1
胡紘，字應期，處州遂昌人。 淳熙中，舉進士。 紹熙五年，以京鏜薦，監都進奏院，遷司農寺主簿、秘書郎。 韓侂胄用事，逐朱熹、趙汝愚，意猶未快，遂擢紘監察御史。 紘未達時，嘗謁朱熹于建安，熹待學子惟脫粟飯，遇紘不能異也，紘不悅，語人曰：「此非人情。 隻雞尊酒，山中未為乏也。」 遂亡去。 及是，劾趙汝愚，且詆其引用朱熹為偽學罪首。 汝愚遂謫永州。
Hu Hong, whose courtesy name was Yingqi, came from Suichang in Chuzhou. During the Chunxi period he passed the jinshi examination. In 1194, recommended by Jing Tang, he was appointed supervisor of the Directorate for Court Memorials and later promoted to registrar in the Ministry of Revenue and secretary in the Secretariat. After Han Tuozhou seized power and expelled Zhu Xi and Zhao Ruyu, he was still not content and therefore elevated Hong to the post of investigating censor. Before he had risen to office, Hong had once visited Zhu Xi at Jian'an. Xi served his students nothing but plain grain, and he treated Hong no differently. Hong took offense and told others, "This is hardly how one treats a guest. A chicken and a cup of wine are not scarce in the hills." With that he departed and never returned. Now he impeached Zhao Ruyu and denounced him for promoting Zhu Xi as the ringleader of so-called false learning. Ruyu was accordingly banished to Yongzhou.
2
汝愚初抵罪去國，搢紳大夫與夫學校之士，皆憤悒不平，疏論甚眾。 侂胄患之，以汝愚之門及朱熹之徒多知名士，不便於己，欲盡去之，謂不可一一誣以罪，則設為偽學之目以擯之。 用何澹、劉德秀為言官，專擊偽學，然未有誦言攻熹者。 獨紘草疏將上，會改太常少卿，不果。 沈繼祖以追論程頤得為察官，紘遂以藁授之。 繼祖論熹，皆紘筆也。
When Ruyu first fell from grace and left the capital, court officials and academy scholars alike were indignant, and protests poured in from every side. Tuozhou found this troubling. Ruyu's circle and Zhu Xi's followers included many eminent men who stood in his way, and he wanted them all gone. Since he could not charge each one individually, he invented the category of "false learning" to drive them out. He installed He Dan and Liu Dexiu as censors to specialize in attacking false learning, but no one had yet spoken openly against Zhu Xi. Hong alone drafted a memorial ready for submission, but he was transferred to vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices before it could be sent. Shen Jizu won a censor's post by reviling Cheng Yi, and Hong handed him the draft. Every word of Jizu's indictment of Xi came from Hong's pen.
3
寧宗以孝宗嫡孫行三年服，紘言止當服期。 詔侍從、臺諫、給舍集議釋服，於是徙紘太常少卿，使草定其禮。 既而親饗太廟。
Emperor Ningzong, as Xiaozong's legitimate grandson, was observing three years of mourning. Hong argued that he need observe only one year. The throne ordered attendant officials, censors, and drafting officers to deliberate on ending mourning, and Hong was transferred to vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices to draft the ritual. Soon afterward the emperor personally sacrificed at the Grand Temple.
4
紘既解言責，復入疏云：「比年以來，偽學猖獗，圖為不軌，動搖上皇，詆誣聖德，幾至大亂。 賴二三大臣、臺諫出死力而排之，故元惡殞命，群邪屏跡。 自御筆有『救偏建中』之說，或者誤認天意，急於奉承，倡為調停之議，取前日偽學之姦黨次第用之，以冀幸其他日不相報復。 往者建中靖國之事，可以為戒，陛下何未悟也。 漢霍光廢昌邑王賀，一日而誅群臣一百餘人； 唐五王不殺武三思，不旋踵而皆斃于三思之手。 今縱未能盡用古法，亦宜且令退伏田里，循省愆咎。」 俄遷紘起居舍人。 詔偽學之黨，宰執權住進擬，用紘言也。 自是學禁益急。 進起居郎，權工部侍郎，移禮部，又移吏部。 坐同知貢舉、考宏詞不當而罷。 未幾，學禁漸弛，紘亦廢棄，卒於家。
After Hong left his censorial post, he submitted another memorial: "In recent years false learning has run wild, plotting sedition, unsettling the retired emperor, and defaming the throne—nearly bringing the realm to chaos. Only because a few great ministers and censors fought with all their strength were the chief culprits destroyed and their followers driven off. Since the emperor's own brush had spoken of "correcting bias and establishing the mean," some mistook this for divine approval and rushed to flatter him by urging reconciliation—reappointing the old false-learning faction one by one in the hope they would not seek revenge later. The Jianzhong and Jingguo period should be warning enough. Why has Your Majesty not yet seen it? When Huo Guang deposed King He of Changyi, he executed more than a hundred courtiers in a single day. When the Five Princes of Tang failed to kill Wu Sansi, they were all dead at his hands almost at once. Even if we cannot follow the ancients entirely, these men should at least be sent back to the countryside to reflect on their errors." Soon afterward Hong was promoted to drafting attendant. An edict barred the chief ministers from advancing members of the false-learning faction, following Hong's recommendation. From then on the proscription of learning grew harsher still. He rose to attendant of the privy secretariat, then served as acting vice minister of works before transfers to the ministries of rites and personnel. He was dismissed for irregularities while serving as associate examiner of the metropolitan examination and grader of the Hongci literary competition. Before long the learning ban eased, Hong was cast aside as well, and he died at home.
5
何澹，字自然，處州龍泉人。 乾道二年進士，累官至國子司業，遷祭酒，除兵部侍郎。 光宗內禪，拜右諫議大夫兼侍講。
He Dan, courtesy name Ziran, was a native of Longquan in Chuzhou. A jinshi of 1166, he rose through the ranks to vice director and then director of the Directorate of Education before appointment as vice minister of war. When Guangzong abdicated in favor of his son, Dan was appointed right remonstrance grandee and concurrent lecturer.
6
澹本周必大所厚，始為學官，二年不遷，留正奏遷之，澹憾必大，及長諫垣，即劾必大，必大遂策免。 澹嘗與所善劉光祖言之，光祖曰：「周丞相豈無可論，第其門多佳士，不可並及其所薦者。」 澹不聽。
Dan had once enjoyed Zhou Bida's patronage. As an academic official he went two years without promotion until Liu Zheng intervened on his behalf. Dan resented Bida, and once he headed the censorate he impeached him, driving Bida from office. Dan once discussed this with his friend Liu Guangzu, who said, "Chancellor Zhou surely has faults worth airing, but his circle includes many worthy men. You cannot condemn everyone he recommended along with him. Dan would not listen.
7
時姜特立、譙熙載以春坊舊恩頗用事。 一日，光祖過澹，因語澹曰：「曾、龍之事不可再。」 澹曰：「得非姜、譙之謂乎？」 既而澹引光祖入便坐，則皆姜、譙之徒也，光祖始悟澹謾諾。 明年，澹同知貢舉，光祖除殿中侍御史，首上學術邪正之章。 及奏名，光祖被旨入院拆號，與澹席甫逼，澹曰：「近日風采一新。」 光祖曰：「非立異也，但嘗為大諫言者，今日言之耳。」 既出，同院謂光祖曰：「何自然見君所上章，數夕恍惚，餌定志丸，他可知也。」 進御史中丞。
At the time Jiang Teli and Qiao Xizai wielded considerable influence through their old ties to the crown prince. One day Guangzu visited Dan and said, "What happened with Zeng and Long must not happen again. Dan replied, "You mean Jiang and Qiao, do you not?" Then Dan ushered Guangzu into a side room where Jiang's and Qiao's men were gathered, and Guangzu realized Dan's agreement had been hollow. The following year, as Dan served as associate examiner, Guangzu was appointed palace attendant censor and submitted the first memorial on orthodox versus heterodox learning. When the examination results were announced, Guangzu was ordered into the academy to open the rolls. Seated beside Dan, he heard Dan say, "Your spirit has been quite renewed of late. Guangzu replied, "I am not trying to be contrary. I am only saying today what I once said as chief remonstrator." Afterward a colleague told Guangzu, "When He Ziran read your memorial he was unsettled for days and took calming pills. You can guess the rest. Dan was promoted to censor-in-chief.
8
澹有本生繼母喪，乞有司定所服，禮寺言當解官，澹引不逮事之文，乞下給、諫議之。 太學生喬嚞、朱有成等移書於澹，謂：「足下自長臺諫，此綱常之所係也。 四十餘年以所生繼母事之，及其終也，反以為生不逮而不持心喪，可乎？ 奉常，禮所由出，顧以臺諫、給舍議之，識者有以窺之矣。」 澹乃去。 終制，除煥章閣學士、知泉州，移明州。
When Dan's birth mother, who had been his stepmother, died, he asked the authorities to determine his mourning obligations. The Ritual Office ruled he should leave office, but Dan cited provisions on incomplete mourning and asked the drafting and remonstrance officers to deliberate. Academy students Qiao Xi, Zhu Youcheng, and others wrote to Dan: "As head of the censorate, you bear responsibility for the moral order of the realm. For more than forty years you treated your birth mother as your stepmother served her. Now at her death you claim the bond did not reach full mourning and refuse heart-mourning. Can this be right? The Court of Imperial Sacrifices is the source of ritual law, yet you would have censors and drafting officers debate it instead. Perceptive observers can see your motive." Dan thereupon resigned. When his mourning ended he was appointed academician of the Hall for Glorifying Culture and prefect of Quanzhou, later transferred to Mingzhou.
9
寧宗即位，朱熹、彭龜年以論韓侂胄俱絀，澹還為中丞，怨趙汝愚不援引。 汝愚時已免相，復詆其廢壞壽皇良法美意，汝愚落職罷祠。 又言：「專門之學，流而為偽。 願風厲學者，專師孔、孟，不得自相標榜。」 除同知樞密院事、參知政事，遷知樞密院。
When Ningzong ascended the throne, Zhu Xi and Peng Guinian were demoted for criticizing Han Tuozhou. Dan returned as censor-in-chief, resentful that Zhao Ruyu had not promoted him. Ruyu had already left the chief ministership. Dan attacked him again for overturning Shouhuang's good policies, and Ruyu was stripped of rank and dismissed from his sinecure. He also wrote, "Specialized schools of thought degenerate into false learning. I urge that scholars be exhorted to follow Confucius and Mencius alone and not to proclaim factions among themselves." He was appointed associate commissioner of military affairs and participant in governance, then promoted to commissioner.
10
吳曦賄通時宰，規圖帥蜀，未及賄澹，韓侂胄已許之，澹持不可。 侂胄怒曰：「始以君肯相就，黜偽學，汲引至此，今顧立異耶？」 以資政殿大學士提舉洞霄宮。 起知福州。 澹居外，常怏怏失意，以書祈侂胄，有曰：「跡雖東冶，心在南園。」 南園，侂胄家圃也。 侂胄憐之。 進觀文殿學士，尋移知隆興府。 後除江淮制置大使兼知建康府，移使湖北，兼知江陵。 奉祠卒，贈少師。
Wu Xi bribed the chief ministers to secure command of Shu. Before he could bribe Dan, Han Tuozhou had already promised him the post. Dan objected. Tuozhou raged, "I brought you in because you would banish false learning and serve my cause. Now you turn against me?" He was made grand academician of the Hall for Assisting Governance and put in charge of the Palace of the Cavernous Sky. He was later recalled to serve as prefect of Fuzhou. Exiled from court, Dan was often discontent and wrote to Tuozhou, saying, "Though my body is in the east, my heart remains in the Southern Garden." The Southern Garden was Tuozhou's private estate. Tuozhou took pity on him. He was promoted to academician of the Hall for Viewing Culture and soon transferred to Longxing prefecture. Later he was appointed commissioner for the Huai and Jiang circuits with concurrent charge of Jiankang, then transferred to Hubei with concurrent charge of Jiangling. He died while holding a sinecure post and was posthumously ennobled as junior preceptor.
11
澹美姿容，善談論，少年取科名，急於榮進，阿附權姦，斥逐善類，主偽黨之禁，賢士為之一空。 其後更化，凶黨俱逐，澹以早退倖免，優遊散地幾二十年。
Handsome and eloquent, Dan won his degree young and hungered for advancement. He curried favor with powerful villains, drove out the worthy, enforced the ban on false learning, and left the ranks of talent nearly bare. When policy later changed and the vicious faction was expelled, Dan escaped punishment through early retirement and lived at ease in minor posts for nearly twenty years.
12
時金人請和，約為叔侄之國，且以歸疆為請。 栗上封事言：
At the time the Jurchens sought peace on terms that Song accept uncle-nephew status and return territory to them. Li submitted a sealed memorial stating:
13
「前日之和，誠為非計。 然徽宗梓宮、慈寧行殿在彼，為是而屈，猶有名焉。 今日之和，臣不知其說也。 宗廟之仇，而事之以弟侄，其忍使祖宗聞之乎！ 無唐、鄧，則荊、襄有齒寒之憂； 無泗、海，則淮東之備達于真、楊，海道之防遍於明、越矣。 議者皆言和戎之幣少，養兵之費多，不知講和之後，朝廷能不養兵乎？ 今東南民力，陛下之所知也，朝廷安得而不較乎？ 且非徒無益而已。 與之歲幣，是畏之矣。 三軍之情，安得不懈弛； 歸正之心，安得不攜貳。 為今日計，宜停使勿遣，遷延其期。 比至來春，別無動息，徐於境上移書，諭以兩國誓言。 敗之自彼，信不由衷，雖盟無益。 自今宜守分界，休息生靈，不煩聘使之往來，各保疆場之無事，焉用疲弊州縣，以奉犬羊之使乎？」
"The peace concluded before was indeed a mistake. Yet Huizong's coffin and the Cining traveling hall remained in their hands; to yield for that still had some justification. I cannot see the rationale for peace today. They are enemies of our ancestral temple, yet we would treat them as uncle and nephew. Can we bear for our ancestors to hear of this? Without Tang and Deng, Jing and Xiang would face the danger of a broken barrier; without Si and Hai, defenses east of the Huai would extend to Zhen and Yang, and coastal defenses would stretch from Ming to Yue. Advocates say peace payments cost less than maintaining armies, but do they imagine the court will stop maintaining troops after a treaty? Your Majesty knows the strain on the southeast. How can the court ignore it? And it is not merely useless. Paying annual tribute means fearing them. Army morale will inevitably slacken; and the loyalty of those who defected to us will inevitably waver. For the present, envoys should be halted and the deadline postponed. By next spring, if nothing changes, we can slowly send word across the border invoking the two states' sworn oaths. If they break faith, no alliance will help. Henceforth we should hold the border, let the people rest, and cease sending envoys back and forth. Let each side keep its territory in peace. Why exhaust our prefectures and counties to entertain the envoys of barbarians?"
14
孝宗懲創紹興權臣之弊，躬攬權綱，不以責任臣下，栗言：「人主蒞權，大臣審權，爭臣議權，王侯、貴戚善撓權者也，左右近習善竊權者也。 權在大臣，則大臣重； 權在邇臣，則邇臣重； 權在爭臣，則爭臣重。 是故人主常患權在臣下，必欲收攬而獨持之，然未有能獨持之者也。 不使大臣持之，則王侯、貴戚得而持之矣； 不使邇臣審之，爭臣議之，則左右近習得而議之矣。 人主顧謂得其權而自執之，豈不誤哉。 是故明主使人持權而不以權與之，收攬其權而不肯獨持之。」 至有「以鹿為馬、以雞為鸞」之語。 方奉對時，讀至「人主常患權在臣下，必欲收攬而獨持之」，孝宗稱善，栗徐曰：「臣意尚在下文。」 執政有訴于孝宗曰：「林栗謂臣等指鹿為馬，臣實不願與之同朝。」 乃出知江州。
Xiaozong, chastened by Shaoxing's powerful ministers, personally held the reins and did not delegate authority. Li wrote: "The ruler presides over power, ministers examine it, and remonstrators debate it. Princes and noble kin are adept at disturbing it; close attendants are adept at stealing it. When power rests with ministers, ministers grow weighty; when it rests with lesser ministers, they grow weighty; when it rests with remonstrators, remonstrators grow weighty. Rulers therefore constantly fear power in their subordinates and try to gather it all to themselves, yet none has ever truly held it alone. If ministers are not allowed to hold power, princes and noble kin will seize it; if lesser ministers do not examine it and remonstrators do not debate it, close attendants will take it over. For the ruler to imagine he has seized power and holds it himself—is this not a delusion? The enlightened ruler therefore lets others wield power without surrendering it to them, and gathers authority in without insisting on holding it alone." He even wrote of "calling a deer a horse and a chicken a phoenix." While presenting his memorial, when he reached the passage on rulers fearing power in subordinates, Xiaozong praised it. Li said slowly, "Your Majesty, my point lies in what follows. A chief minister complained to Xiaozong, "Lin Li accuses us of calling deer horses. I cannot serve in the same court with him. Li was accordingly sent out as prefect of Jiangzhou.
15
有旨省併江州屯駐一軍，栗奏：「辛巳、甲申，金再犯兩淮，賴江州一軍分佈防托，故舒、蘄、黃三州獨不被寇。 本州上至鄂渚七百里，下至池陽五百里； 平時屯戍，誠若無益，萬一有警，鄂渚之戍，上越荊、襄，池陽之師，下流增備，中間千里藩籬，誠為虛闕。 無以一夫之議，而廢長江千里之防。」 由是軍得無動。
An edict proposed consolidating the army stationed at Jiangzhou. Li memorialized: "When the Jin invaded the two Huai circuits in 1161 and 1164, it was the Jiangzhou garrison that held the line, so Shu, Qi, and Huang alone escaped attack. From Jiangzhou it is seven hundred li upstream to Ezhou and five hundred li downstream to Chizhou; in peacetime the garrison may seem useless, but in an emergency troops at Ezhou would cover Jing and Xiang upstream while forces at Chizhou reinforced the lower reaches, leaving a thousand-li gap in between. We must not abolish a thousand li of Yangzi defense on one man's say-so." The army was therefore left in place.
16
以吏部員外郎召。 冬至，有事南郊，前期十日，百執事聽誓戒； 會廢節，有旨上壽不用樂，迨宴金使，乃有權用樂之命。 栗以為不可，致書宰相，不聽，乃乞免充舉冊官，以狀申朝廷曰：「若聽樂則廢齋，廢齋則不敢以祭。 祖宗二百年事天之禮，今因一介行人而廢之。 天之可畏，過於外夷遠矣。」 不聽。
He was summoned as vice director in the Ministry of Personnel. For the winter solstice sacrifice at the Southern Suburb, ten days in advance all officials took the abstinence oath; a festival had been cancelled and an edict forbade music for birthday felicitations, yet when entertaining Jin envoys a provisional order allowed music. Li objected, wrote the chief councilor, was ignored, and asked to be excused from the ritual commission, telling the court: "If music is played, fasting is void; if fasting is void I dare not sacrifice. Two hundred years of our ancestors' rites to Heaven would be abandoned for one foreign envoy. Heaven is more to be feared than distant barbarians." He was not heeded.
17
兼皇子慶王府直講，有旨令二王非時招延講讀官，相與議論時政，期盡規益。 栗以為不可，疏言：「漢武帝為戾太子開博望苑，卒敗太子； 唐太宗為魏王泰立文學館，卒敗魏王。 古者教世子與吾祖宗之所以輔導太子、諸王，惟以講經讀史為事，他無預焉。 若使議論時政，則是對子議父，古人謂之無禮，不可不留聖意。」
As concurrent lecturer at Prince Qing's mansion, an edict ordered the two princes to summon lecturers at will to discuss current affairs. Li objected, writing: "Emperor Wu opened Bowang Park for Crown Prince Li and ruined him; Taizong established a Literary Hall for Prince Tai and ruined him. Ancient teaching of heirs and our ancestors' guidance of princes rested on classics and history alone. To discuss current affairs is for sons to debate fathers—what ancients called impiety. Your Majesty must take note."
18
除右司員外郎，遷太常少卿。 太廟祫享之制，始祖東向，昭南向，穆北向，別廟神主祔于祖姑之下，隨本室南北向而無西向之位。 紹興、乾道間，懿節、安穆二后升祔，有司設幄西向。 逮安恭皇后新祔，有司承前失，其西向之位，幾與僖祖相對。 栗辨正之。
He was appointed vice director of the right office and transferred to vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. In collective Grand Temple sacrifice, the founder faced east, zhao south, mu north; separate-temple tablets were placed below the founding ancestress without west-facing positions. When Empresses Yijie and Anmu were enshrined in Shaoxing and Qiandao, officials set west-facing canopies. When Empress Angong was newly enshrined, officials repeated the error until the west-facing position nearly faced Founder Xizu. Li corrected it.
19
除直寶文閣、知湖州。 栗朝辭曰：
He was appointed direct academician of the Hall for Treasuring Culture and prefect of Huzhou. At his farewell audience Li said:
20
「臣聞漢人賈誼號通達國體，其所上書至於痛哭流涕者，考其指歸，大抵以一身諭天下之勢。 其言曰：『天下之勢方病大瘇。 非徒瘇也，又苦𨁣盭。 又類辟，且病痱。』 臣每見士大夫好論時事，臣輒舉以問之：『今日國體，於四百四病之中，名為何病？ 能言其病者猶未必能處其方，不能言其病而輒處其方，其誤人之死，必矣。』 聞臣之言者不忿則默，間有反以詰臣，即對之曰：『今日之病，名為風虛，其狀半身不隨是也。 風者在外，虛者在內，真氣內耗，故風邪自外而乘之，忽中于人，應時僵仆，則靖康之變是也。 幸而元氣猶存，故仆而復起，則建炎之興是也。 然元氣雖存，邪氣尚盛，自淮以北皆吾故壤，而號令不能及，正朔不能加，有異於半身不隨者乎？ 非但半身不隨而已，半身存者，凜凜乎畏風邪之乘而不能以自安也。』 今日論者，譬如痿人之不忘起，奚必賢智之士，然後與國同其願哉？ 而市道庸流，口傳耳受，苟欲嘗試以售其方，則蕩熨針石，雜然並進，非體虛之人所宜輕受也。 聞之醫曰：『中風偏廢，年五十以下而氣盛者易治。 蓋真氣與邪氣相敵，真氣盛則邪氣衰，真氣行則邪氣去。 然真氣不充滿於半存之身，則無以及偏廢之體。 故欲起此疾者，必禁其嗜欲，節其思慮，愛其氣血，養其精神，使半存之身，日以充實，則陽氣周流，脈絡宜暢，將不覺舍杖而行。 若急於愈疾而不顧其本，百毒入口，五臟受風，風邪之盛未可卒去，而真氣之存者日以耗亡，故中風再至者多不能救。』 臣愚有感於斯言，竊謂賈誼復生，為陛下言，無以易此。」
I have heard that Jia Yi, called penetrating in statecraft, wept in his memorials because he likened the realm's condition to a single body. He wrote: 'The realm's condition is like a great swelling. It is not merely swollen; it also suffers crippling lameness. It is also like epilepsy, and suffers numbness.' When gentlemen discuss current affairs I ask: 'Of four hundred and four diseases, what is ours called? Those who can name the disease may not cure it; those who prescribe without naming it surely kill. Hearers grow silent; if challenged I answer: 'Today's disease is wind with inner vacuity—half the body does not obey. Wind is external, vacuity internal; when true qi fails, wind strikes from without—as at Jingkang. Primal qi remained, so after falling the realm rose again—as at Jianyan. Yet evil qi remained strong; north of the Huai is our old soil, yet we cannot rule it—is this not half a body paralyzed? Worse, the surviving half lives in fear of wind and cannot rest. Today's debaters are paralytics who forget they cannot rise; need one be wise to share the state's wish? Peddlers hear rumors and rush in remedies—steaming, needles, stones—not for a vacuous body. Physicians say: 'In wind paralysis, the young with strong qi are curable. When true qi meets evil, strength drives evil out. True qi must fill the surviving half before reaching the paralyzed part. One must curb appetites, limit thought, nourish qi and spirit until the surviving half strengthens and yang flows again. Hurry cure without rooting and poisons enter; true qi wastes away and a second stroke kills. If Jia Yi were reborn he could not improve on this.'
21
知興化軍，又移南劍，除夔路提點刑獄，改知夔州，加直敷文閣。 夔屬郡曰施州，其羈縻郡曰思州。 施民譚汝翼者，與知思州田汝弼交惡，會汝弼卒，汝翼帥兵二千人伐其喪。 汝弼之子祖周深入報復，兵交於三州之境，施、黔大震。 汝翼復繕甲兵，料丁壯，以重幣借兵諸洞，而乞師于帥府。 栗曰：「汝翼實召亂者。」 移檄罷兵，乃選屬吏往攝兵職，以漸收汝翼之權。 命兵馬鈐轄按閱諸州，密檄至施，就攝州事。 汝翼不之覺，已乃皇遽遁入成都。 事聞，孝宗親劄賜栗及成都制置使陳峴曰：「田氏猶是羈縻州郡，譚氏乃夔路豪族，又且首為釁端，帥閫不能彈壓，縱其至此。 如尚不悛，未免加兵，除其元惡。」 時汝翼在成都，聞之逃歸，調集家丁及役八砦義軍，列陳於沱河橋與官軍戰，潰，汝翼遁去，俘其徒四十有三人，獲甲鎧器仗三萬一千。 栗取其巨惡者九人誅之。 田祖周由是懼，與其母冉氏謀獻黔江田業，計錢九十萬緡以贖罪，蠻徼遂安。
He governed Xinghua and Nanjian, became judicial intendant and prefect of Kuizhou, with the added title direct academician of the Hall for Spreading Culture. Kuizhou's subordinate Shizhou had the attached Sizhou. Tan Ruyi of Shizhou feuded with Tian Rubi of Sizhou; when Rubi died Ruyi attacked the funeral with two thousand men. Rubi's son Zuzhou counterattacked; fighting spread across three prefectures. Ruyi rearmed, mustered men, borrowed tribal troops, and begged aid from headquarters. Li said: 'Ruyi truly provoked this disorder.' He ordered troops halted, sent subordinates to take command, and gradually stripped Ruyi's power. He ordered the military controller to inspect prefectures and secretly sent orders to Shizhou to assume charge. Ruyi noticed too late and fled to Chengdu. Xiaozong wrote Li and commissioner Chen Xian: 'The Tians are attached tribes; the Tans are Kuizhou magnates who started the trouble; the commander failed to suppress them. If they do not repent, troops must eliminate the ringleaders.' Ruyi fled Chengdu, rallied retainers and militia, fought at Tuo River bridge, was routed; forty-three were captured with vast arms. Li executed nine chief culprits. Zuzhou, fearing execution, offered fields worth nine hundred thousand strings; the frontier quieted.
22
既而汝翼入都訴栗受田氏金，詔以汝翼屬吏，省劄下夔州。 栗親書奏狀繳還，並辨其事。 上大怒。 會近臣有救解者，尋坐栗身為帥臣，擅格上命，鐫職罷歸。 既而理寺追究，事白，貸汝翼死，幽置紹興府。
Ruyi later accused Li of taking Tian bribes; an edict sent him to officials in Kuizhou. Li returned the dispatch with a clarifying memorial. The emperor was furious. After intercession, Li was punished for blocking imperial orders and sent home. Investigation cleared Li; Ruyi's death sentence was commuted to confinement in Shaoxing.
23
居頃之，詔栗累更事任，清介有聞，復直寶文閣、廣南西路轉運判官，就改提點刑獄，又改知潭州。 除秘閣修撰，進集英殿修撰、知隆興府。 召對便殿，奏乞仿唐制置補闕、拾遺左右各一員，不以糾彈為責。 從之。 除兵部侍郎。 朱熹以江西提刑召為兵部郎官，熹既入國門，未就職。 栗與熹相見，論《易》與《西銘》不合。 至是，栗遣吏部趣之，熹以腳疾請告。 栗遂論：「熹本無學術，徒竊張載、程頤之緒餘，為浮誕宗主，謂之道學，妄自推尊。 所至輒攜門生十數人，習為春秋、戰國之態，妄希孔、孟歷聘之風，繩以治世之法，則亂人之首也。 今采其虛名，俾之入奏，將置朝列，以次收用。 而熹聞命之初，遷延道途，邀索高價，門生迭為遊說，政府許以風聞，然後入門。 既經陛對，得旨除郎，而輒懷不滿，傲睨累日，不肯供職，是豈張載、程頤之學教之然也？ 緣熹既除兵部郎官，在臣合有統攝，若不舉劾，厥罪惟均。 望將熹停罷，姑令循省，以為事君無禮者之戒。」
Soon Li was restored for integrity to academician and posts in Guangnan West and Tanzhou. He became privy archive compiler, then compiler of the Hall for Assembled Eminence and prefect of Longxing. Summoned to court he asked to restore Tang-style remonstrance and supplementation officers not charged with impeachment. The request was approved. He was appointed vice minister of war. Zhu Xi was summoned from Jiangxi as war ministry lang official but had not taken office. Li met Xi and disputed the Book of Changes and Western Inscription. Li sent the ministry to hurry him; Xi pleaded illness. Li attacked Xi: 'He has no learning, only scraps of Zhang and Cheng; he calls it Way-learning and exalts himself. He tours with disciples aping ancient sages; by standards of governance he is a chief disorderer. Now his empty fame brings him to court for appointment. He delayed on the road, demanded high price, and let disciples lobby before entering. Given a lang post he was discontent, refused duty for days—is this Zhang and Cheng's teaching? As his supervisor I must impeach or share the fault. Suspend Xi for reflection as a warning to the disrespectful.'
24
上謂其言過當，而大臣畏栗之強，莫敢深論。 太常博士葉適獨上封事辯之曰：
The emperor said he went too far, but ministers feared Li and did not debate. Only Ye Shi submitted a sealed rebuttal:
25
「考栗之辭，始末參驗，無一實者。 其中『謂之道學』一語，無實最甚。 蓋自昔小人殘害良善，率有指名，或以為好名，或以為立異，或以為植黨。 近忽創為『道學』之目，鄭丙唱之，陳賈和之。 居要路者密相付授，見士大夫有稍務潔修，粗能操守，輒以道學之名歸之，殆如吃菜事魔、影跡犯敗之類。 往日王淮表裏臺諫，陰廢正人，蓋用此術。 栗為侍從，無以達陛下之德意志慮，而更襲鄭丙、陳賈密相傳授之說，以道學為大罪。 文致言語，逐去一熹，固未甚害，第恐自此遊辭無實，讒言橫生，善良受害，無所不有！ 願陛下正紀綱之所在，絕欺罔於既形，摧抑暴橫以扶善類，奮發剛斷以慰公言。」
'Examining Li's words, not one is real. The phrase "Way-learning" is the least real. Petty men always label the good—fond of fame, standing apart, forming factions. Lately they invented Way-learning; Zheng Bing started it, Chen Jia joined. Men in power branded the pure as Way-learning, like demon worship or criminal shadow. Wang Huai used this technique to remove upright men. Li could not convey your virtue but repeated Zheng and Chen, making Way-learning a great crime. Driving out Xi alone is small harm, but slander will harm the good everywhere! Rectify discipline, end deceit, suppress violence, and comfort public opinion.'
26
於是侍御史胡晉臣劾栗，罷之，出知泉州，又改明州。 奉祠以卒，諡「簡肅」。
Hu Jinchen impeached Li; he was dismissed to Quanzhou, then Mingzhou. He died in sinecure with posthumous title Simple and Stern.
27
栗為人強介有才，而性狷急，欲快其私忿，遂至攻詆名儒，廢絕師教，殆與鄭丙、陳賈、何澹、劉德秀、劉三傑、胡紘輩黨邪害正者同科。 雖疇昔論事，雄辯可觀，不足以蓋晚節之謬也。
Li was forceful but narrow; to satisfy private spite he attacked scholars and teaching, ranking with Zheng Bing, Chen Jia, He Dan, and Hu Hong as faction villains. His earlier eloquence cannot cover his later errors.
28
高文虎
Gao Wenhu
29
高文虎，字炳如，四明人，禮部侍郎閌之從子。 登紹興庚辰進士第，調平江府吳興縣主簿。
Gao Wenhu, courtesy name Bingru, of Siming, was nephew of Vice Minister of Rites Gao Min. He passed the jinshi in 1160 and became registrar of Wuxing in Pingjiang.
30
曾幾守官在吳，文虎從之遊，故聞見博洽，多識典故。 除國子正，遷太學博士。 孝宗幸兩學，祭酒林光朝訪文虎具儀注，文虎輯國朝以來臨幸故事授之。 兼國史院編修官，與修《四朝國史》。 出知建昌軍，擢將作丞兼實錄院檢討官，修《高宗實錄》； 又兼玉牒所檢討官，修《神宗玉牒》。 自熙寧以來，史氏淆雜，人無所取信。 文虎盡取朱墨本刊正繆妄，一一研覈。 既奏御，又修《徽宗玉牒》，考訂宣和、崇、觀以來尤為詳審。
Studying under Zeng Ji there, he gained broad learning and knowledge of precedent. He became rectifier of the Directorate of Education and academy erudite. When Xiaozong visited the academies, Director Lin Guangchao asked Wenhu for ritual precedents since the founding. As national history compiler he helped compile the Four Reigns National History. Sent to Jianchang, he became director of palace construction and veritable records reviewer, compiling Gaozong's Veritable Records; He also reviewed the Jade Registers and compiled Shenzong's Veritable Records. Since Xining historians had been confused and untrustworthy. Wenhu corrected all editions, examining each item. He also compiled Huizong's records with especial care for Xuanhe and Chongning.
31
寧宗即位，遷軍器少監兼將作監，遷國子司業兼學士院權直，遷祭酒、中書舍人，兼直學士院兼祭酒，升實錄院同修撰、同修國史。
Under Ningzong he rose through armory, education, and drafting posts to associate compiler of records and national history.
32
韓侂胄用事，既逐趙汝愚、朱熹，以其門多知名士，設偽學之目以擯之，遂命文虎草詔曰：
Han Tuozhou expelled Zhao and Zhu, banned false learning, and ordered Wenhu to draft an edict:
33
「向者權臣擅朝，偽邪朋附，協肆姦宄，包藏禍心。 賴天之靈，宗廟之福，朕獲承慈訓，膺受內禪，陰謀壞散，國勢復安。 嘉與士大夫厲精更始，凡曰淫朋比德，幾其自新，而歷載臻茲，弗迪厥化。 締交合盟，窺伺間隙，毀譽舛迕，流言間發，將以傾國是而惑眾心。 甚至竊附於元祐之眾賢，而不思實類乎紹聖之姦黨。 國家秉德康寧，弗汝瑕殄，今惟自作弗靖，意者漸於流俗之失不可復反歟？ 將狃于國之寬恩而罰有弗及歟？ 何其未能洗濯以稱朕意也！ 朕既深詔二三大臣與夫侍從言議之官，益維持正論以明示天下矣，諭告所抵，宜各改視回聽，毋復借疑似之說以惑亂世俗。 若其遂非不悔，怙終不悛，邦有常刑，必罰毋赦！」
'Formerly ministers monopolized court; false factions conspired treacherously. Heaven and the ancestors blessed me to receive abdication; plots collapsed and the state was restored. I sought reform; licentious cliques were to renew yet have not. They allied, spread slander and rumors, intending to overturn state affairs. They posed as Yuanyou worthies yet resembled Shaosheng villains. The state has spared you; do you refuse to turn from error? Or do you cling to leniency while punishment spares you? How can you fail to reform to match my intent! I have charged ministers to maintain upright discourse; do not use doubtful talk to confuse society. Persist in error and constant punishment will not pardon you!'
34
西掖詞命，舊率以數人共一詞，文虎以為非所以崇訓戒、贊人才也，乃人人各為之。 遷兵部侍郎兼中書舍人，又兼祭酒，拜翰林學士兼侍讀、實錄院修撰，修國史。 除華文閣學士、知建寧府，力丐祠，提舉太平興國宮。 以臺臣言奪職，卒。
Western Secretariat edicts were shared; Wenhu had each drafter write separately to honor admonition. He became war vice minister, drafting official, Hanlin academician, lecturer, and national history compiler. Made academician and prefect of Jianning, he begged sinecure at Taiping Xingguo Palace. Censors stripped his office and he died.
35
文虎以博洽自負，與胡紘合黨，共攻道學，久司學校，專困遏天下士，凡言性命道德者皆絀焉。
Wenhu prided himself on learning, joined Hu Hong to attack Way-learning, and blocked scholars who spoke of morality.
36
陳自強
Chen Ziqiang
37
陳自強者，福州閩縣人，字勉之。 登淳熙五年進士第。 慶元二年，入都待銓。 自以嘗為韓侂胄童子師，欲見之，無以自通，適僦居主人出入侂胄家，為言於侂胄。 一日，召自強，比至，則從官畢集，侂胄設褥于堂，向自強再拜，次召從官同坐。 侂胄徐曰：「陳先生老儒，汩沒可念。」 明日，從官交薦其才。 除太學錄，遷博士，數月轉國子博士，又遷秘書郎。 入館半載，擢右正言、諫議大夫、御史中丞。 入臺未逾月，遂登樞府，由選人至兩地財四年。 嘉泰三年，拜右丞相，歷封祁、衛、秦國公。
Chen Ziqiang of Min county, Fuzhou, courtesy name Mianzhi. He passed the jinshi in 1178. In 1196 he entered the capital awaiting appointment. He had been Tuozhou's childhood teacher and wanted an audience; his landlord introduced him. Tuozhou summoned him, bowed to him in the hall, and seated attendants with them. Tuozhou said: 'Master Chen is a neglected old scholar.' The next day attendants recommended his talent. He became academy recorder, erudite, national erudite, then secretary. Within half a year he was censor-in-chief. Within a month he reached the secretariat—from common appointee to top posts in four years. In 1203 he became right chief councilor, enfeoffed duke of Qi, Wei, and Qin.
38
韓侂胄顓朝權，包苴盛行，自強尤貪鄙。 四方致書饋，必題其緘云：「某物並獻」； 凡書題無「並」字，則不開。 縱子弟親戚關通貨賄，仕進干請，必諧價而後予。 日押空名刺劄送侂胄家，須用乃填，三省不與也。 都城火，自強所貯，一夕為煨燼。 侂胄首遺之萬緡，執政及列郡聞之，莫不有助。 不數月，得六十萬緡，遂倍所失之數。 創國用司，自為國用使，以費士寅、張岩為同知國用事，掊克民財，州郡騷動。
Tuozhou monopolized power; gifts flourished; Ziqiang was especially greedy. Gifts bore seals reading 'such item presented together.' Letters without the word 'together' went unopened. Kin sold offices only after fixing price. He sent blank appointment slips to Tuozhou's house to fill at need. A capital fire burned Ziqiang's stores overnight. Tuozhou gave ten thousand strings; officials and prefectures aided. Within months he received six hundred thousand strings—double his loss. He created a revenue office to squeeze wealth and disturb prefectures.
39
方侂胄欲為平章，猶畏眾議，自強首率同列援典故入奏。 詔以侂胄為平章軍國事。 常語人曰：「自強惟一死以報師王。」 每稱侂胄為恩王、恩父，而呼堂吏史達祖為兄、蘇師旦為叔。
When Tuozhou sought grand councilor rank, Ziqiang led colleagues citing precedent. Tuozhou was made grand councilor for military affairs. He said he had only death to repay Teacher King. He called Tuozhou benefactor king and father, clerks brother and uncle.
40
侂胄將用兵，遣使北行審敵虛實，自強薦陳景俊以往。 金人有「不宜敗好」之語，景俊歸，自強戒使勿言，侂胄乃決恢復之議。 吳曦有逆謀，求歸蜀，厚賂自強。 自強語侂胄：「非曦不足以鎮坤維。」 乃縱之歸，曦卒受金人命為蜀王。 侂胄姦凶，久盜國柄，自強實為之表裏。
Tuozhou sent envoys north; Ziqiang recommended Chen Jingjun. Jin envoys said peace must not break; Ziqiang silenced reports; Tuozhou chose war. Wu Xi sought return to Shu and bribed Ziqiang. Ziqiang said only Xi could hold the west. Xi was allowed back and became Jin king of Shu. Tuozhou usurped power; Ziqiang was his inside man.
41
既開邊隙，朝野洶洶，三遣使請和。 金人欲縛送首議用兵賊臣，侂胄恚憤，復欲用兵，中外大懼。 史彌遠建議誅侂胄，詔以自強阿附充位，不恤國事，罷右丞相。 未幾，詔追三官，永州居住，又責武泰軍節度副使、韶州安置。 中書舍人倪思繳奏，乞遠竄，籍其家，詔從之。 再責復州團練副使、雷州安置。 後死于廣州。
War alarmed the realm; three missions sought peace. Jin demanded war criminals; Tuozhou raged for war again. Shi Miyuan killed Tuozhou; Ziqiang was dismissed for fawning. He was stripped three ranks, exiled to Yongzhou, then Shaozhou. Ni Si asked farther exile and confiscation; the edict agreed. He was again demoted to Leizhou. He later died in Guangzhou.
42
鄭丙，字少融，福州長樂人。 紹興十五年進士。 積官至吏部尚書、浙東提舉。 朱熹行部至台州，奏台守唐仲友不法事，宰相王淮庇之。 熹章十上。 丙雅厚仲友，且迎合宰相意，奏：「近世士大夫有所謂『道學』者，欺世盜名，不宜信用。」 蓋指熹也。 於是監察御史陳賈奏：「道學之徒，假名以濟其偽，乞擯斥勿用。」 道學之目，丙倡賈和，其後為慶元學禁，善類被厄，丙罪為多。
Zheng Bing of Changle, Fuzhou, courtesy name Shaorong. Jinshi in 1145. He rose to minister of personnel and Zhedong transport commissioner. Zhu Xi memorialized Tang Zhongyou's crimes at Taizhou; Wang Huai sheltered Tang. Xi submitted ten memorials. Bing, allied with Zhongyou, memorialized that Way-learning deceived the age and should not be trusted. This targeted Xi. Censor Chen Jia asked to exclude Way-learning followers. Bing started the Way-learning label that became the Qingyuan ban.
43
嘗知泉州，為政暴急，或勸之尚寬，丙曰：「吾疾惡有素，豈以晚節易所守哉。」 聞者哂之。 丙官終端明殿學士，卒，諡「簡肅」。
Governing Quanzhou violently, he refused to soften in old age. Hearers sneered. He died as Duanming academician with posthumous title Simple and Stern.
44
京鏜，字仲遠，豫章人也。 登紹興二十七年進士第。 龔茂良帥江西，見之曰：「子廟廓器也。」 及茂良參大政，遂薦鏜入朝。
Jing Tang of Yuzhang, courtesy name Zhongyuan. Jinshi in 1157. Gong Maoliang said he had the makings of a state minister. When Maoliang rose he recommended Tang.
45
孝宗詔侍從舉良縣令為臺官，給事中王希呂曰：「京鏜蚤登儒級，兩試令，有聲。 陛下求執法官，鏜其人也。」 上引見鏜，問政事得失。 時上初統萬機，銳志恢復，群臣進說，多迎合天子意，以為大功可旦暮致。 鏜獨言「天下事未有驟如意者，宜舒徐以圖之」。 上善其言。 鏜於是極論今日民貧兵驕，士氣頹靡，言甚切至。 上說，擢為監察御史，累遷右司郎官。
Wang Xilü recommended Tang as censor for his magisterial record. Tang is the man for enforcing law.' The emperor summoned Tang and asked policy. The new emperor sought recovery; ministers flattered him that success was near. Tang alone said nothing succeeds at once; proceed slowly. The emperor approved. Tang discussed poverty, arrogant troops, and decadent morale incisively. He was promoted to investigating censor and right office vice director.
46
金遣賀生辰使來，上居高宗喪，不欲引見，鏜為儐佐，以旨拒之。 使者請少留闕下，鏜曰：「信使之來，以誕節也。 誕節禮畢，欲留何名乎？」 使行，上嘉其稱職。 轉中書門下省檢正諸房公事。
Jin birthday envoys came during mourning; Tang refused audience. Envoys asked to linger; Tang said they came only for the birthday rite. When the rite ends, by what right should they stay?' Envoys left; the emperor praised him. He became secretariat checking official.
47
金人遣使來吊，鏜為報謝使。 金人故事，南使至汴京則賜宴。 鏜請免宴，郊勞使康元弼等不從，鏜謂必不免宴，則請徹樂，遺之書曰：「鏜聞鄰喪者舂不相，里殯者不巷歌。 今鏜銜命而來，繄北朝之惠吊，是荷是謝。 北朝勤其遠而憫其勞，遣郊勞之使，蕆式宴之儀，德莫厚焉，外臣受賜，敢不重拜。 若曰而必聽樂，是於聖經為悖理，於臣節為悖義，豈惟貽本朝之羞，亦豈昭北朝之懿哉？」 相持甚久。 鏜即館，相禮者趣就席，鏜曰：「若不徹樂，不敢即席。」 金人迫之，鏜弗為動，徐曰：「吾頭可取，樂不可聞也。」 乃帥其屬出館門，甲士露刃向鏜，鏜叱退之。 金人知鏜不可奪，馳白其主，主歎曰：「南朝直臣也。」 特命免樂。 自是恒去樂而後宴鏜。 孝宗聞之喜，謂輔臣曰：「士大夫平居孰不以節義自許，有能臨危不變如鏜者乎？」
Jin sent condolence envoys; Tang was thanks envoy. Jin custom granted banquets at Bianjing. Tang asked to waive banquets or remove music, citing: At a neighbor's mourning one does not pound grain together; at a lane funeral one does not sing. I come relying on the northern court's gracious condolence. Your grace in sending comfort and banquet is great; I dare not fail to bow.' To insist on music violates canon and duty, shaming both courts.' They contended long. Tang refused to sit until music ceased. Pressed by Jin guards, Tang said: 'Take my head, not music.' Armored soldiers threatened him; he shouted them down. The Jin ruler called him a straight minister of the southern court and waived music. Henceforth they removed music before banqueting Tang. Xiaozong rejoiced: 'Who at crisis stands firm like Tang?'
48
使還，入見，上勞之曰：「卿能執禮為國家增氣，朕將何以賞卿？」 鏜頓首曰：「北人畏陛下威德，非畏臣也。 正使臣死於北庭，亦臣子之常分耳，敢言賞乎！」 故事，使還當增秩。 右相周必大言於上曰：「增秩常典爾，京鏜奇節，今之毛遂也，惟陛下念之。」 乃命鏜權工部侍郎。
The emperor asked how to reward him for upholding ritual. Tang said northerners feared the emperor's virtue, not him. Death in the north would be a minister's duty—how dare he ask reward!' Returning envoys normally gained rank. Zhou Bida called Tang today's Mao Sui deserving special notice. Tang was made acting vice minister of works.
49
四川闕帥，以鏜為安撫制置使兼知成都府。 鏜到官，首罷征斂，弛利以予民。 瀘州卒殺太守，鏜擒而斬之，蜀以大治。 召為刑部尚書。
Tang became Sichuan pacification commissioner and Chengdu prefect. He abolished levies and eased burdens on the people. When Luzhou soldiers killed the prefect he executed them and pacified Shu. He was summoned as minister of punishments.
50
寧宗即位，甚見尊禮，由政府累遷為左丞相。 當是時，韓侂胄權勢震天下，其親幸者由禁從不一二歲至宰輔； 而不附侂胄者，往往沉滯不偶。 鏜既得位，一變其素守，於國事謾無所可否，但奉行侂胄風旨而已。 又薦引劉德秀排擊善類，於是有偽學之禁。
Under Ningzong he was honored and rose to left chief councilor. Tuozhou's power shook the realm; favorites rose to councilor in years; those not attached stagnated. In office Tang abandoned his principles and only followed Tuozhou. He recommended Liu Dexiu to attack the good, beginning the false-learning ban.
51
後宦者王德謙除節度使，鏜乃請裂其麻，上曰：「除德謙一人而止可乎？」 鏜曰：「此門不可啟。 節鉞不已，必及三孤； 三孤不已，必及三公。 願陛下以真宗不予劉承規為法，以大觀、宣、政間童貫等冒節鉞為戒。」 上於是謫德謙而黜詞臣吳宗旦，或曰，亦侂胄意也。
When a eunuch was made military commissioner Tang asked to tear up the patent. Tang said: 'This door cannot open. Military seals lead to the Three Solitaries; and then to the Three Dukes. Take Zhenzong's refusal to Liu Chenggui and Tong Guan's usurpation as warnings.' The emperor demoted Deqian; some said it was Tuozhou's intent.
52
居無何，以年老請免相，薨，贈太保，諡「文忠」。 後以監察御史倪千里言，改諡「莊定」。
He soon resigned for age, died, posthumous title Literary and Loyal. Censor Ni Qianli later changed his posthumous title to Settled and Fixed.
53
謝深甫
Xie Shenfu
54
謝深甫，字子肅，台州臨海人。 少穎悟，刻志為學，積數年不寐，夕則置瓶水加足於上，以警困怠。 父景之識為遠器，臨終語其妻曰：「是兒當大吾門，善訓迪之。」 母攻苦守志，督深甫力學。
Xie Shenfu of Linhai, Taizhou, courtesy name Zisu. As a youth he studied without sleep, placing water on his foot to stay awake. His father said he would enlarge the family and urged training. His mother urged him to study hard.
55
中乾道二年進士第，調嵊縣尉。 歲饑，有死道旁者，一嫗哭訴曰：「吾兒也。 傭於某家，遭掠而斃。」 深甫疑焉，徐廉得嫗子他所，召嫗出示之，嫗驚伏曰：「某與某有隙，賂我使誣告耳。」
Jinshi in 1166; sheriff of Sheng county. In famine a woman claimed a roadside corpse was her son. Hired out, he was robbed and killed.' Shenfu found the son alive and exposed a false accusation.
56
越帥方滋、錢端禮皆薦深甫有廊廟才，調昆山丞，為浙曹考官，一時士望皆在選中。 司業鄭伯熊曰：「文士世不乏，求具眼如深甫者實鮮。」 深甫曰：「文章有氣骨，如泰山喬嶽，可望而知，以是得之。」
Commanders recommended him; as examiner he selected leading scholars. Zheng Boxiong said discerning eyes like his were rare. Shenfu said he chose writing with the bone of great mountains.
57
知處州青田縣。 侍御史葛邲、監察御史顏師魯、禮部侍郎王藺交薦之。 孝宗召見，深甫言：「今日人才，枵中侈外者多妄誕，矯訐沽激者多眩鬻。 激昂者急於披露，然或鄰於好誇； 剛介者果於植立，而或鄰於太銳； 靜退簡默者寡有所合，或鄰於立異。 故言未及酬而已齟齬，事未及成而已挫抑。 於是趣時徇利之人，專務身謀，習為軟熟，畏避束手，因循苟且，年除歲遷，亦至通顯，一有緩急，莫堪倚仗。 臣願任使之際，必察其實，既悉其實，則涵養之以蓄其才，振作之以厲其氣，栽培封殖，勿使沮傷。」 上嘉納。 問當世人才，對曰：「薦士，大臣職也。 小臣來自遠方，不足以奉明詔。」 上頷之，諭宰臣曰：「謝深甫奏對雍容，有古人風。」 除籍田令，遷大理丞。
He governed Qingtian in Chuzhou. Censors and a vice minister recommended him. Summoned, he warned against flashy, contentious, or merely retiring talent. The ardent risk boasting; the rigid risk excess sharpness; the retiring risk standing apart. Words clash before answered; affairs fail before done. Time-servers advance yet cannot be relied on in crisis. Examine men truly, nourish talent, and do not discourage the able.' The emperor praised and accepted. Asked about talent he said recommendation was ministers' duty. He was too humble to name names.' The emperor praised his ancient style. He became director of altar fields and judicial review assistant.
58
進士俞古應詔言事，語涉詆訐，送瑞州聽讀。 深甫謂：「以天變求言，未聞旌賞而反罪之，則是名求而實拒也。 俞古不足以道，所惜者朝廷事體耳。」 右司諫鄧馹論近習，左遷，深甫請還馹，謂：「不可以近習故變易諫官，為清朝累。」
Jinshi Yu Gu was sent away for harsh memorializing. Punishing memorialists while claiming to seek counsel is hypocrisy. Yu Gu matters less than the court's manner.' He defended remonstrator Deng Yi demoted for criticizing favorites.
59
二年，知臨安府。 三年，除工部侍郎。 入謝，光宗面諭曰：「京尹寬則廢法，猛則厲民，獨卿為政得寬猛之中。」 進兼吏部侍郎，兼詳定敕令官。 四年，兼給事中。 陳源久以罪斥，忽予內祠，深甫固執不可。 姜特立復詔用，深甫力爭，特立竟不得入。 張子仁除節度使，深甫疏十一上，命遂寢。 每禁庭燕私，左右有希恩澤者，上必曰：「恐謝給事有不可耳。」
In the second year he governed Lin'an. In the third year he became vice minister of works. Guangzong praised his balanced rule as capital intendant. He became concurrent personnel vice minister and edict reviewer. In the fourth year he was concurrent drafting official. He blocked reinstatement of the banished Chen Yuan. He blocked Jiang Teli's return. He blocked Zhang Ziren's military commission with eleven memorials. The emperor said he feared Xie would disapprove favors.
60
寧宗即位，除煥章閣待制、知建康府，改御史中丞兼侍讀。 上言：「比年以來，紀綱不立。 臺諫有所論擊，不與被論同罷，則反除以外任； 給、舍有所繳駁，不命次官書行，則反遷以他官； 監司有所按察，不兩置之勿問，則被按者反得美除。 以奔競得志者，不復知有廉恥； 以請屬獲利者，不復知有彝憲。 貪墨縱橫，莫敢誰何； 罪惡暴露，無所忌憚。 隳壞紀綱，莫此為甚。 請風厲在位，革心易慮，以肅朝著。」 禮官議祧僖祖，侍講朱熹以為不可。 深甫言：「宗廟重事，未宜遽革。 朱熹考訂有據，宜從熹議。」
Under Ningzong he became Jiankang prefect and censor-in-chief. He memorialized that discipline had collapsed. Censors dismissed with the accused or transferred; drafters bypassed or moved; investigators rewarded instead of punished. The ambitious forgot shame; the venal forgot law. Greed ran wild unchecked; crimes went unpunished. Discipline was destroyed. He begged to stiffen office and rectify the court.' Ritualists discussed removing Xizu; Zhu Xi objected. Shenfu said ancestral matters should not be changed hastily. Xi's view had basis and should be followed.'
61
嘉泰元年，累疏乞避位，寧宗曰：「卿能為朕守法度，惜名器，不可以言去。」 召坐賜茶，御筆書《說命》中篇及金幣以賜之。
Begging to resign, he was told he upheld law and could not leave. The emperor gave tea, wrote from the Announcement, and bestowed gold.
62
有余嚞者，上書乞斬朱熹，絕偽學，且指蔡元定為偽黨。 深甫擲其書，語同列曰：「朱元晦、蔡季通不過自相與講明其學耳，果有何罪乎？ 余嚞蟣蝨臣，乃敢狂妄如此，當相與奏知行遣，以厲其餘。」
Yu Yan asked to behead Zhu Xi and name Cai Yuanding false faction. Shenfu rejected Yu Yan: Zhu and Cai only taught their learning. We should punish Yu Yan to warn others.'
63
金使入見不如式，寧宗起入禁中，深甫端立不動，命金使俟於殿隅，帝再御殿，乃引使者進書，迄如舊儀。
When Jin envoys broke ritual Shenfu held court form until ritual was restored.
64
許及之
Xu Jizhi
65
許及之，字深甫，溫州永嘉人。 隆興元年第進士，知袁州分宜縣。 以部使者薦，除諸軍審計，遷宗正簿。 乾道元年，林栗請增置諫員，乃效唐制置拾遺、補闕，以及之為拾遺，班序在監察御史之上。
Xu Jizhi of Yongjia, Wenzhou, courtesy name Shenfu. Jinshi in 1163; magistrate of Fenyi in Yuanzhou. Recommended as army auditor and clan registrar. When Lin Li added remonstrance posts, Jizhi became supplementation officer above censors.
66
高宗崩，及之言：「皇帝既躬三年之喪，群臣難從純吉，當常服黑帶。」 王淮當國久，及之奏：「陛下即位二十七年，而群臣未能如聖意者，以苟且為安榮，以姑息為仁恕，以不肯任事為簡重，以不敢任怨為老成。 敢言者指為輕儇，鮮恥者謂之樸實。 陛下得若人而相之，何補於治哉！」 淮竟罷職予祠。
At Gaozong's death he urged black mourning bands for officials. He attacked Wang Huai's long rule for breeding perfunctory ministers. Daring speakers were called frivolous; the shameless called plain. Such councilors did not help governance!' Wang Huai was dismissed to a sinecure.
67
光宗受禪，除軍器監，遷太常少卿，以言者罷。 紹熙元年，除淮南運判兼淮東提刑，以鐵錢濫惡不職，貶秩，知廬州。 召除大理少卿。 寧宗即位，除吏部尚書兼給事中。 及之早與薛叔似同擢遺、補，皆為當時所予。 黨事既起，善類一空，叔似累斥逐，而及之謅事侂胄，無所不至。 嘗值侂胄生日，朝行上壽畢集，及之後至，閹人掩關拒之，及之俯僂以入。 為尚書，二年不遷，見侂胄流涕，序其知遇之意及衰遲之狀，不覺膝屈。 侂胄惻然憐之曰：「尚書才望，簡在上心，行且進拜矣。」 居亡何，同知樞密院事。 當時有「由竇尚書、屈膝執政」之語，傳以為笑。
Under Guangzong he became armory director and ritual vice director, then was dismissed. In 1190 he was demoted for debased iron coins at Luzhou. He was summoned as judicial review assistant director. Under Ningzong he became personnel minister and drafting official. He and Xue Shusi had risen together as remonstrance officers. When factions arose Shusi was expelled while Jizhi fawned on Tuozhou endlessly. At Tuozhou's birthday he arrived late and bowed low past closed gates. Unpromoted for two years, he wept before Tuozhou and knelt unconsciously. Tuozhou pitied him and promised promotion. Soon he was associate military commissioner. People mocked 'from the hole, minister; kneeling to govern.'
68
嘉泰二年，拜參知政事，進知樞密院事兼參政。 兵端開，侂胄欲令及之守金陵，及之辭。 侂胄誅，中丞雷孝友奏及之實贊侂胄開邊，及守金陵，始詭計免行。 降兩官，泉州居住。 嘉定二年，卒。
In 1202 he became participant in governance and military commissioner. When war opened Tuozhou wanted him to guard Jinling; he declined. Lei Xiaoyou said he aided Tuozhou's war and feigned illness to avoid Jinling. He was demoted two ranks and exiled to Quanzhou. He died in 1209.
69
梁汝嘉
Liang Rujia
70
梁汝嘉，字仲謨，處州麗水人。 以外祖太宰何執中任入官，調中山府司議曹事。 建炎初，知常州武進縣。 守薦其治狀，擢通判州事，加直秘閣，歷官至轉運副使。
Liang Rujia of Lishui, Chuzhou, courtesy name Zhongmo. Through his grandfather He Zhizhong he entered office at Zhongshan. At Jianyan's start he was magistrate of Wujin in Changzhou. Recommended for governance he rose to vice prefect and transport vice commissioner.
71
臨安闕守，火盜屢作，命汝嘉攝事。 汝嘉修火政，嚴巡徼，盜發輒得，火災亦息。 遂命為真，加直龍圖閣。 以稱職，擢徽猷閣待制，試戶部侍郎兼知臨安府。 累遷戶部侍郎，進權尚書兼江、淮、荊、廣經制使。
Lin'an lacked a prefect; Rujia was ordered to act amid fire and bandits. He repaired fire policy and caught bandits. He became permanent prefect with Dragon Diagram title. Promoted for duty he tried as revenue vice minister and Lin'an prefect. He rose to acting revenue minister and circuit commissioner.
72
汝嘉素善秦檜，殿中侍御史周葵將按之。 汝嘉聞，紿中書舍人林待聘曰：「副端將論君。」 待聘亟告檜，徙葵起居郎。 葵入後省，出疏示待聘曰：「梁仲謨何其幸也。」 待聘始知為汝嘉所賣，士大夫以是薄汝嘉。 汝嘉求去，以寶文閣直學士提舉太平觀。 未幾，升學士、知明州，兼浙西沿海制置使，更溫、宣、鼎三郡，復奉祠以歸。 紹興二十三年，卒。 汝嘉長於吏治，在臨安風績尤著。
He was friendly with Qin Hui; censor Zhou Kui was to investigate. He deceived Lin Daipin that Zhou Kui would attack him. Lin told Hui, who moved Kui away. Kui showed Daipin the memorial: 'How fortunate for Liang.' Daipin knew Rujia had sold him; gentlemen despised Rujia. He left office for Taiping Observatory. He later governed Mingzhou and three prefectures, then retired. He died in 1153. He excelled in administration, especially at Lin'an.
73
論曰：君子之論人，亦先觀其大者而已矣。 忠孝，人之大節也，胡紘導其君以短喪，不得謂之忠； 何澹疑所生繼母之服，士論紛紜而後去，不可以為孝。 彼於其大者且忍為之，則其協比權姦，誣構善類，亦何憚而不為乎？ 謝深甫出處，舊史泯其跡，若無可議為者。 然慶元之初，韓侂胄設偽學之禁，網羅善類而一空之，深甫秉政，適與之同時，諉曰不知，不可也。 況于一劾陳傅良，再劾趙汝愚，形於深甫之章，有不可揜者乎？ 陳自強、鄭丙、許及之輩，狐媚苟合，以竊貴寵，斯亦不足論已。 若林栗之有治才，善論事，高文虎之自負該洽，京鏜之仗義秉禮，志信於敵國，抑豈無足稱者。 然栗以私忿詆名儒，不為清議所與，而文虎草偽學之詔，以是為非，以正為邪，變亂白黑，以欺當世，其人可知也。 鏜暮年得政，朋姦取容，既愧其初服矣，況偽學之目，識者以為鏜實發之乎？ 士君子立身行事，一失其正，流而不知返，遂為千古之罪人，可不懼哉！ 可不懼哉！
The historian remarks: judging men begins with the great points. Loyalty and filial piety are great bonds; Hu Hong led his ruler to short mourning—not loyal; He Dan doubted stepmother mourning—not filial. Having failed the great bonds, they feared nothing in joining villains. Xie Shenfu's record seems blameless. Yet during the false-learning ban Shenfu held office—pleading ignorance fails. His memorials impeached Chen Fuliang and twice impeached Zhao Ruyu. Chen Ziqiang, Zheng Bing, and Xu Jizhi are not worth discussing. Yet Lin Li governed well, Wenhu was learned, Tang upheld ritual before enemies—were they without merit? Yet Li slandered scholars; Wenhu drafted the false-learning edict and reversed right and wrong. Tang in old age fawned on villains; some say he started the false-learning label. Once a gentleman loses the upright path he becomes an age's criminal—should we not fear! Should we not fear!