1
楊業，并州太原人。 父信，為漢麟州刺史。 業幼倜儻任俠，善騎射，好畋獵，所獲倍於人。 嘗謂其徒曰：「我他日為將用兵，亦猶用鷹犬逐雉兔爾。」 弱冠事劉崇，為保衛指揮使，以驍勇聞。 累遷至建雄軍節度使，屢立戰功，所向克捷，國人號為「無敵」。
Yang Ye came from Taiyuan in Bing Province. His father Xin had served as prefect of Lin under the Northern Han. As a youth Yang Ye was bold and adventurous, an expert horseman and archer who loved the chase and routinely bagged twice what his companions did. He once told his companions, "When I command armies someday, it will be no different from hunting game with hawk and hound." In early adulthood he entered Liu Chong's service as a guard commander and won fame for his ferocity in battle. He rose to become military commissioner of the Jianxiong Army, won victory after victory, and his countrymen dubbed him the Invincible General.
2
太宗征太原，素聞其名，嘗購求之。 既而孤壘甚危，業勸其主繼元降，以保生聚。 繼元既降，帝遣中使召見業，大喜，以為右領軍衛大將軍。 師還，授鄭州刺史。 帝以業老于邊事，復遷代州兼三交駐泊兵馬都部署，帝密封橐裝，賜予甚厚。 會契丹入雁門，業領麾下數千騎自西陘而出，由小陘至雁門北口，南向背擊之，契丹大敗。 以功遷雲州觀察使，仍判鄭州、代州。 自是，契丹望見業旌旗即引去。 主將戍邊者多忌之，有潛上謗書斥言其短，帝覽之皆不問，封其奏以付業。
When Emperor Taizong besieged Taiyuan, he had long coveted this renowned commander and had tried to recruit him. As the isolated city faced ruin, Yang Ye urged his sovereign Liu Jiyuan to surrender and spare the lives of the people. Once Jiyuan had submitted, the emperor summoned Yang Ye, received him with delight, and made him a senior general of the Right Vanguard Guard. On the army's return he was appointed prefect of Zheng. Seeing Yang Ye's long experience on the frontier, the emperor reassigned him to Daizhou as overall commander of the Sanjiao garrison and sent him a sealed pouch of rewards of exceptional value. When the Khitan broke through Yanmen Pass, Yang Ye led several thousand cavalry out the western route, swung through the lesser pass to the north gate, and hit them from the south in a rear attack, routing them completely. For this victory he was promoted to observation commissioner of Yun while retaining concurrent charge of Zheng and Dai. After that, the Khitan withdrew at the mere sight of Yang Ye's banners. Many frontier commanders envied him, and some secretly denounced him to the throne; the emperor read their memorials but pursued no inquiry, instead sealing each one and forwarding it to Yang Ye himself.
3
雍熙三年，大兵北征，以忠武軍節度使潘美為雲、應路行營都部署，命業副之，以西上閤門使、蔚州刺史王侁，軍器庫使、順州團練使劉文裕護其軍。 諸軍連拔雲、應、寰、朔四州，師次桑乾河，會曹彬之師不利，諸路班師，美等歸代州。
In the third year of Yongxi the court launched a major northern campaign, naming Pan Mei supreme commander of the Yun–Ying route with Yang Ye as his deputy, while Wang Yan and Liu Wenyu were assigned as army supervisors. The armies took Yun, Ying, Huan, and Shuo in succession and halted on the Sanggan, but when Cao Bin's column faltered every route was ordered home and Pan Mei withdrew to Daizhou.
4
未幾，詔遷四州之民於內地，令美等以所部之兵護之。 時契丹國母蕭氏與其大臣耶律漢甯、南北皮室及五押惕隱領眾十餘萬，復陷寰州。 業謂美等曰：「今遼兵益盛，不可與戰。 朝廷止令取數州之民，但領兵出大石路，先遣人密告雲、朔州守將，俟大軍離代州日，令雲州之眾先出。 我師次應州，契丹必來拒，即令朔州民出城，直入石碣谷。 遣強弩千人列于谷口，以騎士援于中路，則三州之眾，保萬全矣。」 侁沮其議曰：「領數萬精兵而畏懦如此。 但趨雁門北川中，鼓行而往。」 文裕亦贊成之。 業曰：「不可，此必敗之勢也。」 侁曰：「君侯素號無敵，今見敵逗撓不戰，得非有他志乎？」 業曰：「業非避死，蓋時有未利，徒令殺傷士卒而功不立。 今君責業以不死，當為諸公先。」 將行，泣謂美曰：「此行必不利。 業，太原降將，分當死。 上不殺，寵以連帥，授之兵柄。 非縱敵不擊，蓋伺其便，將立尺寸功以報國恩。 今諸君責業以避敵，業當先死於敵。」 因指陳家谷口曰：「諸君于此張步兵強弩，為左右翼以援，俟業轉戰至此，即以步兵夾擊救之，不然，無遺類矣。」 美即與侁領麾下兵陣于谷口。 自寅至巳，侁使人登托邏臺望之，以為契丹敗走，欲爭其功，即領兵離谷口。 美不能制，乃緣交河西南行二十里。 俄聞業敗，即麾兵卻走。 業力戰，自午至暮，果至谷口。 望見無人，即拊膺大慟，再率帳下士力戰，身被數十創，士卒殆盡，業猶手刃數十百人。 馬重傷不能進，遂為契丹所擒，其子延玉亦沒焉。 業因太息曰：「上遇我厚，期討賊捍邊以報，而反為奸臣所迫，致王師敗績，何面目求活耶！」 乃不食，三日死。
Soon afterward the court ordered the four prefectures' populations moved inland and directed Pan Mei and his colleagues to escort them with their troops. The Khitan empress dowager Xiao, her minister Yelü Hanning, the northern and southern palace guards, and the five yatixin chiefs then led more than a hundred thousand men and recaptured Huanzhou. Yang Ye told Pan Mei and the others, "The Liao army is stronger than ever—we must not fight them. The court only wants the civilians of these prefectures brought out. Lead the army along the Dashi road and secretly warn the garrison commanders of Yun and Shuo; the day we march from Daizhou, Yunzhou's people should move out first. When we reach Yingzhou the Khitan will certainly block us; then Shuozhou's people should leave the city and march straight into Shijie Valley. Post a thousand crossbowmen at the valley mouth with cavalry in support along the middle road, and all three prefectures' people will reach safety." Wang Yan objected: "You command tens of thousands of crack troops, yet you shrink from the enemy like this. We should simply march with drums beating through the northern valley of Yanmen Pass." Liu Wenyu agreed as well. Yang Ye replied, "No—that is a plan for certain defeat." Wang Yan said, "You are called Invincible, yet now you hang back and refuse to fight—do you perhaps have other intentions?" Yang Ye said, "I am not trying to escape death; the moment is simply unfavorable, and we would only slaughter our men without winning anything. Since you demand that I not shrink from death, I shall lead the way." About to set out, he wept and told Pan Mei, "This campaign is doomed to go wrong. I am a surrendered general from Taiyuan and deserve death. The emperor spared me, honored me with a military commission, and gave me command of an army. I was not holding back from the enemy; I was waiting for the right moment to win even a small victory and repay the state's kindness. Now that you accuse me of shunning the enemy, I shall die fighting in the van." He pointed to Chenjia Valley and said, "Post infantry and crossbowmen here as left and right wings. When I fight my way back here, strike from both sides to save us—or none of us will survive." Pan Mei and Wang Yan then drew up their troops at the valley mouth. From dawn until mid-morning Wang Yan sent men up the watchtower, mistook a Khitan retreat for a rout, and left the valley mouth to seize the glory. Pan Mei could not stop him and marched twenty li southwest along the Jiao River. When word came that Yang Ye had been defeated, he immediately ordered a retreat. Yang Ye fought from noon until evening and at last reached the valley mouth. Finding no one there he beat his breast and wept, then led his personal guard back into the fight. Though he took dozens of wounds and his men were nearly all gone, he still cut down scores of the enemy with his own blade. His horse was too badly wounded to go on, and he was taken by the Khitan; his son Yanyu also fell. Yang Ye sighed and said, "The emperor treated me generously. I meant to repay him by fighting the enemy on the frontier, yet treacherous ministers forced me into this defeat. How can I face him and live?" He refused food and died three days later.
5
帝聞之，痛惜甚，俄下詔曰：「執干戈而衛社稷，聞鼓鼙而思將帥。 盡力死敵，立節邁倫，不有追崇，曷彰義烈！ 故雲州觀察使楊業誠堅金石，氣激風雲。 挺隴上之雄才，本山西之茂族。 自委戎乘，式資戰功。 方提貔虎之師，以效邊陲之用。 而群帥敗約，援兵不前。 獨以孤軍，陷於沙漠； 勁果猋厲，有死不回。 求之古人，何以加此！ 是用特舉徽典，以旌遺忠。 魂而有靈，知我深意。 可贈太尉、大同軍節度，賜其家布帛千匹、粟千石。 大將軍潘美降三官，監軍王侁除名、隸金州，劉文裕除名、隸登州。」
The emperor was deeply grieved and soon issued an edict: "Men who take up arms to defend the realm—when war drums sound, the court thinks of its generals. To spend one's last strength against the enemy and set an example beyond the common run—without posthumous honors, how can such loyalty be shown to the world! The late Yang Ye, observation commissioner of Yun, was loyal as metal and stone and bold as wind and storm. A hero of the Long Plateau and scion of a great Shanxi family, from the day he took up arms he won merit in battle after battle. He had just led tiger-and-bear troops to serve on the frontier when his fellow commanders broke faith and relief never came. Alone with a stranded army in the desert wastes, he fought on like a storm and would not turn back though death was certain. Among the heroes of antiquity, who could surpass this! We therefore confer these special honors to commemorate his loyalty. If his spirit endures, let it know how deeply we mourn him. Let him be posthumously enfeoffed as Grand Marshal and military commissioner of Datong, with one thousand bolts of silk and one thousand shi of grain for his family. Pan Mei is demoted three ranks; Wang Yan is struck from the rolls and banished to Jin; Liu Wenyu is struck from the rolls and banished to Deng."
6
業不知書，忠烈武勇，有智謀。 練習攻戰，與士卒同甘苦。 代北苦寒，人多服氈罽，業但挾纊露坐治軍事，傍不設火，侍者殆僵仆，而業怡然無寒色。 為政簡易，御下有恩，故士卒樂為之用。 朔州之敗，麾下尚百餘人，業謂曰：「汝等各有父母妻子，與我俱死，無益也，可走還，報天子。」 眾皆感泣不肯去。 淄州刺史王貴殺數十人，矢盡遂死，餘亦死，無一生還者。 聞者皆流涕。 業既沒，朝廷錄其子供奉官延朗為崇儀副使，次子殿直延浦、延訓竝為供奉官，延環、延貴、延彬竝為殿直。
Yang Ye was unlettered, yet loyal, fierce, and resourceful in war. He trained constantly for battle and shared every hardship with his men. The country north of Dai was bitter cold; most men wore heavy felt, but Yang Ye would sit in the open conducting affairs with only a light quilt, no fire at his side. His attendants nearly froze stiff, yet he showed no sign of cold. His rule was plain and fair, his treatment of men generous, and his soldiers served him gladly. At the rout at Shuozhou he still had more than a hundred men with him. He told them, "You all have parents and families. Dying with me serves no purpose—go back and report to the emperor." They wept and refused to leave him. Zibo prefect Wang Gui cut down dozens of the enemy before his arrows ran out and he fell; the rest died as well, and not one man returned alive. All who heard the tale wept. After Yang Ye's death the court promoted his son Yanlang from palace attendant to Vice Commissioner of Honored Rites, appointed his second sons Yanpu and Yanxun as palace attendants, and made Yanhuan, Yangui, and Yanbin palace guards as well.
7
子延昭
Son: Yang Yanzhao
8
延昭，本名延朗，後改焉。 幼沉默寡言，為兒時，多戲為軍陣，業嘗曰：「此兒類我。」 每征行，必以從。 太平興國中，補供奉官。 業攻應、朔，延昭為其軍先鋒，戰朔州城下，流矢貫臂，鬥益急。 以崇儀副使出知景州。 時江、淮凶歉，命為江、淮南都巡檢使。 改崇儀使、知定遠軍，徙保州緣邊都巡檢使，就加如京使。
Yanzhao had originally been named Yanlang and later changed his name. As a boy he was quiet and reserved and loved to play at war games. Yang Ye once said, "This child takes after me." On every campaign Yang Ye took him along. During the Taiping Xingguo era he was appointed a palace attendant. When Yang Ye attacked Ying and Shuo, Yanzhao led his vanguard. Below the walls of Shuozhou a stray arrow pierced his arm, yet he fought all the harder. He was made Vice Commissioner of Honored Rites and sent out as prefect of Jing. When famine struck the Yangzi and Huai regions he was appointed overall inspector of Jiang and Huainan. He was promoted to Commissioner of Honored Rites and made commander of Dingyuan, then transferred to overall frontier inspector of Bao and concurrently promoted to Envoy to the Capital.
9
咸平二年冬，契丹擾邊，延昭時在遂城。 城小無備，契丹攻之甚急，長圍數日。 契丹每督戰，眾心危懼，延昭悉集城中丁壯登陴，賦器甲護守。 會大寒，汲水灌城上，旦悉為冰，堅滑不可上，契丹遂潰去，獲其鎧仗甚眾。 以功拜莫州刺史。 時真宗駐大名，傅潛握重兵頓中山。 延昭與楊嗣、石普屢請益兵以戰，潛不許。 及潛抵罪，召延昭赴行在，屢得對，訪以邊要。 帝甚悅，指示諸王曰：「延昭父業為前朝名將，延昭治兵護塞有父風，深可嘉也。」 厚賜，遣還。 是冬，契丹南侵，延昭伏銳兵於羊山西，自北掩擊，且戰且退。 及山西，伏發，契丹眾大敗，獲其將，函首以獻。 進本州團練使，與保州楊嗣並命。 帝謂宰相曰：「嗣及延昭，並出疏外，以忠勇自效。 朝中忌嫉者眾，朕力為保庇，以及於此。」 五年，契丹侵保州，延昭與嗣提兵援之，未成列，為契丹所襲，軍士多喪失。 命李繼宣、王汀代還，將治其罪。 帝曰：「嗣輩素以勇聞，將收其後效。」 即宥之。 六年夏，契丹復侵望都，繼宣逗遛不進，坐削秩，復用延昭為都巡檢使。 時講防秋之策，詔嗣及延昭條上利害，又徙甯邊軍部署。
In the winter of the second year of Xianping the Khitan raided the frontier while Yanzhao was at Suicheng. The town was small and poorly defended; the Khitan pressed the attack fiercely and kept it under siege for days. Each Khitan assault spread panic through the town, but Yanzhao mustered every able-bodied man onto the walls, armed them, and organized the defense. A bitter cold set in; they poured water over the walls, and by dawn the ramparts were sheeted in ice too slick to climb. The Khitan broke and fled, leaving a great store of arms behind. For this victory he was appointed prefect of Mo. Emperor Zhenzong was then at Daming while Fu Qian held a large army idle at Zhongshan. Yanzhao, Yang Si, and Shi Pu repeatedly asked for reinforcements to fight, but Fu Qian refused. When Fu Qian was punished, Yanzhao was summoned to the imperial camp, granted repeated audiences, and consulted on frontier strategy. The emperor was delighted and told the princes, "Yanzhao's father Yang Ye was a famous general of the previous reign. In training troops and guarding the passes he shows his father's spirit—deeply admirable." The emperor rewarded him generously and sent him back. That winter, as the Khitan invaded southward, Yanzhao hid elite troops west of Mount Yang, struck from the north in a flanking attack, and fought while feigning retreat. At the western slope the ambush sprang; the Khitan army was routed, a general was captured, and his head was sent to court in a box. He was promoted to regimental trainer of his home prefecture, Yang Si of Bao receiving the same appointment. The emperor told his chief ministers, "Si and Yanzhao both come from the remote frontier and serve with loyal courage. Many at court envy them, yet I have shielded them and brought them to their present rank." In the fifth year the Khitan attacked Bao; Yanzhao and Si marched to relieve it but were caught before they could form ranks and lost many men. Li Jixuan and Wang Ting were sent to replace them and bring them back for punishment. The emperor said, "Si and his fellows are famed for courage; let us await what they achieve next." He pardoned them at once. In the summer of the sixth year the Khitan again attacked Wangdu. Jixuan hung back and was demoted; Yanzhao was again made overall inspector. As the court debated autumn-defense strategy, Si and Yanzhao were ordered to submit detailed recommendations, and Yanzhao was transferred to command the Ningbian deployment.
10
景德元年，詔益延昭兵滿萬人，如契丹騎入寇，則屯靜安軍之東。 令莫州部署石普屯馬村西以護屯田。 斷黑盧口、萬年橋敵騎奔沖之路，仍會諸路兵掎角追襲，令魏能、張凝、田敏奇兵牽制之。 時王超為都部署，聽不隸屬。 延昭上言：「契丹頓澶淵，去北境千里，人馬俱乏，雖眾易敗，凡有剽掠，率在馬上。 願飭諸軍，扼其要路，眾可殲焉，即幽、易數州，可襲而取。」 奏入，不報，乃率兵抵遼境，破古城，俘馘甚眾。
In the first year of Jingde his force was increased to ten thousand men, with orders to encamp east of Jing'an if Khitan cavalry invaded. Mo deployment commander Shi Pu was ordered to hold west of Macun to protect the frontier farms. They were to block the enemy cavalry at Heilukou and Wannian Bridge, coordinate pincer attacks with other columns, and assign Wei Neng, Zhang Ning, and Tian Min to tie down the enemy with diversionary forces. Wang Chao was then supreme deployment commander and did not answer to him. Yanzhao memorialized: "The Khitan are camped at Chanyuan, a thousand li from our border, their men and horses exhausted. Though numerous, they can be beaten, for they do all their raiding from horseback. Order our forces to hold their vital routes and we can destroy them, then strike and seize You and Yi." The court never replied, so he marched into Liao territory, stormed Gucheng, and took many prisoners and heads.
11
及請和，真宗選邊州守臣，御筆錄以示宰相，命延昭知保州兼緣邊都巡檢使。 二年，追敘守禦之勞，進本州防禦使，俄徙高陽關副都部署。 在屯所九年，延昭不達吏事，軍中牒訴，常遣小校周正治之，頗為正所罔，因緣為奸。 帝知之，斥正還營而戒延昭焉。 大中祥符七年，卒，年五十七。
When peace was made, Zhenzong personally selected frontier commanders for the chief ministers and appointed Yanzhao prefect of Bao and overall frontier inspector. The next year, for his defensive service, he was promoted to defense commissioner of his home prefecture, then transferred to deputy commander of Gaoyang Pass. For nine years at his post Yanzhao was no administrator; he left army lawsuits to a junior officer named Zhou Zheng, who deceived him and used the post for private gain. When the emperor learned of this he dismissed Zheng and warned Yanzhao. He died in the seventh year of Dazhong Xiangfu at the age of fifty-seven.
12
延昭智勇善戰，所得奉賜悉犒軍，未嘗問家事。 出入騎從如小校，號令嚴明，與士卒同甘苦，遇敵必身先，行陣克捷，推功于下，故人樂為用。 在邊防二十餘年，契丹憚之，目為楊六郎。 及卒，帝嗟悼之，遣中使護櫬以歸，河朔之人多望柩而泣。 錄其三子官，其常從、門客亦試藝甄敘之。 子文廣。
Yanzhao was wise and brave in battle; he spent every stipend and reward on his troops and never troubled himself with household affairs. He rode with only a small escort like any junior officer, commanded with iron discipline, shared every hardship with his men, always led the charge, won his battles, and credited his subordinates—so his soldiers followed him gladly. For more than twenty years on the frontier the Khitan feared him and called him Yang the Sixth Son. At his death the emperor mourned him deeply, sent a palace envoy to escort his coffin home, and people across the Hebei plain wept as it passed. Three sons were given offices, and his staff and retainers were examined and appointed according to merit. Son: Yang Wenguang.
13
孫文廣
Grandson: Yang Wenguang
14
文廣，字仲容。 以班行討賊張海有功，授殿直。 范仲淹宣撫陝西，與語奇之，置麾下。 從狄青南征，知德順軍，為廣西鈐轄，知宜、邕二州，累遷左藏庫使、帶御器械。 治平中，議宿衛將，英宗曰：「文廣，名將後，且有功。」 乃擢成州團練使、龍神衛四廂都指揮使，遷興州防禦使。 秦鳳副都總管韓琦使築篳篥城，文廣聲言城噴珠，率眾急趣篳篥，比暮至其所，部分已定。 遲明，敵騎大至，知不可犯而去，遺書曰：「當白國主，以數萬精騎逐汝。」 文廣遣將襲之，斬獲甚眾。 或問其故，文廣曰：「先人有奪人之氣。 此必爭之地，彼若知而據之，則未可圖也。」 詔書褒諭，賜襲衣、帶、馬。 知涇州、鎮戎軍，為定州路副都總管，遷步軍都虞候。 遼人爭代州地界，文廣獻陣圖並取幽燕策，未報而卒，贈同州觀察使。
Wenguang, whose style name was Zhongrong, served as a guardsman against the bandit Zhang Hai, won merit, and was made a palace guard. Fan Zhongyan, pacification commissioner of Shaanxi, was struck by him in conversation and took him onto his staff. He followed Di Qing south, commanded Deshun, became Guangxi military commissioner and prefect of Yi and Yong, and rose to Left Treasury commissioner and Bearer of Imperial Arms. During the Zhiping era, when the court discussed palace guard generals, Yingzong said, "Wenguang is the son of a famous house and has earned his place." He was promoted to regimental trainer of Cheng and overall commander of the Dragon Divine Guard, then made defense commissioner of Xing. Han Qi, deputy commander of Qinfeng, ordered Bilei built; Wenguang spread word that the site was Penzhu, rushed his troops there, and by evening had the defenses in place. At dawn a large enemy force arrived, saw the position was impregnable, and withdrew, leaving a note: "I shall tell our lord to send tens of thousands of elite horsemen after you." Wenguang sent troops in pursuit and took many heads and prisoners. Asked why, Wenguang said, "My forebears taught me to seize the enemy's spirit first. This was contested ground; had they seized it first, we could never have taken it." The court praised him in an edict and granted robes, a belt, and a horse. He was made prefect of Jing and commander of Zhenrong, then deputy overall commander of the Ding route and chief adjutant of the Foot Army. When the Liao disputed Daizhou's border he submitted battle plans and a strategy for You and Yan, but died before the court replied and was posthumously made observation commissioner of Tong.
15
附王貴
Appended biography: Wang Gui
16
王貴者，并州太原人。 廣順初，補衛士。 宋初，累遷至散員都指揮使、馬步軍都軍頭，領勝州刺史。 太平興國二年，出為淄州刺史。 受詔從潘美北征，攻沁州，頗立戰功。 及從楊業，為遼兵所圍，親射殺數十人，矢盡，張空弮又擊殺數人，遂遇害。 年七十三。 擢其子文晟供奉官、文昱殿直。
Wang Gui came from Taiyuan in Bing Province. At the start of the Guangshun era he joined the guard. Early in the Song he rose to command the scattered guards and the horse-and-foot armies and served as prefect of Sheng. In the second year of Taiping Xingguo he was sent out as prefect of Zibo. Ordered north with Pan Mei, he attacked Qin prefecture and won substantial merit. With Yang Ye he was surrounded by Liao troops, shot down dozens of the enemy, and when his arrows ran out killed several more with an empty bow before he fell. He was seventy-three. His sons Wensheng and Wenyu were made palace attendant and palace guard.
17
荊罕儒
Jing Hanru
18
荊罕儒，冀州信都人。 父基，王屋令。 罕儒少無賴，與趙鳳、張輦為群盜。 晉天福中，相率詣范陽，委質燕王趙延壽，得掌親兵。 開運末，延壽從契丹主德光入汴，署罕儒密州刺史。 漢初，改山南東道行軍司馬。 周廣順初，為率府率，奉朝請，貧不能振。 顯德初，世宗戰高平，戮不用命者，因求驍勇士。 通事舍人李延傑以罕儒聞，即召赴行在，命為招收都指揮使。 會徵太原，命罕儒率步卒三千先入敵境。 罕儒令人負束芻徑趨太原城，焚其東門。 擢為控鶴弩手、大劍直都指揮使。 從平淮南，領光州刺史，改泰州，為下蔡守禦都指揮使兼舒、蘄二州招安巡檢使。 四年，泰州初下，真拜刺史兼海陵、鹽城兩監屯田使。 明年三月，世宗幸泰州，以罕儒為團練使，賜金帶、銀器、鞍勒馬。 六年春，軍吏耆艾詣闕請留，恭帝詔褒之。
Jing Hanru came from Xindu in Ji Province. His father Ji had been magistrate of Wangwu. As a youth Hanru was a ruffian who ran with Zhao Feng and Zhang Nian as bandits. In Jin's Tianfu era they went to Fanyang and entered the service of Zhao Yanshou, prince of Yan, commanding his personal guard. At the end of Kaiyun Yanshou followed the Khitan emperor Deguang into Bian and made Hanru prefect of Mi. Early in the Later Han he was made campaigning marshal of the Shannan East Circuit. At the start of Later Zhou Guangshun he was a rate-house guard and court attendant, too poor to live on his salary. Early in Xiande Emperor Shizong fought at Gaoping, executed men who disobeyed orders, and sought fierce warriors. Palace envoy Li Yanjie named Hanru; he was summoned to the imperial camp and made overall recruitment commander. When Taiyuan was attacked he ordered Hanru to lead three thousand foot soldiers into enemy territory first. Hanru had men carry bundles of straw straight to Taiyuan and burn the eastern gate. He was promoted to crossbowman of the Crane Control Guard and commander of the Great Sword Guard. After the Huainan campaign he governed Guang, then Taizhou, and commanded the defense of Xiaocai while inspecting Shu and Qi. In the fourth year, when Taizhou fell, he was formally made prefect and commissioner of the Hailing and Yancheng salt garrisons. The next year the Shizong visited Taizhou, made Hanru regimental trainer, and gave him a gold belt, silver vessels, saddle, and horse. In the sixth year local officers and elders petitioned the court to keep him; Emperor Gong praised him in an edict.
19
建隆初，升鄭州防禦，以罕儒為使，改晉州兵馬鈐轄。 罕儒恃勇輕敵，嘗率騎深入晉境，人多閉壁不出，虜獲甚眾。 是年冬，復領千餘騎抵汾州城下，焚其草市，案兵以退。 夕次京土原，劉鈞遣大將郝貴超領萬餘眾襲罕儒，黎明及之。 罕儒遣都監、氈毯副使閻彥進分兵以禦貴超。 罕儒錦袍裹甲據胡床享士，方割羊臂臑以啖，聞彥進小卻，即上馬麾兵徑犯賊鋒。 并人攢戈舂之，罕儒猶格鬥，手殺十數人，遂遇害。 劉鈞素畏罕儒之勇，常欲生致，及聞其死，求殺罕儒者戮之。 太祖痛惜不已，擢其子守勳為西京武德副使。 因索京土原之不效命者，黜慈州團練使王繼勳為率府率，閻彥進為殿直，斬其部下龍捷指揮使石進德等二十九人。
At the start of Jianlong he was made defense commissioner of Zheng, then military commissioner of Jin. Hanru was reckless and overbold, often raiding deep into Jin territory while the people barricaded themselves; he returned with rich booty. That winter he led more than a thousand horsemen to Fenzhou, burned the market outside the walls, and withdrew in good order. He camped that night on Jingtu Plain; Liu Jun sent General Hao Guichao with more than ten thousand men, who caught him at dawn. Hanru sent his army supervisor Yan Yanjin to split the force and hold off Guichao. Dressed in brocade over his armor, Hanru sat on a camp stool feasting on lamb when he heard Yanjin was giving ground; he mounted at once and charged straight into the enemy van. The Bing troops battered him with spears, yet he fought on and killed more than ten before he fell. Liu Jun had long feared Hanru and wanted him alive; when he heard of his death he had the killers executed. Taizu mourned him deeply and promoted his son Shouxun to deputy commissioner of the Western Capital Wude. He punished those who had failed at Jingtu Plain: Wang Jixun was demoted, Yan Yanjin reduced to palace guard, and twenty-nine subordinates including commander Shi Jinde were beheaded.
20
罕儒輕財好施。 在泰州，有煮海之利，歲入鉅萬，詔聽十收其八，用猶不足。 家財入有籍，出不問其數。 有供奉官張奉珪使泰州，自言後唐張承業之子。 罕儒曰：「我生平聞張特進名，幸而識其子。」 厚加禮待，遺錢五十萬，米千斛。
Hanru was generous and free with his wealth. At Taizhou the salt monopoly brought him tens of thousands a year; the court let him keep eight-tenths, yet he still spent more than he had. His household kept accounts of income but never tracked what he gave away. A palace attendant named Zhang Fenggui came to Taizhou claiming to be the son of Later Tang's Zhang Chengye. Hanru said, "All my life I have revered Special Advance Zhang; how fortunate to meet his son." He honored him lavishly and gave him five hundred thousand cash and a thousand hu of grain.
21
罕儒雖不知書，好禮接儒士。 進士趙保雍登科覆落，客遊海陵。 罕儒問其所欲，保雍以將歸京師，且言緣江榷務以絲易茗有厚利。 罕儒立召主藏奴，令籍藏中絲，得四千餘兩，盡以與之。 然好勇善戰，不顧勝負。 常欲削平太原，志未果而及於敗，人皆惜之。 罕儒兄延福。 延福孫嗣。
Though illiterate, Hanru treated scholars with courtesy. The jinshi Zhao Baoyong had passed the examinations but was struck from the rolls and was traveling at Hailing. Hanru asked what he needed; Baoyong said he was returning to the capital and that trading silk for tea along the Yangzi could be highly profitable. Hanru summoned his chief steward, counted more than four thousand liang of silk in the treasury, and gave it all to him. Yet he loved battle and cared nothing for victory or defeat. He longed to conquer Taiyuan but died before he could; all who knew him mourned it. Hanru's elder brother Yanfu. Yanfu's grandson Si.
22
從孫嗣
Grandnephew: Yang Si
23
嗣，乾德初，應募為控鶴卒，從李繼勳討河東。 繼勳擇悍勇百人，間道截洛陽砦。 嗣出行間請行，手斬五十餘級，賊焚砦宵遁。 進薄汾河，賊將楊業扼橋路，嗣與眾轉戰，賊退逾橋。 殺業所部兵千計，射中業從騎，獲旗鼓鎧甲甚眾，業退保城。 進焚南門，奪羊馬城，矢集於面。 賊數千夜來薄砦，繼勳選勇敢五百人接戰，而嗣為冠。 及旦，戰數合，多所斬馘。
Si enlisted as a Crane Control guardsman in early Qiande and followed Li Jixun against Hedong. Jixun picked a hundred fierce men to take a hidden route and cut off the Luoyang stockade. Si stepped forward to volunteer, cut down more than fifty of the enemy, and the rebels burned the stockade and fled by night. Pressing the Fen River, the enemy general Yang Ye held the bridge; Si fought through the engagement until the enemy retreated across the bridge. He killed more than a thousand of Yang Ye's men, shot down one of his mounted followers, and captured many banners, drums, and armor before Yang Ye withdrew into the city. He advanced, burned the southern gate, and took the sheep-and-horse wall while arrows rained on his face. Thousands of enemy came by night against the stockade; Jixun chose five hundred brave men to fight, with Si in the lead. By dawn they had fought several rounds and taken many heads.
24
從太祖征太原，賊來拒，焚洞子。 遣殿前楊信領百人援之，嗣預焉，率先陷陣。 召見，補御龍直。 太平興國初，三遷至天武軍校。 太宗再征太原，嗣自陳願率一隊先登，命主城西洞子。 車駕巡師，嗣登城，手刃數賊，足貫雙箭，中手炮，折二齒。 太宗見之，亟召賜錦袍、銀帶。 從征幽州，隸殿前崔翰，斬三十級，補龍猛副指揮使。
Following Taizu against Taiyuan, when the enemy resisted they burned the siege works. The court sent Yang Xin of the Hall Front with a hundred men; Si was among them and was first through the enemy line. Summoned to audience, he was made an Imperial Dragon Guard. Early in Taiping Xingguo he rose three ranks to captain of the Celestial Martial Army. When Taizong again attacked Taiyuan, Si volunteered to lead the first assault and was put in charge of the western siege works. When the emperor reviewed the army, Si climbed the wall, killed several of the enemy, took two arrows through both feet, a catapult stone on the hand, and broke two teeth. Taizong saw this and at once summoned him, granting a brocade robe and silver belt. On the Youzhou campaign he served under Cui Han, took thirty heads, and was made deputy commander of the Dragon Fierce Guard.
25
五年，契丹侵雄州，據龍灣堤。 嗣隸袁繼忠，繼忠令率千兵力戰奪路。 內侍有至州閱城壘者，出郛外，敵進圍之，亟出兵接戰，十數合，斬騎卒七百餘。 嗣軍夜相失，在古城莊外，三鼓突敵圍，壁于莫州城下，又領百人斧敵望櫓，斬五十級。 敵為橋界河，將遁，嗣邀擊之，殺獲甚眾。 六年，從崔彥進捍契丹於靜戎北，砦於慎興口。 彥進遣嗣率所部度河，與契丹戰，敗之，追奔二十餘里。 八年，李繼遷寇邊，嗣從袁繼忠、田欽祚戍三叉口，為前鋒，斬賊千餘，追之，獲牛羊、鎧甲、弓矢數千計。 進至萬井口、狐路谷，餘賊復來請戰。 初以雄武千人為後殿，為賊所掩。 繼忠命嗣援之，凡數戰，始與雄武合隊，因列陣格鬥，復奪人馬七百餘。 欽祚夜還，依山為營，賊亦砦其下。 募勁卒五十往襲之，嗣為其帥。 抵賊所，刺殺百餘人，焚其砦而還，詔賜錦袍、銀帶。
In the fifth year the Khitan invaded Xiongzhou and held the Longwan embankment. Si served under Yuan Jizhong, who ordered him to lead a thousand men in a fierce fight to break through. A palace attendant came to inspect the fortifications, went outside the wall, and was surrounded by the enemy; Si rushed out to fight, and in more than ten engagements cut down over seven hundred horsemen. Si's troops were scattered by night; at the third watch outside Gucheng village he broke through the encirclement, held below Mozhou, and led a hundred men to chop down an enemy watchtower, taking fifty heads. The enemy bridged the river to escape; Si intercepted them and killed or captured a great many. In the sixth year he followed Cui Yanjin against the Khitan north of Jingrong and camped at Shenxingkou. Yanjin sent Si across the river; he defeated the Khitan and pursued them more than twenty li. In the eighth year, when Li Jiqian raided the border, Si served under Yuan Jizhong and Tian Qinzu at Sanchakou as vanguard, killed more than a thousand rebels, and captured thousands of cattle, sheep, arms, and bows. Advancing to Wanjingkou and Hulu Valley, the remaining enemy came out to fight again. A thousand Fierce Martial troops formed the rear guard and were ambushed. Jizhong sent Si to rescue them; after several fights they rejoined the Fierce Martial detachment, formed ranks, and recovered more than seven hundred men and horses. Qinzu withdrew by night and camped on the mountainside while the enemy camped below. He recruited fifty picked men for a night attack, with Si in command. They reached the enemy camp, killed more than a hundred, burned the stockade, and returned; the court granted Si a brocade robe and silver belt.
26
雍熙三年，從田重進、譚延美率師入遼境，疾戰飛狐口，遼師不利。 重進引全師合擊，遼騎引去。 進至飛狐城北，遼將大鵬翼率眾復至。 重進陣壓東偏，數戰不勝，命嗣出西偏，麾兵薄山崖，以短兵接戰。 遼兵敗，投崖而下，手斬百餘級。 散卒千餘在野，嗣呵止之，悉斷弦折筈來降，追至河槽，復擊退。 餘眾屯土嶺，裨將黃明與戰不勝，將退，嗣謂之曰：「汝且頓兵於此，為我聲援，我當奪此嶺。」 遂力戰，追奔五十餘里，抵倉頭而還。 又領招收卒千人，克倉頭、小治二砦。 黃明與戰，克直谷砦，命嗣屯焉。 數日，遼人復致師，重進與戰，奔突往來，大軍頗擾。 重進召嗣合戰，悉走之，奪礮具、鎧胄。 賊乘夜復圍直谷、石門二砦，重進遣嗣以精兵五百濟之，嗣曰：「敵二萬餘，今援師甚寡，難以解圍。」 重進頗憂之。 嗣曰：「譚師屯小治，綰兵二千，願間道以往，邀其策應。」 中夜，匹馬詣延美，延美曰：「敵勢若此，何可解也？」 嗣曰：「請移全軍就平川，植旗立隊，別擇三二百人張白旗於道側。 彼見旗幟綿亙遠甚，謂大軍繼至，嗣自以所部五百疾驅往鬥，必克其砦。」 延美許焉。 一日凡五七戰，遼兵遂引去，咸如嗣所料。
In the third year of Yongxi he followed Tian Chongjin and Tan Yanmei into Liao territory and fought fiercely at Feihukou, where the Liao army was beaten. Chongjin brought the full army to bear and the Liao cavalry withdrew. As they reached north of Feihu city, the Liao general Dapengyi returned with a large force. Chongjin attacked from the east without success and sent Si to the western flank to drive his men along the cliff and fight at close quarters. The Liao troops broke and hurled themselves off the cliff; Si personally took more than a hundred heads. More than a thousand stragglers were in the open; Si halted them, and they broke their bows and surrendered; pursuing to the riverbed he drove the rest back. The rest held an earthen ridge; Vice-General Huang Ming was losing and about to retreat when Si told him, "Hold here as my reserve—I will take that ridge." He fought on, pursued the enemy more than fifty li to Cangtou, and returned. He led a thousand recruits and took the stockades at Cangtou and Xiaozhi. Huang Ming captured Zhigu stockade and left Si to garrison it. Days later the Liao returned; Chongjin fought them in confused charges that threw the main army into disorder. Chongjin called Si into the fight; together they routed the enemy and seized cannon and armor. The enemy surrounded Zhigu and Shimen by night; Chongjin sent Si with five hundred elite troops, but Si said, "The enemy number more than twenty thousand—five hundred cannot break a siege." Chongjin was deeply worried. Si said, "Tan Yanmei holds Xiaozhi with two thousand men—I will take a hidden route and cut off their coordination." At midnight he rode alone to Yanmei, who said, "With the enemy in this strength, how can we save them?" Si said, "Move your whole force to open ground, form ranks with banners, and post two or three hundred men with white flags along the road. When they see banners stretching far along the road they will think a great army is coming; I will charge with my five hundred and take their camp." Yanmei agreed. They fought five or seven engagements in a day and the Liao withdrew, exactly as Si had predicted.
27
蔚州之降也，重進先命嗣率勇士數十人縋入，見守將，得其實狀。 翌日，將受降，而敵反拒大軍所出之路，遂與鬥，殺傷甚眾，屢縋入城，取守將之歸服者。 重進之壘，糧運頗乏，嗣遣降卒輦州廩濟之。 遼援兵大至，副都指揮使江謙妄言惑眾，嗣即斬之。 悉收兵斂輜重還重進砦，與遼人轉戰。 時軍校五人，其四悉鬥死，至大嶺，嗣與戰，敗走之。 師還，太宗引見便殿，重進言其有勞，補本軍都虞候。
When Yunzhou was to surrender, Chongjin first sent Si with dozens of brave men over the wall to learn the defenders' true intentions. The next day, as surrender was to be accepted, the enemy blocked the army's exit and heavy fighting ensued; Si repeatedly entered the city by rope to bring out those commanders who had submitted. Chongjin's camp was short of supplies; Si sent surrendered troops to haul grain from the prefectural stores. Liao reinforcements arrived in force; Deputy Commander Jiang Qian spread panic, and Si beheaded him at once. He gathered the army, collected baggage, fell back to Chongjin's camp, and fought the Liao in successive engagements. Of five officers in the fight four died; at Great Ridge Si fought and drove the enemy off. On the army's return Taizong received him in the side hall; Chongjin commended his service and he was made chief adjutant of his command.
28
又從李繼隆禦敵于北平砦，將赴蒲城，道遇敵，疾戰，俘獲甚眾。 又戰於鸞女祠，繼隆遣步卒二千，伏定州古城，為敵所攻，命嗣援之。 至唐河橋，嗣扼橋路出戰，解敵圍數重，與伏兵合，分為三隊，背水為陣。 敵將于越率騎百餘隊臨烽臺求戰，嗣整兵與戰，數合，得與繼隆會，又陣於東偏，大敗之。 繼隆以聞，詔嘉獎之，遷本軍都指揮使，領澄州刺史。
He again followed Li Jilong at Beiping stockade; marching toward Pucheng they met the enemy, fought fiercely, and took many prisoners. They fought again at Luannü Shrine; Jilong had two thousand foot soldiers ambush at Dingzhou's old city, and when they were attacked sent Si to reinforce. At Tanghe Bridge Si held the crossing, broke through several encirclements, joined the ambush force, and formed three companies with their backs to the water. The enemy general Yuyue brought more than a hundred cavalry companies to challenge them at the beacon tower; after several rounds Si joined Jilong on the eastern wing and won a great victory. Jilong reported the victory; the court praised and rewarded him and made him overall commander of his army and prefect of Cheng.
29
至道二年，加御前忠佐馬步軍頭、屯定州。 遼人入侵，隸范廷召，提偏師捍遼兵於嘉山。 廷召徙高陽，命嗣以兵二千為殿。 過平敵城，遼眾十餘萬來，嗣屢出戰。 及桑贊、秦翰來援，夜二鼓，敵再至，嗣曰：「彼不利夜戰，我當破其砦，以趣大軍。」 即與贊、翰合勢，戒所部望敵炬火多處並力衝之，詰旦，至瀛州。 咸平三年，加領本州團練使，出為郎山路都巡檢使，破敵砦于蒲陰，俘獲甚眾。 四年，命嗣領萬人斷西山路。 會敵遽至，大兵不及進而止。 五年，真拜蔡州團練使、趙州部署。 逾年，徙滄州。 是冬，遼人入侵，命率所部自齊州抵淄、青警備。 景德初，又命與劉漢凝、田思明率兵至冀州防邊。 俄赴澶州行在所。 會遼人請和，復遣還任。 歷鄆州、鳳翔、永興部署。 車駕幸亳州，留為舊城內同都巡檢使。 大中祥符七年，改虢州防禦使、邠甯環慶副部署，卒。 嗣起行間，以勞居方面，經百五十餘戰，歿。 兄子信、貴，並為左侍禁，貴至內殿崇班。
In the second year of Zhidao he was made head of the Loyal Attendant Horse and Foot Guard before the throne and stationed at Dingzhou. When the Liao invaded he served under Fan Tingzhao and led a detached force against them at Jia Mountain. Tingzhao moved to Gaoyang and left Si with two thousand men as rear guard. Passing Pingdi, more than a hundred thousand Liao troops came up and Si fought them repeatedly. When Sang Zan and Qin Han arrived, the enemy attacked again at the second watch; Si said, "They dislike night fighting—we should break their camp and rejoin the main force." He joined Sang Zan and Qin Han, ordered his men to strike wherever enemy fires clustered thickest, and by dawn reached Yingzhou. In the third year of Xianping he was made regimental trainer of his home prefecture and overall inspector of the Langshan route, stormed an enemy camp at Puyin, and took many prisoners. In the fourth year he was ordered to lead ten thousand men to block the western mountain route. The enemy came up suddenly and the main army could not advance in time and halted. In the fifth year he was formally made regimental trainer of Cai and deployment commander of Zhao. A year later he was transferred to Cangzhou. That winter, when the Liao invaded, he was ordered to lead his troops from Qizhou to guard Zi and Qing. Early in Jingde he was again ordered with Liu Hanning and Tian Siming to Jizhou for frontier defense. He soon went to the mobile court at Chanyuan. When the Liao sued for peace he was sent back to his post. He held deployment commands at Yun, Fengxiang, and Yongxing in succession. When the emperor visited Bozhou he was left as co-overall inspector of the old city. In the seventh year of Dazhong Xiangfu he was made defense commissioner of Guo and deputy commander of Binning, Huan, and Qing, and died in office. Si rose from the ranks, earned a frontier command through merit, fought in more than one hundred fifty battles, and died. His nephews Xin and Gui were both Left Attendant Guards; Gui rose to Inner Hall Honored Ban.
30
曹光實
Cao Guangshi
31
曹光實，雅州百丈人。 父疇，為蜀靜南軍使，控扼邛崍，以捍蠻夷。 光實少武勇，有膽氣，輕財好施，不事細行，意豁如也。 疇卒，光實嗣職，遷永平軍節度管內捕盜游奕使。
Cao Guangshi came from Baizhang in Ya Prefecture. His father Chou had been Shu's Jingnan Army commissioner, holding Qionglai against the barbarians. As a youth Guangshi was brave and generous, careless of small proprieties, and open-hearted. When Chou died Guangshi succeeded him and was made roaming bandit-catcher of the Yongping circuit.
32
乾德中，太祖命王全斌等平蜀。 俄而盜賊群起，夷人張忠樂者，嘗群行攻劫，且憾光實殺其徒黨，率眾數千，中夜奄至，環其居，鼓噪並進。 光實負其母，揮戈突圍以出，賊眾辟易不敢近，賊殺其族三百餘口。 又發塚墓，壞其棺槨。 光實詣全斌，具以事白，誓雪冤憤。 時蜀中諸郡未下，乃圖雅州地形要害，兼陳用兵攻取之策，請官軍先下之。 全斌壯其志，令率兵先導，果克其城，獲忠樂而甘心焉。 全斌乃署光實為義軍都指揮使。 殘寇猶據沈黎，光實以所部盡平之。 遂以光實知黎、雅二州兼都巡檢使，安集勞來，蠻族懷之。
In Qiande Taizu ordered Wang Quanbin and others to pacify Shu. Soon bandits rose everywhere; the barbarian Zhang Zhongle, resenting Guangshi for killing his followers, led thousands in a midnight assault on his home. Guangshi carried his mother on his back and fought through the encirclement; the enemy dared not close on him but slaughtered more than three hundred of his kin. They also opened the family tombs and destroyed the coffins. Guangshi went to Quanbin, reported everything, and vowed to avenge his family. Many Shu prefectures had not yet fallen; he mapped Yazhou's terrain, submitted a plan to take it, and asked the imperial army to strike there first. Quanbin admired his spirit, had him lead the vanguard, took the city, and captured Zhongle. Quanbin then made Guangshi overall commander of the Loyal Army. Bandits still held Shenli; Guangshi pacified them with his troops. He was made prefect of Li and Ya and overall inspector, settled the people, and won the tribes' loyalty.
33
六年秋，全斌遣入貢京師，遂言境內安乂，乞罷義軍歸農。 太祖喜，謂左右曰：「此蜀中傑俊也。」 詔升殿，勞問久之，以為黎州刺史。 開寶三年，改唐州刺史。 及平交、廣，群盜未息，以光實為嶺南諸州都巡檢使。 既至，捕逐群盜，海隅以寧。 太平興國二年，就遷本州團練使。 車駕征河東，以光實知威勝軍事，令調軍食。 光實入告，願提一旅奮銳先登，帝曰：「資糧事重，亦足宣力也。」 河東平，命為汾、遼、石、沁等州都巡檢使。 五年，改汝州團練使。 大軍北征，與潘美分道出雁門。 光實為前鋒，遇敵迎擊，敗之，斬首數千級，優詔嘉獎。
In the autumn of the sixth year Quanbin sent him to court with tribute; he reported the region secure and asked to disband the Loyal Army so the people could farm. Taizu was pleased and said to his attendants, "Here is a hero of Shu." He was summoned to the hall, questioned at length, and made prefect of Li. In the third year of Kaibao he was transferred to Tang prefecture. When Jiao and Guang were pacified, banditry continued; he was made overall inspector of Lingnan. On arrival he hunted down bandits until the coast was quiet. In the second year of Taiping Xingguo he was promoted to regimental trainer of his home prefecture. When the emperor campaigned against Hedong, Guangshi was put in charge of Weisheng and ordered to supply the army. Guangshi asked to lead a picked column in the first assault; the emperor said, "Supplying the army is weighty work enough for your strength." When Hedong fell he was made overall inspector of Fen, Liao, Shi, Qin, and neighboring prefectures. In the fifth year he was made regimental trainer of Ru. On the northern campaign he and Pan Mei marched out through Yanmen by separate routes. As vanguard he met the enemy, defeated them, took several thousand heads, and received an edict of praise.
34
李繼捧之入朝也，以光實為銀、夏、綏、麟、府、豐、宥州都巡檢使。 繼捧弟繼遷逃入蕃落，為邊患，光實乘間掩襲至地斤澤，俘斬甚眾，破其族帳，獲繼遷母妻及牛羊萬計。 繼遷僅免，使人紿光實曰：「我數奔北，勢窘不能自存矣，公許我降乎？」 因致情款，陳甥舅之禮，期某日降于葭蘆川。 光實信之，且欲專其功，不與人謀。 及期，繼遷先設伏兵，令十數人近城迎致光實，光實從數百騎往赴之。 繼遷前導北行，將至其地，舉手麾鞭而伏兵應之，光實遂遇害，卒，年五十五。 帝聞之驚悼，賵賻加等，以其子大理評事克讓為右贊善大夫，克恭為殿直。 淳化二年，又錄克己為奉職，後至內殿承制； 克廣至閣門祗候。 從子克明。
When Li Jibong came to court, Guangshi was made overall inspector of Yin, Xia, Sui, Lin, Fu, Feng, and You. Jibong's brother Jiqian fled to the tribes and raided the border; Guangshi raided Dijin Marsh, killed and captured many, destroyed their camps, and seized Jiqian's mother, wife, and tens of thousands of cattle and sheep. Jiqian barely escaped and sent a messenger to deceive Guangshi: "I have fled again and again and cannot survive—will you accept my surrender?" He spoke of kinship and promised to surrender on a set day at the Jialu River. Guangshi believed him and, wanting the credit for himself, told no one. On the appointed day Jiqian set an ambush and sent a dozen men to welcome him; Guangshi rode out with several hundred horsemen. Jiqian led him north; at the spot he signaled with his whip, the ambush sprang, and Guangshi was killed at the age of fifty-five. The emperor was shocked and grieved, increased the funeral gifts, and made his sons Kerang and Kejing court officers. In the second year of Chunhua Kerang was enrolled as a court attendant and later rose to Inner Hall Commissioner; Kejing became a Pavilion Gate Attendant. Nephew: Cao Keming
35
從子克明
Nephew: Cao Keming
36
克明，字堯卿。 既生，會敵攻百丈縣，父光遠遇害，姆抱克明匿葦蒲中得免。 既長，喜兵法，善騎射，從父光實奇之。 補為衙內都虞候。 光實擊敵于葭蘆州，戰歿。 克明時護輜重在後，聞光實死，懼軍亂，秘不發喪。 陽令人西來傳光實命還軍銀州，而潛與僕張貴入敵中，獲光實屍以還，葬京師，由是顯名。
Keming, whose style name was Yaoqing, At his birth the enemy attacked Baizhang; his father Guangyuan was killed, but his nurse hid the infant Keming in the reeds and he survived. As he grew he studied warfare and archery, and his uncle Guangshi took special notice of him. He was appointed chief adjutant of the yamen guard. Guangshi attacked the enemy at Jialu and fell in battle. Keming was guarding the baggage train; hearing of Guangshi's death he feared mutiny and kept the news secret. He feigned orders to withdraw to Yinzhou while slipping into enemy lines with his servant Zhang Gui to recover Guangshi's body, buried it in the capital, and won fame thereby.
37
初，蜀人留京師者禁不得還鄉里，克明以母老，間道歸。 李順反，聞克明將家子，且有名，欲脅以官。 克明攜母遁山谷，夜止神祠中，夢有人叱之起，既覺而去，賊果至。 及賊陷雅州，克明募眾數萬人以迎王師，遂復名山、火井、夾江等九縣。 分兵嘉、眉、邛三州，立七砦以邀賊。 復收雅州，斬六十餘人，賊將何承祿等走雲南。 蜀平，擢西頭供奉官、黎州兵馬監押。 以餘寇未息，權邛州駐泊巡檢。 明年，峽路潰卒鄧紹等復起攻雅州，克明又平之。 還軍邛州，遇賊王珂，戰于延貢鎮，擊以矛，中左踝。 後又設伏山下，以數十騎與賊接戰，克明偽北，而所部失期，伏不發。 克明挺身走，賊追急，乃倚大石引弓三發，斃三人，由是獲免。 入朝，改內殿崇班，為溫、台等七州都巡檢使。
Shu natives in the capital were forbidden to return home; Keming, whose mother was elderly, slipped back by a hidden route. When Li Shun rebelled he sought Keming, a general's son with a reputation, hoping to force him into service. Keming fled with his mother into the hills; camping in a shrine he dreamed a voice commanding him to rise—he left at once, and the rebels arrived as he had dreamed. When rebels seized Yazhou, Keming raised tens of thousands to welcome the imperial army and recovered nine counties including Mingshan and Huojing. He posted troops in Jia, Mei, and Qiong and built seven stockades to block the rebels. He retook Yazhou, executed more than sixty rebels, and drove He Chenglu and other rebel leaders into Yunnan. After Shu was pacified he was made Western Head palace attendant and military supervisor of Li. With banditry still active he was made acting inspector at Qiong. The next year mutinous Gorges troops under Deng Shao attacked Yazhou again, and Keming suppressed them. Returning to Qiong he met the bandit Wang Ke at Yangong, struck him with a spear, and wounded his left ankle. He set another ambush below the mountain with a few dozen horsemen; Keming feigned retreat but his men missed the signal and the trap never sprang. Keming fled with the enemy in hot pursuit; leaning on a boulder he shot three men dead and escaped. At court he was made Inner Hall Honored Ban and overall inspector of Wen, Tai, and seven other prefectures.
38
景德中，蠻寇邕州，改供備庫副使、知邕州。 左、右江蠻洞三十六，克明召其酋長，諭以恩信，是歲承天節，相率來集。 克明慰拊，出衣服遺之，感泣而去。 獨如洪峒恃險不至，克明諭兩江防遏使黃眾盈引兵攻之，斬其首領陸木前，梟於市。
In the Jingde era barbarians raided Yong; he was made Vice Commissioner of the Supply Depot and prefect of Yong. Thirty-six tribal chiefs of the left and right rivers were summoned, treated with grace and trust, and came in a body for the Chengtian festival that year. Keming comforted them, gave them clothing, and they left in tears. Only Ru Hong cave, trusting its terrain, stayed away; Keming had Huang Zhongying attack, beheaded chief Lumuqian, and displayed his head in the market.
39
宜州澄海軍校陳進反。 時鬱江暴漲，州城摧圯，克明率丁夫伐木為連舫，維之水上，狀如郛郭。 又多張旗幟，浮巨筏，陳兵其上，為守禦備。 募溪峒兵三千，而黃眾盈亦濟兵千五百，將趣象州。 會巡撫使曹利用約克明會兵，行次貴州，遇賊，大敗之，斬首四百餘級。 賊平，利用專其功。 代還，真宗問南方事，對稱旨，賜一子官，遷供備庫使，江、淮、兩浙都大提舉捉賊。 克明使人捕賊，輒出私錢資之，以故人人盡力。 視賊中趫勇者，釋縛，使還捕其黨，前後獲千餘人。 知江甯府張詠以其事聞，賜錢四十萬，領平州刺史、知辰州。 撫水蠻叛，徙宜、融、桂、昭、柳、象、邕、欽、廉、白十州都巡檢使兼安撫使。 既至，蠻酋獻藥一器，曰「溪峒藥」，藥箭中人，以是解之可不死。 克明曰：「何以驗之？」 曰：「請試以雞犬。」 克明曰：「當試以人。」 乃取藥箭刺酋股而飲以藥，即死，群蠻慚懼而去。
Chen Jin, an officer of Yizhou's Chenghai Army, rebelled. The Yujiang flooded and the city walls collapsed; Keming had timber cut for linked boats moored on the water like a wall. He raised many banners, floated great rafts with troops aboard, and prepared a defense. He recruited three thousand tribal troops; Huang Zhongying brought fifteen hundred more to march on Xiang. Pacification commissioner Cao Liyong joined Keming; at Guizhou they met the rebels, defeated them, and took more than four hundred heads. When the rebellion ended Liyong claimed all the credit. On his return Zhenzong questioned him on the south; pleased with his answers, he gave a son an office, made him Supply Depot commissioner, and overall bandit-catcher for Jiang, Huai, and the two Zhes. Keming paid capture parties from his own purse, and his men gave their all. He freed the boldest captives and sent them back to catch their fellows, taking more than a thousand in all. Zhang Yong of Jiangning reported his work; he received four hundred thousand cash, Ping prefecture, and Chenzhou. When the Fushui tribes rebelled he was made overall inspector and pacification commissioner of ten southern prefectures. A tribal chief offered "stream-cave medicine," claiming it cured wounds from poisoned arrows. Keming asked, "How can that be proved?" The chief said, "Test it on chickens and dogs." Keming said, "Test it on a man." He shot the chief in the thigh with a poisoned arrow, gave him the antidote, and when the chief died the tribes fled in shame and fear.
40
是年冬，安撫都監王文慶、馬玉出天河砦東，克明與中人楊守珍出環州樟嶺西，磴道危絕，林木深阻，蠻多伏弩以待。 玉所向力戰，屢敗蠻軍。 是時朝廷意在招附，數詔諭克明，而克明亦憚深入，屢移文止玉。 玉至如門團，為蠻所扼，不得進。 克明遷延顧望，月餘，乃至撫水州，與知州蒙承貴等約盟而還。
That winter Wenqing and Ma Yu marched east of Tianhe stockade while Keming and Yang Shouzhen went west of Huan's Zhang Ridge over deadly paths where tribes waited in ambush. Ma Yu fought fiercely wherever he marched and repeatedly defeated the tribes. The court sought submission and repeatedly instructed Keming, who also feared to advance deep and repeatedly ordered Yu to halt. Yu reached Rumenguan but was blocked by the tribes and could not advance. Keming hesitated for more than a month, then reached Fushui, made peace with Meng Chenggui, and returned.
41
未幾，知桂州兼管勾溪峒公事，始置溪峒司。 又奏閱廣南兩路土軍為忠敢軍。 州人覆茅為屋，歲多火，克明選北軍教以陶瓦，又激江水入城，以防火災。 代還，知滁州，徙鼎州。 會交阯李公蘊寇邕州，以文思使復知邕州。 既至，遣人入交阯諭以利害，公蘊拜表謝罪。 遷西上閤門使，歷知登、舒、邵三州，復徙鼎州，卒。
Soon he was made prefect of Gui, oversaw stream-cave affairs, and established the Stream-Cave Office. He memorialized to reorganize the native troops of the two Guangnan routes as the Loyal Bold Army. Thatched roofs caused yearly fires; Keming taught tile-making and channeled river water into the city against fire. On return he governed Chu, then was transferred to Ding. When Li Gongyun of Jiaozhi raided Yong, he was again sent as prefect with the title Literary Thought Envoy. On arrival he sent envoys to Jiaozhi; Gongyun submitted a memorial begging pardon. He became Western Upper Pavilion Gate envoy, governed Deng, Shu, and Shao, returned to Ding, and died.
42
張暉，幽州大城人。 後唐清泰初，隸控鶴軍，累遷奉國、弩手都頭。 晉開運末，與武行德奪契丹甲船于河陰。 行德領河陽，以暉為弩手指揮使，復令引兵趣懷州。 契丹將遁去，因領州軍。 漢祖入汴，暉迎于滎陽，授懷州刺史。 乾祐初，郢州刺史慕容業治多不法，以暉為緣漢都巡檢使，領唐州，屯兵至郢州，即代業。 還京，改郢州刺史。
Zhang Hui came from Dacheng in You Prefecture. Early in Later Tang Qingtai he joined the Crane Control Guard and rose to head the Loyal Nation and Crossbow guards. At the end of Jin Kaiyun he and Wu Xingde seized Khitan armored ships at Heyin. Xingde held Heyang, made Hui crossbow commander, and sent him toward Huaizhou. As the Khitan prepared to withdraw he took command of the prefectural army. When the Han founder entered Bian, Hui welcomed him at Xingyang and was made prefect of Huai. Early in Qianyou Ying prefect Murong Ye ruled unlawfully; Hui was sent as frontier inspector with Tangzhou troops, replaced Ye at Ying at once. Back at court he was made prefect of Ying.
43
周廣順初，劉崇寇晉、絳，召暉為步軍左廂排陣使。 師還，改沂州刺史。 三年，吏民詣闕舉留，俄改冀州。 會詔築李晏口、束鹿、安平、博野、百八橋、武強等城，命暉護其役，踰月而就。 從世宗征淮甸，充壕砦都指揮使。 既拔楚、泗，即授泗州。 未幾，改耀州，俄為西南面橋道使。
At Later Zhou Guangshun Liu Chong raided Jin and Jiang; Hui was summoned as left-wing infantry battle-array commander. On the army's return he was made prefect of Yi. In the third year the people petitioned for him to stay; soon he was transferred to Ji. Ordered to build cities at Liyankou, Shulu, Anping, and others, Hui finished the works in little more than a month. He followed the Shizong against the Huai and was made overall trench-and-stockade commander. After Chu and Si fell he was given Sizhou at once. Soon he was transferred to Yao, then made southwest bridge-route envoy.
44
宋初，從征澤、潞，為行營壕砦使，先登陷陣。 事平，遷華州團練使，在郡頗有治狀。 建隆二年，太原未下，詔入覲問計，暉對曰：「澤、潞經李筠之叛，瘡痍未復，軍旅一興，恐人力重困。 不若戢兵育民，俟富庶而後為謀。」 乃賜襲衣、金帶、鞍勒馬，令還州。 朝廷方議伐蜀，遷鳳州團練使兼緣邊巡檢壕砦橋道使。 暉盡得山川險易，因密疏陳之，太祖覽之大悅。 乾德二年，大軍西下，乃以暉充西川行營先鋒都指揮使。 督兵開大散關路，躬撫士卒，且役且戰，人忘其勞。 十二月，至青泥嶺，卒。
Early in the Song he campaigned against Ze and Lu as trench commander, leading the assault. After the campaign he was made regimental trainer of Hua and governed well. In Jianlong's second year, with Taiyuan still holding out, Hui was summoned and said, "Ze and Lu, ravaged by Li Jinyun's rebellion, cannot bear another campaign. Sheathe the armies, restore the people, and wait until they are prosperous before striking again." The emperor granted robes, a gold belt, saddle, and horse and sent him back. As the court debated attacking Shu he was made regimental trainer of Feng and frontier inspector of trenches and routes. Hui mapped every pass and defile and sent a secret memorial that delighted Taizu. In Qiande's second year he was made supreme vanguard of the Western Shu expedition. He opened the Dasanguan road, fought alongside his men, and they forgot their fatigue. In the twelfth month he reached Qingni Ridge and died.
45
天禧五年，暉妻年百五歲，家貧，詣闕自陳。 詔賜束帛，錄其孫永德為三班借職。
In the fifth year of Tianxi Hui's wife, aged one hundred five, came to court in poverty to plead her case. The court granted silk and enrolled her grandson Yongde as a third-rank borrowed officer.
46
司超，大名元城人。 初事邢帥安叔千。 漢祖在太原，超往依之，隸帳下為小校。 漢祖將渡河，遣超先領勁騎，由晉、絳趨河陽。 及入汴，以超為鄆州必敵指揮使。 時京東諸州寇盜充斥，以超為宋、宿、亳三州游奕巡檢使。 改宿州西固鎮守禦都指揮使，移屯潁州下蔡鎮。 屢與淮人戰，有功。 周世宗命宰相李穀討淮南，以超為步軍先鋒副都指揮使，又為廬、壽、光、黃等州巡檢使。 大敗淮人三千餘眾于盛唐縣，獲棹船四十餘艘，禽其監軍高弼、果毅指揮使許萬以獻。 時黃州未下，即命超遙領刺史兼樓櫓戰棹右廂都校。 師還，改光州刺史，敗吳軍千餘于麻城北。 顯德四年冬，與王審琦攻舒州，敗吳軍三千，先禽刺史施仁望獻於行在。 即以超為舒州團練使。
Si Chao came from Yuancheng in Daming. He first served Xing commander An Shuqian. When the Han founder was at Taiyuan, Chao joined him as a junior officer in his guard. Before crossing the river the Han founder sent Chao ahead with elite cavalry toward Heyang by way of Jin and Jiang. On entering Bian he was made Bidi commander of Ying. Bandits filled the eastern prefectures; Chao was made roaming inspector of Song, Su, and Bo. He was made defender of Suzhou's Xigu and moved his camp to Ying's Xiaxia. He fought the Huai repeatedly with success. The Shizong ordered Li Gu against Huainan and made Chao deputy foot vanguard and inspector of Lu, Shou, Guang, and Huang. He routed more than three thousand Huai troops at Sheng Tang, seized forty boats, and captured Gao Bi and Xu Wan. Huangzhou had not yet fallen; he was made acting prefect of Huang and right-wing commander of the war fleet. On return he was made prefect of Guang and defeated more than a thousand Wu troops north of Ma. In the fourth year of Xiande he and Wang Shenqi attacked Shu, routed three thousand Wu troops, and captured Prefect Shi Renwang first. He was at once made regimental trainer of Shu.
47
【評論】
Commentary
48
論曰：昔許子卒于師，葬之加等。 《春秋》書之，所以褒臣節而儆官守也。 業、罕儒、光實咸當捍城之寄，臨戎力戰，歿於敵境。 雖罕儒恃勇不戒，光實甘賊遷之言，失在輕敵，然其忘軀徇節，誠可嘉也。 業本太原驍將，感太宗寵遇，思有以報。 常勝之家，千慮一失。 然其素得士心。 部卒不忍離去，從之以歿，則忠義之風概可見矣。 嗣與延昭並克紹勳伐。 延昭久居邊閫，總戎訓士，威名方略，聞于敵人，於嗣為優。 暉于危時則有陷陣之功，平日則獻息戎之諫。 超頻戰以清淮海，其忠誠勇果，率有可尚者焉。
The commentators say: When Xu died on campaign the Spring and Autumn raised his burial rites. The Spring and Autumn records this to honor loyal service and warn those who hold office. Yang Ye, Jing Hanru, and Cao Guangshi all held the frontier defense; each fought to the last and fell in enemy country. Hanru was reckless and Guangshi trusted Jiqian's false surrender—both erred through contempt for the enemy—yet in giving their lives for duty they remain deeply admirable. Yang Ye was a famed warrior of Taiyuan who, grateful for Taizong's favor, longed to repay it in service. Even invincible commanders err once in a thousand calculations. Yet he had always won his soldiers' hearts. His men refused to abandon him and died at his side—proof enough of his loyal spirit. Yang Si and Yang Yanzhao both carried on their fathers' martial legacy. Yanzhao spent decades on the frontier, training troops whose fame reached the enemy; in reputation and strategy he surpassed Si. Zhang Hui led the assault in crisis and counseled peace in calmer days. Si Chao fought again and again to clear the Huai and the coast; his loyalty and courage were admirable throughout.