖泣下。 翌日卒，年三十八。 上聞悼惜久之，贈侍中，以其子惟正為洛苑使、知州事。 惟正歸朝，以其弟惟昌繼之。
A year later Yu Qing fell ill; Han Dewei learned of it through spies and, urged on by Li Jiqian, led a force to raid in revenge for Zihe Yi. Yu Qing dragged himself from his sickbed to fight; when Han Dewei heard he had come out, he dared not press the attack. As his illness worsened, his mother secretly sent for him to come home; Yu Qing said, "Our family has enjoyed the state's favor for generations; as long as the border enemy is unbeaten, I am the one at fault. To leave my men now that the enemy is here would be unthinkable; dying in the ranks is my proper duty. Tell my mother not to worry about me—loyalty and filial duty cannot both be fulfilled!" He wept as he finished speaking. He died the next day, at thirty-eight. The emperor mourned him at length, posthumously made him Palace Attendant, and appointed his son Weizheng commissioner of the Luo Park with charge of the prefecture. When Weizheng went to court, his younger brother Weichang succeeded him in Fuzhou.
10
大中祥符二年，表求赴闕。 真宗命近臣與射於苑中，宴賜甚厚。 上言：「先臣御卿蒙賜旗三十竿以壯軍容，請別給賜。」 許之。 七年，命河東民運糧赴麟州，當出兵為援，惟昌力疾領步騎屯寧遠砦，冒風沙而行。 時疾已亟，猶與賓佐宴飲，談笑自若焉。 明日卒，年三十七。 以其弟惟忠繼之。
In 1009 he petitioned to come to court. Zhenzong had his close ministers join him in archery in the imperial park and entertained Weichang with lavish gifts. He said, "My late father Yu Qing was granted thirty banner poles to enhance his troops' appearance; I ask for a grant of my own." The request was granted. In 1014, when Hedong civilians were ordered to haul grain to Linzhou, Weichang, though seriously ill, led foot and horse to garrison Ningyuan Fort and marched through wind and sand to support them. Though his illness was grave, he still feasted with his staff, talking and laughing as if nothing were wrong. He died the next day, at thirty-seven. His younger brother Weizhong succeeded him.
11
惟忠，字藎臣，初以兄惟信戰沒，補西頭供奉官，擢閣門祗候。 及惟昌卒，以惟忠為六宅使、知府州兼麟府路都巡檢使，領普州刺史； 再遷左藏庫使，真拜嘉州刺史，改資州，進簡州團練使。 喪母，起復雲麾將軍，卒。
Weizhong, courtesy name Jinchen, entered service as a western-head palace attendant after his elder brother Weixin was killed in battle and was promoted to gate usher. When Weichang died, Weizhong was made commissioner of the Six Residences, prefect of Fuzhou, and overall inspector of the Lin-Fu circuit, while also holding the prefecture of Puzhou; he was later promoted to commissioner of the left treasury, confirmed as prefect of Jiazhou, transferred to Zizhou, and advanced to regimental trainer of Jianzhou. When his mother died he was recalled from mourning as Cloud-Banner General and later died in office.
12
惟忠知兵事。 天聖中，契丹與夏國會兵境上，聲言嫁娶，惟忠覘得其實，率麾下往備之，戒士卒毋輕動。 一夕風霾，有騎走營中，以為寇至，惟忠堅臥不動，徐命擒之，得數誕馬，蓋虜所縱也。 既卒，錄其弟侄子孫七人，以其子繼宣嗣州事。 久之，特贈惟忠耀州觀察使。
Weizhong was skilled in military affairs. During the Tiansheng era the Khitan and Xia massed on the border under the pretense of a marriage alliance; Weizhong discovered their real intent, led his men to meet them, and ordered his troops not to stir rashly. One night in a sandstorm riders dashed through the camp and men cried that the enemy had come; Weizhong lay still, then calmly ordered them caught—it proved to be a few stray horses the barbarians had turned loose. After his death seven younger kinsmen—brothers, nephews, and grandsons—were given posts, and his son Jixuan succeeded to the prefecture. Long afterward he was posthumously made observation commissioner of Yaozhou.
13
寶元中，繼宣坐苛虐掊刻，種落嗟怨，絀為左監門衛將軍、楚州都監，擢其弟右侍禁繼閔為西京作坊使，嗣州事。
In the Baoyuan era Jixuan was punished for harsh extortion that alienated the tribes; he was demoted to general of the Left Gate Guard and military supervisor of Chuzhou, while his younger brother Jiyin, a right palace guard, was made commissioner of the Western Capital workshops and succeeded him at Fuzhou.
14
繼閔，字廣孝。 慶歷中，元昊兵攻麟州不克，進圍州城。 城險且堅，東南有水門，厓壁峭絕，阻河。 賊緣厓腹微徑魚貫而前，城中矢石亂下，賊轉攻城北，士卒復力戰，賊死傷甚眾，遂引去，圍豐州，豐州遂陷。 繼閔以城守勞，特遷宮苑使、普州刺史。 未幾，護送麟州戍卒冬服，賊伏兵邀擊之，盡掠所賫，繼閔脫身繇間道歸。 會赦，止奪宮苑使，後復官，領果州團練使。 自元昊反，繼閔招輯歸業者三千餘戶。 皇祐二年，卒，以其弟繼祖嗣州事。
Jiyin, courtesy name Guangxiao. During the Qingli era Yuan Hao's army failed to take Linzhou and instead laid siege to Fuzhou. The city was strong and well defended; on the southeast was a water gate where cliffs dropped sheer to the river. The enemy crept along a narrow ledge in single file; the defenders rained arrows and stones upon them; when the attackers shifted to the north wall the garrison fought them off again with heavy losses to the enemy, who then withdrew to besiege Fengzhou, which soon fell. For his defense of the city Jiyin was specially promoted to commissioner of the palace park and prefect of Puzhou. Soon afterward, while escorting winter uniforms for the Linzhou garrison, he was ambushed and everything he carried was seized; Jiyin escaped by a back trail. An amnesty spared him further punishment—only his palace park commission was removed—and he was later restored to office as regimental trainer of Guozhou. After Yuan Hao's rebellion Jiyin resettled more than three thousand households who returned to farming. He died in 1050, and his younger brother Jizu succeeded him.
15
繼祖，字應之，由右侍禁遷西染院使，累轉皇城使、成州團練使。 臨政二十餘年。 奏乞書籍，仁宗賜以《九經》。 韓絳發河東兵城囉兀，繼祖為先鋒，深入敵帳，降部落戶八百。 加解州防禦使，卒。 繼祖有子當襲州事，請以授兄之子克柔，詔從之，而進其三子官，錄二孫為借職。
Jizu, courtesy name Yingzhi, rose from right palace guard to commissioner of the western dyeing court and eventually to imperial city commissioner and regimental trainer of Chengzhou. He governed the prefecture for more than twenty years. He petitioned for books, and Renzong granted him the Nine Classics. When Han Jiang sent Hedong troops to build a fort at Luowu, Jizu led the vanguard deep into enemy territory and received the surrender of eight hundred tribal households. He was made defense commissioner of Jiezhou and later died. Jizu had a son entitled to succeed him but asked that the post go to his elder brother's son Kerou; the throne approved, promoted his three sons, and enrolled two grandsons in borrowed posts.
16
弟繼世，少從軍，為延州東路巡檢。 嵬名山之內附，繼世先知之，遣其子克懃報种諤，諤用是取綏州。 繼世以騎步萬軍於懷寧砦，入晉祠谷，往銀川，分名山之眾萬五千戶居於大理河。 夏人來攻，再戰皆捷。 諤抵罪逮繫獄，以兵付之而行，遂同名山守綏州，綠功領忠州刺史。 說韓絳城囉兀以撫橫山，因畫取河南之策，絳以為然。 以左騏驥使、果州團練使卒。 諸司使無賻禮，詔以繼世蕃官，捍邊有績，特給之。 從子克行。
His younger brother Jishi entered the army young and became eastern-route inspector of Yanzhou. When Weiming Shan defected, Jishi learned of it first and sent his son Keqin to inform Chong Shi, who thereby captured Suizhou. Jishi led ten thousand cavalry and infantry from Huaining Fort through Jinci Valley to Yinchuan and resettled fifteen thousand of Weiming Shan's followers along the Dali River. When the Tangut attacked, he fought them twice and won both times. When Chong Shi was imprisoned on criminal charges, Jishi was given his troops and, together with Weiming Shan, held Suizhou; for his service he was made prefect of Zhongzhou. He persuaded Han Jiang to build Luowu to pacify the Hengshan region and outlined a plan to seize territory south of the Yellow River, which Han Jiang accepted. He died while serving as left commissioner of fine horses and regimental trainer of Guozhou. Palace commissioners normally received no funeral gifts by regulation, but an edict specially granted one to Jishi as a frontier tribal officer who had distinguished himself on the border. Nephew: Kexing
17
曾孫克行
Great-grandson: Kexing
18
克行，字遵道，繼閔子也。 初仕軍府，無所知名。 夏人寇環慶，种諤拒之，詔河東出師為援，克行請往。 諤使以兵三千護餉道，戰於葭蘆川，先登，斬級四百，降戶千，馬畜萬計。 諸老將矍然曰：「真折太尉子也！」 擢知府州。
Kexing, courtesy name Zundao, was the son of Jiyin. He began in the military commission without attracting notice. When the Tangut raided Huanqing and Chong Shi held them off, the court ordered Hedong to send reinforcements; Kexing volunteered. Chong Shi gave him three thousand men to guard the supply line; at Jialu River he led the assault, took four hundred heads, received the surrender of a thousand households, and captured tens of thousands of horses and livestock. The veteran generals exclaimed, "He is truly a son of Grand Captain Zhe!" He was promoted to prefect of Fuzhou.
19
秦兵討夏國，張世矩將河外軍民，克行與俱。 廷議謂守臣難自行，詔克行選兵隸世矩。 克行抗章，願率部落先驅，未報，即委管鑰而西。 大酋咩保吳良以萬騎來躡，克行為後拒，度賊半度隘，縱擊大破之，殺咩保吳良。 師還自劾，釋不問。 王中正出塞，克行先拔宥州，每出必勝，夏人畏之，益左廂兵，專以當折氏。
When Qin forces campaigned against the Xia, Zhang Shiju commanded the army and civilians beyond the river, and Kexing marched with him. The court decided that frontier commanders could not campaign on their own and ordered Kexing to detach troops under Zhang Shiju's command. Kexing protested in a memorial that he wished to lead his tribes as vanguard; receiving no answer, he turned over the seals of office and marched west on his own. The great chieftain Miebao Wuliang pursued with ten thousand horsemen; Kexing covered the rear and, waiting until half the enemy had passed the defile, struck and routed them, killing Miebao Wuliang. On the army's return he submitted a self-accusation, which the court dismissed without punishment. When Wang Zhongzheng campaigned beyond the border, Kexing was first to take Youzhou; he won every engagement, and the Tangut, fearing him, reinforced their left wing army specifically to counter the Zhe family.
20
太原孫覽議城葭蘆，諸將論多不合，召克行問策，即頓兵吐渾河，約勒部伍，為深入窮討之狀，敵疑不敢動。 既訖役，又入津慶、龍橫川，斬級三千。
When Sun Lan of Taiyuan proposed building a fort at Jialu and the generals could not agree, Kexing was summoned for advice; he halted his army on the Tuhun River, drilled his men, and feigned a deep pursuit that kept the enemy from stirring. When the fort was finished he raided Jinqing and Longheng River and took three thousand heads.
21
詔河東進築八砦，通道鄜延。 延帥遣秦希甫來共議，克行請兩路併力，以遠者為先，希甫曰：「由近及遠，法也。」 克行曰：「不然，事有奇正。 今乘士氣之銳，所利在速，故先遠役，以出其不意，若徐圖之，士心且怠矣。」 希甫持不可，並上二議，卒用克行策。 城成，諜言寇至，軍中皆戒嚴，克行止之曰：「彼自擾耳。」 已而果然。
The court ordered Hedong to build eight advance forts and open a route to Fuyan. The Fuyan commander sent Qin Xifu to consult; Kexing urged both circuits to combine forces and build the distant forts first; Xifu said, "From near to far—that is the proper method." Kexing replied, "Not so—there is orthodox strategy and there is unorthodox strategy. Our men are at peak morale and speed is everything, so we should build the distant forts first and catch the enemy off guard; if we proceed slowly, their fighting spirit will fade." Xifu objected, but both plans went to the throne and Kexing's strategy was adopted. When the fort was finished, scouts reported an enemy approach and the army went on alert; Kexing stopped them, saying, "They are only rattling themselves." Soon it proved exactly so.
22
克行在邊三十年，善拊士卒，戰功最多，羌人呼為『折家父』。 官至秦州觀察使，卒，贈武安軍節度使。 子可大為榮州團練使、知府州。 從子可適。
Kexing served on the frontier for thirty years, won his soldiers' loyalty, and accumulated more battle honors than any of his kin; the Qiang called him "Father of the Zhe clan." He rose to observation commissioner of Qinzhou and, on his death, was posthumously made military commissioner of the Wu'an Army. His son Kedà became regimental trainer of Rongzhou and prefect of Fuzhou. Nephew: Keshi
23
可適未冠有勇，馳射不習而能。 鄜延郭逵見之，歎曰：「真將種也！」 薦試廷中，補殿侍，隸延州。 從种諤出塞，遇敵馬以少年易之，可適索與鬥，斬其首，取馬而還，益知名，米脂之役，與夏人戰三角嶺，得級多，又敗之於蒲桃谷東。 兵久不得食，千人成聚，籍籍於軍門，或欲掩殺以為功，可適曰：「此以饑而逃耳，非叛也。」 單馬出詰之曰：「爾輩何至是，不為父母妻子念而甘心為異域鬼耶？」 皆回面聲喏，流涕謝再生，各遣歸。
Keshi was brave before he came of age and could shoot from horseback without formal training. Guo Kui of Fuyan saw him and exclaimed, "He is born to be a general!" Recommended for examination at court, he was made a palace attendant and assigned to Yanzhou. On campaign with Chong Shi beyond the border, he met enemy horsemen who mocked his youth; Keshi challenged one to single combat, cut off his head, seized his horse, and rode back to growing fame; at Mizhi he fought the Tangut at Sanjiao Ridge with many kills and routed them again east of Putao Valley. After long hunger a thousand men clustered at headquarters clamoring for food, and some officers wanted to slaughter them for credit; Keshi said, "They are starving deserters, not mutineers." He rode out alone and rebuked them: "How can you do this—have you no thought for your parents, wives, and children, yet choose to die as ghosts in enemy country?" They turned, shouted assent, wept and thanked him for their lives, and were sent home one by one.
24
羌、夏人十萬入寇，可適先得其守烽卒姓名，詐為首領行視，呼出塞斬之，烽不傳，因卷甲疾趨，大破之於尾丁磑。 回次檉楊溝，正午駐營，分騎據西山，曰：「彼若躡吾後，腹背受敵，必敗。」 果舉軍來，可適所部𦆵八千，轉戰至高嶺，廼從間道趣洪德，設伏邀其歸路。 敵至，伏發衝之，其國母窬山而遁，焚棄輜重，雖帷賬首飾之屬亦不返，眾相蹈藉，赴厓澗死者如積。 論前後功，至皇城使、成州團練使、知岷蘭州鎮戎軍。
When a hundred thousand Qiang and Tangut invaded, Keshi learned the names of their beacon guards, posed as a chieftain on inspection, lured them beyond the pass and killed them so no alarm was sent, then marched swiftly and crushed them at Weiding Wei. On the return march he camped at Chenyang Gully at noon and posted cavalry on the western hills, saying, "If they follow us we will catch them between two forces and they cannot stand." The enemy army came as he had foreseen; with only eight thousand men Keshi fought his way to Gaoling, then slipped by a back trail to Hongde and laid an ambush on their retreat. When the enemy arrived the ambush struck; their queen mother fled over the mountains; they abandoned and burned their baggage, leaving even curtains and ornaments behind; the fugitives trampled one another and died in heaps in the ravines. For his cumulative service he rose to imperial city commissioner, regimental trainer of Chengzhou, and commander of Minzhou, Lanzhou, and Zhenrong Army.
25
渭帥章楶合熙、秦、慶三道兵築好水川，命總管王文振統之，而可適將軍為副。 熙州兵千人失道盡死，文振歸罪於可適，楶即下之吏，宰相章惇欲按軍法，哲宗不許，猶削十三官而罷。 楶請留以責效，乃以權第十二將。
Zhang Jie, commander of Wei, combined troops from the Xi, Qin, and Qing circuits to build a fort at Haoshui River, with Wang Wenzhen as overall commander and Keshi as his deputy. A thousand Xizhou troops lost their way and perished; Wenzhen blamed Keshi, and Jie had him arrested; Chancellor Zhang Dun wanted him executed under military law, but Zhezong refused, though he still stripped thirteen ranks and removed him from command. Jie asked to retain him until he could prove himself, and he was made acting commander of the Twelfth Regiment.
26
嵬名阿埋、昧勒都逋，皆夏人桀黠用事者，詔可適密圖之，會二酋以畜牧為名會境上，可適諜知之，遣兵夜往襲，並俘其族屬三千人，遂取天都山。 帝為御文德殿受賀，以其地為西安州，遷可適東上閤門使、洺州防禦使、涇原鈐轄、知州事，真拜和州防禦使，進明州觀察使，為副都總管。
Weiming Amai and Mile Dupo were powerful, cunning Tangut leaders; the court ordered Keshi to eliminate them; when the two met on the border under pretense of grazing livestock, Keshi learned of it through spies, raided by night, captured three thousand of their kin, and took Tiandu Mountain. The emperor received congratulations in the Wende Hall and made the region Xi'anzhou; Keshi was promoted to eastern upper gate envoy, defense commissioner of Mingzhou, Jingyuan commander, and prefect, then confirmed as defense commissioner of Hezhou and observation commissioner of Mingzhou, and made deputy overall commander.
27
帥鐘傳行邊，為敵所隔，以輕騎拔之，得歸。 傳議取靈武，環慶，亦請出師，命可適將萬騎往，即薄靈州川。 夏人扶老挾稚，中夜入州城，明日俘獲甚夥，而慶兵不至，乃引還。 詔使人覲，帝以傳策訪焉，對曰：「得之易，守之難，當先侵弱其地，待吾藩籬既固，然後可圖。」 帝曰：「卿言是也。」 進武安軍節度觀察留後、步軍都虞候。
When Commander Zhong Chuan was cut off on a border tour, Keshi broke through with light cavalry and brought him back. Chuan proposed taking Lingwu and Huanqing and requested reinforcements; Keshi was ordered to lead ten thousand horsemen and advanced to the banks of the Lingzhou River. The Tangut, old and young together, entered the city at midnight; the next day his captives were many, but Qing reinforcements never came and he withdrew. Summoned to court, he was asked about Chuan's plan and answered, "It is easy to take but hard to hold; we should first wear down their territory and only when our frontier defenses are solid plan a full conquest." The emperor said, "You are right." He was promoted to military commissioner and observation acting commissioner of the Wu'an Army and chief adjutant of the foot army.
28
大城蕭關，與傳議齟齬，會覆師數百於踏口，傳劾之，貶鄭州觀察使。 俄知衛州，拜淮康軍節度使。 轉運使請於平夏、通峽、鎮戎、西安四砦分築場圃，置芻粟五百萬，可適以費大難之，又欲借車牛以運，及致十萬斛於熙河，皆戾其意，乃中以疑謗，召為佑神觀使。 明年，復以為渭州，命其子彥質直秘閣參軍事，數月而卒，年六十一。 彥質，紹興中簽書樞密院，別有傳。
He built up Xiaoguan, quarreled with Chuan over strategy, and when several hundred men were lost at Tako, Chuan impeached him and he was demoted to observation commissioner of Zhengzhou. He was soon made prefect of Weizhou and military commissioner of the Huai'kang Army. The transport commissioner proposed stockyards at four forts with five million bundles of fodder; Keshi protested the cost, refused to lend carts and oxen, and balked at shipping a hundred thousand hu to Xihe; enemies slandered him and he was recalled as commissioner of the Youshen Observatory. The next year he was again appointed to Wei; his son Yanzhi was made a direct secretary in the Secretariat; he died several months later at sixty-one. Yanzhi later signed the Bureau of Military Affairs in the Shaoxing era and has a separate biography.
29
馮繼業
Feng Jiye
30
馮繼業，字嗣宗，大名人。 父暉，朔方節度，封衛王。 繼業幼敏慧，有度量，以父任補朔方軍節院使，隨父歷邠、孟，及再領朔方，皆補牙職。 周廣順初，暉疾，繼業圖殺其兄繼勳。 暉卒，遂代其父為朔方軍留後。 以郊祀恩，加靈州大都督府長史，遷朔方節度、靈環觀察、處置、度支、溫池榷稅等使。
Feng Jiye, courtesy name Sizong, was a native of Daming. His father Hui was military commissioner of Shuofang and was enfeoffed as Prince of Wei. Jiye was clever and broad-minded as a youth; through his father's influence he became an envoy of the Shuofang commission, followed him through Bin and Meng, and when his father again held Shuofang he held staff posts there. Early in the Zhou Guangshun era, when Hui fell ill, Jiye plotted to kill his elder brother Jixun. When Hui died he succeeded his father as acting commissioner of the Shuofang Army. By suburban-sacrifice grace he was made chief administrator of Lingzhou and promoted to military commissioner of Shuofang with oversight of Ling and Huan, disposition, revenue, and Wenchi monopoly affairs.
31
恭帝時，繼業既殺兄代父領鎮，頗驕恣，時出兵劫略羌夷，羌夷不附，又撫士卒少恩，繼業慮其為變，以太祖居鎮日常得給事，乃豫徙其孥闕下。
Under Emperor Gong, Jiye had killed his brother to seize his father's command and grew arrogant, raiding Qiang and Yi tribes until they would not submit; he also showed little kindness to his troops and, fearing mutiny, moved their families to the capital because Taizu had once served under his father in the same circuit.
32
建隆初，來朝，連以駝馬、寶器為獻。 開寶二年，賜詔獎諭，拜靜難軍節度使。 三年，改鎮定國軍，吏民立碑頌其遺愛。 太平興國初來朝，封梁國公，留京師。 明年，卒，年五十一，贈侍中。
At the start of Jianlong he came to court bearing camels, horses, and precious goods. In 969 an edict praised him and he was made military commissioner of the Jingnan Army. In 970 he was transferred to the Dingguo Army, where officials and people erected a stele praising his benevolent rule. Early in Taiping Xingguo he came to court, was enfeoffed Duke of Liang, and was kept at the capital. He died the next year at fifty-one and was posthumously made Palace Attendant.
33
王承美
Wang Chengmei
34
王承美，豐州人，本河西藏才族都首領。 其父事契丹，為左千牛衛將軍，開寶二年，率眾來歸。 承美授豐州牙內指揮使，父卒，改天德軍蕃漢都指揮使、知州事，移豐州刺史。 遣軍校詣闕，言願誘退渾、突厥內附，上嘉其意。
Wang Chengmei, a native of Fengzhou, was originally chief of the Zangcai tribe in Hexi. His father had served the Khitan as general of the Left Thousand-Ox Guard; in 969 he led his people to defect to the Song. Chengmei was made inner commander of the Fengzhou guard; after his father's death he became commander of Tiande's tribal and Han forces and prefect of Fengzhou. He sent an officer to court offering to entice the Tuyuhun and Turks on the frontier to submit; the emperor commended his loyalty.
35
太平興國七年，與契丹戰，斬獲以萬計，禽其天德軍節度使韋太以獻。 明年，契丹來寇，又擊敗其眾萬餘，追北至青冢百餘里，斬獲益眾。 以功授本州團練使。 以乞黨族次首領弗香克浪買為歸德郎將，沒細大首領越移為懷化大將軍，瓦窯為歸德大將軍。 淳化二年冬來朝，令歸所部，控子河汊。 自是諸蕃歲修貢禮，頗效忠順。
In 982 he fought the Khitan, killing and capturing tens of thousands, and presented their Tiande Army commander Wei Tai as a captive. The next year, when the Khitan raided again, he routed more than ten thousand of them and pursued north beyond Qingzhong for over a hundred li with still heavier losses to the enemy. For his service he was made regimental trainer of Fengzhou. He appointed Fuxiang Kelangmai, second chief of the Qidang, Guide Langjiang; Yueyi, great chief of Meixi, Great General for Pacification; and Wayao Great Guide General. In the winter of 991 he came to court and was ordered to return to his post and hold the Zihe fork. From then on the frontier tribes paid annual tribute and remained largely loyal.
36
景德初來朝，以其守邊歲久，遷本州防禦使以還。 自承美內屬，給奉同蕃官例，至是，特詔月增五萬。 尋請於州城置孔子廟，詔可之。 未幾被疾，遣中使挾醫視之。 大中祥符五年，卒，贈恩州觀察使。 六年，錄其子文寶、孫懷筠以官。
Early in the Jingde era he came to court and, for his long border service, was promoted to defense commissioner of Fengzhou and sent back. Since his defection he had been paid on the tribal-official scale; now an edict specially added fifty thousand cash per month. He soon petitioned to build a Confucius temple in the prefectural city, and the court approved. He soon fell ill and the court sent a palace envoy with a physician to treat him. He died in 1012 and was posthumously made observation commissioner of Enzhou. In 1013 his son Wenbao and grandson Huaijun were given official posts.
37
初，承美養其長孫文玉為子，奏署殿直，及卒，其本族首領上言文玉曉達軍政，請令襲承美任。 下蕃漢議，議同，以為侍禁、知州事。 文玉父文恭時為侍禁，在沂州，表訴其事，詔改文恭為供奉宮。 九年，承美葬，詔以帛緡、米麴、羊酒賜其家。
Chengmei had earlier adopted his eldest grandson Wenyu and appointed him palace attendant; when he died, tribal chiefs petitioned that Wenyu, skilled in military affairs, succeed him. The case went to tribal and Han councils, which agreed, and Wenyu was made palace guard with charge of the prefecture. Wenyu's father Wengong, then a palace guard at Yizhou, protested in a memorial, and an edict made Wengong palace attendant instead. In 1016, at Chengmei's burial, the court granted his family silk, grain, leaven, sheep, and wine.
38
李繼周
Li Jizhou
39
李繼周，延州金明人。 祖計都，父孝順，皆為金明鎮使，繼周嗣掌本族。
Li Jizhou was a native of Jinming in Yanzhou. His grandfather Jidu and father Xiaoshun had both been Jinming garrison commissioners, and Jizhou succeeded as head of the clan.
40
太平興國三年，東山蕃落集眾寇清化砦，繼周率眾敗之，殺三千餘人，補殿前承旨。 雍熙中，又與侯延廣敗未藏、未腋等族於渾州西山。 淳化四年，遷殿直，賜介冑、戎器、茶綵。 明年，討李繼遷，命開治塞門、鴉兒兩路，又招降族帳首領二十餘人，率所部入夏州，敗蕃兵數千於石堡砦。 以功轉供奉官，復加恩賞，仍賜官第。
In 978 eastern hill tribes massed to raid Qinghua Fort; Jizhou routed them, killing more than three thousand, and was made palace attendant before the emperor. During Yongxi he and Hou Yanguang again defeated the Weicang, Weiye, and other tribes at Western Hill in Hunzhou. In 993 he was promoted to palace attendant and granted armor, weapons, and gifts of tea and brocade. The next year, in the campaign against Li Jiqian, he opened the Saimen and Ya'er routes, received the surrender of more than twenty tribal chiefs, led his men into Xiazhou, and defeated several thousand Tangut troops at Shibao Fort. For his service he was made palace attendant, rewarded again, and granted an official residence.
41
繼周以阿都關、塞門、盧關等砦最居邊要，遂規修築砦城。 在磨盧家、媚咩、拽藏等族居近盧關，未嘗內順。 繼周夜率所部往襲，焚之，斬首俘獲甚眾。 至道二年，授西京作坊副使，賜袍帶、銀綵、雕戈以寵之。 大軍討西夏，命為延州路踏白先鋒。 會繼遷邀戰於路，繼周戰卻之。 咸平初，改西京左藏庫副使。 三年，復為先鋒，人賊境，焚積聚，殺人畜，獲器甲凡六十餘萬。 授供備庫使，領金明縣兵馬都監、新砦解家河盧關路都巡檢。 五年，授西京作坊使。 蕃騎入鈔，繼周逐之出境。 景德元年，夏人圍麟州，繼周受詔率兵會李繼福掩擊之。 加領誠州刺史。
Because the forts at Adu Pass, Saimen, and Luguan were the most critical frontier posts, Jizhou planned to repair and build fortifications there. The Molujia, Meime, and Zhuaicang tribes lived near Luguan and had never submitted. Jizhou led a night raid on them, burned their settlements, and took many heads and captives. In 996 he was made deputy commissioner of the Western Capital workshops and honored with robes, belts, silver brocade, and carved halberds. When the main army campaigned against Western Xia he was named vanguard scout of the Yanzhou route. Li Jiqian ambushed him on the march, but Jizhou fought him off. Early in Xianping he was made deputy commissioner of the Western Capital left treasury. In 1000 he again served as vanguard, raided deep into enemy territory, burned stores, slaughtered people and livestock, and seized more than six hundred thousand pieces of armor and weapons. He was made commissioner of the supply depot, military supervisor of Jinming County, and overall inspector of the Xinzai Jiejiahe Luguan route. In 1002 he was appointed commissioner of the Western Capital workshops. When tribal horsemen raided across the border, Jizhou drove them back out. In 1004, when the Tangut besieged Linzhou, Jizhou was ordered to join Li Jifu in a flanking attack. He was additionally made prefect of Chengzhou.
42
大中祥符二年，卒，年六十七，詔邊臣擇其子可襲職者以名聞，邊臣言其子殿直士彬遜愞，從子士用樸忠練邊事，且為部落所伏。 乃詔士彬管勾部族事，士用為巡檢都監以左右之。
He died in 1009 at sixty-seven; the court ordered border officials to name a worthy successor; they reported that his son Shibin was timid and dull but his nephew Shiyong was steadfast, knew frontier affairs, and was respected by the tribes. The throne ordered Shibin to oversee tribal affairs with Shiyong as inspection commander to support him.
43
士彬後至供備庫副使、金明縣都監、新砦解家河盧關路巡檢。 康定元年，元昊反，攻保安軍，而潛兵襲金明，士彬父子俱被禽。 士彬兄士紹至內殿崇班，士用至供奉官、閣門祗候。
Shibin later rose to deputy commissioner of the supply depot, military supervisor of Jinming County, and inspector of the Xinzai Jiejiahe Luguan route. In 1040, when Yuan Hao rebelled and attacked Bao'an Army while secretly striking Jinming, Shibin and his son were both captured. Shibin's elder brother Shishao rose to honored inner palace attendant; Shiyong became palace attendant and gate usher.
44
李繼福者，亦與繼周同時歸順，授永平砦茭村軍主，以戰功歷歸德將軍，領順州刺史，至內殿崇班、新歸明諸族都巡檢。
Li Jifu, who had submitted at the same time as Jizhou, was made garrison chief of Jiaocun at Yongping Fort, rose through battle to Guide General and prefect of Shunzhou, and eventually became honored inner palace attendant and overall inspector of the newly submitted Ming tribes.
45
孫行友
Sun Xingyou
46
孫行友，莫州清苑人，世業農。 初，定州西二百里有狼山者，當易州中路，舊有城堡，邊人賴之以避寇。 山中蘭若有尼，姓孫氏，名深意，有術惑眾。 行友兄子方諫名之為姑帥，事之甚謹。 及尼坐亡，行友益神其事，因以其術然香燈，聚民漸眾。 自晉少帝與契丹絕好，邊州困於轉輸，逋民往往依方諫，推以為帥。 方諫懼主帥捕逐，乃表歸朝，因署為東北面招收指揮使，且賜院額曰「勝福」。 每契丹軍來，必率其徒襲擊之，鎧仗、畜產所得漸多，人益依以避難焉。 易、定帥聞於朝，因以方諫為邊界遊奕使，行友副之。 自是捍禦侵軼，多所殺獲。 乘勝入祁溝關、平庸城，破飛狐砦，契丹頗畏之，邊民千餘家賴以無患。 然亦陰持兩端，以圖自固。 已而晉師失律，薊人道契丹陷中原，方諫之密構也。 契丹授方諫定州節度，行友易州刺史。 尋以蕃將耶律忠代方諫於雲州，方諫不受命，歸保狼山。 契丹北歸，焚劫山中，方諫自狼山率眾復保定州，歸命於漢，授行友易州刺史，行義泰州刺史。 弟兄掎角以居，寇每入，諸軍鎮閉壘坐視，一無所得。
Sun Xingyou, a native of Qingyuan in Mozhou, came from a farming family. Two hundred li west of Dingzhou stood Wolf Mountain on the main road to Yizhou; an old fort there had long sheltered border people from raiders. In a mountain temple lived a nun of the Sun clan named Shenyi, whose occult practices drew a following. Fangjian, son of Xingyou's elder brother, called her "Aunt Commander" and served her with great deference. After the nun died in custody, Xingyou treated her cult with even greater awe, lighting incense by her rites until his following steadily grew. After the Jin emperor Shaodi broke with the Khitan, border prefectures groaned under supply burdens, and fugitives often rallied to Fangjian and made him their leader. Fearing arrest by the regional commander, Fangjian submitted to the court, was made northeastern recruiting commander, and received the monastery name Shengfu. Whenever Khitan armies appeared he led his men against them, gathering ever more arms and livestock, and refugees increasingly looked to him for safety. The Yi and Ding commanders reported to court, and Fangjian was made border roaming inspector with Xingyou as his deputy. From then on they beat back raids with many kills and captures. Following up their victories they took Qigou Pass and Pingyong City and captured Feihu Fort; the Khitan grew to fear them, and more than a thousand border households lived untroubled under their protection. Yet they also played both sides to secure their own position. Soon the Jin armies broke discipline; men of Ji said the Khitan overran the heartland through Fangjian's secret collusion. The Khitan made Fangjian military commissioner of Dingzhou and Xingyou prefect of Yizhou. When the Khitan general Yelü Zhong was sent to replace Fangjian at Yunzhou, Fangjian refused the order and withdrew to Wolf Mountain. As the Khitan withdrew north they burned the mountains; Fangjian led his men from Wolf Mountain, recovered Dingzhou, and submitted to the Han; Xingyou was made prefect of Yizhou and Xingyi prefect of Taizhou. The brothers backed each other like paired horns; whenever raiders came, other garrisons shut their gates and watched, while the enemy gained nothing from them.
47
行友嘗遣都校王友遇巡警於石河，與契丹遇，殺百餘騎，又嘗獲其刺史蔡幅順、清苑令王璉。 乾祐中，契丹復犯塞，行友禦之，俘殺數百人。 周太祖北征，行友道獻俘馘人馬以求見，且請自效，廼厚加賜予，留之軍門。 及周祖受命，行友屢上言偵得契丹離合，願得勁兵三千，乘間平定幽州，乃移方諫鎮華州，以行友為定州留後。 顯德初，正授節鉞。 世宗自河東還，加檢校太傅。 六年，世宗北征，行友攻下契丹之易州，擒其刺史任欽以獻。
Xingyou once sent Wang Youyu to patrol the Shi River, killed more than a hundred Khitan horsemen, and on another occasion captured their prefect Cai Fushun and Qingyuan magistrate Wang Lian. During Qianyou the Khitan raided again; Xingyou repulsed them and killed or captured several hundred. When Zhou Taizu marched north, Xingyou met him on the road with captives and heads and asked to serve; Taizu rewarded him generously and kept him at headquarters. After the Zhou founder took the throne, Xingyou repeatedly reported Khitan movements and asked for three thousand elite troops to seize Youzhou; Fangjian was transferred to Huazhou and Xingyou made acting commissioner of Dingzhou. Early in Xiande he received formal appointment with the seal of command. When Emperor Shizong returned from Hedong he was made honorary Grand Tutor. In the sixth year of Xiande, when Shizong campaigned north, Xingyou took the Khitan city of Yizhou and presented its prefect Ren Qin as a captive.
48
宋初，加同平章事。 狼山佛舍妖妄愈甚，眾趨之不可禁，行友不自安，累表乞解官歸山，詔不允。 建隆二年，乃徙其帑廩，召集丁壯，繕治兵甲，欲還狼山以自固。 兵馬都監藥繼能密表其事，太祖遣閣門副使武懷節馳騎會鎮、趙之兵，稱巡邊，直入其城，行友不之覺。 既而出詔示之，令舉族赴闕，行友蒼黃聽命。 既至，命侍御史李維岳就第鞫之，得實，下詔切責，削奪從前官爵。 勒歸私第。 仍戮其部下數人，遣使馳詣狼山，輦其尼師之屍焚之。 行友弟易州刺史方進、兄子保塞軍使全暉皆詣闕待罪，詔釋之。
Early in the Song he was made Tongping Zhangshi. The Wolf Mountain shrine grew ever more fanatical and drew crowds the government could not restrain; uneasy, Xingyou repeatedly asked to resign and return to the mountains, but the throne refused. In 962 he moved his stores, gathered fighting men, repaired arms, and prepared to return to Wolf Mountain to fortify himself. Military supervisor Yao Jineng reported him secretly; Taizu sent Wu Huaijie at speed with Zhen and Zhao troops, ostensibly on a border inspection, and entered the city before Xingyou knew. An edict was then shown ordering his whole clan to court, and Xingyou obeyed in panic. At the capital investigating censor Li Weiyue examined him at home, found the charges true, and an edict stripped his former ranks after a sharp rebuke. He was confined to a private residence. Several of his followers were executed, and an envoy was sent to Wolf Mountain to burn the nun's corpse. His younger brother Fangjin, prefect of Yizhou, and nephew Quanhui, commissioner of Bao'sai Army, came to court to await punishment and were pardoned.
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四年秋，詔免行友禁錮。 未幾，以郊祀恩，起為右龍武軍將軍。 乾德二年，遷右監門衛大將軍，又改左龍武軍大將軍。 太平興國六年，卒，年八十，贈左衛上將軍。 方進至德州刺史。 子全照。
In the autumn of the fourth year an edict ended his confinement. Soon, by suburban-sacrifice grace, he was restored as general of the Right Dragon Martial Army. In 964 he became great general of the Right Gate Guard, then of the Left Dragon Martial Army. He died in 981 at eighty and was posthumously made upper general of the Left Guard. Fangjin rose to prefect of Dezhou. Son: Quanzhao
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子全照
Son: Quanzhao
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全照，字繼明，以蔭補殿直，雍熙中授京南巡檢，俄隸幽州部署曹彬麾下，遷供奉官、閣門祗候歷靜戎、威虜二軍監軍。 從田重進擊賊有功，就加西京作坊使，兼知威虜軍，連為廣韶、鄜延二路都巡檢使。 淳化五年，率兵與李繼隆克綏州，因與張崇貴等同戍守之。 俄護屯兵於夏州，兼知州事。 召還，為登萊路都巡檢使，遷左藏庫使、延州監軍兼阿都關盧關路都巡檢事。
Quanzhao, courtesy name Jiming, entered service by yin privilege as palace attendant; in Yongxi he became southern capital inspector, soon served under Cao Bin at Youzhou, and became palace attendant and gate usher, supervising the Jingrong and Weilü armies. He campaigned with Tian Zhongjin with distinction, was made commissioner of the Western Capital workshops with charge of Weilü Army, and later served as overall inspector on the Guang-Shao and Fu-Yan routes. In 994 he led troops with Li Jilong to capture Suizhou and garrisoned it with Zhang Chonggui and others. He soon guarded troops at Xiazhou with concurrent charge of the prefecture. Recalled, he became overall inspector of the Deng-Lai route, then commissioner of the left treasury and Yanzhou military supervisor with oversight of the Adu and Luguan route.
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咸平初，人掌軍頭引見司。 二年，加如京使，為涇原路鈐轄兼安撫都監，是冬徙幷、汾等州都巡檢使。 三年，改知順安軍，代還，復為環慶路鈐轄，與李繼和規度靈州道路。 四年，加西上閣門使，復為環慶路鈐轄。 五年，將城綏州，以慕興為綏州路部署，全照為鈐轄。 既又慮全照素剛執，與興不協，乃以曹璨代之。 既調兵夫二萬餘，全照言其非便，乃罷。 又嘗命度地河北，全照言沿河高阜可分置城堡屯戍者，寧邊軍南、武強縣側凡二處，上重於興役，止命營安平南，徙置祁州。 俄知天雄軍府。 六年夏，上裁定防秋禦戎之要，命為寧邊軍部署，領兵八千扼要害之路。 以全照好陵人，取其嘗所保薦者王德鈞、裴自榮共事焉。
Early in Xianping he took charge of the Army Head Presentation Office. In 999 he became envoy like to the capital, Jingyuan commander and pacification supervisor, and that winter overall inspector of Bing, Fen, and neighboring prefectures. In 1000 he was made commander of Shun'an Army; on returning from replacement he again commanded Huanqing and surveyed the Lingzhou road with Li Jihe. In 1001 he was made western upper gate envoy and again Huanqing route commander. In 1002, when Suizhou was to be fortified, Mu Xing was made route deployment commissioner and Quanzhao commander. Fearing Quanzhao's stubborn nature would clash with Mu Xing, the court replaced him with Cao Shen. After more than twenty thousand laborers were mobilized, Quanzhao protested that the plan was impractical and the project was abandoned. Ordered to survey Hebei, Quanzhao proposed garrison castles on high ground along the river at two sites south of Ningbian Army and beside Wuqiang County; the emperor, wary of the labor, only built south of Anping and moved Qi Prefecture there. He was soon made prefect of Tianxiong Army. In the sixth summer the emperor fixed autumn defense policy and made him deployment commissioner of Ningbian Army with eight thousand men to hold the critical passes. Because Quanzhao was overbearing, the emperor assigned Wang Dejun and Pei Zirong, whom he had once recommended, to serve with him.
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全照形短精悍，知兵，以嚴毅整眾，然性剛使氣，專任刑罰。 中書初進擬嚴州刺史，上曰：「全照深刻，常慮人以嚴察議己，今授此州，似涉譏誚。」 乃改焉。 三年，為邠寧環慶都部署。 趙德明納款，朝議減西鄙戍兵，令屯近地，全照以邊防不可無備，未即奉詔。 上曰：「全照是好勇多言者。 德明使已至闕，復何慮焉？」 因徙全照知永興軍府，仍拜四方館使。 西師移屯者至府，命全照兼駐泊鈐轄。 全照許州有別墅，求典是州，可之。 大中祥符中，遷引進使。 逾歲表求歸朝，命掌閣門、客省、四方館事。 四年，車駕西幸，留為新城都巡檢，未幾，卒，年六十。
Quanzhao was short, tough, and skilled in war, ruling his men with stern discipline, yet he was headstrong, quick to anger, and ruled through punishment alone. The Secretariat first proposed him for Yanzhou; the emperor said, "Quanzhao is harsh and fears being called severe—making him prefect of Yanzhou would look like mockery." The appointment was changed. In the third year he was made overall deployment commissioner of Binning and Huanqing. When Zhao Deming submitted allegiance, the court proposed reducing western garrisons and moving troops closer in; Quanzhao held the frontier could not go unguarded and delayed obeying. The emperor said, "Quanzhao is bold and talkative. Deming's envoy is already at court—what is there to fear?" He therefore transferred Quanzhao to Yongxing Army and made him commissioner of the Four Directions Hall. When western troops redeployed to the prefecture, Quanzhao was made their garrison commander as well. Quanzhao owned a villa in Xuzhou, asked to govern that prefecture, and was granted his request. During Dazhong Xiangfu he was made commissioner of presentation. A year later he asked to return to court and was put in charge of the gate, guest, and Four Directions offices. In the fourth year, when the emperor traveled west, he was left overall inspector of Xincheng; he died soon after at sixty.
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論曰：五代之季，邊圉之不靖也久矣。 太祖之興，雖不勤遠略，而向之陸梁跋扈而不可制者，莫不竭忠效節，雖奔走僵仆而不避，豈人心之有異哉？ 良由威德之並用，控御之有道也。 折氏據有府谷，與李彜興之居夏州，初無以異。 太祖嘉其嚮化，許以世襲，雖不無世卿之嫌，自從阮而下，繼生名將，世篤忠貞，足為西北之捍，可謂無負於宋者矣。 承美、繼周，分蒞種落，亦能世其職者也。 繼業雖出賊叛之族，而有循良之風。 方諫、行友介遼、晉間，持兩端以取將相，終以首鼠獲咎，其諸異端之害歟？ 全照職親禁衛，素稱嚴果，而昧於弭兵之利，君子所不予也。
The historians comment: At the end of the Five Dynasties the frontier had long been unsettled. When Taizu rose, though he did not pursue distant conquests, men who had once been violent and ungovernable now served with loyal zeal, facing death without flinching—was human nature itself so different? Rather, awe and kindness worked together, and control was exercised with skill. The Zhe held Fugu as Li Yixing held Xiazhou—at first there was little difference between them. Taizu honored their submission and allowed hereditary rule; though that invited the suspicion of a hereditary fief, from Congruan onward the family produced famous generals generation after generation, loyal bulwarks of the northwest who did not fail the Song. Chengmei and Jizhou, each overseeing tribal peoples, likewise passed their offices from generation to generation. Jiye came from a rebel house yet showed a measure of orderly governance. Fangjian and Xingyou, caught between Liao and Jin, played both sides for high office and in the end were ruined by their wavering—was this not the cost of double-dealing? Quanzhao served in the inner guard, was known for stern resolve, yet failed to see the value of peace—the judgment of the historians withholds full praise.