Volume 306 Biographies 65: Xie Bi, Sun He, Zhu Taifu, Qi Lun, Zhang Quhua, Le Huangmu, Chai Chengwu

謝泌，字宗源，歙州歙人。自言晉太保安二十七世孫。少好學，有志操。賈黃中知宣州，一見奇之。太平興國五年進士，解褐大理評事、知清川縣，徙彰明，遷著作佐郎。端拱初，為殿中丞，獻所著文十編、《古今類要》三十卷，召試中書，以直史館賜緋。時言事者眾，詔閣門，非涉僥望乃許受之，繇是言路稍壅。泌抗疏陳其不可，且言：「邊鄙有事，民政未乂，狂夫之言，聖人擇焉。苟詰而拒之，四聰之明，將有所蔽。願采其可者，拒其不可者，庶顒顒之情，得以上達。」復言：「國家圖書，多失次序。唐景龍中，嘗分經、史、子、集為四庫，命薛稷、沈佺期、武平一、馬懷素分掌，望遵復故事。」遂令直館分典四部，以泌知集庫。改左正言，使嶺南採訪。

Xie Bi, courtesy name Zongyuan, was a native of She County in She Prefecture. He claimed descent from Xie An, Duke of Tai'an of Jin, twenty-seven generations removed. As a youth he loved learning and possessed firm moral resolve. When Jia Huangzhong served as prefect of Xuanzhou, he was struck by Bi at first sight. In the fifth year of Taiping Xingguo (980) he passed the jinshi examination, entered office as an investigating censor of the Court of Judicial Review and magistrate of Qingchuan County, was transferred to Zhangming, and promoted to Assistant Editorial Director. At the beginning of Duangong (988) he served as Palace Attendant, submitted ten volumes of his own writings and thirty juan of Essentials Arranged by Category from Antiquity to the Present, was summoned for examination at the Secretariat, and was appointed to the Historiography Institute with the gift of crimson robes. Many were then submitting memorials on affairs of state. An edict ordered the Gate of Acclamation to accept only those not involving improper solicitations, and the avenue for remonstrance was somewhat choked off. Bi submitted a forthright memorial arguing that this could not stand, saying: "The border regions are troubled and civil administration is not yet settled. Even a madman's words—the sage selects from them. If you interrogate and reject them outright, the clarity of your Four Listeners will be partly blinded. Adopt what is sound and reject what is not, so that sincere feeling may reach you from below." He went on: "The state's library holdings are largely disordered. Under Tang Jinglong (707–710), the classics, histories, masters, and collections were once divided into four repositories, with Xue Ji, Shen Quanqi, Wu Pingyi, and Ma Huaisu each put in charge. I ask that this precedent be restored." The court then ordered straight officials of the institutes to oversee the four divisions separately, appointing Bi to manage the collection repository. He was transferred to Left Rectifier and dispatched on an inspection tour of Lingnan.

淳化二年，久旱，復上言時政得失。時王禹偁上言：「請自今庶官候謁宰相，並須朝罷於政事堂，樞密使預坐接見，將以杜私請。」詔從之。泌上言曰：「伏睹明詔，不許宰相、樞密使見賓客，是疑大臣以私也。《書》曰：『任賢勿貳，去邪勿疑。』張說謂姚元崇曰：『外則疏而接物，內則謹以事君。此真大臣之禮。』今天下至廣，萬機至繁，陛下以聰明寄於輔臣，自非接下，何以悉知外事？若令都堂候見，則庶官請見諮事，略無解衣之暇。今陛下囊括宇宙，總攬英豪，朝廷無巧言之士，方面無姑息之臣，奈何疑執政，為衰世之事乎！王禹偁昧於大體，妄有陳述。」太宗覽奏，即追還前詔，仍以泌所上表送史館。會修正殿，頗施采繪，泌復上疏，亟命代以丹堊，且嘉其忠藎，拜左司諫，賜金紫、錢三十萬。一日，得對便殿，太宗稱其任直敢言，泌奏曰：「陛下從諫如流，故臣得以竭誠。昔唐季孟昌圖者，朝疏諫而夕去位，鑒於前代，取亂宜矣。」太宗動色久之。時，群臣升殿言事者，既可其奏，得專達於有司，頗容巧妄，泌請自今凡政事送中書，機事送樞密，金穀送三司，覆奏而行，從之。

In the second year of Chunhua (991), amid a long drought, he again memorialized the court on the strengths and failings of current policy. Wang Yucheng then memorialized: "From now on, when lower officials wait to call on the chief ministers, they must do so only at the Hall of Administration after court is dismissed, with the Commissioner of Military Affairs present and seated to receive them—this will cut off private solicitations." The emperor approved it by edict. Bi memorialized: "I have read Your Majesty's edict forbidding chief ministers and commissioners of military affairs from receiving guests. This is to suspect your great ministers of private dealings. The Book of Documents says: "Employ the worthy without duplicity; remove the wicked without hesitation." Zhang Yue told Yao Chong: "Outwardly be open in receiving people; inwardly be scrupulous in serving the ruler." That is the true deportment of a great minister. The realm is vast today and affairs of state exceedingly complex. Your Majesty entrusts your discernment to your assisting ministers; unless they receive people below, how can they fully know what is happening outside? If all audiences must wait at the chief hall, lower officials seeking meetings to consult on business will leave the ministers no moment even to loosen their robes. Your Majesty now embraces the realm and gathers the able; at court there are no crafty tongues, in the provinces no indulgent officials. Why suspect those who govern and adopt the practices of a declining age? Wang Yucheng failed to grasp the larger pattern and rashly made this proposal." When Emperor Taizong read the memorial, he immediately revoked the earlier edict and had Bi's memorial sent to the Historiography Institute. When the Hall of Rectification was being refurbished with elaborate painting, Bi memorialized again; the emperor promptly ordered plain cinnabar whitewash instead, praised his loyal devotion, appointed him Left Bureau Remonstrator, and granted him gold-and-purple insignia and three hundred thousand cash. One day he was received in audience at the side hall. Taizong praised his forthrightness and bold speech. Bi said: "Your Majesty accepts remonstrance as flowing water; that is why your servant has been able to speak with full sincerity. In late Tang, Meng Changtu remonstrated in a morning memorial and lost his post by evening. Taking warning from former ages, disorder was only to be expected." Taizong's expression changed, and he was silent for a long while. At the time, when ministers who spoke on affairs in court had their proposals approved, they could transmit them directly to the relevant offices, which rather encouraged craft and falsehood. Bi asked that henceforth government affairs go to the Secretariat, military affairs to the Bureau of Military Affairs, and fiscal matters to the Three Offices, with everything returned for imperial approval before execution. The court agreed.

俄判三司鹽鐵勾院。奉詔解送國學舉人，黜落既多，群聚喧詬，懷甓以伺泌出，泌知之，潛由他塗入史館，數宿不敢出，請對自陳，太宗問：「何官騶導嚴肅，都人畏避？」有以臺雜對者，即授泌虞部員外郎兼侍御史知雜事。上元觀燈，泌特預召，自是為例。轉金部員外郎，充鹽鐵副使。頃之，魏羽為使，即泌之外舅，以親嫌，改度支副使。因郊祀，條上軍士賞給之數，太宗曰：「朕惜金帛，止備賞賜爾。」泌因曰：「唐德宗朱泚之亂、後唐莊宗馬射之禍，皆賞軍不豐所致。今陛下薄於躬御，賞賜特優，實歷代之所難也。」俄與王沔同磨勘京朝官。太宗孜孜為治，每御長春殿視事罷，復即崇政殿臨決，日旰未進御膳。泌言：「請自今長春罷政，既膳後御便坐。」不報。俄知三班、通進銀臺司，出知湖州。再遷主客郎中、知虢州。

Shortly afterward he was assigned to the Salt and Iron Audit Office of the Three Offices. By imperial order he escorted National University candidates; many were failed, and they gathered shouting abuse, carrying bricks to waylay him when he came out. Bi learned of this, slipped into the Historiography Institute by another route, and for several nights dared not leave. He requested a private audience to explain himself. Taizong asked: "Which office has outriders so imposing that people in the capital fear and avoid them?" Someone replied that it was the supervising censor of the censorate, and Bi was immediately appointed Vice Director of the Ministry of Works with concurrent appointment as Attending Censor in charge of miscellaneous censorial affairs. At the First Month Lantern Festival, Bi was specially summoned in advance, and this thereafter became precedent. He was transferred to Vice Director of the Ministry of Revenue and served as deputy commissioner of salt and iron. Before long Wei Yu became commissioner; he was Bi's maternal uncle, so on grounds of kinship Bi was reassigned as deputy commissioner of revenue. On the occasion of the suburban sacrifice he itemized the numbers for soldiers' rewards and grants. Taizong said: "I am sparing of gold and silk—it is only to have enough for rewards." Bi replied: "The rebellion of Zhu Ci under Tang Dezong and the disaster at the horse archery grounds under Later Tang Zhuangzong both came from rewarding the army too meagerly. Your Majesty is frugal in personal expenditure while your rewards are especially generous—something truly difficult for any previous age to match." Shortly afterward he joined Wang Han in reviewing metropolitan officials at the capital. Taizong was tireless in governing. Each day after finishing business at the Hall of Everlasting Spring, he would go straight to the Hall of Esteeming Government to decide cases, and at sundown had still not taken his meal. Bi said: "From now on, when business ends at the Hall of Everlasting Spring, take your meal first, then hold court at the informal seat." The emperor did not respond. Shortly afterward he was put in charge of the Three Ranks and the Office for Transmission and the Silver Terrace, then sent out as prefect of Huzhou. He was promoted again to Director of the Bureau of Receptions and appointed prefect of Guozhou.

真宗初，邊人屢寇，泌上疏曰：

At the beginning of Emperor Zhenzong's reign, border peoples raided repeatedly. Bi submitted a memorial:

「臣竊惟聖心所切者，欲天下朝夕太平爾。雍熙末，趙普錄唐姚崇《太平十事》以獻。未幾，普復相，時稱致治之策無出於此。尋普病，又遼騎擾邊，因循未行。今北邊謐寧，繼遷請命，則可行於今日矣。臣以為先朝未盡行者，俟陛下爾。陛下自臨大寶，邊不加兵，西北肅然，民安歲登，則太平之象，復何遠哉。至於省不急之務，削煩苛之政，抑奔競，來直言，斯皆致太平之術，又豈讓唐開元之治也。議者或謂，方今用兵異於開元，且開元邊戎孔熾，明皇卒與之和。至如漢高祖亦然。此皆屈己以寧天下，豈以輕大國而競小忿乎。請以近事言，往歲討交阯，王師一動，南方幾搖。先皇以為得之無用，棄之實便，及授官為蕃屏，則至今鼠伏。石晉之末，恥講和契丹，遂致天下橫流，豈得為強？或者有言，敵所嗜者禽色，所貪者財利，餘無他智計。先朝平晉之後，若不舉兵臨之，但與財帛，則幽薊不日納土矣。察此，乃知其情古猶今也、漢祖、明皇所用之計，正可以餌其心矣。

"Your servant ventures to believe that what weighs on Your Majesty's mind is the wish that the realm may be at peace morning and evening. At the end of Yongxi (987), Zhao Pu copied Yao Chong's Ten Matters for Great Peace from Tang and presented them to the throne. Before long Zhao Pu returned as chief minister, and at the time it was said that no policy for achieving good order surpassed this. Soon Zhao Pu fell ill, and Liao horsemen again disturbed the border, so the plan was put off and never carried out. Now the northern border is tranquil and Jiqian has submitted. The plan can be carried out today. Your servant believes that what the former court left unfinished awaits Your Majesty. Since Your Majesty ascended the throne, you have not added troops at the border; the northwest is orderly; the people are secure and harvests abundant. How far off can the signs of great peace be? Reduce non-urgent business, cut vexatious and harsh policies, restrain frantic competition, and welcome frank speech—these are all methods for achieving great peace. Why should we yield even to the Kaiyuan reign of Tang? Some argue that using troops today differs from Kaiyuan, and that under Kaiyuan border enemies were fiercely active until Emperor Ming finally made peace with them. The same was true of Emperor Gaozu of Han. These rulers humbled themselves to settle the realm. How could one slight a great state to contend over small resentments? Consider recent events: when Jiaozhi was attacked in past years, the moment the imperial army moved, the south nearly came apart. The late emperor judged that taking it would be useless and abandoning it the wiser course. Once offices were granted to make them a border screen, they have crouched like mice to this day. At the end of Later Jin, shame at making peace with the Khitan led the realm into chaos. How could that be called strength? Some say the enemy cares only for birds and beauty, covets only wealth and profit, and has no other stratagems. After the former court pacified Jin, if it had not marched against them but only sent wealth and silk, You and Ji would have submitted within days. From this one sees their disposition is the same in antiquity as today. The stratagems used by Emperor Gaozu of Han and Emperor Ming of Tang can precisely be used to bait their hearts.

臣伏睹近詔，以不逞之徒所陳述，皆閭閻事。臣聞古先哲王詢於芻蕘，察於邇言者，蓋慮視聽之蔽，故采此以達物情，亦罕行其事也。先朝有侯莫陳利用、陳廷山、鄭昌嗣、趙贊之徒，喋喋利口，賴先帝聖聰，尋翦除之，然為患已深矣。臣又聞輔時佐主，建萬世之基，立不拔之策者，必倚老成之人。至如成、康刑措，由任周、召；文、景清靜，不易蕭、曹；明皇太平，亦資姚、宋。夫精練國政，斟酌王度，未聞市井之胥，走塵之吏，可當其任也。惟陛下察往古用賢致治之道，則賢者亦必盡忠竭力，以輔成太平之治矣。」

Your servant has read the recent edict treating what unruly petitioners submit as mere neighborhood affairs. Ancient sage kings inquired even of grass cutters and weighed nearby words because they feared their sight and hearing might be blocked. They took such counsel to learn how things stood below, yet rarely acted on it. The former court had men such as Hou Mo Chen Liyong, Chen Tingshan, Zheng Changsi, and Zhao Zan—glib and sharp-tongued. Thanks to the late emperor's discernment they were soon removed, but the harm had already run deep. Your servant has also heard that those who assist their age and ruler, lay foundations for ten thousand generations, and set policies that cannot be uprooted must rely on seasoned elders. When punishments were set aside under Cheng and Kang, it was because the Duke of Zhou and the Duke of Shao were employed; the quiet governance of Wen and Jing did not displace Xiao He and Cao Shen; Emperor Ming's age of great peace likewise depended on Yao Chong and Song Jing. To master state affairs and weigh imperial policy—one has never heard that marketplace clerks and petty runners could fill such posts. If Your Majesty examines how former ages employed the worthy to achieve good order, the worthy will surely exhaust their loyalty and effort to help bring about an age of great peace."

咸平二年，徙知同州。代還，知鼓司、登聞院。五年，與陳恕同知貢舉，復知通進銀臺司，加刑部，出為兩浙轉運使。近制，文武官告老皆遷秩，令錄授朝官，並給半俸。泌言：「請自今七十以上求退者，許致仕；因疾及歷任犯贓者，聽從便。」詔可。徙知福州，代還，民懷其愛，刻石以紀去思。轉兵部郎中，復知審官院，直昭文館。知荊南府，改襄州，遷太常少卿、右諫議大夫、判吏部銓。大中祥符五年卒，年六十三。

In the second year of Xianping (999) he was transferred to prefect of Tongzhou. When his replacement arrived and he returned to court, he was put in charge of the Drum Office and the Court of Imperial Complaints. In the fifth year he joined Chen Shu in supervising the civil examinations, again took charge of the Office for Transmission and the Silver Terrace, received additional rank in the Ministry of Punishments, and was sent out as transport commissioner of the Two Zhes. Under recent regulations, when civil and military officials retired on grounds of age they were all promoted in rank; clerks were granted metropolitan official rank and all received half salary. Bi said: "From now on, let those seventy and above who seek to retire be permitted to resign office; those who retire due to illness or who committed graft while in office may do as they please." The emperor approved it by edict. He was transferred to prefect of Fuzhou. When his replacement arrived, the people cherished him and carved a stone to commemorate his departure. He was transferred to Director of the Bureau of Military Affairs, again put in charge of the Bureau for Reviewing Appointments, and made a straight official of the Hall of Illustrious Culture. He served as prefect of Jingnan Circuit, was transferred to Xiangzhou, and was promoted to Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, Right Remonstrance Grandee, with assignment to judge selections at the Ministry of Personnel. He died in the fifth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1012), at the age of sixty-three.

泌性端直，然好方外之學，疾革，服道士服，端坐死。帝聞而嗟異，遣使臨問恤賜，錄其子衍為太常寺奉禮郎，衒將作監主簿。衍為太子中舍。

Bi was upright by nature, yet he loved Daoist learning. When his illness became critical, he put on Daoist robes and died sitting upright. When the emperor heard this he sighed in wonder, sent envoys to offer condolences and grants, and enrolled his sons Yan as Ceremonial Officer of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and Xuan as Chief Clerk of the Directorate of Imperial Works. Yan later became Palace Secretariat Attendant.

孫何，字漢公，蔡州汝陽人。祖鎰，唐末秦宗權據州，強以賓佐起之。鎰偽疾不應，還家，以講授為業。父庸，字鼎臣，顯德中，獻《贊聖策》九篇，引唐貞觀所行事，以魏元成自況。得對，言曰：「武不可黷，斂不可厚，奢不可放，欲不可極。」世宗奇其言，命中書試，補開封兵曹掾。建隆初，為河南簿。太平興國六年，鴻臚少卿劉章薦其材，改左贊善大夫。歷殿中丞、知龍州而卒。

Sun He, courtesy name Hangong, was a native of Ruyang in Caizhou. His grandfather Yi, in late Tang when Qin Zongquan seized the prefecture, was forcibly pressed into service as a staff adviser. Yi feigned illness and refused, returned home, and made a living by teaching. His father Yong, courtesy name Dingchen, during Xiande (954–959) presented nine chapters of Strategies Praising the Sage, citing precedents from Tang Zhenguan and comparing himself to Wei Yuancheng. He gained an audience and said: "War must not be abused, levies must not be heavy, extravagance must not be indulged, and desires must not be carried to extremes." Emperor Shizong marveled at his words, ordered him examined at the Secretariat, and appointed him clerk of the military section in Kaifeng. At the beginning of Jianlong (960) he served as registrar of Henan. In the sixth year of Taiping Xingguo (981), Vice Director of the Court for Diplomatic Reception Liu Zhang recommended his talent, and he was promoted to Left Supporter of Goodness Grandee. He served as Palace Attendant and prefect of Longzhou, then died.

何十歲識音韻，十五能屬文，篤學嗜古，為文必本經義，在貢籍中甚有聲。與丁謂齊名友善，時輩號為「孫丁」。王禹偁尤雅重之。嘗作《兩晉名臣贊》、《宋詩》二十篇、《春秋意》、《尊儒教儀》，聞於時。淳化三年舉進士，開封府、禮部俱首薦，及第又得甲科，解褐將作監丞、通判陝州。召入直史館，賜緋，遷秘書丞、京西轉運副使。歷右正言，改右司諫。

At ten he knew phonology and rhyme; at fifteen he could compose prose. He studied deeply and loved antiquity, always grounding his writing in canonical meaning, and was highly regarded among examination candidates. He was equally famed and on friendly terms with Ding Wei; contemporaries called them "Sun and Ding." Wang Yucheng especially esteemed him. He wrote Eulogies of Famous Ministers of the Two Jin Dynasties, twenty chapters of Song Poetry, Intentions of the Spring and Autumn Annals, and Rites for Honoring Confucian Teaching, all of which were well known in his day. In the third year of Chunhua (990) he passed the jinshi examination, earning top recommendation from both Kaifeng Prefecture and the Ministry of Rites; he graduated in first rank and, upon entering office, was appointed Assistant Director of the Directorate of Works and Vice Administrator of Shaanzhou. He was summoned to the Historiography Institute, granted crimson robes, and promoted to Secretary of the Palace Library and Vice Commissioner of the Western Capital Transport Circuit. He served as Right Remonstrance Officer and was then transferred to Right Office Remonstrance Censor.

真宗初，何獻五議：其一，請擇儒臣有方略者統兵；其二，請世祿之家肄業太學，寒雋之士州郡推薦，而禁投贄自媒者；其三，請復制舉；其四，請行鄉飲酒禮；其五，請以能授官，勿以恩慶例遷。上覽而善之。

At the beginning of Emperor Zhenzong's reign, Sun He submitted five proposals. First, he asked that Confucian officials with strategic ability be chosen to command troops; second, that families holding hereditary salaries send their sons to study at the Imperial Academy, that talented men of humble birth be recommended by prefectures and counties, and that presenting gifts for self-promotion be forbidden; third, that the special examination system be restored; fourth, that the village drinking ceremony be observed; fifth, that offices be granted according to merit and not by courtesy promotion through imperial grace. The emperor read them and approved.

咸平二年，舉入閣故事，何次當待制，獻疏曰：

In the second year of Xianping (999), when the old custom of entering the inner hall was observed, it was Sun He's turn as Attendant Drafter, and he submitted a memorial saying:

「六卿分職，邦家之大柄也。有吏部辨考績而育人材，有兵部簡車徒而治戎備，有戶部正版圖而阜貨財，有刑部謹紀律而誅暴強，有禮部祀神示而選賢俊，有工部繕宮室而修堤防，六職舉而天下之事備矣。故周之會府，漢之尚書，立庶政之根本，提百司之綱紀。令、僕率其屬，丞、郎分其行，二十四司粲焉星拱，郎中、員外判其曹，主事、令史承其事。四海九州之大，若網在綱。

"When the Six Ministers divide their duties, the great reins of the state are in hand. The Ministry of Personnel examines merit and cultivates talent; the Ministry of War selects chariots and troops and keeps military readiness; the Ministry of Revenue corrects registers and maps and enriches the treasury; the Ministry of Justice upholds discipline and punishes the violent; the Ministry of Rites sacrifices to the gods, displays propriety, and selects worthy men; the Ministry of Works repairs palaces and maintains dikes and embankments. When these six offices perform their functions, nothing under Heaven is left undone. That is why the Zhou Grand Secretariat and the Han Imperial Secretariat laid the foundation of government and held the laws and standards of the hundred offices. Ministers and Vice Ministers lead their subordinates; Directors and Gentlemen divide the work; the twenty-four bureaus stand bright as stars around the pole; Bureau Chiefs and Vice Bureau Chiefs decide the affairs of their sections; Principal Clerks and Record Clerks carry out the tasks. Across the vast realm of the Four Seas and Nine Provinces, all is governed as a net is governed by its cord.

唐之盛時，亦不聞別分利權，創使額，而軍須取足。及玄宗侈心既萌，召發既廣，租調不充，於是蕭景、楊釗始以地官判度支，而宇文融為租調地稅使，始開利孔，以構禍階。至於肅、代，則有司之職盡廢，而言利之臣攘臂於其間矣。於是叛亂相仍，經費不充，迫於軍期，切於國計，用救當時之急，率以權宜裁之。五代短促，曾莫是思。

Even at the height of Tang, one never heard of splitting fiscal authority or creating special commissioner posts, yet military needs were fully met. Once Emperor Xuanzong's appetite for extravagance had awakened and conscription had grown vast, land tax and corvée no longer sufficed. Then Xiao Jing and Yang Zhao first had the Minister of Revenue take charge of fiscal affairs, and Yuwen Rong became Commissioner for Land Tax and Corvée Tax—opening the sluice of profit and laying the steps to disaster. By the reigns of Emperors Suzong and Daizong, the duties of the regular offices had been wholly abandoned, and ministers who spoke of profit thrust themselves forward in their place. Rebellions then followed one after another, funds ran short, and pressed by military deadlines and urgent state finances, the court, to meet the crisis of the moment, generally handled affairs by expedient measures. The Five Dynasties were brief, and scarcely anyone gave this any thought.

今國家三聖相承，五兵不試，太平之業，垂統立制，在此時也。所宜三部使額，還之六卿，慎擇戶部尚書一人，專掌鹽鐵使事，俾金部郎中、員外郎判之。又擇本行侍郎二人，分掌度支、戶部使事，各以本曹郎中、員外郎分判之，則三使洎判官，雖省猶不省也。仍命左右司郎中、員外總知帳目，分勾稽違。職守有常，規程既定，則進無掊克之慮，退有詳練之名，周官唐式，可以復矣。茲事非艱，在陛下行之爾。」

Now the state has had three sage emperors succeed one another, and the five weapons have gone untried. To establish the work of peace and set institutions for generations to come—this is the moment. The proper course is to return the three commissioner posts to the Six Ministers, carefully choose one Minister of Revenue to take exclusive charge of Salt and Iron Commissioner affairs, and have the Bureau Chiefs and Vice Bureau Chiefs of the Gold Section adjudicate them. Choose as well two Vice Ministers of the same ministry to manage Fiscal Affairs and Revenue Commissioner affairs separately, each with Bureau Chiefs and Vice Bureau Chiefs of the relevant section to adjudicate them. Then the three commissioners and their adjunct officials, though nominally reduced, would in substance not be reduced at all. Also appoint the Left and Right Office Bureau Chiefs and Vice Bureau Chiefs to oversee the accounts in general and separately audit violations. When duties are fixed and regulations established, there will be no fear of extortion going forward and a reputation for thorough competence behind—then the offices of Zhou and the procedures of Tang can be restored. This is not a difficult matter. It depends only on Your Majesty putting it into practice."

是冬，從幸大名，詔訪邊事。何疏曰：

That winter he accompanied the emperor on a visit to Daming, and an edict called for inquiries on border affairs. He submitted a memorial saying:

「陛下嗣位以來，訓師擇將，可謂至多，以高祖之大度，兼蕭王之赤心，神武冠於百王，精兵倍於前代。分閫仗鉞者，固當以身先士卒為心，賊遺君父為恥。而列城相望，堅壁自全，手握強兵，坐違成算，遂使腥膻得計，蛇豕肆行，焚劫我郡縣，係累我黎庶。陛下攄人神之忿怒，憫河朔之生靈，爰御六師，親幸澶、魏，天聲一振，敵騎四逃，雖鎮、定道路已通，而德、棣烽塵未息，此殆將帥或未得人，邊奏或有壅閼，鄰境不相救援，糗糧須俟轉輸之所致也。

"Since Your Majesty succeeded to the throne, you have trained armies and chosen generals in abundance. With the magnanimity of Emperor Gaozu and the loyal heart of Prince Xiao, your divine martial prowess surpasses that of the hundred kings, and your elite troops are twice those of former ages. Those who hold border command and wield the battle-axe should take leading the troops in person as their guiding principle and regard it as shameful when the enemy harms the sovereign and father of the realm. Yet walled cities stand face to face, each holding fast behind its walls to save itself. With strong armies in hand they sit idle against the settled plan, so that the barbarians gain their advantage, serpents and swine run wild, burn and plunder our prefectures and counties, and bind and drag off our people. Your Majesty has unleashed the wrath of men and gods and pitied the people north of the Yellow River. You therefore led the Six Armies and personally visited Cizhou and Weizhou. When Heaven's voice shook once, the enemy horsemen fled in every direction. Though the roads to Zhenzhou and Dingzhou were already open, the beacon fires of Dezhou and Dizhou had not yet died down. This is probably because the generals were not the right men, border reports were blocked, neighboring territories failed to rescue one another, and provisions had to wait on transport.

將帥者何？或恃勇無謀，或忌功玩寇，但全城堡，不恤人民。邊奏者何？護塞之臣，固祿守位，城池焚劫，不以實聞，老幼殺傷，託言他盜。不救援者何？緣邊州縣，城壘參錯，如輔車唇齒之相依，若頭目手足之相衛，託稱兵少不出，或待奏可乃行。俟輦輸者何？敵騎往還，猋馳鳥逝，贏糧景從，萬兩方行，迨乎我來，寇已遁去。此四者，當今急務。擇將帥，則莫若文武之內，參用謀臣；防壅閼，則莫若凡奏邊防，陛見庭問；合救援，則莫若督以軍令，聽其便宜；運糗糧，則莫若輕齎疾驅，角彼趫捷。

What of the generals? Some rely on courage but lack strategy; some envy others' merit and play with the enemy, content merely to preserve their castles and walls while caring nothing for the people. What of the border reports? The officials who guard the frontier, protecting their salaries and clinging to their posts, do not report the truth when cities and walls are burned and plundered, and when old and young are killed and wounded they claim other bandits were responsible. What of those who fail to rescue? Prefectures and counties along the border have interlocking fortifications, depending on one another like paired wheels or lip and teeth, guarding one another like head, eyes, hands, and feet. Yet they claim too few troops and refuse to go out, or wait for memorial approval before acting. What of waiting on transport? Enemy horsemen come and go like storm winds, swift as birds that vanish from sight. Provisions must be carried on shoulder poles and follow the sun's shadow; ten thousand taels of silver must be spent before a column can move. By the time we arrive, the raiders have already fled. These four matters are the urgent tasks of the day. To choose generals, nothing is better than drawing strategic advisers from among both civil and military officials; to prevent obstruction, nothing is better than having every border memorial presented at court for Your Majesty to question in person; to coordinate rescue, nothing is better than enforcing military orders while allowing discretionary action; to move provisions, nothing is better than traveling light and driving hard, matching the enemy's speed and agility.

今大駕既駐鄴下，契丹終不敢萌心南牧，所慮薦食者，惟東北無備之城，繕完周防，不可不慎。且蜂蠆有毒，豺狼無厭。今契丹西畏大兵，北無歸路，獸窮則搏，物不可輕，餘孽尚或稽誅，奔突亦宜預備。大河津濟，處處有之，亦望量屯禁兵，扼其要害，則請和之使，不日可待。」

Now that the imperial carriage has encamped below Ye, the Khitan in the end dare not think of driving south to pasture their herds. What is feared as a devouring pest is only the unprepared cities of the northeast. Their repair and complete fortification must not be treated lightly. Moreover, bees and scorpions carry poison, and wolves and jackals know no satiety. Now the Khitan fear our great army to the west and have no road of retreat to the north. When beasts are cornered they fight, and the enemy must not be taken lightly. Remaining remnants may still delay their destruction, and sudden raids should also be prepared for in advance. Fords across the Great River exist everywhere. It is also hoped that imperial troops be stationed in appropriate numbers to hold the vital points. Then envoys seeking peace may be expected within days."

真宗覽而嘉之。及傅潛逗撓無功，何又請斬潛以徇。俄權戶部判官，出為京東轉運副使，又獻疏請擇州縣守宰，省三司冗員，遴選法官，增秩益奉。未幾，徙兩浙轉運使，加起居舍人。景德初，代還，判太常禮院。俄與晁迥、陳堯諮並命知制誥，賜金紫，掌三班院。何先已被疾，勉強親職。一日，奏事上前，墜奏牘於地，俯而取之，復墜笏，有司劾以失儀，詔釋之。何慚，上章求改少卿監，分司西京養疾，上不許，第賜告，遣醫診視。醫勉其然艾，何答曰：「死生有命。」卒不聽。是冬卒，年四十四。上在澶淵，聞之憫惜，錄其子言為大理評事。

Emperor Zhenzong read it and commended it. When Fu Qian dawdled and achieved nothing, Sun He again asked that Qian be executed as a public warning. Soon he was made Acting Adjudicator of the Ministry of Revenue and sent out as Vice Commissioner of the Eastern Capital Transport Circuit. He again submitted a memorial asking that prefectural and county magistrates be carefully chosen, redundant personnel in the Three Departments Office be reduced, judicial officials be selected with care, and rank and salary be increased. Before long he was transferred to Commissioner of the Two Zhe Transport Circuit and promoted to Diary Aide of the Sovereign. At the beginning of Jingde (1004), when his replacement arrived, he was appointed Administrator of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and Rites. Soon he was appointed together with Chao Hui and Chen Yaozī as Drafting Officer for the Secretariat, granted gold and purple robes, and put in charge of the Three-Rank Court. He had already been ill, yet forced himself to attend to his duties in person. One day, while presenting affairs before the throne, he dropped his memorial to the ground; as he bowed to pick it up, he dropped his court tablet again. The responsible office impeached him for breach of ceremony, but an edict released him from punishment. Ashamed, he submitted a memorial asking to be transferred to a lesser directorate post and assigned to the Western Capital branch office to convalesce. The emperor did not permit it, but only granted him leave and sent physicians to examine him. The physicians urged him to submit to moxibustion. He replied, "Life and death are ordained by fate." In the end he refused. That winter he died at the age of forty-four. The emperor was at Chanyuan. When he heard the news he mourned and grieved, and enrolled Sun He's son Yan as investigating censor of the Court of Judicial Review.

何樂名教，勤接士類，後進之有詞藝者，必為稱揚。然性卞急，不能容物。在浙右專務峻刻，州郡病焉。好學，著《駁史通》十餘篇，有集四十卷。弟僅。

He delighted in the renown of moral teaching, diligently received men of the scholar class, and always spoke up for talented juniors in literary arts. Yet his nature was harsh and impatient, and he could not tolerate others. In the Two Zhe region he devoted himself exclusively to severity, and prefectures and counties suffered under it. He loved learning and wrote more than ten chapters of Refuting the Comprehensive Mirror of History. He left a collected works of forty juan. His younger brother was Jin.

弟僅

Younger Brother Jin

僅，字鄰幾。少勤學，與何俱有名於時。咸平元年，進士甲科，兄弟連冠貢籍，時人榮之。解褐舒州團練推官，會詔舉賢良方正之士，趙安仁以僅名聞。策入第四等，擢光祿寺丞、直集賢院，俄知浚儀縣。景德初，拜太子中允、開封府推官，賜緋。北邊請盟，遣使交聘，僅首為國母生辰使。改本府判官，遷右正言、知制誥，賜金紫，同知審官院。是冬，永興孫全照求代，真宗思擇循良任之，御書邊肅洎僅二名示宰相。或言僅嘗倅京府，諳民政，乃命知永興軍府。僅純厚長者，為政頗寬，嘗詔戒焉。大中祥符元年，加比部員外郎。代還，知審刑院。頃之，拜右諫議大夫、集賢院學士、權知開封府。改左諫議大夫，出知河中府。歸朝，復領審刑院。久次，進給事中。天禧元年正月卒，年四十九。錄其子大理評事和為衛尉寺丞。

Jin, courtesy name Linji. In youth he studied diligently, and he and Sun He were both famed in their time. In the first year of Xianping (998) he graduated in first rank on the jinshi examination; the brothers took top honors in succession on the examination rolls, a distinction people of the time admired. Upon entering office he became military prefectural adjutant of Shuzhou. When an edict called for men of worth and integrity, Zhao Anren reported Jin's name. In the policy examination he placed in the fourth grade and was promoted to Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Entertainment and straight official of the Hall of Assembled Worthies; soon afterward he was made magistrate of Junyi County. At the beginning of Jingde he was appointed Palace Secretariat Attendant and investigating magistrate of Kaifeng Prefecture, and was granted crimson robes. When the northern border sought peace and envoys were exchanged, Jin was first dispatched as envoy for the birthday of the state mother. He was transferred to investigating magistrate of the prefecture, promoted to Right Remonstrance Officer and Drafting Officer for the Secretariat, granted gold and purple robes, and jointly appointed Administrator of the Bureau of Official Evaluation. That winter Sun Quanzhao of Yongxing requested a replacement. Zhenzong wished to choose a virtuous and capable man and personally wrote the two names Bian Su and Jin for the chief councilors. Some said Jin had once served as vice magistrate of the capital prefecture and understood civil administration, so he was appointed military prefect of Yongxing. Jin was simple, generous, and a man of mature years. In governance he was quite lenient and was once admonished by edict. In the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1008) he was promoted to Vice Director of the Revenue Section. When his replacement arrived, he was appointed Administrator of the Court of Judicial Review. Before long he was appointed Right Remonstrance Censor, Academician of the Hall of Assembled Worthies, and Acting Administrator of Kaifeng Prefecture. He was transferred to Left Remonstrance Censor and sent out as prefect of Hezhong Prefecture. Upon returning to court, he again headed the Court of Judicial Review. After long waiting in rank, he was promoted to Supervising Censor. In the first month of the first year of Tianxi (1017) he died at the age of forty-nine. His son He, investigating censor of the Court of Judicial Review, was enrolled as Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Guard.

僅性端愨，中立無競，篤於儒學，士大夫推其履尚，有集五十卷。僅弟侑，亦登進士第，至殿中丞。

Jin's nature was upright and honest, neutral and uncontentious, and devoted to Confucian learning. Scholar-officials praised his conduct, and he left a collected works of fifty juan. Jin's younger brother You also passed the jinshi examination and rose to Palace Attendant.

朱台符

Zhu Taifu

朱台符，字拱正，眉州眉山人。父賦，舉拔萃，歷度支判官，卒於殿中丞。台符少聰穎，十歲能屬辭，嘗作《黃山樓記》，士友稱之。及長，善詞賦。時太宗廷試貢士，多擢敏速者，台符與同輩課試，以尺晷成一賦。淳化三年，進士登甲科，解褐將作監丞、通判青州。召入直史館，賜緋魚，再遷秘書丞、知浚儀縣。

Zhu Taifu, courtesy name Gongzheng, was a native of Meishan in Meizhou. His father Fu passed the specially elevated examination, served as fiscal affairs adjudicator, and died while holding the post of Palace Attendant. Taifu was clever and quick from youth. At ten he could compose prose and once wrote "Record of Huangshan Tower," which his friends praised. When grown, he was skilled at lyric prose and rhapsodies. At that time, when Emperor Taizong held palace examinations for presented scholars, he often favored those who were quick and nimble. Taifu competed in tests with his contemporaries and completed a rhapsody within the span of a foot-measure sundial. In the third year of Chunhua (990) he passed the jinshi examination in first rank and, upon entering office, was appointed Assistant Director of the Directorate of Works and Vice Administrator of Qingzhou. He was summoned to the Historiography Institute, granted the crimson fish badge, and again promoted to Secretary of the Palace Library and magistrate of Junyi County.

咸平元年，與楊礪、李若拙、梁顥同知貢舉，俄以京府舊僚，擢太常博士，出為京西轉運副使。時北邊為梗，台符上言曰：

In the first year of Xianping (998), together with Yang Li, Li Ruozhuo, and Liang Hao, he administered the examination for presented scholars. Soon afterward, as a former colleague in the capital prefecture, he was promoted to Erudite of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and sent out as Vice Commissioner of the Western Capital Transport Circuit. At the time the northern border was troubled. Taifu submitted a memorial saying:

「臣聞蠻夷猾夏，《帝典》所載，商、周而下，數為邊害。或振旅薄伐，或和親修好，歷代經營，斯為良策。至於秦築長城而黔首叛，漢絕大漠而海內虛，逞志一時，貽笑萬代，此商鑒不遠也。頃者，晉氏失御，中原亂離，太祖深鑒往古，酌取中道，與民休息，遣使往來。二十年間，罕聞入寇，大省戍邊之卒，不興出塞之兵。關防謐寧，府庫充溢，信深得制禦之道也。

"I have heard that when barbarians plague China, it is recorded in the Canon of Emperor Yao. From Shang and Zhou downward, they have repeatedly become a scourge on the borders. Sometimes you march in force to chastise the foe; sometimes you bind peace through marriage and diplomacy. That is how successive dynasties have managed the frontier—and it remains the wise course. When Qin raised the Great Wall, the people rose against it; when Han pushed deep into the desert, the heartland was drained empty. Ambition satisfied for a season became mockery for all posterity—the lesson of the Shang is still close at hand. Not long ago the Jin lost the throne and the Central Plain fell into chaos. Our Taizu studied the past, chose a measured path, let the people recover, and kept diplomatic contact with the border peoples. For twenty years border raids were seldom heard of. Garrisons were sharply cut, and no campaigns were launched beyond the frontier passes. The frontier stayed quiet, the coffers swelled—clear proof that he had mastered the art of defense without overreach.

幽薊之地，實維我疆，尚隔混同，所宜開拓。太宗平晉之後，因其兵勢，將遂取之。人雖協謀，天未厭亂，螗斧拒轍，用稽靈誅。重興吊伐之師，又作遷延之役。自茲厥後，大肆凶鋒，殺略軍民，攻拔城砦，長驅深入，莫可禁止。當是時也，以河為塞，而趙、魏之間，幾非國家所有。既阻歡盟，乃為備禦，屯士馬，益將帥，芻粟之飛輓，金帛之委輸，贍給賞賜，不可勝數。繇是國家之食貨，匱於河朔矣。

Youzhou and Jizhou are rightfully ours, yet remain cut off by the Hun Tong River; they ought to be recovered and developed. Once Taizong had subdued Jin, he meant to press that military advantage and seize the region outright. Men may plot together, but Heaven had not finished with disorder. They resisted like a mantis raising its arms against a chariot wheel—and brought divine retribution down upon themselves. Once more he sent punitive armies across the border—and once more sank into grinding, drawn-out war. After that the enemy savagely rampaged—slaughtering and looting troops and civilians, storming towns and forts, and riding deep into our territory with no one able to halt them. In those days the Yellow River served as our line of defense, and the lands between Zhao and Wei were nearly lost to the realm. When amity failed, we turned to defense—massing troops and appointing more commanders, rushing fodder and grain northward, pouring out gold and silk in pay and reward, in sums beyond reckoning. From this the state's grain and wealth were exhausted in the north.

陛下自天受命，與物更始，繼遷授節，黎桓加爵，咸命使者鎮撫其邦。惟彼契丹，未加渥澤，非所以柔遠能邇，昭王道之無偏也。今祥禫將終，中外引頸觀聽德音。臣愚以為宜於此時赦契丹罪，擇文武才略習知邊境辨說之士，為一介使，以嗣位服除，修好鄰國，往告諭之。彼十年以來，不復犯塞，以臣計之，力有不足，志欲歸向，而未得其間也。今若垂天覆之仁，假來王之便，必歡悅慕義，遣使朝貢。因與之盡捐前惡，復尋舊盟，利以貨財，許以關市，如太祖故事，使之懷恩畏威。則兩國既和，無北顧之憂，可以專力西鄙，繼遷自當革心而束手矣，是一舉而兩得也。」

Since Your Majesty ascended by Heaven's mandate and renewed the realm, Li Jiqian has been invested with command, Le Huan ennobled, and envoys dispatched to reassure both their peoples. Yet the Khitan alone have received no comparable grace—hardly the way to win over distant peoples, reassure those nearby, and show that the royal way knows no favoritism. Your mourning period is nearing its end, and court and country alike await the gracious pronouncement you will soon issue. I humbly suggest that now is the moment to pardon the Khitan, choose able civil and military men who know the frontier and can speak persuasively, and send them as envoys—marking your accession and the end of mourning—to restore good relations and explain your intent. For ten years they have not raided our borders. In my judgment their power is limited and their hearts incline toward us—they simply lack an opening. If you now shower them with encompassing mercy and make it easy for them to come to court, they will gladly embrace our righteousness and send tribute missions. Then let us set aside old grievances, renew the former pact, offer trade in goods and open border markets as Taizu once did—so that they feel both gratitude and awe. With peace in the north, we need no longer glance over our shoulder; we can devote our strength to the west, and Li Jiqian will surely submit of his own accord. One stroke, two gains."

台符又自請往使，時論韙之。

Taifu then offered to go as envoy himself, and public opinion applauded the proposal.

咸平二年春，旱，詔求直言。台符上疏，請重農積穀，任將選兵，慎擇守令，考課黜陟，輕徭節用，均賦慎刑，責任大臣，與圖治道。奏入，優詔褒答。入為鹽鐵判官，改判戶部勾院，拜工部員外郎，換度支判官。景德初，鄭文寶為陝西轉運，或言其張皇生事，徙台符代之，仍賜金紫。

In the spring of Xianping 2, drought struck and the throne called for candid memorials. Taifu memorialized urging heavier emphasis on farming and grain reserves, better generals and sharper troops, careful selection of local officials, merit-based promotion and removal, lighter burdens and tighter spending, fairer taxes and more cautious justice, greater accountability for senior ministers, and a shared program of good government. When the memorial arrived, the Emperor answered with a warm edict of praise. He was appointed Salt and Iron Commissioner, then Household Accounts Commissioner, promoted to Vice Director of Works, and reassigned as Expenditure Commissioner. Early in Jingde, Zheng Wenbao served as Shaanxi transport commissioner until critics accused him of alarmism and needless provocation. Taifu replaced him and was awarded the gold seal and purple robe.

台符俊爽好謀，然頗以刻碎為舉職。與楊覃聯事，覃頗欲因仍舊貫，台符則更革煩擾，議事違戾，交相掎奏，以不協聞，命御史視其狀。九月，徙台符知郢州，覃知隨州。三年，召還，會執政有不喜者，復出知洪州，卒於舟次，年四十二。賜其子公佐同學究出身，賵錢二十萬。

Taifu was brilliant and resourceful, but he tended to equate fussy nitpicking with conscientious service. Serving alongside Yang Tan, he found Tan inclined to leave things as they were while he pushed disruptive reforms. Their disputes escalated into mutual impeachments; when word reached the throne that they could not work together, a censor was sent to review the affair. In the ninth month Taifu was reassigned as prefect of Ezhou and Tan as prefect of Suizhou. In the third year he was recalled, but an unfriendly member of the chief council blocked him and he was sent out again as prefect of Hongzhou. He died on the river at forty-two. His son Gongzuo was granted the rank of fellow classics scholar, and two hundred thousand cash in funeral gifts was awarded.

台符好學，敏於屬辭，喜延譽後進，有集三十卷。公佐及台符弟昌符，大中祥符中，舉進士，廷試並得第五人。初，昌符登科，宰相言昌符即台符弟，上因言台符有文學及著述可采，甚嗟悼之。公佐卒，又以次子壽隆試將作監主簿。昌符為屯田員外郎。

Taifu was a devoted scholar, fluent with the pen, generous in promoting younger men, and left a collected works in thirty juan. During Dazhong Xiangfu, Gongzuo and Taifu's brother Changfu both passed the jinshi examination and ranked fifth in the palace test. When Changfu first passed the exams, the chief councilor noted that he was Taifu's brother. The Emperor then recalled Taifu's literary gifts and the writings worth preserving, and mourned him deeply. After Gongzuo's death, his second son Shoulong was examined and appointed master of records in the Directorate of Works. Changfu became Vice Director of the Ministry of Public Works.

戚綸，字仲言，應天楚丘人。父同文，字文約，自有傳。綸少與兄維以文行知名，篤於古學，喜談名教。太平興國八年，舉進士，解褐沂水主簿。按版籍，得逋戶脫口漏租者甚眾。徙知太和縣。同文卒於隨州，綸徒步奔訃千里餘。俄詔起復蒞職，就加大理評事。江外民險悍多構訟，為《諭民詩》五十篇，因時俗耳目之事，以申規誨，老幼多傳誦之。每歲時必與獄囚約，遣歸祀其先，皆如期而還。遷光祿丞，坐鞫獄陳州失實，免官。著《理道評》十二篇，錢若水、王禹偁深所賞重。久之，復授大理評事、知永嘉縣，境有陂塘之利，浚治以備水旱。復為光祿寺丞，轉運使又上其政績，連詔褒之。

Qi Lun, courtesy name Zhongyan, was a native of Chuqiu in Yingtian Prefecture. His kinsman Qi Tongwen, courtesy name Wenyu, has a separate biography. In youth Lun and his elder brother Wei were known for learning and integrity. He was steeped in classical studies and loved to discourse on moral principle. In Taiping Xingguo 8 he passed the jinshi and, on first entering office, became chief clerk of Yishui. Reviewing the tax rolls, he uncovered a great many hidden households that had evaded registration and rent. He was transferred to serve as magistrate of Taihe County. When Tongwen died in Suizhou, Lun walked more than a thousand li to bring home word of his death. Shortly afterward he was ordered to leave mourning and return to duty, and was promoted to reviewing officer of the Court of Judicial Review. The folk south of the Yangzi were truculent and lawsuit-prone. He composed fifty "Poems to Instruct the People," drawing on everyday scenes to teach right conduct, and young and old alike memorized them. Each year at the festivals he would parole prisoners on their word to go home and honor their ancestors—and every one returned on time. Promoted to vice director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments, he was later stripped of office for mishandling a trial in Chenzhou with findings that did not match the facts. He wrote twelve essays entitled Assessments on the Way of Governance, which Qian Ruoshui and Wang Yucheng held in the highest regard. Long afterward he was restored as reviewing officer and magistrate of Yongjia. Where the county enjoyed pond and dyke works, he dredged and maintained them against flood and drought. He again served as vice director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments; the transport commissioner once more commended his record, and the throne answered with repeated praise.

真宗即位，轉著作佐郎、通判泰州。將行，秘書監楊徽之薦其文學純謹，宜在館閣，命為秘閣校理。受詔考校司天臺職官，定州縣職田條制。詔館閣官以舊文獻，上嘉綸所著，特改太常丞，俄判鼓司、登聞院。出內府緡帛市邊糧，詔綸乘傳往均市之。

When Zhenzong came to the throne, Lun was made assistant compiler and vice-prefect of Taizhou. Before he could leave, Supervising Secretary Yang Huizhi praised his refined and conscientious scholarship and urged that he belong in the palace archives. He was appointed collator of the Secret Archive. He was ordered to review the staff of the Bureau of Astronomy and to draft rules governing official fields in prefectures and counties. When archive officials were commanded to submit historical materials, the Emperor admired Lun's work, promoted him to vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, and soon put him in charge of the Drum Office and Petition Office. Silk and cash from the inner treasury were released to buy frontier grain, and Lun was ordered to ride post horses north to oversee fair purchasing.

景德元年，判三司開拆，賜緋魚，改鹽鐵判官。上疏言邊事，甚被嘉獎。十月，拜右正言、龍圖閣待制，賜金紫。時初建是職，與杜鎬並命，人皆榮之。綸久次州縣，留意吏事，每便殿請對，語必移晷，或夜中召見，多所敷啟。俄上奏曰：「夫出納獻替，王臣之任；章疏奏議，諫者之職。臣屢蒙召對，皆延數刻，屈萬乘之尊，接一介之士，聖德淵深，包納荒穢，體其至愚，不罪觸犯，安敢循嘿不言。謹摭十事該治本者附於章左：一曰王畿關輔，二曰五等封建，三曰復制科，四曰崇國學，五曰辟曠土，六曰修貢舉，七曰任大臣，八曰置平糴，九曰益廂軍、減禁兵，十曰修《六典》令式。」詞頗深切，上為嘉獎。

In Jingde 1 he served as judge of the Three Departments Opening and Checking Office, received the red fish badge, and was reassigned as Salt and Iron Commissioner. He memorialized on frontier policy and won high praise from the throne. In the tenth month he was made Right Remonstrator and Dragon Diagram Hall academician, and awarded the gold seal and purple robe. The post had only just been created; appointed alongside Du Hao, both men were envied throughout the court. Long seasoned in local office, Lun knew the nuts and bolts of administration. At informal audiences his talks ran past the hour; sometimes the Emperor summoned him at night, and he laid out issue after issue. Soon he memorialized: To receive and disburse, to advise and to withdraw—such is a minister's duty; memorials and remonstrance—the remonstrator's charge. I have been summoned again and again, each audience lasting long into the watch. Your Majesty, lord of ten thousand chariots, has stooped to hear one low officer; your virtue is boundless, tolerating even my coarse speech and never punishing my bluntness. How then can I remain silent? I respectfully set down ten reforms touching the foundations of rule: (1) the capital and its heartland defenses; (2) graded enfeoffment; (3) revival of special examination tracks; (4) strengthening the National University; (5) opening idle land; (6) reform of the civil service exams; (7) greater reliance on senior ministers; (8) establishment of fair-price granaries; (9) expanding the corvée army while trimming the palace guard; (10) codification of the Six Canon regulations. The wording was deeply felt, and the Emperor commended him.

二年，與趙安仁、晁迥、陳充、朱巽同知貢舉，綸上言取士之法，多所規制，並納用焉。預修《冊府元龜》，會置官總在京諸司之務，凡百三十司，命綸與劉承珪同領其事。判鴻臚寺。先是，群臣詔葬，公私所費無定式。綸言其事，詔同晁迥、朱巽、劉承珪校品秩之差，定為制度，遂遵行之。綸以三公、尚書、九列之任，唐末以來，有司漸繁，綱目不一，謂宜采《通禮》、《六典》令式，比類沿革，著為大典，時論稱之。進秩右司諫、兵部員外郎。時詔禁群臣匿名上封及非次升殿奏事，綸謂：「忠讜之入，當開獎言路，若疏遠之士，尤艱請對。」上頗嘉之。

In the second year he served with Zhao Anren, Chao Jiong, Chen Chong, and Zhu Yi as chief examiners. Lun proposed reforms to the selection of scholars; many were adopted. He helped compile the Prime Tortoise of the Imperial Archive. When a new office was created to supervise the capital's 130 bureaus, Lun and Liu Chenggui were appointed to lead it together. He served as chief administrator of the Court of State Ceremonial. Previously, when officials were buried by imperial decree, there was no fixed standard for public or private costs. Lun raised the issue, and the throne ordered him, Chao Jiong, Zhu Yi, and Liu Chenggui to grade expenses by rank and codify the rules, which thereafter became standard. Lun argued that since late Tang the offices of the Three Excellencies, ministers, and department heads had proliferated without consistent organization. He urged drawing on the Comprehensive Rites and Six Canon to harmonize precedent into a grand code—a proposal widely applauded. He was promoted to Right Remonstrator of the Secretariat and Vice Director of the Ministry of War. When the throne forbade anonymous memorials and unscheduled appearances in court, Lun replied: If loyal counsel is to reach you, the channels of speech must be kept open—especially for men far from power, for whom an audience is already hard to obtain. The Emperor was much pleased.

大中祥符元年，掌吏部選事。上初受靈文，綸上疏曰：「臣遐稽載籍，歷考秘文，驗靈應之垂祥，顧天人之相接。陛下紹二聖丕業，啟萬世鴻基，勤行企道，恭默思元，上天降鑒，瑞牒昭錫，聿示臨民之戒，用恢奕葉之祥。乞詔有司，速修大祀，載命侍從，摹寫祥符，勒於嘉玉，藏之太廟，別以副本秘於中禁，傳示萬葉，無敢怠荒。然臣恐流俗幻惑狂謀，以人鬼之妖辭，亂天書之真旨。伏望端守元符，凝神正道，以答天貺，以惠烝黎。」是冬，封泰山，命綸同計度發運事。禮成，遷戶部郎中、直昭文館，待制如故。被詔，同編《東封祥瑞封禪記》。會峻待制之秩，又兼集賢殿修撰。建議修釋奠儀，頒於天下；立常平倉，隸司農寺，以平民糴，皆從之。嘗宴餞种放於龍圖閣，詔近臣為序，上覽綸所作，稱其有史才。

In Dazhong Xiangfu 1 he took charge of appointments in the Ministry of Personnel. When the Emperor first received the heavenly text, Lun memorialized: I have searched the archives and examined the secret writings, confirming that divine responses foretell blessing and that Heaven and humanity meet in one design. Your Majesty inherits the great work of the two previous emperors and lays a foundation for ages to come—earnest in virtue, reverent before the Way. Heaven has shown its approval, bestowing auspicious writs as both warning in rule and blessing for generations yet unborn. I pray that responsible offices be ordered at once to prepare the great rites, that attendant officials copy the sacred signs, carve them on fine jade, deposit them in the Grand Temple, keep a duplicate sealed within the inner palace, and pass them down through the ages without lapse. Yet I fear that vulgar superstition and reckless invention will twist human and ghostly fantasies into a corruption of Heaven's true message. I beg Your Majesty to hold fast to the sacred token, fix your mind on the right path, answer Heaven's grace, and bring benefit to the people. That winter, when the Emperor performed the Fengshan rite at Mount Tai, Lun was ordered to help plan transport and supply. After the ceremony he was made Director of the Ministry of Revenue with access to the Zhaowen Hall, while retaining his academician title. He was ordered to help compile the Record of Eastern Fengshan Auspicious Omens and the Fengshan Rite. When the academician rank was raised in standing, he was also made compiler of the Hall of Assembled Worthies. He proposed restoring the Confucian sacrifice rites and issuing them empire-wide; and establishing Ever-Normal Granaries under the Ministry of Agriculture to stabilize grain prices—both measures were approved. At a farewell feast for Zhong Fang in the Dragon Diagram Hall, senior officials were asked to write prefaces. The Emperor read Lun's piece and declared that he had a historian's gift.

三年，擢樞密直學士，上作詩寵之。祀汾陰，復領發運之職。居無何，出知杭州，就加左司郎中。屬江潮為患，乃立埽岸，以易柱石之製，雖免水患，而眾頗非其變法。胡則時領發運，嘗居杭州，肆縱不檢，厚結李溥，綸素惡之。通判吳耀卿，則之黨也，伺綸動靜，密以報則。則時為當塗者所昵，因共捃摭綸過，徙知揚州。惟揚亦溥、則巡內，持之益急，求改僻郡，徙徐州。八年，與劉綜並罷學士，授左諫議大夫。代還，復知青州。歲饑，發公廩以救餓殍，全安甚眾。徙鄆州，王遵誨為勸農副使，嘗佐西邊，寓家永興，閨門不肅，事將發，知府寇準為平之。綸因戲謔語及準，遵誨恚怒，以為汙己，遂奏綸謗訕，坐左遷岳州團練副使，易和州。天禧四年，改保靜軍副使。是冬，以疾求歸故里，改太常少卿，分司南京。五年，卒，年六十八。

In the third year he was elevated to Direct Academician of the Bureau of Military Affairs, and the Emperor wrote him a poem of favor. During the Fenyin sacrifice he again oversaw transport and supply. Soon afterward he was posted as prefect of Hangzhou and promoted to Left Director in the Secretariat. When tidal flooding threatened the city, he built brush-revetment dykes in place of the old pillar-and-stone works. The floods were checked, but many criticized the innovation. Hu Ze, then in charge of transport, had previously lived in Hangzhou, where he lived loosely and cultivated ties with Li Pu—men Lun had long despised. Vice-prefect Wu Yaoqing, a follower of Hu Ze, kept watch on Lun and secretly informed Ze of his actions. Hu Ze enjoyed favor with the powers at court; together they collected charges against Lun and had him transferred to Yangzhou. Yet Yangzhou also fell within the orbit of Li Pu and Hu Ze, and their pressure only grew. Lun asked for a remote posting and was sent to Xuzhou. In the eighth year he and Liu Zong were both stripped of their academician titles and appointed Left Remonstrating Grandees. After completing his tour of duty he returned to office and was again made prefect of Qingzhou. During a famine he opened the public granaries to feed the starving, saving a great many lives. Transferred to Yanzhou, he encountered Wang Zunhui, Vice Commissioner for Encouraging Agriculture, a former western frontier officer whose family lived at Yongxing. Wang's household was disorderly; when scandal threatened to erupt, Prefect Kou Zhun intervened and smoothed the affair. In playful talk Lun mentioned Kou Zhun; Wang Zunhui, furious at what he took as a slur on his honor, memorialized that Lun had slandered him. Lun was demoted to vice commissioner of the Yuezhou militia and later transferred to Hezhou. In Tianxi 4 he was reassigned as vice commissioner of the Baojing Army. That winter, ill and longing for home, he was made Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices with a nominal posting at the Southern Capital. In the fifth year he died at sixty-eight.

綸篤於古學，善談名理，喜言民政，頗近迂闊。事兄維友愛甚厚，維卒，訃聞，哀慟不食者數日。與交遊故舊，以信義著稱。士子謁見者，必詢其所業，訪其志尚，隨才誘誨之。嘗云：「歸老後，得十年在鄉閭講習，亦可以恢道濟世。」大中祥符中，繼修禮文之事，綸悉參其議，與陳彭年並職，屢召對，多建條式，恩寵甚盛。樂於薦士，每一奏十數人，皆當時知名士。晚節為權幸所排，遂不復振。善訓子弟，雖至清顯，不改其純儉。既沒，家無餘貲。張知白時知府事，輟奉以助其喪。家人於几閣間，得《遺戒》一篇，大率皆誘勸為學。有集二十卷。又前後奏議，有機務利害、備邊均田之策，別為《論思集》十卷，分上下篇。天聖中，其子舜賓獻之，詔贈左諫議大夫。舜賓，官太子中舍。

Lun was steeped in classical learning, fluent in philosophical principle, and eager to discuss public welfare—though his views could run toward the lofty and impractical. He loved his elder brother Wei deeply; when Wei died and word reached him, he mourned so bitterly that he refused food for days. Among friends and old associates he was known above all for integrity and good faith. Whenever young scholars came to see him, he asked what they were studying, what they hoped to become, and guided each according to his gifts. He once said, "If in retirement I could spend ten years teaching in my home district, that alone might widen the Way and serve the age." During Dazhong Xiangfu, when court ritual was being revised, Lun took part in every debate, served alongside Chen Pengnian, was often called to audience, drafted many rules, and enjoyed extraordinary favor. He loved recommending talent and would often submit more than ten names at once—every one a distinguished man of the time. In his later years the court favorites pushed him aside, and he never regained his former influence. He trained his sons and nephews well; even after reaching high and honored office he kept the same plain, frugal ways. When he died, his household had nothing left over. Zhang Zhibai, then administering the prefecture, gave part of his own salary to help pay for the burial. Among his desk and shelves the family found a Testamentary Admonition, mostly exhorting his descendants to devote themselves to study. He left a collected works in twenty fascicles. His earlier and later policy memorials—on statecraft, frontier defense, and equal-field policy—were gathered separately as Collected Deliberations in ten fascicles, in two parts. In the Tiansheng era his son Shunbin presented the collection, and the throne posthumously honored Lun as Left Remonstrating Grandee. Shunbin held the post of palace attendant to the heir apparent.

張去華

Zhang Quhua

張去華，字信臣，開封襄邑人。

Zhang Quhua, styled Xinchen, came from Xiangyi in Kaifeng.

父誼，字希賈。好學，不事產業。既孤，諸父使督耕隴上，他日往視之，見閱書於樹下，怒其不親穡事，詬辱之。誼謂其兄曰：「若不就學於外，素志無成矣。」遂潛詣洛陽龍門書院，與宗人沆、鸞、湜結友，故名聞都下。

His father Zhang Yi, styled Xijia. He loved books and cared nothing for managing the family holdings. Orphaned early, he was put by his uncles to oversee work in the fields. When they came to check on him one day and found him reading under a tree instead of tending the crop, they cursed and humiliated him. Yi told his elder brother, "Unless I go away to study, the ambition I have nursed all my life will come to nothing." So he stole away to Longmen Academy in Luoyang, befriended his kinsmen Hang, Luan, and Shi, and soon his name was known throughout the capital.

長興中，和凝掌貢舉，誼舉進士，調補耀州團練推官。晉天福初，代還。會凝由內署拜端明殿學士，署門不接賓客，誼聞之，即日致書於凝，以為「切近之職，實當顧問，四方利害，所宜詢訪，若不接賓客，聾瞽耳目，坐虧職業，雖為自安計，其可得乎？」凝大奇之，他日，薦於宰相桑維翰曰：「凝門生中有張誼者，性介直，頗涉辭藝，可備諫職。」未幾，超拜左拾遺。誼以晉室新造，典禮未完，數上章請復有唐故事。又言契丹有援立之助，所宜敦信謹備，不可自逸，以啟釁端。改右補闕，充集賢殿修撰，歷禮部員外郎、侍御史。改倉部、知制誥，加禮部郎中。

During Changxing, when He Ning ran the examinations, Yi passed the jinshi and was appointed push officer on the Yao Prefecture militia staff. At the start of the Later Jin Tianfu era he finished his tour and returned. When Ning left the inner secretariat to become an academician of the Hall of Clear Brilliance, he closed his gate to visitors. Yi heard of it and wrote to him the same day: "In a post so close to power you are meant to advise the throne and hear what matters in every quarter. Shut your door to guests and you deafen yourself to the realm—and fail in your office. Even as a way to keep your peace, how can that work?" Ning was astonished. Later he recommended Yi to Chancellor Sang Weihan: "Among my students is Zhang Yi—frank by nature and well read in letters. He is fit for remonstrance office." Soon afterward Yi was abruptly promoted to Left Remonstrator. Because the Jin dynasty was new and its rites still incomplete, Yi repeatedly memorialized to restore Tang practice. He also argued that the Khitans had helped put the dynasty on the throne and deserved steadfast trust and vigilance—that slackness on China's part would only invite trouble. He was made Right Supplementation Censor and compiler of the Hall of Assembled Worthies, and later served as vice director of the Ministry of Rites and censor-in-chief. He moved to the Warehouse Department, became a drafter of edicts, and was also named director of the Ministry of Rites.

乾祐初，真拜中書舍人。時蘇逢吉、楊邠、王章輩攀附漢祖，驟得大用，搢紳多附之，誼不為屈，故共嫉之。遣誼為吳越宣諭使，與兵部郎中馬承翰同往賜官告。浙人每迓朝使，必列步騎以自誇詫，誼與承翰竊笑之。又乘酒，言詞有輕發者，錢俶甚恥之，乃奏誼擅箠防援官。又夜集，與承翰使酒，語相侵，坐貶均州司戶，改房州司馬，歲餘卒。

At the start of Qianyou he received formal appointment as a drafter of the Central Secretariat. Su Fengji, Yang Bin, Wang Zhang, and their circle had risen fast by clinging to the Han founder, and most officials courted them. Yi would not bend, and they came to hate him for it. They sent Yi as imperial envoy to Wu and Yue, with Ma Chenghan of the Ministry of War, to deliver patents of appointment. Whenever Zhe received a court envoy, the locals would parade foot and horse to show off; Yi and Chenghan laughed quietly among themselves. Drunk, he let slip words that cut too lightly; Qian Chu, deeply embarrassed, memorialized that Yi had beaten an escort officer without cause. Another night he and Chenghan drank together until their talk turned vicious; Yi was demoted to registrar of Junzhou, then vice magistrate of Fangzhou, and died a little over a year later.

去華幼勵學，敏於屬辭，以蔭補太廟齋郎。周世宗平淮南，去華時年十八，慨然歎曰：「兵戰未息，民事不修，非馭國持久之術。」因著《南征賦》、《治民論》，獻於行在。召試，授御史臺主簿。屬三院議事，不得預坐，謂所親曰：「簿領之職，非壯夫所為。」即棄官歸鄭州，杜門不出者三載。

Quhua drove himself to study from boyhood, wrote with ease, and entered office by privilege as a fast-officer of the imperial ancestral temple. When Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou pacified Huainan, Quhua was eighteen. He sighed and said, "While war never ends and the people's affairs lie neglected, no state can endure." He then wrote the Rhapsody on the Southern Expedition and Discourse on Governing the People and submitted them to the imperial camp. Summoned for an examination, he was made chief clerk of the censorate. When the three censorial bureaus met to decide cases he was not allowed a seat. He told those close to him, "Paperwork is no work for a man in his prime." He resigned at once, went home to Zhengzhou, and kept his doors closed for three years.

建隆初，始攜文遊京師，大為李昉所稱。明年，舉進士甲科，即拜秘書郎、直史館。以歲滿不遷，上章自訴，因言制誥張澹、盧多遜、殿中侍御史蘇頌文學膚淺，願得校其優劣。太祖立召澹輩與去華臨軒策試，命陶穀等考之。澹以所對不應問，降秩，即擢去華為右補闕，賜襲衣、銀帶、鞍勒馬。朝議薄其躁進，以是不遷秩者十六年。嘗得對便殿，詢及家世，遂訴父始忤權貴，因罹重貶。宰相薛居正亦為言之，太祖為之動容，且曰：「漢室不道，奸臣擅權，此朕所親見也。」荊湖平，命通判道州。去華上言：「桂管為五嶺衝要，令劉鋹保境固守，賴之為捍蔽，若大軍先克其城，以趣番禺，如踐無人之境。」且言桂州可取之狀，有詔嘉獎。代還，知磁、乾二州，選為益州通判，遷起居舍人、知鳳翔府。

At the start of Jianlong he took his writings to the capital and won high praise from Li Fang. The following year he took jinshi honors in the top grade and was at once made a secretariat officer and historiography associate. When his term ended without promotion he memorialized in his own defense, declaring that the drafters Zhang Tan and Lu Duoxun and palace censor Su Song were shallow scholars—and asking for a test to settle who was better. Taizu at once summoned Tan and the rest with Quhua to an examination before the throne and put Tao Gu and others in charge of judging the results. Tan, whose answers missed the questions, was demoted; Quhua was promptly raised to Right Supplementation Censor and given court dress, a silver belt, and a saddled horse. Official opinion scorned his pushiness, and for sixteen years he received no further promotion. Once, received in the Convenient Hall, he was asked about his family and told how his father had first offended the mighty and been harshly banished. Chancellor Xue Juzheng added his voice, and Taizu was moved. "The Han court lost the Way," he said, "and wicked ministers seized power—I saw it with my own eyes." After Jinghu was pacified he was appointed vice-prefect of Daozhou. Quhua memorialized: "Guiguan is the key to the Five Ridges. Liu Chang now holds his domain and stands firm, and that very barrier shields us. If the main army first takes his city and then marches on Panyu, the advance will be like walking through empty country." He also explained how Guizhou could be seized, and the throne answered with praise and reward. After his tour he served as prefect of Ci and Qian, was chosen vice-prefect of Yizhou, and rose to diarist and prefect of Fengxiang.

從太宗征太原，監隨駕左藏庫，就命為京東轉運使。歷左司員外郎、禮部郎中。太平興國七年，為江南轉運使。雍熙中，王師討幽州，去華督宋州饋運至拒馬河，就命掌河北轉運事。三年，知陝州，未行，著《大政要錄》三十篇以獻，上覽而嘉之，詔書褒美，賜采五十匹，因留不遣。會許王尹京，命為開封府判官，殿中侍御史陳載為推官，並賜金紫。謂曰：「卿等皆朝之端士，特加選用，其善佐吾子。」各賜錢百萬。逾歲，就拜左諫議大夫，又令樞密使王顯傳旨，諭以輔成之意。未幾，有廬州尼道安訟弟婦不實，府不為治，械繫送本州。弟婦即徐鉉妻之甥。道安伐登聞鼓，言鉉以尺牘求請，去華故不為治。上怒，去華坐削一任，貶安州司馬。歲餘，召授將作少監、知興元府，未行，改晉州。遷秘書少監、知許州。

On Taizong's campaign against Taiyuan he oversaw the left treasury in the imperial train and was then made transport commissioner for the Eastern Capital circuit. He later served as left secretariat vice director and director of the Ministry of Rites. In Taiping Xingguo 7 he became Jiangnan transport commissioner. During Yongxi, when the court marched on Youzhou, Quhua drove supplies from Songzhou to the Juma River and was then put in charge of Hebei transport. In the third year he was named prefect of Shanzhou. Before leaving he submitted Essential Records of Great Governance in thirty chapters. The emperor read them with approval, issued a commendation, gave him fifty bolts of colored silk—and kept him at court. When the Prince of Xu governed the capital, Quhua was made judge of Kaifeng Prefecture with palace censor Chen Zai as investigating officer; both received gold-and-purple insignia. The emperor told them, "You are men of the first rank at court, chosen on purpose—serve my son well." Each was also given a million cash. A year later he was made Left Remonstrating Grandee outright, and Military Affairs Commissioner Wang Xian brought a further message urging him to help the prince mature. Soon afterward the Luzhou nun Da'an brought a false suit against her sister-in-law. The prefecture refused to act and had Da'an bound and sent back to her home district. The sister-in-law was a niece of Xu Xuan's wife. Da'an beat the Petition Drum at the Gate of Exalted Renown, claiming Xu Xuan had written asking favor and that Quhua had refused the case for that reason. The emperor was furious. Quhua lost one rank and was demoted to vice magistrate of Anzhou. After a little more than a year he was recalled, made vice director of imperial construction and prefect of Xingyuan, then reassigned to Jinzhou before he could leave. He was promoted to vice director of the secretariat and prefect of Xuzhou.

真宗嗣位，復拜左諫議大夫。未幾，遷給事中、知杭州。兩浙自錢氏賦民丁錢，有死而不免者，去華建議請除之，有司以經費所仰，固執不許。咸平二年，徙蘇州。頃之，以疾求分司西京。在洛葺園廬，作中隱亭以見志。景德元年，改工部侍郎致仕。三年，卒，年六十九。

When Zhenzong came to the throne Quhua was again made Left Remonstrating Grandee. Soon afterward he rose to supervising secretary and prefect of Hangzhou. Since the Qian regime the Two Zhes had levied a head tax on every registered male, even after death. Quhua asked that it be abolished, but the agencies, clinging to the revenue, would not agree. In Xianping 2 he was moved to Suzhou. Not long after, ill, he asked for a nominal post at the Western Capital. In Luoyang he restored a garden house and built the Central Reclusion Pavilion to show where his heart lay. In Jingde 1 he was made vice director of the Ministry of Works and retired. In the third year he died at sixty-nine.

去華美姿貌，善談論，有蘊藉，頗尚氣節。在營道得父同門生何氏二子，教其學問。受代，攜之京師，慰薦館穀，並登仕籍。嘗獻《元元論》，大旨以養民務穡為急，真宗深所嘉賞，命以縑素寫其論為十八軸，列置龍圖閣之四壁。然不飾邊幅，頗為清議所貶，以是不登顯用。有集十五卷。子：師古至國子博士、師錫殿中丞、師顏國子博士。

Quhua was handsome, eloquent, and quietly polished, with a strong sense of honor. At Yingdao he took in two sons of the He family, his father's old schoolmates, and taught them himself. When his term ended he brought them to the capital, saw to their lodging and keep, recommended them, and both won places in office. He once submitted the Discourse on the Primordial People, arguing that feeding the people and putting agriculture first were the urgent tasks of rule. Zhenzong admired it deeply and had the text copied in eighteen silk scrolls and hung on the four walls of the Dragon Diagram Hall. Yet he cared little for dress or decorum, and respectable opinion looked down on him—so he never reached the highest posts. He left collected works in fifteen fascicles. His sons were Shigu, who rose to erudite of the imperial academy; Shixi, palace aide; and Shiyan, also an imperial academy erudite.

子師德

Son: Shide

師德，字尚賢。去華十子，最器師德。嘗欲任以官，辭不就。去華曰：「此兒必繼吾志。」真宗祀汾陰，知河南府薛映薦其學行，又獻《汾陰大禮頌》於行在。是歲，舉進士亦為第一，時人榮之。除將作監丞、通判耀州。遷秘書省著作郎、集賢校理、判三司都理欠憑由司。建言：「有逋負官物而被繫，本非侵盜，若煢獨貧病無以自償，願特蠲之。」帝用其言。嘗奏事殿中，帝訪以時事，而條對甚備。帝喜曰：「朕藩邸知卿父名，今又知卿才。」其後每遣使，帝輒曰：「張師德可用。」契丹、高麗使來，多以師德主之。天禧初，安撫淮南，苦風眩，改判司農寺。擢右正言、知制誥，判尚書刑部。頃之，出知潁州，遷刑部員外郎、判大理寺，為群牧使、景靈宮判官，再遷吏部郎中。以疾，知鄧州，徙汝州，拜左諫議大夫，罷知制誥。

Shide, styled Shangxian. Of Quhua's ten sons he valued Shide most. Quhua once tried to give him office, but Shide refused. Quhua said, "This boy will surely carry on what I live for." When Zhenzong sacrificed at Fenyin, Xue Ying, prefect of Henan, praised his learning and character, and Shide also presented his Eulogy of the Great Rite at Fenyin to the imperial camp. That same year he took first place on the jinshi examination, to the envy of his contemporaries. He was made vice director of imperial construction and vice-prefect of Yaozhou. He rose to secretariat compiler, collator of the Hall of Assembled Worthies, and judge of the Three Offices office for overdue vouchers. He proposed: "When men are jailed for debts to the state though they never stole the goods, and when the poor, sick, and alone cannot pay, I ask that such debts be forgiven outright. The emperor accepted the proposal. On one occasion he presented business in the hall; the emperor asked his views on current affairs, and he replied point by point with thorough completeness. The emperor said delightedly, "When I was in my princely residence I knew your father's name; now I know your gifts as well." From then on, whenever the court sent out envoys, the emperor would say, "Zhang Shide will do." Khitan and Goryeo missions were mostly entrusted to Shide. Early in the Tianxi era he was sent to pacify Huainan; afflicted by dizziness, he was reassigned to the Ministry of Revenue. He was raised to right rectifier and drafter of edicts, with concurrent duty as judge of the secretariat ministry of justice. Soon he was made prefect of Yingzhou, then vice director of justice and judge of the Court of Judicial Review, commissioner of pasture administration and judge of Jingling Palace, and finally director in the ministry of personnel. Illness led to appointments as prefect of Dengzhou and then Ruzhou; he was made left remonstrance censor and relieved of his duties drafting edicts.

師德孝謹有家法，不交權貴，時相頗不悅之。然亦多病，在西掖九年不遷，卒於官。有文集十卷。子景憲，為太中大夫。

Shide was filial, cautious, and governed by strict family rules; he kept his distance from the powerful, which the reigning chief minister resented. He was often ill as well; he spent nine years in the western secretariat without advancement and died in office. His collected writings ran to ten juan. His son Jingxian rose to grandee of the palace.

樂黃目

Le Huangmu

樂黃目，字公禮，撫州宜黃人。世仕江左李氏。父史，字子正。齊王景達鎮臨川，召掌奏箋，授秘書郎。入朝，為平原主簿。太平興國五年，與顏明遠、劉昌言、張觀並以見任官舉進士。太宗惜科第不與，但授諸道掌書記。史得佐武成軍，既而復賜及第。上書言事，擢為著作佐郎、知陵州，獻《金明池賦》，召為三館編修。

Le Huangmu, styled Gongli, came from Yihuang in Fuzhou. His forebears had served the Li of Jiangzuo for generations. His father Shi, styled Zizheng, When the Prince of Qi, Jingda, held Linchuan, Shi was called to draft memorials and was made a secretary gentleman. After entering court service he became registrar of Pingyuan. In Taiping Xingguo 5 he was nominated for the jinshi together with Yan Mingyuan, Liu Changyan, and Zhang Guan, all as serving officials. Taizong withheld examination honors but appointed them secretaries on the various circuits. Shi was posted to the Wucheng Army staff and later was granted examination standing after all. After memorializing on state affairs he was made assistant compiler and prefect of Lingzhou; his Fu of Jinming Pool won him appointment as a compiler in the Three Institutes.

雍熙三年，獻所著《貢舉事》二十卷，《登科記》三十卷，《題解》二十卷，《唐登科文選》五十卷，《孝弟錄》二十卷，《續卓異記》三卷。太宗嘉其勤，遷著作郎、直史館。轉太常博士、知舒州，遷水部員外郎。淳化四年春，與司封員外郎、直昭文館李蕤同使兩浙巡撫，加都官、知黃州。又獻《廣孝傳》五十卷，《總仙記》一百四十一卷。詔秘閣寫本進內。史好著述，然博而寡要，以五帝、三王，皆云仙去，論者嗤其詭誕。

In Yongxi 3 he submitted his own Examination Affairs (20 juan), Record of Successful Candidates (30 juan), Explications (20 juan), Anthology of Tang Examination Literature (50 juan), Record of Filial Piety and Brotherly Duty (20 juan), and Continuation of Record of Outstanding Worthies (3 juan). Taizong commended his industry and made him compiler and a straight officer of the historiography institute. He became an erudite of the court of imperial sacrifices and prefect of Shuzhou, then vice director in the waterworks bureau. In the spring of Chunhua 4 he and Li Rui, vice director of the bureau of awards and straight officer of the Zhaowen Institute, toured and pacified the Liangzhe region; he was given added rank as capital-affairs director and prefect of Huangzhou. He also submitted Expanded Biographies of Filial Piety (50 juan) and Comprehensive Record of Immortals (141 juan). The court ordered the secret repository to transcribe the works and send them into the palace. Shi was devoted to writing, but his works sprawled without focus; his claim that the Five Emperors and Three Kings all ascended as immortals made critics laugh at him as a fabulist.

咸平初，遷職方，復獻《廣孝新書》五十卷，《上清文苑》四十卷。出知商州。史前後臨民，頗以賄聞。俄以老疾為言，聽解職，分司西京。五年，郊祀畢，奉留守司表入賀，因得召對。上見其矍鑠不衰，又知篤學，盡取所著書藏秘府，復授舊職，與黃目同在文館，人以為榮。出掌西京磨勘司，黃目為京西轉運。改判留司御史臺。車駕幸洛，召對，賜金紫。史久在洛，因卜居，有亭榭竹樹之勝，優遊自得。未幾卒，年七十八。所撰又有《太平寰宇記》二百卷，《總記傳》百三十卷，《坐知天下記》四十卷，《商顏雜錄》、《廣卓異記》各二十卷，《諸仙傳》二十五卷，《宋齊丘文傳》十三卷，《杏園集》、《李白別集》、《神仙宮殿窟宅記》各十卷，《掌上華夷圖》一卷。又編己所著為《仙洞集》百卷。

Early in Xianping he moved to the bureau of appointments and submitted Expanded Filial Piety: New Book (50 juan) and Shangqing Literary Grove (40 juan). He was sent out as prefect of Shangzhou. In his successive provincial posts Shi gained a reputation for graft. He soon pleaded age and illness, was allowed to leave office, and was given nominal posting in the western capital. In the fifth year, after the suburban sacrifice, he entered a congratulatory memorial through the western-capital resident office and was summoned to audience. Finding him still vigorous and knowing his lifelong devotion to learning, the emperor placed all his books in the secret repository, restored his old post, and kept Huangmu in the literary institutes as well — an honor people envied. Shi was put in charge of the western capital merit-review office while Huangmu served as transport commissioner for the western capital circuit. He was reassigned to judge the capital-resident censorate. When the emperor visited Luoyang, Shi was called to audience and given gold-and-purple regalia. Having settled in Luoyang for years, he chose a home graced with pavilions, bamboo, and trees, and lived there at ease. He died soon afterward, aged seventy-eight. He also authored Comprehensive Geography (200 juan), General Record Biographies (130 juan), Sit and Know the Empire (40 juan), Miscellaneous Records of Shangshan and Guang Records of Outstanding Worthies (20 juan each), Biographies of Various Immortals (25 juan), Collected Writings of Song Qiqiu (13 juan), Apricot Garden Collection, Separate Collection of Li Bai, and Record of Immortal Palaces, Caves, and Dwellings (10 juan each), and Pocket Map of China and the Barbarians (1 juan). He also compiled his own works into Immortal Cave Collection (100 juan).

黃目淳化三年舉進士，補伊闕尉。遷大理寺丞、知壽安縣。咸平中，徙知壁州，未行，上章言邊事，召對，拜殿中丞。久之，直史館、知浚儀縣。俄上言曰：『伏以從政之原，州縣為急；親民之任，牧宰居先。今朝官以數任除知州，簿尉以兩任入縣令，雖功過易見，而能否難明。伏見唐開元二年選群官，有宏才通識、堪致理化者，授刺史、都督。又引新授縣令於宣政殿，試理人策一道，惟鄄城令袁濟及格，擢授醴泉令，餘二百人，且令赴任，十餘人並放令習學。臣欲望自今審官院差知州，銓曹注縣令，候各及三二十人，一次引見於御前，試時務策一道。察言觀行，取其才識明於吏治、達於教化者充選；其有不分曲直、罔辨是非者，或黜之厘務，或退守舊資。如此，則官得其人，事無不治。』上頗嘉其好古。曆度支、鹽鐵判官，遷太常博士、京西轉運使。丁內艱，時真宗將幸洛，以供億務繁，起令蒞職。史尋卒，上復詔權奪。

Huangmu took the jinshi in Chunhua 3 and was made district captain of Yique. He became vice director of the Court of Judicial Review and magistrate of Shou'an County. In the Xianping era he was slated for Bizhou but, before leaving, memorialized on frontier affairs, was called to audience, and made palace vice director. Before long he was a straight officer of the historiography institute and magistrate of Junyi County. He soon memorialized: "I submit that the root of governance lies in the urgency of prefectures and counties; and among duties that touch the people, prefects and magistrates must come first. Today court officials become prefects after a few terms and clerks and captains become county magistrates after two — merit and fault may be visible, but real capacity is hard to judge. I note that in Tang Kaiyuan 2 officials of broad talent and comprehensive insight fit to bring order and teach the people were made prefects and regional commanders. Newly appointed county magistrates were also examined in the Xuanzheng Hall with one essay on governing the people; only Yuan Ji of Juancheng passed and was promoted to Liquan — of the other two hundred, some were sent to their posts, and more than ten were dismissed to continue their studies. I ask that hereafter, whenever the bureau of review assigns prefects and the bureau of appointments registers magistrates, groups of twenty or thirty be brought before Your Majesty at once and tested with one essay on current affairs. Watch their words and conduct, and choose those clear in administration and adept at teaching and transforming the people; those who cannot tell right from wrong should be dismissed to routine duties or returned to their former rank. Then every post would have the right man and no affair would go untended." The emperor was rather pleased with his appeal to ancient precedent. He served as judge of the fiscal and salt-and-iron offices, then became an erudite of the court of imperial sacrifices and transport commissioner for the western capital circuit. When he went into mourning for his mother, Zhenzong was preparing to visit Luoyang; supply work was urgent and he was recalled to duty. Shi died soon after, and the emperor again authorized suspension of mourning.

大中祥符中，使契丹還，改工部員外郎、廣南西路轉運使。就拜起居郎，改陝西轉運使，賜金紫。陳堯諮知永興，好以氣淩黃目，因表求解職，不許。堯諮多縱恣不法，有密言其事者，詔黃目察之，得實以聞，堯諮坐罷龍圖閣職，徙知鄧州。八年，黃目入判三司三勾院。天禧初，馬元方奏黃目職事不舉，遂分三勾院，以三人掌之。黃目罷任，奉朝請。逾月，拜兵部員外郎、知制誥，充會靈觀判官。黃目屬辭淹緩，朝議以為不稱職。時以盛度知京府，辭不拜，即遷黃目右諫議大夫、權知開封府，度為會靈觀判官，兩換其任。

In the Dazhong Xiangfu era, returning from a Khitan mission, he was made vice director of works and transport commissioner for the Guangnan West circuit. He was immediately made court secretary, then Shaanxi transport commissioner, and granted gold-and-purple regalia. Chen Yaozi, prefect of Yongxing, habitually browbeat Huangmu; Huangmu memorialized to be relieved, but the court refused. Yaozi was widely lawless and overbearing; after a secret report the court ordered Huangmu to investigate. He confirmed the charges and Yaozi was stripped of his Longtu Pavilion post and sent to Dengzhou. In the eighth year Huangmu was made judge of the Three Offices Three Check Office. Early in Tianxi, Ma Yuanfang charged that Huangmu was neglecting his duties; the Three Check Office was split and placed under three officials. Huangmu was relieved and kept on as a court gentleman. A month later he was made vice director of war and drafter of edicts, with concurrent duty as judge of the Huiling Temple. Huangmu's prose was slow and overblown, and the court judged him unfit for the post. Sheng Du had been slated for the capital prefecture but declined; Huangmu was made right remonstrance censor and acting prefect of Kaifeng while Du took the Huiling Temple judgeship — the two men traded places.

仁宗升儲，拜給事中兼左庶子。入內副都知張繼能，嘗以公事請托黃目，至是未申謝，事敗，降左諫議大夫、知荊南府。明年，復為給事中，徙潭州。長沙月給，減於荊渚，特詔增之，又諭以兵賦繁綜寄任之意。五年，代還，知審官院。黃目以風疾題品乖當，改知通進、銀臺司兼門下封駁事。數月，求外任，得知亳州。俄而幼子死，聞訃慟絕，所疾加甚，卒，年五十六。錄其子理國為衛尉寺丞，定國為大理評事。

When Renzong was named heir apparent, Huangmu was made attendant censor and left sub-mentor. Zhang Jineng, inner deputy director, had once asked Huangmu for an official favor; when the matter collapsed before Jineng could even thank him, Huangmu was demoted to left remonstrance censor and prefect of Jingnan. The following year he was restored as attendant censor and transferred to Tanzhou. Changsha's monthly allowance was lower than Jingnan's; an edict specially raised it and explained the weight of military and fiscal responsibility entrusted to him. In the fifth year he completed his tour and was put in charge of the bureau of review. Illness led his candidate evaluations astray; he was reassigned to the Memorials Gateway and Silver Terrace Office with concurrent gate seal and review duties. Within months he sought a provincial post and was made prefect of Bozhou. When his youngest son died, the news broke him with grief, his illness worsened, and he died at fifty-six. His sons Liguo and Dingguo were granted posts as vice director in the guard command and reviewing officer in the Court of Judicial Review.

黃目面柔簡默，為吏處劇，亦無敗事。有集五十卷，又撰《學海搜奇錄》四十卷，《聖朝郡國志》二十卷。黃目兄黃裳，弟黃庭，黃裳孫滋，並進士及第。黃裳、黃庭皆至太常博士。

Huangmu was mild-faced and sparing of words; even in heavy posts he never failed. His collected writings ran to fifty juan; he also wrote Sea of Learning: Search for Wonders (40 juan) and Gazetteer of Commanderies of the Holy Dynasty (20 juan). His elder brother Huang Shang, younger brother Huang Ting, and Huang Shang's grandson Zi all took the jinshi. Huang Shang and Huang Ting both rose to erudite of the court of imperial sacrifices.

柴成務

Chai Chengwu

柴成務，字寶臣，曹州濟陰人也。父自牧，舉進士，能詩，至兵部員外郎。成務，乾德中京府拔解，太宗素知其名，首薦之，遂中進士甲科，解褐陝州軍事推官。改曹、單觀察推官，遷大理寺丞。太平興國五年，轉太常丞，充陝西轉運副使，賜緋，再遷殿中侍御史。八年，與供奉官葛彥恭使河南，案行遙堤。曆知果、蘇二州，就為兩浙轉運使，改戶部員外郎、直史館，賜金紫。入為戶部判官、遷本曹郎中。太宗選郎官為少卿監，以成務為光祿少卿。

Chai Chengwu, styled Baochen, came from Jiyin in Caozhou. His father Zimu was a jinshi and a poet who rose to vice director of war. In Qiande, Chengwu passed the capital preliminary; Taizong, who had long known his name, recommended him first on the list, and he took top honors on the jinshi, entering service as military aide of Shanzhou. He became investigative aide for Cao and Shan prefectures, then vice director of the Court of Judicial Review. In Taiping Xingguo 5 he became vice director of the court of imperial sacrifices and deputy transport commissioner for Shaanxi, received crimson robes, and was raised to palace attending censor. In the eighth year he and palatial attendant Ge Yanchong toured Henan to inspect the remote dikes. He governed Guo and Suzhou in turn, became Liangzhe transport commissioner, then vice director of revenue and straight officer of the historiography institute, with gold-and-purple regalia. He entered court as revenue judge and rose to director of that bureau. When Taizong tapped bureau directors for vice-minister posts in the directorates, Chengwu was made vice minister of the court of imperial entertainments.

俄奉使高麗，遠俗尚拘忌，以月日未利拜恩，稽留朝使，成務貽書，往反開諭大體，國人信服，事具《高麗傳》。淳化二年，為京東轉運使。會宋州河決，成務上言：『河水所經地肥澱，願免其租稅，勸民種藝。』從之。召拜司封郎中、知制誥，賜錢三十萬。時呂蒙正為宰相，嘗與之聯外姻，避嫌辭職，不許。俄與魏庠同知京朝官考課。四年，又與庠同知給事中事，凡制敕有所不便者，許封駁以聞。

He soon went as envoy to Goryeo. Local custom was bound by taboos, and because the day was inauspicious for accepting imperial favor they detained the mission; Chengwu exchanged letters until both sides grasped the larger courtesy, and the Koreans were won over — the full account is in the Goryeo Annals. In Chunhua 2 he became Jingdong transport commissioner. When the Yellow River broke through at Songzhou, Chengwu memorialized: "The flooded land is rich with silt; I ask that rent and tax be remitted and the people urged to farm." The court agreed. He was summoned as director of the bureau of awards and drafter of edicts, with a grant of three hundred thousand cash. Chief minister Lü Mengzheng was a former in-law; Chengwu tried to resign to avoid suspicion, but the court refused. He soon joined Wei Ku in directing the performance review of capital officials. In the fourth year he again joined Wei Ku in jointly administering the affairs of supervising censor; whenever an edict or order was unsuitable, they were permitted to seal and return it with a report to the throne.

蜀寇平，使峽路安撫，改左諫議大夫、知河中府。時銀、夏未寧，蒲津當饋免之衝，事皆辦集，得脫戶八百家以附籍。府城街陌頗隘狹，成務曰：『國家承平已久，如車駕臨幸，何以駐千乘萬騎邪？』乃奏撤民廬以廣之。其後祀汾陰，果留蹕河中，衢路顯敞，咸以為便。

After the Shu rebels were pacified, he was sent as pacification commissioner of the Gorges route, then appointed Left Remonstrance Censor and prefect of Hezhong Prefecture. Yin and Xia were not yet settled; Pujin lay on the critical route for grain transport and tax exemptions. He handled every matter efficiently and brought eight hundred unregistered households back onto the tax rolls. The streets of the prefectural city were narrow and cramped. Chengwu said: "The realm has been at peace for a long time. If the imperial carriage should visit, how could a thousand chariots and ten thousand horsemen be quartered here?" He memorialized to remove private dwellings and widen the streets. Later, when the emperor performed sacrifices at Fenyin, he indeed halted at Hezhong. The thoroughfares were open and broad, and everyone found the change convenient.

真宗即位，遷給事中、知梓州。未幾代還，又遣知青州，表求俟永熙陵復土畢之任。旋受詔與錢若水等同修《太宗實錄》，書成，知揚州。入判尚書刑部，本司小吏倨慢，成務怒而笞之，吏擊登聞鼓訴冤，有詔問狀。成務歎曰：『忝為長官，杖一胥而被劾，何面目據堂決事邪！』乃求解職。景德初，卒，年七十一。

When Emperor Zhenzong succeeded to the throne, Chengwu was promoted to Supervising Censor and appointed prefect of Zizhou. Before long his replacement arrived and he returned to court. He was again dispatched to administer Qingzhou and asked in a memorial to delay taking up the post until restoration work at Yongxi Mausoleum was complete. Shortly afterward he received an edict to compile the Veritable Records of Emperor Taizong together with Qian Ruoshui and others. When the work was finished, he was appointed prefect of Yangzhou. He was appointed to judge the Ministry of Punishments. A petty clerk of the office was arrogant and disrespectful; Chengwu in anger had him beaten with the rod. The clerk struck the Court of Imperial Complaints drum to plead injustice, and the emperor ordered an inquiry. Chengwu sighed and said: "I hold the post of chief official, yet I beat one clerk and am impeached. With what face can I sit in court and decide affairs?" He thereupon asked to resign his post. At the beginning of Jingde (1004) he died, at the age of seventy-one.

成務有詞學，博聞稽古，善談論，好諧笑，士人重其文雅。然為郡乏廉稱，時論惜之。文集二十卷。成務年六十六始有子，比卒，才六歲，授奉禮郎，名貽範，後為國子博士。

Chengwu was learned in letters, widely read in antiquity, skilled in conversation, and fond of witty banter. Scholar-officials esteemed his refined culture. Yet as a prefect he lacked a reputation for integrity, and contemporaries regretted it. He left a collected works of twenty juan. Chengwu was sixty-six before he had a son; when he died the boy was only six. The boy was granted Ceremonial Officer, named Yifan, and later became Erudite of the Directorate of Education.

論曰：泌述唐、漢之治，台符陳商、周之鑒，曆布腹心，奏議反覆論當世事，盡言無隱。何建五議，綸摭十事，皆切於輔治。何勤接士類，綸樂於薦士，皆足以儀表當世者也。去華頗尚氣節，而能作成後進；黃目屬辭淹緩，而著述浩瀚；成務寡清白之操，而專對不辱，俱有足稱者焉。

The appraisal says: Xie Bi expounded the governance of Tang and Han; Zhu Taifu cited the lessons of Shang and Zhou. They repeatedly spoke from the heart, and in memorials debated current affairs without reserve. Sun He proposed five measures; Qi Lun gathered ten matters—all aimed squarely at assisting good government. Sun He diligently received men of the scholar class; Qi Lun delighted in recommending talent—both were fit to serve as models for their age. Zhang Quhua valued integrity and nurtured those who came after him; Le Huangmu composed slowly, yet his writings were vast; Chai Chengwu lacked a reputation for pure conduct, yet in diplomatic audiences he did not disgrace his office. Each had qualities worth praising.

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