1
常秩，字夷甫，潁州汝陰人。 舉進士不中，屏居里巷，以經術著稱。 嘉祐中，賜束帛，為潁州教授，除國子直講，又以為大理評事。 治平中，授忠武軍節度推官、知長葛縣，皆不受。
Chang Zhi, who styled himself Yifu, came from Ruyin in Ying Prefecture. He failed the jinshi examination, secluded himself in his neighborhood, and won fame for his mastery of the classics. In the Jiayou period he received a gift of silk, served as professor in Ying Prefecture, was appointed Direct Lecturer at the Imperial University, and was also named Assessor at the Court of Judicial Review. In the Zhiping period he was offered the posts of adjutant of the Zhongwu military commission and magistrate of Changge County, and declined them all.
2
神宗即位，三使往聘，辭。 熙寧三年，詔郡「以禮敦遣，毋聽秩辭」。 明年，始詣闕，帝曰：「先朝累命，何為不起？」 對曰：「先帝亮臣之愚，故得安閭巷。 今陛下嚴詔趣迫，是以不敢不來，非有所決擇去就也。」 帝悅，徐問之：「今何道免民於凍餒？」 對曰：「法制不立，庶民食侯食，服侯服，此今日大患也。 臣才不適用，願得辭歸。」 帝曰：「既來，安得不少留？ 異日不能用卿，乃當去耳。」 即拜右正言、直集賢院、管幹國子監，俄兼直舍人院，遷天章閣侍講、同修起居注，仍使供諫職，復乞歸，改判太常寺。
After Shenzong took the throne, the court sent envoys three times to summon him, and each time he refused. In the third year of Xining an edict ordered the prefecture to "send him off with ceremony and do not heed Zhi's refusals." The following year he finally appeared at court. The emperor asked, "The former emperor summoned you again and again—why did you stay away?" He answered, "The late emperor saw how limited I was, so I was allowed to live quietly in my neighborhood. Now Your Majesty's strict summons leaves me no choice, so I had to come—not because I weighed staying against serving." The emperor was pleased and asked gently, "What policy would free the people from cold and hunger?" He replied, "Without sound institutions, ordinary people live on what lords provide and wear what lords supply—that is the great evil of our age. My abilities are not fit for service; I ask permission to go home." The emperor said, "Now that you are here, how can you leave at once? When the day comes that I cannot employ you, then you may leave." He was immediately made Right Remonstrator, a direct academician of the Jixian Hall, and put in charge of the Imperial University; soon he also served in the Academy of Scholarly Worthies, was promoted to lecturer at the Hall of Heavenly Writings and concurrent compiler of the imperial diary, and was still expected to remonstrate. He again asked to retire and was transferred to judge the Court of Imperial Sacrifices.
3
七年，進寶文閣待制兼侍讀，命其子立校書崇文院。 九年，病不能朝，提舉中太一宮、判西京留司御史臺，還潁。 十年，卒，年五十九，贈右諫議大夫。
In the seventh year he was promoted to awaiting-orders academician at the Hall of Treasured Writings and concurrent lecturer, and his son Li was appointed proofreader at the Hall of Cultivated Talents. In the ninth year, too ill to attend court, he was assigned to the Central Great Unity Palace and made judge of the Western Capital remonstrance bureau, then went home to Ying. In the tenth year he died at fifty-nine and was posthumously honored as Right Remonstrance Grandee.
4
秩平居為學求自得。 王回，里中名士也，每見秩與語，輒欿然自以為不及。 歐陽修、胡宿、呂公著、王陶、沈遘、王安石皆稱薦之。 翕然名重一時。
In private life Zhi studied to reach his own understanding. Wang Hui, a noted local gentleman, would sigh after every conversation with Zhi that he himself fell short. Ouyang Xiu, Hu Su, Lü Gongzhu, Wang Tao, Shen Kui, and Wang Anshi all praised and recommended him. For a time his reputation soared.
5
初，秩隱居，既不肯仕，世以為必退者也。 後安石為相更法，天下沸騰，以為不便，秩在閭閻，見所下令，獨以為是，一召遂起。 在朝廷任諫爭，為侍從，低首抑氣，無所建明，聞望日損，為時譏笑。 秩長於《春秋》，至斥孫復所學為不近人情。 著講解數十篇，自謂「聖人之道，皆在於是」。 及安石廢《春秋》，遂盡諱其學。
At first, while Zhi lived in seclusion and refused office, everyone assumed he would never serve. Later, when Wang Anshi became chief minister and reformed the laws, the empire boiled with opposition; Zhi at home, reading the new orders, alone approved them, and answered a single summons to office. At court he held remonstrance posts and served close to the throne, but bowed low and held his tongue, advancing nothing of note; his standing dwindled and people laughed at him. Zhi was expert in the Spring and Autumn Annals and even dismissed Sun Fu's scholarship as inhumane. He wrote several tens of expository essays and claimed that "the way of the sages is all in these." When Anshi discarded the Spring and Autumn Annals, Zhi hid that scholarship entirely.
6
立，始命為天平軍推官，秩死，使門人趙冲狀其行，云：「自秩與安石去位，天下官吏陰變其法，民受塗炭，上下循默，敗端內萌，莫覺莫悟。 秩知其必敗。」 紹聖中，蔡卞薦立為秘書省正字、諸王府說書侍講，請用為崇政殿說書，得召對，又請以為諫官。 卞方與章惇比，曾布欲傾之，乘間為哲宗言立附兩人，因暴其行狀事，以為詆毀先帝。 帝亟下史院取視，言其不遜，以責惇、卞，惇、卞懼，請貶立，乃黜監永州酒稅。
Li, at first appointed military adjutant of the Tianping Army, after Zhi's death had his student Zhao Chong set forth his conduct, saying, "From the time Zhi and Anshi left office, officials throughout the realm secretly altered the laws and the people suffered ruin; above and below went along in silence while the seeds of defeat grew within, unnoticed and unawakened. Zhi had known the policy was doomed." In the Shaosheng period Cai Bian recommended Li as regular scribe of the Secretariat and lecturer in the princes' establishment, sought his appointment as lecturer at the Hall of Exalted Governance, secured an audience, and again asked that he be made a remonstrance official. Bian was then allied with Zhang Dun; Zeng Bu tried to bring him down and told Zhezong that Li had sided with both men, exposing the conduct report as an attack on the late emperor. The emperor at once ordered the History Academy to produce the text, called it insolent, and rebuked Dun and Bian; frightened, they asked that Li be demoted, and he was sent to supervise the wine tax at Yong Prefecture.
7
鄧綰，字文約，成都雙流人。 舉進士，為禮部第一。 稍遷職方員外郎。 熙寧三年冬，通判寧州。 時王安石得君專政，條上時政數十事，以為宋興百年，習安玩治，當事更化。 又上書言：「陛下得伊、呂之佐，作青苗、免役等法，民莫不歌舞聖澤。 以臣所見寧州觀之，知一路皆然； 以一路觀之，知天下皆然。 誠不世之良法，願勿移於浮議而堅行之。」 其辭蓋媚王安石。 又貽以書頌，極其佞諛。
Deng Wan, who styled himself Wenyue, came from Shuangliu in Chengdu. He passed the jinshi examination and placed first in the Ministry of Rites competition. He rose gradually to vice director in the Ministry of Works. In the winter of the third year of Xining he was appointed vice prefect of Ning Prefecture. Wang Anshi then held the emperor's trust and dominated policy, listing dozens of reforms and arguing that after a century of Song rule grown soft with ease, those in power had to transform the state. He also submitted a memorial saying, "Your Majesty has obtained assistants like Yi Yin and Lü Shang and has enacted laws such as the Green Sprouts and Exemption from Corvée; the people all sing of the sage's grace. From what I have seen in Ning Prefecture, I know the same holds for the whole circuit; and from one circuit I know it is true for the entire empire. Truly this is an unexampled excellent method; I pray you not shift it because of floating criticism but firmly carry it through." The memorial was plainly designed to please Wang Anshi. He also sent Anshi a letter of praise steeped in sycophancy.
8
安石薦於神宗，驛召對。 方慶州有夏寇，綰敷陳甚悉，帝問安石及呂惠卿，以不識對，帝曰：「安石，今之古人； 惠卿，賢人也。」 退見安石，欣然如素交。 宰相陳升之，馮京以綰練邊事，屬安石致齋，復使知寧州，綰聞之不樂，誦言：「急召我來，乃使還邪？」 或問：「君今當作何官？」 曰：「不失為館職。」 「得無為諫官乎？」 曰：「正自當爾。」 明日，果除集賢校理、檢正中書孔目房。 鄉人在都者皆笑且罵，綰曰：「笑罵從汝，好官須我為之。」
Anshi recommended him to Shenzong, who summoned him by fast courier for an audience. While Xia bandits troubled Qing Prefecture, Wan described the frontier in detail. The emperor asked Anshi and Lü Huizhang, who said they did not know him; the emperor said, "Anshi is the sage of our age; Huizhang is a worthy man." After the audience he met Anshi and greeted him like an old friend. Chief ministers Chen Shengzhi and Feng Jing, noting Wan's knowledge of frontier affairs, had Anshi arrange another audience and sent him back to Ning Prefecture. Wan was displeased and said, "You hurry me here only to send me back?" Someone asked, "What post will you get now?" He said, "At least a post in the palace academies." "Surely not a remonstrance post?" He said, "That is exactly what I should get." The next day he was appointed collation scholar of the Jixian Hall and inspector of the Zhongshu office of miscellaneous accounts. Fellow townsmen in the capital all laughed and cursed; Wan said, "Laugh and curse as you like—a good office still requires me to fill it."
9
尋同知諫院。 獻所著《洪範建極錫福論》，帝曰：「《洪範》，天人、自然之大法，朕方欲舉而措諸天下，矯革眾敝。 卿當堲淫朋比德之人，規以助朕。」 綰頓首曰：「敢不力行所學，以奉聖訓。」 明年，遷侍御史知雜事、判司農寺。
Soon he became vice director of the Remonstrance Bureau. He submitted his treatise on the Hongfan's teaching of establishing the ultimate and bestowing blessings. The emperor said, "The Hongfan is the great natural law linking Heaven and humanity; I mean to enact it across the empire and sweep away abuses. You must curb faction-makers and men who band by affinity, and counsel me in the work." Wan kowtowed and said, "I will do all I can to apply my learning to Your Majesty's teaching." The next year he was promoted to supervising censor with concurrent duties and made judge of the Ministry of Revenue.
10
時常平、水利、免役、保甲之政，皆出司農，故安石藉綰以威眾。 綰請先行免役於府界，次及諸道。 利州路歲用錢九萬六千緡，而轉運使李瑜率三十萬，綰言：「均役本以裕民，今乃務聚斂，積寬餘，宜加重黜。」 富弼在亳，不散青苗錢，綰請付吏究治。 畿縣民訴助役，詔詢其便否兩行之，綰與曾布輒上還堂帖。 中丞楊繪言未聞司農得繳奏者，不報。 凡呂公著、謝景溫所置推直官、主簿，悉罷去之，而引蔡確、唐坰為御史。
Ever-Normal Granary, waterworks, corvée exemption, and militia policies all issued from that ministry, and Anshi used Wan to intimidate opponents. Wan urged implementing corvée exemption first in the capital region, then in the provinces. The Lizhou circuit used ninety-six thousand strings of cash yearly, but the transport commissioner Li Yu led thirty myriads; Wan said, "Equalizing corvée was meant to enrich the people, yet now they strive to amass levies and pile surpluses—he should be heavily demoted." When Fu Bi in Bo refused to distribute Green Sprouts funds, Wan demanded an official inquiry. When capital-county residents protested assisted corvée, the court asked whether the policy helped or hurt and ordered both views tried; Wan and Zeng Bu immediately returned the office slip unsigned. Vice censor Yang Hui said he had never known the ministry to recall a memorial unanswered, and nothing was done. He dismissed every investigating officer and clerk Lü Gongzhu and Xie Jingwen had placed, and installed Cai Que and Tang Kan as censors.
11
五年春，擢御史中丞。 國朝故事，未有臺雜為中丞者，帝特命之。 又加龍圖閣待制。 建言：「頃時御史罷免，猶除省府職司，蓋厥初選用既審，則議論雖不合，人材亦不可遺，願籍前後諫官、御史得罪者姓名，以次甄錄，使於進退間與凡僚稍異，則思竭盡矣。」
In the spring of the fifth year he was made censor-in-chief. Court precedent had never raised a supervising censor with concurrent duties to censor-in-chief; the emperor made an exception. He was also made awaiting-orders academician at the Dragon Diagram Hall. He submitted a proposal: "In former times, when censors were dismissed, they were still appointed to offices in the provinces or the central bureaus. Since the initial selection had been careful, then even if their opinions did not agree, their talent should not be cast aside. I pray that the names of remonstrance officials and censors punished before and after be recorded and that they be selected in order, so that in advancement and dismissal they differ somewhat from ordinary officials; then they will be eager to give all they have."
12
遼人來理邊地，屯兵境上，聲言將用師，於是兩河戒嚴，且令河北修城守之具。 綰曰：「非徒無益，且大擾費。」 帝從其言而止。 又言：「遼妄為地訟，意在窺我。 去冬聚兵累月，逡巡自罷，其情偽可見。 今當禦之以堅強，則不渝二國之平，平則彼不我疑，而我得以遠慮。 苟先之以畏屈，彼或將力爭，則大為中國之恥。」 帝覽疏嘉之。
The Khitan came to dispute border territory, massed troops on the frontier, and threatened war; both Hebei circuits were alerted and ordered to ready fortifications. Wan said, "Not only is it useless—it is greatly wasteful." The emperor accepted his advice and halted the work. He also said, "The Khitan falsely raise land disputes intending to spy on us. They had massed troops for months last winter, then drifted away—their bluff was obvious. China should answer with firm strength so the two-state peace holds; if peace holds they will not suspect us and we can plan ahead. If we first show fear and submission, they may strive in contention, and that will be a great shame for China." The emperor read the memorial and commended it.
13
安石去位，綰頗附呂惠卿。 及安石復相，綰欲彌前跡，乃發惠卿置田華亭事，出知陳州。 又論三司使章惇協濟其奸，出知湖州。 初，惠卿弟和卿創手實法，綰曰：「凡民養生之具，日用而家有之。 今欲盡令疏實，則家有告訐之憂，人懷隱匿之慮，無所措手足矣。 商賈通殖貨財，交易有無，不過服食、器用、米粟、絲麻、布帛之類，或春有之而夏以蕩析，或秋貯之而冬已散亡，公家簿書，何由拘錄，其勢安得不犯？ 徒使嚚訟者趨賞報怨以相告訐，畏怯者守死忍困而已。」 詔罷其法。 遷翰林學士，仍為中丞。
When Anshi left office, Wan largely sided with Lü Huizhang. When Anshi returned as chief minister, Wan tried to bury his old ties and exposed Huizhang's Huating land purchases, and was sent out as prefect of Chen. He also accused Three Departments commissioner Zhang Dun of abetting the fraud and was transferred to Hu Prefecture. Earlier, Huizhang's brother Heqing had devised the household inventory law; Wan said, "Everything people need to live is what they use daily and keep at home. Forcing full disclosure would fill homes with mutual denunciation and people with fear of hiding things—they would have nowhere to turn. Merchants only move food, clothing, grain, hemp, silk, and cloth; stock held in spring may be gone by summer, autumn stores may vanish by winter—official registers cannot track that without driving everyone into violation. It would only send the quarrelsome to denounce enemies for reward while the timid suffered in silence." An edict abolished the law. He was promoted to Hanlin academician while remaining censor-in-chief.
14
綰慮安石去失勢，乃上言宜錄安石子及婿，仍賜第京師。 帝以語安石，安石曰：「綰為國司直，而為宰臣乞恩澤，極傷國體，當黜。」 又薦彭汝礪為御史，安石不悅，遽自劾失舉。 帝謂綰操心頗僻，賦性奸回，論事薦人，不循分守，斥知虢州。 逾歲，為集賢院學士、知河陽，元豐中，以待制知荊南、陳、陝，徙永興軍，改青州。 奏言歲大稔，斗粟五七錢。 帝知其佞，令提舉官酌市價以聞。 進龍圖閣直學士、知鄧州。
Fearing loss of influence if Anshi fell, Wan urged recording Anshi's son and son-in-law and granting them houses in the capital. The emperor spoke of this to Anshi; Anshi said, "Wan serves the state with integrity yet begs favors for a chief minister—this gravely injures the body politic and he should be dismissed." He also recommended Peng Yulü as censor; Anshi was angry and at once impeached himself for poor judgment. The emperor called Wan's mind crooked and his nature deceitful, said he overstepped his role in debate and patronage, and sent him out as prefect of Guo. A year later he was academician of the Jixian Hall and prefect of Heyang; under Yuanfeng he governed Jingnan, Chen, and Shan, then Yongxing, then Qingzhou. He reported a bumper harvest with grain at five to seven cash per dou. The emperor knew he was flattering and told supervisors to check market prices and report. He was promoted to direct academician of the Dragon Diagram Hall and prefect of Deng.
15
元祐初，徙揚州。 言者論其奸，改滁州，未去鄧而卒，年五十九。 子：洵仁、洵武。 洵仁，大觀中為尚書右丞。
Early in Yuanyou he was transferred to Yang Prefecture. Critics denounced his treachery; he was reassigned to Chu but died in Deng at fifty-nine before he left. His sons were Xunren and Xunwu. Xunren became right vice minister of works in the Daguan period.
16
子洵武
Son: Xunwu.
17
洵武，字子常，第進士，為汝陽簿。 紹聖中。 哲宗召對，為秘書省正字、校書郎、國史院編修官，撰《神宗史》，議論專右蔡卞，詆誣宣仁后尤切，史禍之作，其力居多。 遷起居舍人。
Xunwu, who styled himself Zichang, earned the jinshi degree and served as clerk of Ruyang. In the Shaosheng period. Zhezong called him to court, appointed him regular scribe, collator, and national-history compiler, and put him to work on the History of Shenzong; he consistently backed Cai Bian and viciously defamed Empress Dowager Xuanren, and the great history scandal owed much to his efforts. He was promoted to attendant of the imperial diary.
18
徽宗初，改秘書少監，既而用蔡京薦，復史職，御史陳次升、陳師錫言：「洵武父綰在熙寧時以曲媚王安石，神宗數其邪僻奸回，今置洵武太史，豈能公心直筆，發揚神考之盛德，而不掩其父之惡乎？ 且其人材凡近，學問荒繆，不足以汙此選。」 不聽。 遷起居郎。
At the beginning of the Huizong reign he was changed to Vice Director of the Secretariat; soon, on Cai Jing's recommendation, he resumed history duties. Censors Chen Cisheng and Chen Shixi said: "Xunwu's father Wan in the Xining era curried favor with Wang Anshi; the Shenzong Emperor repeatedly called him perverse and treacherous—now placing Xunwu as Grand Historian, how can he write with an impartial brush, exalt the late emperor's great virtue, and not cover his father's crimes? Moreover his talent is mediocre and his learning crude and absurd—not enough to stain this selection." The emperor ignored them. He was promoted to attendant gentleman.
19
時韓忠彥、曾布為相，洵武因對言：「陛下乃先帝子，今相忠彥乃琦之子。 先帝行新法以利民，琦嘗論其非，今忠彥為相，更先帝之法，是忠彥能繼父志，陛下為不能也。 必欲繼志述事，非用蔡京不可。」 京出居外鎮，帝未有意復用也，洵武為帝言：「陛下方紹述先志，群臣無助者。」 乃作《愛莫助之圖》以獻。 其圖如《史記》年表，列旁行七重，別為左右，左曰元豐，右曰元祐，自宰相、執政、侍從、臺諫、郎官、館閣、學校各為一重。 左序助紹述者，執政中唯溫益一人，餘不過三四，若趙挺之、范致虛、王能甫、錢遹之屬而已。 右序舉朝輔相、公卿、百執事咸在，以百數，帝出示曾布，而揭去左方一姓名，布請之，帝曰：「蔡京也。 洵武謂非相此人不可，以與卿不同，故去之。」 布曰：「洵武既與臣所見異，臣安敢豫議？」 明日改付溫益，益欣然奉行，請籍異論者，於是決意相京。 進洵武中書舍人、給事中兼侍講，修撰《哲宗實錄》，遷吏部侍郎。
At the time Han Zhongyan and Zeng Bu were chief ministers; Xunwu took advantage of an audience to say: "Your Majesty is the late emperor's son, while the chief minister Zhongyan is Qi's son. Shenzong's new laws had helped the people, yet Qi had attacked them; now Zhongyan as chief minister reversed those laws, so Zhongyan could follow his father's wishes but the emperor could not. If you must continue his will and carry on his work, none but Cai Jing will do." Jing was out governing an outer command; the emperor had not yet intended to reuse him, but Xunwu told the emperor: "Your Majesty is just now continuing the late emperor's will, yet among the ministers there is no helper." He then drew up and presented his Chart of Beloved but Unhelped. The chart copied the Shiji annal tables with seven side-by-side ranks, left for Yuanfeng and right for Yuanyou, listing everyone from chief ministers and administrators through remonstrance officials, clerks, academicians, and school officers. The left column named supporters of Shenzong's legacy—only Wen Yi among administrators, plus a handful like Zhao Tingzhi, Fan Zhixu, Wang Nengfu, and Qian Yuzhi. The right listed the whole court's assisting ministers, dukes, and the hundred offices—all there, numbering in the hundreds. The emperor showed it to Zeng Bu but peeled off one name on the left; Bu asked for it and the emperor said: "Cai Jing. Xunwu said none but this man could be chief minister; because he differed from you, the name was removed." Bu said: "Since Xunwu's view differs from mine, how dare I take part in deliberation?" The next day the task went to Wen Yi, who eagerly compiled lists of dissenters, and the court resolved to appoint Cai Jing. Xunwu rose to secretariat drafter, gentlement attendant, and concurrent lecturer, helped compile Zhezong's veritable records, and became vice minister of personnel.
20
洵武疏言：「神宗稽古建官，既正省、臺、寺、監之職，而以寄祿階易空名矣。 今在選七階，自兩使判官至主簿、尉，有帶知安州雲夢縣而為河東幹當公事者，有河中司錄參軍而監楚州鹽場者，有瀛州軍事推官、知大名府元城縣充濮州教授者，殽亂紛錯，莫甚於此。 謂宜造為新名，因而制祿。」 詔悉更之。 遷刑部尚書，又請初出官人兼用刑法試，俾知為吏之方。 崇寧三年，拜尚書右丞，轉左丞、中書侍郎。
Xunwu submitted that "the Shenzong Emperor examined antiquity to establish offices, already correcting the duties of departments, bureaus, directorates, and commissions, while using nominal salary ranks to replace empty titles. He complained that clerks now juggled absurd combinations of posts—Anzhou magistrates doing Hedong errands, Hezhong recorders running salt pans, Yingzhou adjutants teaching in Pu—creating hopeless confusion. He said new names should be devised and salaries regulated accordingly." An edict overhauled the system. Promoted to minister of justice, he also demanded penal-law exams for new officials. In Chongning's third year he became right vice minister of works, then left vice minister and secretariat vice director.
21
妖人張懷素獄興，其黨有與洵武連昏者，坐出知隨州。 提舉明道宮，復端明殿學士，知亳州、河南府，召為中太一宮使，連進觀文殿學士，為大名尹。 政和中，夏祭，入侍祠。 以佑神觀使兼侍讀留修國史，改保大軍節度使。 未幾，知樞密院。
When the Zhang Huaisu sorcery case broke, associates linked to Xunwu by marriage implicated him and he was sent out to govern Sui. After overseeing the Mingdao Palace and serving as Duanming academician in Bo and Henan, he returned as commissioner of the Central Great Unity Palace, rose to viewing-literature academician, and governed Daming. During Zhenghe he attended the summer imperial sacrifice. He stayed on as You-Shen observatory commissioner and concurrent lecturer to edit the national history, then became Baoda military commissioner. Soon he headed the Bureau of Military Affairs.
22
五谿蠻擾邊，即仿陝西弓箭手製，募邊民習知溪洞險易者，置所司教以戰陣，勸以耕牧，得勝兵幾萬人以鎮撫之。 遷特進，拜少保，封莘國公，恩典如宰相。 宣和元年，薨，年六十五，贈太傅，諡曰文簡。
When Five Streams Miao raided the frontier, he copied the Shaanxi archer-militia model, recruited locals who knew the ravines, trained them to fight and farm, and fielded nearly ten thousand veterans to pacify the region. He received exceptional promotion, became junior guardian, was enfeoffed Duke of Xin, and enjoyed privileges equal to a chief minister's. In the first year of Xuanhe he died at sixty-five, posthumously honored as grand tutor with the temple name Wenjian.
23
鄧氏自綰以來，世濟其奸，而洵武阿二蔡尤力。 京之敗亂天下，禍源自洵武起焉。
From Wan's day the Dengs bred treachery through the generations, and Xunwu flattered the two Cais harder than any. The catastrophe of Cai Jing's ruin of the empire began with Xunwu.
24
李定，字資深，揚州人。 少受學於王安石。 登進士第，為定遠尉、秀州判官。 熙寧二年，孫覺薦之，召至京師，謁諫官李常，常問曰：「君從南方來，民謂青苗法何如？」 定曰：「民便之，無不喜者。」 常曰：「舉朝方共爭是事，君勿為此言。」 定即往白安石，且曰：「定但知據實以言，不知京師乃不許。」 安石大喜，謂曰：「君且得見，盍為上道之。」 立薦對。 神宗問青苗事，其對如曩言，於是諸言新法不便者，帝皆不聽。 命定知諫院，宰相言前無選人除諫官之比，遂拜太子中允、監察御史裏行。 知制誥宋敏求、蘇頌、李大臨封還制書，皆罷去。
Li Ding, who styled himself Zishen, came from Yang Prefecture. As a youth he studied under Wang Anshi. He passed the jinshi examination and served as constable of Dingyuan and judge of Xiu Prefecture. In the second year of Xining, Sun Jue recommended him; summoned to the capital, he visited remonstrance official Li Chang. Chang asked, "You come from the south—what do the people say of the Green Sprouts law?" Ding said, "The people find it convenient; none dislike it." Chang said, "The whole court is debating this matter—do not speak thus." Ding at once went to inform Anshi and said, "Ding only knows to speak according to fact—I did not know the capital forbids it." Anshi was greatly pleased and said, "You will soon have an audience—why not tell the emperor?" He at once secured him an audience. Shenzong asked about Green Sprouts; Ding answered as before, and from then on Shenzong ignored critics of the reforms. The court ordered him into the Remonstrance Bureau; ministers noted no precedent for a selection candidate as remonstrator, so he became crown prince attendant and supervising censor in the inner bureau. Drafting officials Song Minqiu, Su Song, and Li Dalin returned the appointment edicts sealed, and all were removed.
25
御史陳薦疏：「定頃為涇縣主簿，聞庶母仇氏死，匿不為服。」 詔下江東、淮、浙轉運使問狀，奏云：「定嘗以父年老，求歸侍養，不云持所生母服。」 定自辯言，實不知為仇所生，故疑不敢服，而以侍養解官。 曾公亮謂定當追行服，安石力主之，改為崇政殿說書。 御史林旦、薛昌朝言，不宜以不孝之人居勸講之地，並論安石，章六七上，安石又白罷兩人，定亦不自安，蘄解職，以集賢校理、檢正中書吏房、直舍人院同判太常寺。 八年，加集賢殿修撰、知明州。
Censor Chen Jian memorialized: "Ding once as chief clerk of Jing County, hearing his stepmother Lady Chou had died, concealed it and did not wear mourning." An edict sent the Jiangdong, Huai, and Zhe transport commissioners to investigate; they reported: "Ding once, because his father was old, asked to return to serve him in support, and did not speak of wearing mourning for his birth mother." Ding claimed he had not known Chou was his birth mother, had feared to mourn wrongly, and had resigned to nurse his father. Zeng Gongliang said Ding must mourn retroactively; Anshi overruled critics and made him lecturer at the Hall of Exalted Governance. Censors Lin Dan and Xue Changchao protested that an unfilial man should not lecture the throne and impeached Anshi repeatedly; Anshi had them dismissed. Uneasy himself, Ding sought relief as Jixian collator, Zhongshu clerical inspector, and concurrent judge of imperial sacrifices. In the eighth year he became compiler at the Hall of Cultivated Talents and prefect of Ming.
26
元豐初，召拜寶文閣待制、同知諫院，進知制誥，為御史中丞。 劾蘇軾《湖州謝上表》，擿其語以為侮慢，因論軾自熙寧以來，作為文章，怨謗君父，交通戚里。 逮赴臺獄窮治，當會赦，論不已，竄之黃州。 方定自鞫軾獄，勢不可回。 一日，於崇政殿門外語同列曰：「蘇軾乃奇才也。」 俱不敢對。
Early in Yuanfeng he was recalled as treasured-writings academician and vice remonstrance director, then drafting official and censor-in-chief. He attacked Su Shi's Huzhou thank-you memorial as insolent and claimed that since Xining Su had written pieces that slandered the throne and courted imperial relatives. Su was jailed and investigated; though an amnesty neared, Ding kept arguing until Su was exiled to Huangzhou. Ding was prosecuting the case himself and would not relent. One day outside the Gate of Exalted Governance he said to colleagues, "Su Shi is a rare talent." No one answered.
27
請復六案糾察之職，並諸路監司皆得鉤考，從之。 彗出東方，求直言，太史謂有兵變，帝命宦者視衛士飲食。 定言一飯不足市恩，適起小人之心，乃止。 或議廢明堂祀，帝以訪定。 定曰：「三歲一郊或明堂，祖宗以來，未之有改。 誰為此言，願治其妄。」 帝曰：「聽卿言足矣。」 遷翰林學士。 坐論府界養馬事失實，罷知河陽，留守南京，召為戶部侍郎。 哲宗立，以龍圖閣學士知青州，移江寧府。 言者爭暴其前過，又謫居滁州。 元祐二年，卒。
He restored six-section inspection powers and let circuit supervisors conduct audits, and the court agreed. After a comet appeared in the east, the grand astrologer warned of mutiny and the emperor sent eunuchs to inspect guards' rations. Ding said a single meal could not buy loyalty and would only breed suspicion, and the inspections ended. When some proposed canceling the Bright Hall rite, the emperor asked Ding. Ding said, "Sacrifice at the suburban altar every three years or at the Bright Hall—since the ancestors, there has been no change. Who speaks such words—I pray he be punished for his rashness." The emperor said, "Hearing your words is enough." He was promoted to Hanlin academician. After misreporting metropolitan horse policy he was sent to Heyang, guarded Nanjing, then recalled as vice minister of revenue. Under Zhezong he became dragon-diagram academician and Qing prefect, then Jiangning prefect. Critics exposed his old crimes and he was demoted to Chu. He died in Yuanyou's second year.
28
定於宗族有恩，分財振贍，家無餘貲。 得任子，先及兄息。 死之日，諸子皆布衣。 徒以附王安石驟得美官，又陷蘇軾於罪，是以公論惡之，而不孝之名遂著。
Ding was generous to kin, shared his wealth, and left nothing behind. When he earned a yin privilege for a son, he gave it to his nephew first. When he died his sons wore only plain cloth. Because he clung to Wang Anshi for rapid promotion and destroyed Su Shi, public opinion despised him and his unfilial reputation stuck.
29
舒亶，字信道，明州慈溪人。 試禮部第一，調臨海尉。 民使酒詈逐後母，至亶前，命執之，不服，即自起斬之，投劾去。 王安石當國，聞而異之，御史張商英亦稱其材，用為審官院主簿。 使熙河括田，有績，遷奉禮郎。 鄭俠既貶，復被逮，亶承命往捕，遇諸陳。 搜俠篋，得所錄名臣諫草，有言新法事及親朋書尺，悉按姓名治之，竄俠嶺南，馮京、王安國諸人皆得罪。 擢亶太子中允、提舉兩浙常平。
Shu Dan, who styled himself Xindao, came from Cixi in Ming Prefecture. He topped the Ministry of Rites exam and became constable of Linhai. When a drunk cursed his stepmother before Dan, the man resisted arrest; Dan stood, beheaded him, impeached himself, and resigned. Wang Anshi, hearing of it, was impressed; Zhang Shangying praised him too, and he became chief clerk of the Court of Judicial Review. Surveying fields on the Xihe frontier, he performed well and was promoted to gentleman for court ceremony. When Zheng Xia was arrested again, Dan was ordered to seize him and intercepted him on the road. Searching Zheng's chest he found remonstrance drafts and letters on the reforms and prosecuted everyone named, exiling Zheng to Lingnan and implicating Feng Jing, Wang Anguo, and others. He was made crown prince attendant and put in charge of the two Zhejiang Ever-Normal Granaries.
30
元豐初，權監察御史裏行。 太學官受賂，事聞，亶奉詔驗治，凡辭語微及者，輒株連考竟，以多為功。 加集賢校理。 同李定劾蘇軾作為歌詩議訕時事。 亶又言：「王詵輩公為朋比，如盛僑、周邠固不足論，若司馬光、張方平、范鎮、陳襄、劉摯，皆略能誦說先王之言，而所懷如此，可置而不誅乎？」 帝覺其言為過，但貶軾、詵，而光等罰金。
Early in Yuanfeng he became acting supervising censor. When academy bribery surfaced, he was told to investigate and implicated anyone remotely connected, treating numbers as success. He was made Jixian collation scholar. With Li Ding he impeached Su Shi for poems that mocked current affairs. Dan also said, "Wang Shen and his sort openly form factions; men like Sheng Qiao and Zhou Bin are not worth discussion, but if Sima Guang, Zhang Fangping, Fan Zhen, Chen Xiang, and Liu Zhi can all recite the words of the former kings yet harbor such thoughts—can they be set aside and not punished?" The emperor thought him excessive but only demoted Su and Wang Shen while fining the others.
31
未幾，同修起居注，改知諫院。 張商英為中書檢正，遺亶手帖，示以子婿所為文。 亶具以白，云商英為宰屬而干請言路，坐責監江陵稅。 始，亶以商英薦得用； 及是，反陷之。 進知雜御史、判司農寺，超拜給事中、權直學士院。 逾月，為御史中丞。 舉劾多私，氣焰熏灼，見者側目，獨憚王安禮。
Soon he compiled the imperial diary and headed the Remonstrance Bureau. Zhang Shangying, as Zhongshu inspection commissioner, sent Dan a private note about his son-in-law's writings. Dan reported that a minister's aide was lobbying the remonstrance office and Zhang was demoted to supervise Jiangling tax. Dan had originally risen on Zhang Shangying's recommendation; now he turned and destroyed him. He became supervising censor with concurrent duties and revenue judge, and within a month was gentlement attendant and acting academician. A month later he was censor-in-chief. His indictments were mostly personal grudges; his arrogance blazed and men shrank from him, though he feared Wang Anli alone.
32
亶在翰林，受廚錢越法，三省以聞，事下大理。 初，亶言尚書省凡奏鈔法當置籍，錄其事目。 今違法不錄，既案奏，乃謾以發放曆為錄目之籍，亶以為大臣欺罔。 而尚書省取臺中受事籍驗之，亦無錄目，亶遽雜他文書送省，於是執政復發其欺。 大理鞫廚錢事，謂亶為誤。 法官吳外厚駁之，御史楊畏言亶所受文籍具在，無不承之理。 帝曰：「亶自盜為贓，情輕而法重； 詐為錄目，情重而法輕。 身為執法，而詐妄若是，安可置也！」 命追兩秩勒停。 亶比歲起獄，好以疑似排抵士大夫，雖坐微罪廢斥，然遠近稱快。 十餘年，始復通直郎。
As Hanlin academician he took kitchen funds illegally; the Three Departments reported him and the Court of Judicial Review took the case. Dan had first argued that the Secretariat should keep registers of every memorial slip. When officials failed to record them and then pretended disbursement ledgers were the register, Dan charged the chief ministers with fraud. The Secretariat checked the Censorate receipt book and found no headings either; Dan then shuffled in other papers, and the administrators exposed his own deceit. The Court of Judicial Review ruled the kitchen-funds case a mistake. Judge Wu Waihou objected; Censor Yang Wei said the records proved Dan's guilt beyond denial. The emperor said, "Dan's self-theft is embezzlement—intent light but law heavy; falsifying registers was graver in intent though lighter in statute. Holding office as law enforcer yet so deceitful—how can he be kept!" He was stripped of two ranks and dismissed. For years Dan had built cases on suspicion to ruin scholar-officials; even minor punishments delighted the public. Only after more than ten years was he restored as master for direct communication.
33
崇寧初，知南康軍。 辰溪蠻叛，蔡京使知荊南，以開邊功，由直龍圖閣進待制，明年，卒，贈直學士。
Early in Chongning he governed Nankang. When Chenxi Miao rebelled, Cai Jing sent him to Jingnan for frontier glory; promoted from direct dragon-diagram academician, he died the next year and was posthumously made direct academician.
34
蹇周輔
Jian Zhoufu.
35
蹇周輔，字磻翁，成都雙流人。 少與范鎮、何郯為布衣交。 年未冠，試大廷，不第。 鎮、郯既貴達，周輔始特奏名，再舉進士，知宜賓、石門二縣，通判安肅軍，為御史臺推直官。 善於訊鞫，鉤索微隱，皆用智得情。 嘗有詔獄，事連掖庭掌寶侍史，它司累月不能決，乃命周輔。 度不可追逮，奏請以要辭示主者詰服之，時以為知體。 及治李逢獄竟，臺臣雜治無異辭，神宗稱其能，擢開封府推官，出為淮南轉運副使。 盜廖恩聚黨閩中，多害兵吏，改使福建，護諸將以討之，恩遂降。
Jian Zhoufu, who styled himself Panyong, came from Shuangliu in Chengdu. As a youth he befriended Fan Zhen and He Bin while they were still commoners. Before coming of age he failed the palace examination. After Fan and He rose high, Zhoufu finally passed by special presentation and twice earned the jinshi, governed Yibin and Shimen, served as Ansu vice prefect, and became a Censorate investigating officer. Skilled in interrogation, he traced hidden details until wit exposed the truth. Once an imperial case involving a palace treasure attendant stumped other offices for months until Zhoufu was assigned. Seeing arrest was impossible, he asked to confront the chief suspect with key evidence to force confession, which contemporaries praised as proper procedure. After closing the Li Feng case to universal agreement, Shenzong praised his skill, made him Kaifeng push officer, then Huainan vice transport commissioner. Bandit Liao En raided Fujian and killed soldiers and officials; reassigned to Fujian to direct suppression, Zhoufu accepted his surrender.
36
元豐初，循唐制，歸百司獄於大理寺，選為少卿，遷三司度支副使。 先是，湖南例食淮鹽，周輔始請運廣鹽數百萬石，分鬻郴、全、道州； 又以淮鹽增配潭、衡諸郡，湘中民愁困，法既行，遂領於度支。 以集賢殿修撰為河北都轉運使，進寶文閣待制，召為戶部侍郎、知開封府，事多不決。 授中書舍人，不拜，改刑部侍郎。 元祐初，言者暴其立江西、福建鹽法，掊克欺誕，負公擾民，罷知和州。 徙廬州。 卒，年六十六。
Early in Yuanfeng, following Tang practice, agency prisons returned to the Court of Judicial Review; he became vice director, then vice revenue commissioner of the Three Departments. Hunan had eaten Huai salt; Zhoufu first proposed shipping millions of shi of Guang salt to Chen, Quan, and Dao; he also increased Huai salt quotas in Tan and Heng, impoverishing central Hunan, then ran the policy from Revenue. As cultivated-talents compiler he became Hebei transport commissioner and treasured-writings academician, then vice minister of revenue and Kaifeng prefect, where he left many cases unsettled. Offered secretariat drafter, he refused and became vice minister of justice. Early in Yuanyou critics exposed his Jiangxi and Fujian salt laws as extortionate fraud that betrayed the public, and he was sent to He Prefecture. He was transferred to Lu Prefecture. He died at sixty-six.
37
周輔強學，善屬文，神宗嘗命作《答高麗書》，屢稱善。 為吏深文刻覈，故老而獲戾。 子序辰。
A forceful scholar and fine writer, he once drafted the Reply to Goryeo for Shenzong, who praised it repeatedly. As an official he wrote law harshly and narrowly, and in old age earned blame. Son: Xuchen.
38
子序辰
Son: Xuchen.
39
序辰，字授之，登第後數年，以泗州推官主管廣西常平。 周輔方使閩，上言父子並祗命遠方，家無所託，蘄改一近地。 乃易京西，旋提舉江西常平，繼父行鹽法。 為監察御史，遷殿中侍御史、右司諫。 哲宗立，改司封員外郎。 周輔得罪，以序辰成其惡，降簽書廬州判官。 起知楚州，提點江東刑獄。
Xuchen, who styled himself Shouzhi, years after passing the exam became Si push officer overseeing Guangxi Ever-Normal Granary. While Zhoufu served in Fujian, he begged to move his son nearer because father and son both held distant posts. Xuchen was shifted to Jingxi, then put in charge of Jiangxi Ever-Normal Granary and continued his father's salt policy. He became supervising censor, then palace attending censor and right remonstrance official. Under Zhezong he became vice director of the ministry of rites for seals. When Zhoufu fell, Xuchen was demoted for completing his father's crimes to signing secretary of Lu. He was restored to Chu prefect and put in charge of Jiangdong judicial inspection.
40
紹聖中，遷左司員外郎，進起居郎、中書舍人、同修國史。 疏言：「朝廷前日正司馬光等奸惡，明其罪罰，以告中外。 惟變亂典刑，改廢法度，訕讟宗廟，睥睨兩宮，觀事考言，實狀彰著，然蹤跡深秘，包藏禍心，相去八年之間，蓋已不可究質。 其章疏案牘，散在有司，若不彙緝而藏之，歲久必致淪棄。 願悉討奸臣所言行，選官編類，入為一帙，置之一府，以示天下後世大戒。」 遂命序辰及徐鐸編類。 由是縉紳之禍，無一得脫者。 遷禮部尚書，與安惇看詳訴理事。 以奉使遼國無狀，黜知黃州。 閱四月，除龍圖閣待制、知揚州。
In Shaosheng he rose to left department vice director, attendant gentleman, secretariat drafter, and national-history compiler. He submitted: "The court formerly rectified the treachery and evil of Sima Guang and others, clarifying their crimes and punishments to inform inside and outside. They had overturned law, slandered the ancestral temple, and eyed the two palaces; though guilt was clear, eight years made investigation impossible. Their memorials and case papers were scattered among offices and would be lost without collection. I pray you fully seek out what treacherous ministers did and said, select officials to compile by category into one volume, place it in one office, to show the great warning to the realm and posterity." The court ordered him and Xu Duo to compile the files. From that project no Yuanyou official escaped ruin. He became minister of rites and with An Dun reviewed appeals. After misconduct on a Liao mission he was demoted to Huang Prefecture. Four months later he became dragon-diagram academician and Yang prefect.
41
徽宗立，中書言序辰類元祐章牘，傅致語言，指為謗訕。 詔與惇並除名勒停，放歸田里。 蔡京為相，復拜刑部、禮部侍郎，為翰林學士，進承旨。 有言其在先帝遏密中以音樂自娛者，黜知汝州。 二年，徙蘇州。 坐縱部民盜鑄錢，謫單州團練副使、江州安置。 又坐守蘇時以天寧節同其父忌日，輒於前一日設宴，及節日不張樂，移永州。 會赦，復官中奉大夫，遂卒。 序辰亦有文，善傅會，深文刻覈，似其父云。
Huizong's secretariat said Xuchen had twisted Yuanyou memorials into slander. He and Dun were struck from the rolls and sent home. When Cai Jing took power he returned as justice and rites vice minister, Hanlin academician, then expositor. Accused of playing music during Shenzong's mourning, he was sent to Ru Prefecture. In the second year he was transferred to Su Prefecture. For allowing subordinates to counterfeit coin he was banished to Dan as regiment vice commander and settled at Jiang. He was also moved to Yong for holding a banquet the day before Tianning coincided with his father's death day and refusing to stop music on the festival. After an amnesty he was restored to grandee of palace attendance and died. Xuchen too wrote well, excelled at flattery, and prosecuted harshly like his father.
42
徐鐸，字振文，興化莆田人。 熙寧進士第一，簽書鎮東軍判官，紹聖末，以給事中直學士院。 蹇序辰建議編類元祐諸臣章牘事狀，詔鐸同主之。 凡一時施行文書，攈拾附著，纖悉不遺。 遷禮部侍郎。 鐸雖云封駁，而是時凡給事中不肯書讀者，輒命代行之。 貢院獲舉人挾書，開封尹蔣之奇將以徒定罪，鐸爭不可，之奇為從輕比。 既上省，章惇怒，罰府吏，舉人竟坐刑，鐸不復敢有言，眾傳以為笑。 後議除御史中丞，或摭此事以為無所執持，乃止。
Xu Duo, who styled himself Zhenwen, came from Putian in Xinghua. He topped the Xining jinshi, served as Zhendong Army signing secretary, and late in Shaosheng was gentlement attendant in the direct academy. When Jian Xuchen proposed compiling Yuanyou files, Duo was ordered to co-direct the project. Every document then in force was gathered, omitting nothing. He became vice minister of rites. Though called a reviewing officer, whenever a gentlement attendant refused to sign, Duo was ordered to sign instead. When examinees were caught with books, Kaifeng prefect Jiang Zhiqi wanted labor sentences; Duo protested and Jiang chose a lighter penalty. Zhang Dun still punished clerks and candidates; Duo fell silent and became a public joke. Later, when he was discussed for censor-in-chief, critics cited his silence and the appointment died.
43
徽宗立，以龍圖閣待制知青州。 御史中丞豐稷論鐸編類事狀，率視章惇好惡為輕重，存歿名臣，橫罹竄斥，序辰既放歸田里，鐸之罪不在其下。 詔落職知湖州。 崇寧中，拜禮部尚書。 方議廟制，鐸請增為九室。 議者疑已祧之主不可復祔、鐸言：「唐之獻祖、中宗、代宗與本朝之僖祖，皆嘗祧而復，今宜存宣祖於當祧，復翼祖於已祧，禮無不稱。」 從之。 進吏部尚書，卒。
Under Huizong he became dragon-diagram academician and Qing prefect. Censor-in-chief Feng Ji charged that Duo had compiled cases to Zhang Dun's likes, exiling famous ministers living and dead; Xuchen had already been banished, but Duo's crime was no lesser. He was stripped of office and sent to Hu Prefecture. In Chongning he became minister of rites. During temple debates he urged nine chambers. Debaters doubted that already removed lords could be enshrined again; Duo said, "Tang's Xianzu, Zhongzong, and Daizong and this dynasty's Xizu all were once removed and restored; now it is fitting to keep Xuanzu in the place of removal and restore Yizu in the place already removed—ritual permits no objection." The court agreed. He rose to minister of personnel and died.
44
論曰：士學不為己，而俯仰隨時，如挈皋居井上，求其立朝不撓，不可得已。 常秩在嘉祐、治平時，三辭羔雁之聘，若能隱居以求其志者； 及王安石用事，一召即至，容容歷年，曾無一嘉謨，而竊顯位。 至定之黨附，亶之凶德，宜為世所指名。 綰及周輔二家，父子並同惡相濟，而序辰與鐸編類事狀，流毒元祐名臣，忠義之士，為之一空，馴致靖康之禍，可勝歎哉。
The historians remark that scholars who do not study for themselves but sway with the times cannot be expected to stand upright at court. Chang Zhi thrice declined court summons in Jiayou and Zhiping as if he sought to live by principle; yet when Wang Anshi took power one summons brought him, and for years he offered no worthy counsel while keeping high office. Li Ding's factionalism and Shu Dan's viciousness deserve the age's condemnation. The Deng and Jian clans fathered and sonned evil together; Xuchen and Duo compiled blacklist files that poisoned Yuanyou worthies, emptied loyal men, and helped bring the Jingkang disaster—lamentable indeed.
45
王廣淵
Wang Guangyuan.
46
王廣淵，字才叔，大名成安人。 慶曆中，上曾祖《明家集》，詔官其後，廣淵推與弟廣廉，而以進士為大理法直官、編排中書文字。 裁定祖宗御書千卷，仁宗喜之，以知舒州，留不行。 英宗居藩邸，廣淵因見昵，獻所為文，及即位，除直集賢院。 諫官司馬光言：「漢衛綰不從太子飲，故景帝待之厚。 周張美私以公錢給世宗，故世宗薄之。 廣淵交結奔競，世無與比，當仁宗之世，私自託於陛下，豈忠臣哉？ 今當治其罪，而更賞之，何以厲人臣之節？」 帝不聽，用為群牧、三司戶部判官，從容謂曰：「朕於《洪範》得高明沉潛之義，剛內以自強，柔外以應物，人君之體，無出於是。 卿為朕書之於欽明殿屏，以備觀省，非特開元《無逸圖》也。」 加直龍圖閣。 帝有疾，中外憂疑，不能寢食，帝自為詔諭之曰：「朕疾少間矣。」 廣淵宣言於眾。
Wang Guangyuan, who styled himself Caishu, came from Cheng'an in Daming. In Qingli he presented his great-grandfather's Collection for an Enlightened House; the throne offered office to descendants, but Guangyuan yielded to his brother Guanglian and took the jinshi path as a judicial-review law officer and Zhongshu compiler. He collated a thousand scrolls of imperial writings; Renzong pleased, offered him Shu Prefecture, but he stayed at court. When Yingzong was living in his princely residence, Guangyuan became intimate with him and presented writings he had composed; when Yingzong came to the throne, Guangyuan was appointed Direct Academician of the Jixian Institute. Remonstrance official Sima Guang said, "In Han, Wei Wan would not drink with the crown prince, and for that reason Emperor Jing treated him generously. In Zhou, Zhang Mei privately supplied Shizong with public money, and for that reason Shizong treated him lightly. Guangyuan's networking and pursuit of advancement have no equal in the age. During Renzong's reign, he privately attached himself to Your Majesty. Is he a loyal minister? Now his crime ought to be punished, yet instead he is rewarded. How will this encourage the integrity of ministers?" The emperor did not listen, and appointed him judge in the Herds Office and the Revenue Section of the Three Fiscal Agencies. In a relaxed moment he told him, "In the Hongfan I have found the meaning of being lofty and bright, deep and submerged: firm within to strengthen oneself, yielding without to respond to things. The substance of a ruler does not go beyond this. You should write it for me on the screen in the Qinming Hall, so that I may look at it and examine myself; it will not merely be the Kaiyuan-era Diagram of No Idleness." He was additionally made Direct Academician of the Longtu Pavilion. When the emperor became ill, those inside and outside the court were worried and doubtful and could neither sleep nor eat; the emperor personally wrote an edict to reassure them, saying, "My illness has somewhat eased." Guangyuan publicly announced this to the crowd.
47
神宗立，言者劾其漏泄禁中語，出知齊州，改京東轉運使，得於內省傳達章奏。 曾公亮、王安石持不可，乃止。 廣淵以方春農事興而民苦乏，兼並之家得以乘急要利，乞留本道錢帛五十萬，貸之貧民，歲可獲息二十五萬，從之。 其事與青苗錢法合，安石始以為可用，召至京師。 御史中丞呂公著摭其舊惡，還故官。 程顥、李常又論其抑配掊克，迎朝廷旨意以困百姓。 會河北轉運使劉庠不散青苗錢奏適至，安石曰：「廣淵力主新法而遭劾，劉庠故壞新法而不問，舉事如此，安得人無向背？」 故顥與常言不行。 徙使河東，擢寶文閣待制、知慶州。
Shenzong's accession brought impeachment for leaking palace secrets; he went to Qi Prefecture, became Huaidong transport commissioner, and was allowed to relay memorials inside the palace. Zeng Gongliang and Wang Anshi blocked the privilege and it ended. He argued that spring farming began while the poor lacked cash, letting rich lenders profit; he asked to keep five hundred thousand strings to lend at interest of two hundred fifty thousand a year, and the court agreed. The plan matched Green Sprouts lending; Anshi first thought him useful and summoned him to court. Censor-in-chief Lü Gongzhu cited old crimes and he returned to his former post. Cheng Hao and Li Chang accused him of forced allotments and extortion to please the court and harm the people. Just then Hebei transport commissioner Liu Xiang's memorial refusing to distribute Green Sprouts money arrived; Anshi said, "Guangyuan strongly upholds the new laws yet suffers impeachment; Liu Xiang deliberately harms the new laws yet is not questioned—conduct affairs thus, how can people lack taking sides?" Hao and Chang were ignored. He became Hedong commissioner, then treasured-writings academician and Qing prefect.
48
宣撫使興師入夏境，檄慶會兵。 方授甲，卒長吳逵以眾亂，廣淵亟召五營兵禦之。 逵率二千人斬關出，廣淵遣部將姚兕、林廣追擊，降其眾。 柔遠三都戍卒欲應賊，不果，廣淵陽勞之，使還戍，潛遣兵間道邀襲，盡戮之。 猶以盜發所部，削兩秩。 二年，進龍圖閣直學士、知渭州。
When the pacification commissioner invaded Xia, Guangyuan was ordered to mobilize Qing troops. As armor was issued, company leader Wu Kui mutinied; Guangyuan summoned five camps to defend. Kui broke out with two thousand men; Guangyuan sent Yao Si and Lin Guang to pursue and accept surrender. Rouyuan garrison troops nearly joined the mutiny; Guangyuan feigned kindness, sent them back, then ambushed and slaughtered them. He still lost two ranks because rebellion erupted in his district. In the second year he became direct dragon-diagram academician and Wei prefect.
49
廣淵小有才而善附會，所辟置類非其人。 帝謂執政曰：「廣淵奏辟將佐，非貴遊子弟，即胥史輩，至於濮宮書吏亦預選，蓋其人與時君卿善。 一路官吏不少，置而不取，乃用此輩，豈不誤朝廷事？ 已下詔切責，卿等宜貽書申戒之。」 卒，年六十，贈右諫議大夫。 元豐初，詔以其被遇先帝之故，弟臨自皇城使擢為兵部郎中、直昭文館，子得君賜進士出身。
Guangyuan had modest talent but excelled at flattery and appointed unfit men. The emperor told the administrators: "Guangyuan memorialized appointing aides and assistants—not sons of noble houses but clerk sorts, even clerks of the Pu Palace were in the selection, probably because the men were friendly with Shijunqing of the time. He ignored many qualified circuit officials for such men—was that not a court mistake? An edict has already sternly rebuked him; you should send letters to warn him." He died at sixty and was posthumously honored as Right Remonstrance Grandee. Early in Yuanfeng, because Guangyuan had enjoyed Shenzong's favor, his brother Lin rose from imperial-city commissioner to war bureau director and Zhaowen academician, and his son Dejun received jinshi status.
50
弟臨
Younger brother: Lin.
51
臨，字大觀，亦起進士，簽書雄州判官。 嘉祐初，契丹泛使至，朝論疑所應，臨言：「契丹方饑困，何能為？ 然《春秋》許與之義，不可以不謹。 彼嘗求馴象，可拒而不拒； 嘗求樂章，可與而不與，兩失之矣。 今橫使之來，或謂其求聖像，聖像果可與哉？」 朝廷善其議。 治平中，詔求武略，用近臣薦，自屯田員外郎換崇儀使、知順安軍，改河北沿邊安撫都監。 上備禦數十策，大略皆自治而已。
Lin, who styled himself Daguan, also earned the jinshi and served as Xiong signing secretary. At the beginning of Jiayou Khitan envoys on general mission arrived; court debate doubted how to respond; Lin said, "The Khitan are now hungry and distressed—what can they do? Yet the Spring and Autumn principle of granting requests still required caution. They had once sought tame elephants and Song could have refused but did not; they had sought music texts and Song could have granted them but did not—both were mistakes. Now the envoy on horizontal mission comes; some say he seeks a sage image—can a sage image truly be granted?" The court approved his argument. In Zhiping, recommended for military talent, he left the revenue vice directorship for honored-rites commissioner and Shun'an command, then Hebei frontier pacification. He submitted dozens of defense plans focused chiefly on strengthening Song itself.
52
契丹刺兩輸人為義軍，來歸者數萬。 或請遣還，臨曰：「彼歸我而遣之，必為亂，不如因而撫之。」 詔從其請，自是來者益多，契丹悔失計。 進安撫副使，歷知涇、鄜州、廣信、安肅軍。
Khitan raids drove tens of thousands of Shus people to defect to Song. Some asked to send them back; Lin said, "If they return to us and we send them back, they will surely rebel—better to comfort them thereby." The court agreed; more defectors followed and the Khitan regretted the policy. He became vice pacification commissioner and governed Jing, Zou, Guangxin, and Ansu.
53
召對，還文階，知齊州、滄州、荊南，入為戶部副使，以寶文閣待制知廣州府、河中，卒。
After an audience he returned to civil rank, governed Qi, Cang, and Jingnan, became vice minister of revenue, then treasured-writings academician in Guangzhou and Hezhong, and died.
54
王陶，字樂道，京兆萬年人。 第進士，至太常丞而丁父憂。 陶以登朝在郊祀後，恩不及親，乞還所遷官，丐追贈。 詔特聽之，仍俟服闋，除太子中允。
Wang Tao, who styled himself Ledao, came from Wannian in Jingzhao. He passed the jinshi and was grandee of imperial sacrifices when his father died. Because he had entered court after the suburban sacrifice, his father missed the favor; Tao asked to return his promotions and secure posthumous honors. The court specially allowed it and appointed him crown prince attendant after mourning.
55
嘉祐初，為監察御史裏行。 衛卒入延福宮為盜，有司引疏決恩降其罪。 陶曰：「禁省之嚴，不應用外間會降為比。」 於是流諸海島，主者皆論罰。 中貴人導煉丹者入禁廷，陶言：「漢、唐方士，名為化黃金、益年壽以惑人主者，後皆就戮。 請出之。」 陳升之為樞密副使，論其不當，升之去，陶亦知衛州，改蔡州。 明年，復以右正言召。 陶言：「臣與四人同補郡，今獨兩人召，請並還唐介、呂誨等。」
Early in Jiayou he became acting supervising censor. Guards robbed Yanfu Palace; officials sought commuted sentences. Tao said, "The forbidden precinct's severity should not use outer-court amnesty reductions as precedent." They were exiled to the islands and responsible officials were punished. A palace favorite guided an alchemist into the forbidden court; Tao said, "Han and Tang alchemists, named as turning yellow gold and extending years to delude rulers, were later all executed. I pray he be removed." Chen Shengzhi opposed the move; when Chen left, Tao was sent to Weizhou, then Cai. The next year he was recalled as right remonstrator. Tao said, "I with four men together were given prefectures; now only two are summoned—I pray Tang Jie and Lü Hui also be returned."
56
英宗知宗正寺，逾年不就職。 陶上疏曰：「自至和中聖躬違豫之後，天下顒顒，無所寄命，交章抗疏，請早擇宗室親賢，以建儲嗣，危言切語，動天感人。 夫為是議者，豈皆懷不忠孝、為奸利附託之人哉？ 發於至誠，念宗廟社稷無窮大計而已。 陛下順民欲而安人心，故親發德音，銳為此舉，中外搖搖之心，一旦定矣。 厥後浸潤稽緩，豈免憂疑？ 流言或云事由嬪御、宦侍姑息之語，聖意因而惑焉。 婦人近幸，詎識遠圖？ 臣恐海內民庶，謂陛下始者順天意民心命之，今者聽左右姑息之言而疑之，使遠近奸邪得以窺間伺隙，可不惜哉！」 因請對，仁宗曰：「今當別與一名目。」 既而韓琦決策，遂立為皇子。 英宗即位，加直史館、修起居注、皇子位伴讀、淮陽潁王府詡善、知制誥，進龍圖閣學士、知永興軍，召為太子詹事。
Yingzong headed the imperial clan directorate but delayed taking office for over a year. Tao submitted: "Since in the Zhihe era the sage person was unwell, the realm has looked up with nowhere to entrust its mandate; memorials and remonstrances piled up, begging early selection of a worthy imperial clansman to establish the heir—severe words and cutting phrases moved Heaven and touched men. He asked whether such advocates were all disloyal schemers. He answered that they acted from sincerity for the state's long-term good. The emperor had followed public will to settle hearts by announcing succession plans. Later delays revived public anxiety. Rumors blamed palace women and eunuchs for confusing the emperor. Tao asked how women and favorites could grasp statecraft. I fear the realm's people will say Your Majesty at first followed Heaven's intent and the people's hearts in ordering it, but now listens to the indulgent words of those at your side and doubts it, letting distant and near treachery spy gaps—can this not be cherished!" He therefore asked for an audience; Renzong said, "Now another title should be given." Han Qi soon secured his establishment as imperial son. When Yingzong succeeded, Tao became direct historiographer, imperial diary compiler, heir's tutor, drafting official, dragon-diagram academician, Yongxing prefect, then crown prince tutor.
57
神宗立，遷樞密直學士，拜御史中丞。 郭逵以簽書樞密宣撫陝西，詔令還都。 陶言：「韓琦置逵二府，至用太祖故事，出師劫制人主，琦必有奸言惑亂聖德。 願罷逵為渭州。」 帝曰：「逵先帝所用，今無罪黜之，是章先帝用人之失也，不可。」 陶既不得逞，遂以琦不押文德常朝班奏劾之。 陶始受知於琦，驟加獎拔。 帝初臨御，頗不悅執政之專，陶料必易置大臣，欲自規重位，故視琦如仇，力攻之，琦閉門待罪。 帝徙陶為翰林學士，旋出知陳州，入權三司使。 呂公著言其反覆不可近，又以侍讀學士知蔡州，歷河南府、許、汝、陳三州，以東宮舊臣加觀文殿學士。 帝終薄其為人，不復用。 元豐三年，卒，年六十一，贈吏部尚書，諡曰「文恪」。
Under Shenzong he became bureau of military affairs academician direct and censor-in-chief. Guo Kui, signing secretary of the Bureau of Military Affairs and Shaanxi pacification commissioner, was ordered back to court. Tao said, "Han Qi placed Kui in two offices, even using Taizu precedent, going out as commander to coerce the ruler—Qi must have treacherous words confusing the sage virtue. I pray Kui be dismissed to Wei Prefecture." The emperor said, "Kui was used by the late emperor; now to dismiss him without crime is to display the late emperor's error in using men—impossible." Foiled, Tao impeached Qi for failing to stamp the Wende court roster. Tao had once owed his rise to Qi's patronage. Shenzong disliked dominating ministers; Tao hoped to seize high office and attacked Qi like an enemy while Qi awaited punishment behind closed doors. The emperor made him Hanlin academician, then Chen prefect, then acting Three Departments commissioner. Lü Gongzhu called him untrustworthy; he governed Cai, Henan, Xu, Ru, and Chen and received viewing-literature academician as an old palace tutor. The emperor ultimately despised him and never reused him. In the third year of Yuanfeng he died at sixty-one; he was posthumously given Minister of Personnel and the posthumous title "Wénkè."
58
陶微時苦貧，寓京師教小學。 其友姜愚氣豪樂施，一日大雪，念陶奉母寒餒，荷一鍤剗雪，行二十里訪之。 陶母子凍坐，日高無炊煙。 愚亟出解所衣錦裘，質錢買酒肉、薪炭，與附火飲食，又捐數百千為之娶。 陶既貴，尹洛，愚老而喪明，自衛州新鄉往謁之，意陶必念舊哀己。 陶對之邈然，但出尊酒而已。 愚大失望，歸而病死。 聞者益薄陶之為人。
In youth Tao was poor and taught elementary school in the capital. His friend Jiang Yu, generous and bold, once shoveled through snow for twenty li to visit Tao in poverty. Tao and his mother sat freezing with no fire by midday. Yu pawned his fur coat for food and fuel, warmed them, and gave hundreds of strings for Tao's marriage. When Tao governed Luoyang, blind old Yu came from Xinxiang expecting gratitude. Tao received him coldly and offered only wine. Yu went home disappointed and died. Observers despised Tao even more.
59
王子韶
Wang Zishao.
60
王子韶，字聖美，太原人。 中進士第，以年未冠守選，復遊太學，久之乃得調。 王安石引入條例司，擢監察御史裏行，出按明州苗振獄。 安石惡祖無擇，子韶迎其意，發無擇在杭州時事，自京師逮對，而以振獄付張載，無擇遂廢。 中丞呂公著等論新法，一臺盡罷。 子韶出知上元縣，遷湖南轉運判官。 御史張商英劾其不葬父母，貶知高郵縣。 由司農丞提舉兩浙常平。 入對，神宗與論字學，留為資善堂修定《說文》官。 官制行，為禮部員外郎，以入省後期，改庫部。
Wang Zishao, who styled himself Shengmei, came from Taiyuan. He passed the jinshi but, still under age, waited for appointment, studied longer at the academy, and only later received a post. Wang Anshi brought him into the Regulations Office, made him acting supervising censor, and sent him to investigate Miao Zhen in Ming. Anshi hated Zu Wuzi; Zishao exposed Wuzi's Hangzhou conduct, had him summoned to court, and handed the Zhen case to Zhang Zai until Wuzi fell. When Lü Gongzhu and other censors debated the new laws, the whole bureau was dismissed. Zishao became Shangyuan magistrate, then Hunan vice transport commissioner. Zhang Shangying impeached him for failing to bury his parents and he was demoted to Gaoyou. From revenue aide he took charge of the two Zhejiang Ever-Normal Granaries. At audience Shenzong discussed philology with him and kept him to revise the Shuowen at the Hall of Cultivated Virtues. Under the new offices he was rites vice director, then moved to the storehouse department for late entry.
61
元祐中，歷吏部郎中、衛尉少卿，遷太常諫官。 劉安世言：「熙寧初，士大夫有『十鑽』之目，子韶為『衙內鑽』，指其交結要人子弟，如刀鑽之利。 又陷祖無擇於深文，搢紳所共鄙薄，豈宜汙禮樂之地！」 改衛尉卿。 安世復言：「七寺正卿班少常上，因彈擊而獲超遷，是啟僥幸也。」 乃出知滄州。 入為秘書少監，迎伴遼使，御下苛刻，軍吏因被酒刃傷子韶及其子。 又出知濟州，建言乞追復先烈以貽後法，復以太常少卿召，進秘書監，拜集賢殿修撰、知明州，卒。 崇寧二年，子相錄元祐中所上疏稿聞於朝，詔贈顯謨閣待制。
In Yuanyou he served as personnel bureau director and guards vice director, then imperial-sacrifices remonstrance official. Liu Anshi said early Xining officials listed ten augers, calling Zishao the yamen auger for courting powerful men's sons.' He also trapped Zu Wuzi in severe law—gentry together despise him; how can he stain the place of rites and music!" He was moved to director of the court of imperial guards. Anshi again said: "The seven directorates' chief ministers rank above the vice director of imperial sacrifices; because of impeachment he obtained leap promotion—this opens opportunism." He was sent out to Cang Prefecture. As secretariat vice director escorting Khitan envoys, he treated subordinates harshly and drunken clerks wounded him and his son. Sent out again as prefect of Ji Prefecture, he urged restoring the honors of former worthies as a precedent for later law. He was then recalled as Vice Director of Imperial Sacrifices, promoted to Director of the Palace Library, appointed Compiler of the Jixian Hall and prefect of Ming Prefecture, and died. In Chongning's second year his son Xiang published Yuanyou memorials; the court posthumously made him displayed-counsel academician.
62
何正臣
He Zhengchen.
63
何正臣，字君表，臨江新淦人。 九歲舉童子，賜出身，復中進士第。 元豐中，用蔡確薦，為御史裏行。 遂與李定、舒亶論蘇軾，得五品服，領三班院。 會正御史專六察，正臣言：「幸得備言路，以激濁揚清為職，不宜兼治它曹。」 神宗善之，為悉罷御史兼局，而正臣解三班，加直集賢院，擢侍御史知雜事。
He Zhengchen, who styled himself Junbiao, came from Xingan in Linjiang. At nine he passed the child prodigy exam and later the jinshi. In Yuanfeng, on Cai Que's recommendation, he became acting censor. With Li Ding and Shu Dan he impeached Su Shi, gained fifth-rank dress, and headed the Third Class Court. Just then regular censors specialized in six inspections; Zhengchen said, "Fortunately I can fill the remonstrance path, taking stirring the muddy and raising the clear as duty—I should not concurrently administer other bureaus." Shenzong agreed, ended censor concurrent posts, made Zhengchen direct Jixian academician, and supervising censor with concurrent affairs.
64
韓存寶討瀘夷無功，命治其獄，被以逗撓罪誅之。 還，除寶文閣待制、知審官東院，尚書省建為吏部侍郎。 逾年，嫚於奉職，銓擬多牴牾。 事聞，以制法未善為解。 王安禮曰：「法未善，有司所當請，豈得歸罪於法？」 乃出知潭州。 時詔州縣聽民以家貲易鹽，吏或推行失指。 正臣條上其害，謂無益於民，亦不足以佐國用，遂寢之，民以為便。 後歷刑部侍郎、知宣州，卒。
Ordered to try Han Cunbao's failed Lu campaign, he had Han executed for delay and cowardice. He returned as treasured-writings academician and eastern personnel-review director, then personnel vice minister. After a year he grew negligent and appointments often conflicted. When reported, he blamed the law rather than himself. Wang Anli said, "If the law is not good, the office should request change—how can blame be laid on the law?" He was sent out as Tan prefect. An edict then let counties let people trade salt with family property, but officials often mishandled enforcement. Zhengchen listed its harms, saying it helped neither people nor revenue; the policy was suspended and people were relieved. He later served as justice vice minister and Xuan prefect, then died.
65
陳繹，字和叔，開封人。 中進士第，為館閣校勘、集賢校理，刊定《前漢書》，居母喪，詔即家讎校。 英宗臨政淵嘿，繹獻五箴，曰主斷、明微、廣度、省變、稽古。 同判刑部，獄訟有情法相忤者，讞之。 或言刑曹唯知正是否，不當有所輕重。 繹曰：「持法者貴審允，心知失刑，惡得坐視？」 由是多所平反。 帝稱其文學，以為實錄檢討官。
Chen Yi, who styled himself Heshu, came from Kaifeng. After the jinshi he collated at the academy and Jixian Hall, worked on the Former Han History, and was ordered to proofread at home during mourning. When taciturn Yingzong took power, Yi offered five admonitions: decisive rule, clarity, breadth, restraint in change, and learning from antiquity. As concurrent justice judge he resolved cases where sentiment and law clashed. Some said the penal office should only judge right and wrong, not weigh severity. Yi said, "Those who hold the law value careful fairness; knowing in the heart that punishment is wrong, how can one sit and watch?" Many convictions were overturned. The emperor praised his scholarship and made him veritable-records compiler.
66
神宗立，為陝西轉運副使，入直舍人院、修起居注、知制誥，拜翰林學士，以侍講學士知鄧州。 繹不能肅閨門，子與婦一夕俱殞於卒伍之手，傲然無慚色。 召知通進銀臺司，帝語輔臣曰：「繹論事不避權貴。」 命權開封府。 時獄有小疑，輒從中覆； 至繹，特聽便宜處決。 久之。 還翰林，仍領府。 治司農吏盜庫錢獄未竟，中書檢正張諤判寺事，懼失察，以帖詰稽留，繹遣吏示以成牘，言者論其徇宰屬、縱有罪，出知滁州。 郊祀恩，復知制誥，言者再論之，得秘書監、集賢院學士。
Under Shenzong he became Shaanxi vice transport commissioner, academy custodian, diary compiler, drafting official, Hanlin academician, and Deng prefect with lecturer title. Yi could not govern his household; his son and daughter-in-law were killed by soldiers in one night, yet he showed no shame. Summoned to know the Bureau for Transmission of Silver Terrace; the emperor told assisting ministers: "Yi discusses affairs without avoiding the powerful." He was ordered to act as Kaifeng prefect. Small doubts in Kaifeng cases were usually reviewed centrally; Yi alone was allowed to decide conveniently. After a long interval. He returned to the Hanlin Academy while still heading the prefecture. While a revenue theft case remained open, Zhang E pressed delays; Yi showed a finished dossier. Critics said he favored ministerial aides and indulged crime, and he was sent to Chu. After suburban-sacrifice grace he regained drafting duties; critics objected again and he became secretariat director and Jixian academician.
67
元豐初，知廣州。 庫有檀香佛像，繹以木易之。 事覺，有司當為官物有剩利。 帝曰：「是以事佛麗重典矣。」 時繹已加龍圖閣待制、知江寧府，乃貶建昌軍，奪其職。 後復太中大夫以卒，年六十八。
Early in Yuanfeng he governed Guang Prefecture. He replaced a sandalwood Buddha in the treasury with wood. When discovered, officials judged it surplus profit on government goods. The emperor said, "This is using service to Buddha to beautify a heavy statute." Already dragon-diagram academician and Jiangning prefect, he was demoted to Jianchang and stripped of office. Later restored to grandee of palace attendance, he died at sixty-eight.
68
繹為政務摧豪黨，而行與貌違，暮年繆為敦樸之狀，好事者目為「熱熟顏回」。
Yi in governing affairs strove to crush powerful factions, but conduct and appearance diverged; in late years he falsely assumed a look of plain honesty—those who liked affairs called him "Hot Cooked Yan Hui."
69
論曰：王廣淵在仁宗時，因近昵獻文於英宗潛邸，固已有竊取功名之心，蓋為臣之不忠者，雖列侍從，烏足道哉！ 王陶始為韓琦所知，在御史時，頗能譏切時政，及為中丞，則承望風旨，攻琦如仇讎，欲自取重位，其忘姜愚布衣之義，又不足責矣。 王子韶之陷祖無擇，何正臣之論蘇軾，皆小人之盜名。 陳繹希合用事，固無足道，然於獄事多所平反，惜乎閨門不肅，廉恥並喪，雖明曉吏事，亦何取焉。
The historians say Guangyuan curried favor with the future Yingzong as a disloyal seeker of fame unworthy of attendant rank. Tao began under Han Qi's patronage and criticized policy as censor, but as censor-in-chief he followed court winds, attacked Qi like an enemy for promotion, and forgot Jiang Yu's kindness—hardly surprising. Zishao's ruin of Zu Wuzi and Zhengchen's attack on Su Shi were petty fame-seeking. Chen Yi flattered the powerful and is barely worth mention, yet he reversed many cases; pity his household was disorderly and shameless—official skill alone could not redeem him.