1
徐誼，字子宜，一字宏父，溫州人。 乾道八年進士，累官太常丞。 孝宗臨御久，事皆上決，執政惟奉旨而行，群下多恐懼顧望。 誼諫曰：「若是則人主日聖，人臣日愚，陛下誰與共功名乎？」 及論樂制，誼對以「宮亂則荒，其君驕； 商亂則陂，其臣壞。」 上遽改容曰：「卿可謂不以官自惰矣。」
Xu Yi, whose style name was Ziyi and who was also known as Hongfu, came from Wenzhou. He passed the jinshi examination in the eighth year of the Qiandao reign and eventually rose to Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. Emperor Xiaozong had reigned for a long time, and he decided everything himself; the chief ministers merely executed his orders, while many officials below were fearful and held back. Yi remonstrated: "If things go on this way, the ruler grows wiser by the day and his ministers more foolish—Your Majesty, with whom will you share glory?" Later, when court music was under discussion, he answered with the classic line: "When the gong mode falls into disorder, the state grows wasteful and the ruler arrogant; when the shang mode falls into disorder, the state declines and the ministers are ruined." The emperor immediately changed his expression and said, "You may truly be said not to grow idle in your office."
2
知徽州，陛辭，屬光宗初受禪，誼奏：「三代聖王，有至誠而無權術，至誠不息，則可以達天德矣。」 至郡，歙縣有妻殺夫繫獄，以五歲女為證，誼疑曰：「婦人能一掌致人死乎？」 緩之未覆也。 會郡究實稅於庭，死者父母及弟在焉，乃言：「我子欠租久繫，饑而大叫，役者批之，墮水死矣。」 然後冤者得釋，吏皆坐罪，闔郡以為神。 移提舉浙西常平，守右司郎中，遷左司。
When he was appointed prefect of Huizhou and took leave at court—just as Emperor Guangzong had received the throne—Yi memorialized: "The sage kings of the Three Dynasties possessed utmost sincerity and no stratagems; with sincerity never ceasing, one may attain Heaven's virtue." Once in office, in She County a wife accused of killing her husband was held in prison, with her five-year-old daughter as witness. Yi voiced his doubt: "Can a woman kill a man with a single slap?" He stayed the case and had not yet rendered judgment. Soon afterward, while the prefecture was verifying tax arrears in open court, the victim's parents and younger brother were present and spoke up: "Our son owed rent and had long been detained; starving, he cried out, and the runners beat him until he fell into the water and drowned." Only then was the innocent party released, the clerks were all punished, and the whole prefecture regarded him as uncannily just. He was transferred to serve as Intendant of Ever-Normal Granaries in western Zhejiang, held the post of Right Bureau Director in the Secretariat, and was promoted to Left Bureau Director.
3
孝宗疾浸棘，上久稽定省，誼入諫，退告宰相曰：「上慰納從容，然目瞪不瞬，意思恍惚，真疾也。 宜禱祠郊廟，進皇子嘉王參決。」 丞相留正不克用。
As Emperor Xiaozong's illness worsened, the reigning emperor long delayed his visits of filial inquiry. Yi remonstrated at court and afterward told the chief minister: "The emperor received me calmly, yet his eyes stared without blinking and his mind seemed dazed—this is a real illness. He urged prayers at the suburban altars and temples and that the Prince of Jia be advanced to share in government decisions." Chief Minister Liu Zheng could not put this into effect.
4
孝宗崩，上不能喪，祭奠有祝，有司不敢攝，百官皆未成服。 誼與少保吳琚議請太皇太后臨朝，扶嘉王代祭。 及將禫，正憂懼，仆於殿庭而去。 誼以書譙趙汝愚曰：「自古人臣為忠則忠，為姦則姦，忠姦雜而能濟者，未之有也。 公內雖心惕，外欲坐觀，非雜之謂歟？ 國家安危，在此一舉。」 汝愚問策安出，誼曰：「此大事，非憲聖太后命不可。 而知閤門事韓侂胄，憲聖之戚也，同里蔡必勝與侂胄同在閤門，可因必勝招之。」 侂胄至，汝愚以內禪議遣侂胄請於憲聖，侂胄因內侍張宗尹、關禮達汝愚意，憲聖許之。
When Emperor Xiaozong died, the reigning emperor could not properly observe mourning; sacrificial rites required prayers, but the responsible offices dared not take charge, and none of the officials had yet donned mourning garb. Yi and Junior Guardian Wu Ju proposed that the Grand Empress Dowager preside at court and that the Prince of Jia be supported to perform the sacrifices in the emperor's place. As the end of mourning approached, Liu Zheng, anxious and fearful, collapsed in the palace courtyard and withdrew. Yi wrote to rebuke Zhao Ruoyu: "Since antiquity, ministers who were loyal were wholly loyal and those who were treacherous wholly treacherous—never has anyone mixed the two and still succeeded. Within you are fearful, yet outwardly you wish only to watch from the sidelines—is that not precisely such a mixture? The safety of the state hangs on this single move." When Ruoyu asked where a plan should come from, Yi said, "This is a momentous affair—it cannot proceed without an order from Empress Dowager Xiansheng. Han Tuozhou, who handled Gatehouse affairs, was a kinsman of the empress dowager; Cai Bisheng, a fellow townsman serving with Tuozhou in the Gatehouse, could be used to summon him." When Tuozhou arrived, Ruoyu sent him to present the plan for an inner abdication to the empress dowager; through the inner attendants Zhang Zongyin and Guan Li, Tuozhou conveyed Ruoyu's intent, and she gave her assent.
5
寧宗即位，誼遷檢正中書門下諸房公事兼權刑部侍郎，進權工部侍郎、知臨安府。 侂胄恃功，以賞薄浸觖望。 誼告汝愚曰：「異時必為國患，宜飽其欲而遠之。」 不聽。
When Emperor Ningzong ascended the throne, Yi was made Revising Secretary for the Secretariat-Chancellery bureaus and concurrently Acting Vice Minister of Justice, then promoted to Acting Vice Minister of Works and prefect of Lin'an. Tuozhou, relying on his services, grew increasingly resentful as his rewards proved meager. Yi warned Ruoyu: "In time he will surely become a danger to the state; satisfy his desires and keep him at a distance." Ruoyu would not heed him.
6
汝愚雅器誼，除授建明多咨訪，誼隨事裨助，不避形跡，怨者始眾。 嘗勸汝愚早退，汝愚亦自請：「名在屬籍，不宜久司揆事，願因阜陵訖事以去。」 寧宗已許之。 侂胄出入禁中無度，誼密啟汝愚，無計防之，乃直面諷侂胄。 侂胄疑將排己，首謁誼，退束裝，冀誼還謁，留之通殷勤，誼不往。
Ruoyu held Yi in high regard and often consulted him on appointments and policy; Yi assisted in every matter without concealing his involvement, and resentful enemies began to multiply. He once urged Ruoyu to retire early; Ruoyu himself also requested: "As one listed in the imperial clan register, I ought not long to hold the chief ministership; I wish to withdraw once the late emperor's burial affairs are concluded." Emperor Ningzong had already agreed. Tuozhou came and went within the inner palace without restraint. Yi secretly informed Ruoyu, but finding no way to check him, finally confronted Tuozhou directly with pointed satire. Tuozhou, suspecting he was about to be pushed out, paid Yi the first visit; on returning he packed his bags, hoping Yi would call on him in return and keep him with cordial words—Yi did not go.
7
吏部侍郎彭龜年論侂胄罪狀，侂胄疑汝愚、誼知其情，益怨恨。 以御史劉德秀、胡纮疏誼，責惠州團練副使、南安軍安置，移袁州，又移婺州。 久之，許自便。 復官，提舉崇道觀，起守江州，加集英殿修撰，升寶謨閣待制，移知建康府，兼江淮制置使。 初，金攻廬、楚不下，留兵綴濠州以待和，時時鈔掠，與宋師遇，殺傷相當，淮人大驚，復迸流江南，在建康者以數十萬計。 誼晝夜拊循，益嚴備禦，請專捍敵，勿從中御。 朝廷懼生事，移知隆興府以卒。
Vice Minister of Personnel Peng Guinian denounced Tuozhou's offenses; Tuozhou suspected that Ruoyu and Yi knew his situation and hated them all the more. Through memorials by censors Liu Dexiu and Hu Hong, Yi was demoted to Deputy Military Commissioner of Huizhou and assigned to Nan'an, then transferred to Yuanzhou and later to Wuzhou. After a long while he was permitted to return to private life. His office was restored; he was made intendant of the Chongdao Abbey, then recalled to govern Jiangzhou, made Compiler at the Hall for Gathering Excellence, promoted to Attendant Gentleman at the Baomo Pavilion, transferred to Jiankang as prefect, and concurrently made Commissioner for the Huai and Yang regions. Earlier the Jin had attacked Lu and Chu without success, left troops to hold Hao Prefecture while awaiting peace talks, and from time to time raided; when they met Song forces casualties were roughly equal. People along the Huai were terrified and again fled south across the Yangtze—refugees in Jiankang numbered in the hundreds of thousands. Yi comforted the people day and night, tightened defenses, and asked that he be left to repel the enemy without interference from the court. The court, fearing he might provoke incidents, transferred him to Longxing Prefecture, where he died.
8
誼嘗與紹興老將接，於行陣之法，分數奇正，皆有指授，自為圖式。 後謚「忠文」。
Yi had once consorted with veteran generals of the Shaoxing era and had been instructed in battle formations, troop dispositions, and orthodox and unorthodox tactics, for which he drew diagrams of his own. He was later given the posthumous title Loyal and Cultured.
9
吳獵，字德夫，潭州醴陵人。 登進士第，初主潯州平南簿。 時張栻經略廣西，檄攝靜江府教授。 劉焞代栻，栻以獵薦，辟本司準備差遣。
Wu Lie, whose style name was Defu, came from Liling in Tanzhou. He passed the jinshi examination and first served as registrar of Pingnan in Xun Prefecture. At the time Zhang Shi was commissioner for Guangxi and ordered him to serve as acting professor at Jingjiang Prefecture. When Liu Chun replaced Zhang Shi, Shi recommended Lie, who was appointed preparatory agent on the commission's staff.
10
盜李接起，陷容、雷、高、化、貴、鬱林等州，獵請賞勞誅罪，焞於是錄鬱林功，誅南流縣尉、鬱林巡檢，人人驚厲，爭死鬥，不逾時，盜悉就擒。 尉，宰相王淮甥也，獵坐降官。 久之，知常州無錫縣。 用陳傅良薦，召試，守正字。
The bandit Li Jie rose and seized Rong, Lei, Gao, Hua, Gui, Yulin, and other prefectures. Lie urged rewards for merit and punishment for failure; Chun then recorded Yulin's achievements, executed the Nanliu county lieutenant and the Yulin inspector, and everyone fought desperately; before long all the bandits were captured. The lieutenant was a nephew of Chief Minister Wang Huai, and Lie was demoted on that account. After a long while he became magistrate of Wuxi in Chang Prefecture. On Chen Fuliang's recommendation he was summoned for examination and appointed Erudite of the Secretariat.
11
光宗以疾久不覲重華宮，獵上疏曰：「今慈福有八十之大母，重華有垂白之二親，陛下宜於此時問安上壽，恪共子職。」 辭甚切。 又白宰相留正，乞召朱熹、楊萬里。 時陳傅良以言過宮事不行求去，獵責之曰：「今安危之機，判然可見，未聞有牽裾折檻之士。 公不於此時有所奮發，為士大夫倡，第潔身而去，於國奚益！」 傅良為改容謝之。
Because of illness Emperor Guangzong long failed to visit the Chonghua Palace. Lie submitted a memorial: "At Cifu there is a great-grandmother of eighty, and at Chonghua two parents whose hair has turned white—Your Majesty should now inquire after their health and wish them long life, faithfully fulfilling a son's duty." His language was urgent in the extreme. He also informed Chief Minister Liu Zheng and asked that Zhu Xi and Yang Wanli be summoned. At the time Chen Fuliang, because his advice on visiting the palace had not been heeded, sought to resign. Lie reproached him: "The hinge of the state's safety is plainly visible, yet we hear of no one seizing the emperor's robe or breaking the balustrade in remonstrance. You do not rouse yourself at this moment to lead the scholar-officials, but merely keep your person clean and withdraw—what good does that do the state!" Fuliang changed expression and apologized.
12
寧宗即位，遷校書郎，除監察御史。 上趣修大內，將移御，獵言：「壽皇破漢、魏以來之薄俗，服高宗三年之喪，陛下萬一輕去喪次，將無以慰在天之靈。」 又言：「陛下即位，未見上皇，宜篤厲精誠，以俟上皇和豫而祗見焉。」 會偽學禁興，獵言：「陛下臨御未數月，今日出一紙去宰相，明日出一紙去諫臣，昨又聞侍講朱熹遽以御劄畀祠，中外惶駭，謂事不出於中書，是謂亂政。」 獵既駁史浩謚，又請以張浚配享阜陵曰：「艱難以來，首倡大義，不以成敗利鈍異其心，精忠茂烈，貫日月、動天地，未有過於張浚也。 孝宗皇帝規恢之志，一飯不忘。 歷考相臣，終始此念，足以上配孝宗在天之意，亦惟浚一人耳。」 議皆不合。 出為江西轉運判官，尋劾罷。
When Emperor Ningzong ascended the throne, Lie was promoted to collator and appointed investigating censor. The emperor hastened repairs to the inner palace and was about to move his residence. Lie said: "Emperor Shouhuang broke the shallow customs since Han and Wei and observed the three-year mourning prescribed for Emperor Gaozong—if Your Majesty lightly leaves the mourning quarters, you will have no means to comfort his spirit in Heaven." He also said: "Since Your Majesty ascended the throne you have not yet seen the Retired Emperor; deepen your sincerity and wait until he is at ease before reverently appearing before him." When the proscription of so-called false learning arose, Lie said: "Your Majesty has reigned only a few months; today one edict removes a chief minister, tomorrow another removes a remonstrating official; yesterday Lecturer-in-Waiting Zhu Xi was suddenly given a palace edict assigning him to a sacrificial post. Court and country are alarmed, saying that affairs no longer come from the Secretariat—this is disordering government." Lie had already opposed Shi Hao's posthumous title and also asked that Zhang Jun receive secondary sacrifice at Emperor Xiaozong's tomb, saying: "Since the time of hardship he was first to uphold the great cause and never let success or failure alter his heart; his loyal devotion was so splendid it penetrated sun and moon and moved Heaven and earth—none has surpassed Zhang Jun. Emperor Xiaozong's resolve to recover the lost territories—he never forgot it even over a single meal. Surveying all the chief ministers, only this intent from first to last is sufficient to match Emperor Xiaozong's intent in Heaven—and only Jun alone." None of these proposals won approval. He was sent out as transport commissioner of Jiangxi and soon impeached and dismissed.
13
久之，黨禁馳，起為廣西轉運判官，除戶部員外郎、總領湖廣江西京西財賦。 韓侂胄議開邊，獵貽書當路，請號召義士以保邊場，刺子弟以補軍實，增棗陽、信陽之戍以備沖突，分屯陽羅五關以扞武昌，杜越境誘竊以謹邊隙，選試良家子以衛府庫。 且謂：「金人懲紹興末年之敗，今其來必出荊、襄逾湖。」 乃輸湖南米於襄陽，凡五十萬石； 又以湖北漕司和糴米三十萬石分輸荊、郢、安、信四郡； 蓄銀帛百萬計以備進討； 拔董逵、孟宗政、柴發等分列要郡，厥後皆為名將。
After a long while, when the factional ban eased, he was raised as transport commissioner of Guangxi, made Vice Director of the Ministry of Revenue, and appointed overall intendant of the revenues of Huguang, Jiangxi, and Jingxi. When Han Tuozhou proposed opening hostilities on the frontier, Lie wrote to those in power urging that righteous volunteers be summoned to secure the borderlands, young men conscripted to fill out the army, garrisons at Zaoyang and Xinyang strengthened against sudden attacks, troops stationed at the five passes of Yangluo to shield Wuchang, cross-border enticement and theft stopped to tighten the frontier, and sons of good families selected by examination to guard the treasuries. He also said: "Chastened by their defeat at the end of the Shaoxing era, if the Jin attack now they will surely advance from Jing and Xiang and cross the lake." He then shipped five hundred thousand piculs of Hunan rice to Xiangyang; and distributed three hundred thousand piculs of tax-grain rice from the Hubei transport office among the four prefectures of Jing, Ying, An, and Xin; stored silver and silks worth on the order of a million to prepare for an advance; and promoted Dong Kui, Meng Zongzheng, Chai Fa, and others to key prefectures; all later became famous generals.
14
召除秘書少監，首陳邊事，乞增光、鄂、江、黃四郡戍。 屬江陵告饑，除秘閣修撰、主管荊湖北路安撫司公事、知江陵府。 陛辭，請出大農十萬緡以振饑者。 道武昌，遣人招商分糴； 至郡，減價發糶，米價為平。
He was summoned and appointed Vice Director of the Secretariat, and first presented frontier affairs, requesting increased garrisons in Guang, E, Jiang, and Huang prefectures. When Jiangling reported famine, he was made Compiler at the Hanlin Archive, placed in charge of the Jinghu North Route Pacification Commission, and appointed prefect of Jiangling. On taking leave at court he asked that one hundred thousand strings from the Grand Agriculture treasury be released to relieve the famine. Passing through Wuchang, he sent men to invite merchants to buy grain in shares; and on reaching his prefecture he sold grain at reduced prices until the price of rice stabilized.
15
獵計金攻襄陽，則荊為重鎮，乃修成「高氏三海」，築金鸞、內湖、通濟、保安四匱，達於上海而注之中海； 拱辰、長林、藥山、棗林四匱，達於下海； 分高沙、東獎之流，由寸金堤外歷南紀、楚望諸門，東匯沙市為南海。 又於赤湖城西南遏走馬湖、熨斗陂之水，西北置李公匱，水勢四合，可限戎馬。
Lie reckoned that if the Jin attacked Xiangyang, Jing would be the key stronghold; he therefore completed the "Three Seas of the Gao clan," building the four reservoirs Jinjuan, Neihu, Tongji, and Bao'an, channeling water to the Upper Sea and then into the Middle Sea; the four reservoirs Gongchen, Changlin, Yaoshan, and Zaolin, reaching the Lower Sea; and diverting the streams of Gaosha and Dongjiang, outside the Cunjin embankment through the gates of Nanji, Chu Wang, and others, eastward gathering at Shashi to form the Southern Sea. He also southwest of Chihu city dammed the waters of Zouma Lake and Yidou Pond, and northwest built the Ligong reservoir; with waters converging on four sides, enemy cavalry could be hemmed in.
16
金人圍襄陽、德安，遊騎迫竟陵，朝廷命獵節制本路兵馬。 獵遣張榮將兵援竟陵，又招神馬陂潰卒得萬人，分援襄陽、德安。 加寶謨閣待制、京湖宣撫使。
The Jin besieged Xiangyang and De'an, and raiding cavalry pressed Jingling; the court ordered Lie to take overall command of the circuit's troops. Lie sent Zhang Rong to lead troops to relieve Jingling and also recruited ten thousand routed soldiers from Shenma Slope, dividing them to aid Xiangyang and De'an. He was made Attendant Gentleman at the Baomo Pavilion and Commissioner for Pacification of Jing and Hu.
17
時金人再犯竟陵，張榮死之，襄陽、德安俱急。 吳曦俄反於蜀，警報至，獵請魏了翁攝參議官，訪以西事，募死士入竟陵，命其將王宗廉死守，調大軍及忠義、保捷分道夾擊，金人遂去。 又督董逵等援德安，董世雄、孟宗政等解襄陽之圍。
At the time the Jin again attacked Jingling; Zhang Rong died in battle, and both Xiangyang and De'an were in dire straits. Wu Xi soon rebelled in Shu; when the alarm arrived, Lie asked Wei Liaoweng to serve as deliberative officer and consulted him on western affairs, recruited dare-to-die men into Jingling, ordered his general Wang Zonglian to defend to the death, and deployed the main army together with the Loyal and Righteous and Baojie units to strike from several routes until the Jin withdrew. He also supervised Dong Kui and others in relieving De'an, while Dong Shixiong, Meng Zongzheng, and others lifted the siege of Xiangyang.
18
西事方殷，獵為討叛計，請於朝，以王大才、彭輅任西事，仍分兵抗均、房諸險，漕粟歸、峽以待王師。 及曦誅，除刑部侍郎，充四川宣諭使。 朝廷命旌別淑慝。 以敷文閣學士、四川安撫制置使兼知成都府。 嘉定六年召還，卒，家無餘資。 蜀人思其政，畫像祠之。
With western affairs pressing, Lie planned to suppress the rebellion and asked the court to put Wang Dacai and Peng Lu in charge of western affairs, divide troops to hold the passes of Jun and Fang, and transport grain via Gui and Xia to await the imperial army. When Xi was executed, Lie was appointed Vice Minister of Justice and made Pacification Commissioner of Sichuan. The court ordered that the loyal and the disloyal be distinguished and rewarded or punished accordingly. He was made Academician of the Fuwen Pavilion, Commissioner for Pacification and Settlement of Sichuan, and concurrently prefect of Chengdu. In the sixth year of the Jiading reign he was recalled and died, leaving his household with no surplus wealth. The people of Shu missed his governance and painted his portrait for veneration.
19
獵初從張栻學，乾道初，朱熹會栻於潭，獵又親炙，湖湘之學一出於正，獵實表率之。 有《畏齋文集》、奏議六十卷。 謚「文定」。
Lie had first studied under Zhang Shi; at the beginning of the Qiandao reign Zhu Xi met Shi in Tan, and Lie again received instruction at close hand—the learning of Huguang and Hunan issued wholly in the right direction, and Lie was truly its exemplar. He left the Collected Works of the Reverent Studio and sixty juan of memorials. He was given the posthumous title Cultured and Settled.
20
項安世
Xiang Anshi
21
項安世，字平父，其先括蒼人，後家江陵。 淳熙二年進士，召試，除秘書正字。 光宗以疾不過重華宮，安世上書言：「陛下仁足以覆天下，而不能施愛於庭闈之間； 量足以容群臣，而不能忍於父子之際。 以一身寄於六軍、萬姓之上，有父子然後有君臣。 願陛下自入思慮，父子之情，終無可斷之理； 愛敬之念，必有油然之時。 聖心一回，何用擇日，早往則謂之省，暮往則謂之定。 即日就駕，旋乾轉坤，在返掌間爾。」 疏入不報。 安世遺宰相留正書求去，尋遷校書郎。
Xiang Anshi, whose style name was Pingfu, came originally from Kuocang but later made his home in Jiangling. He passed the jinshi examination in the second year of the Chunxi reign, was summoned for examination, and appointed Regular Scribe of the Secretariat. Because of illness Emperor Guangzong did not visit the Chonghua Palace. Anshi submitted a memorial: "Your Majesty's benevolence is sufficient to shelter all under Heaven, yet you cannot extend love within the palace family; your magnanimity is sufficient to embrace all your ministers, yet you cannot forbear in the matter between father and son. With your person entrusted above the Six Armies and the myriad people, there must be father and son before there can be ruler and minister. I urge Your Majesty to reflect deeply: the bond between father and son ultimately cannot be severed; thoughts of love and respect will surely well up in their season. Once your heart turns, what need is there to choose a day? Go early and it is an inquiry visit; go in the evening and it is a settling visit. Mount your carriage that very day—to turn heaven and earth lies within the turn of your hand." The memorial was submitted but received no response. Anshi sent a letter to Chief Minister Liu Zheng asking to resign, and was soon promoted to collator.
22
寧宗即位，詔求言，安世應詔言：
When Emperor Ningzong ascended the throne, an edict sought opinions; Anshi responded:
23
「管夷吾治齊，諸葛亮治蜀，立國之本，不過曰量地以制賦，量賦以制用而已。 陛下試披輿地圖，今郡縣之數，比祖宗時孰為多少？ 比秦、漢、隋、唐時孰為多少？ 陛下必自知其狹且少矣。 試命版曹具一歲賦入之數，祖宗盛時，東南之賦入幾何？ 建炎、紹興以來至乾道、淳熙，其所增取幾何？ 陛下試命內外群臣有司具一歲之用，人主供奉、好賜之費幾何？ 御前工役、器械之費幾何？ 嬪嬙、宦寺廩給之費幾何？ 戶部、四總領養兵之費幾何？ 州縣公使、迎送、請給之費幾何？ 陛下必自知其為侈且濫矣！ 用不量賦而至於侈且濫，內外上下之積不得而不空，天地山川之藏不得而不竭，非忍痛耐謗，一舉而更張之，未知其所以終也。
"In governing Qi, Guan Zhong, and in governing Shu, Zhuge Liang—the foundation of establishing a state is nothing more than measuring land to fix levies and measuring levies to fix expenditure. Your Majesty, try opening the geograph and map: compared with the age of the ancestors, which has more or fewer prefectures and counties today? Compared with the Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang dynasties, which has more or fewer? Your Majesty must already know how narrow and few they are. Try ordering the Board of Revenue to tally one year's tax receipts—in the ancestors' flourishing age, how much revenue came from the southeast? From the Jianyan and Shaoxing eras through Qiandao and Chunxi, how much more was taken in levies? Your Majesty, try ordering all officials inside and outside the court to tally one year's spending—how much for the ruler's provisions and discretionary gifts? How much for Imperial Workshop labor and equipment? How much for stipends to consorts and eunuchs? How much for the Ministry of Revenue and the four chief military commissioners to maintain troops? How much for prefectural and county envoys, escorts, and perquisites? Your Majesty must already know how extravagant and excessive it is! When spending is not measured against revenue and grows extravagant and excessive, reserves above and below, inside and outside, must be drained, and the stores of heaven, earth, mountains, and rivers must be exhausted—unless one endures hardship and withstands slander to overhaul everything at once, one cannot know how it will end.
24
今天下之費最重而當省者，兵也。 能用土兵則兵可省，能用屯田則兵可省。 其次莫如宮掖。 兵以待敵國，常畏而不敢省，故省兵難。 宮掖以私一身，常愛而不忍省，故省宮掖難。 不敢省者，事在他人； 不忍省者，在陛下。 宮中之嬙嬪、宦寺，陛下事也，宮中之器械、工役，陛下事也，陛下肯省則省之。 宮中既省，則外廷之官吏，四方之州縣，從風而省，奔走不暇，簡樸成風，民志堅定，民生日厚，雖有水旱蟲蝗之災，可活也； 國力日壯，雖有夷狄盜賊之變，可為也。 復祖宗之業，雪人神之憤，惟吾所為，無不可者。」
Today the heaviest expense under Heaven that ought to be cut is the military. If local troops can be used, military costs can be cut; if garrison farming can be used, military costs can be cut. Next to that, nothing compares to the inner palace. The military stands ready against enemy states—one always fears and dare not cut it, so cutting military costs is hard. The inner palace serves one's private comfort—one always cherishes it and cannot bear to cut it, so cutting palace costs is hard. What one dare not cut lies with others; what one cannot bear to cut lies with Your Majesty. The consorts and eunuchs in the palace are Your Majesty's affair; the equipment and labor in the palace are Your Majesty's affair—if Your Majesty is willing to cut them, cut them. Once the palace is cut back, outer-court officials and prefectures and counties everywhere will follow suit, too busy to pause—simplicity will become the fashion, the people's resolve will firm up, their livelihood will grow richer, and even if flood, drought, insects, or locusts strike, they can survive; National strength will daily grow robust, and even if barbarians or bandits rise up, one can act. To restore the ancestors' enterprise and appease the wrath of gods and men—whatever we undertake, nothing is impossible."
25
時朱熹召至闕，未幾予祠，安世率館職上書留之，言：「御筆除熹宮祠，不經宰執，不由給舍，徑使快行，直送熹家。 竊揣聖意，必明知熹賢不當使去，宰相見之必執奏，給舍見之必繳駁，是以為此駭異變常之舉也。 夫人主患不知賢爾，明知其賢而明去之，是示天下以不復用賢也。 人主患不聞公議爾，明知公議之不可而明犯之，是示天下以不復顧公議也。 且朱熹本一庶官，在二千里外，陛下即位未數日，即加號召，畀以從官，俾侍經幄，天下皆以為初政之美。 供職甫四十日，即以內批逐之，舉朝驚愕，不知所措。 臣願陛下謹守紀綱，毋忽公議，復留朱熹，使輔聖學，則人主無失，公議尚存。」 不報。 俄為言者劾去，通判重慶府，未拜，以偽黨罷。
At the time Zhu Xi was summoned to court, and soon was granted a temple appointment. Anshi led the Hanlin Academy staff in submitting a memorial asking to retain him, saying: "By imperial brush Xi was dismissed to a temple post, without going through the chief ministers, without passing through the remonstrance and drafting offices—it was hurried through directly and sent straight to Xi's home. We venture to surmise the imperial intent: surely you clearly knew that Xi was worthy and should not be made to leave—had the chief minister seen it he would surely have remonstrated, had the remonstrance and drafting offices seen it they would surely have returned it for rejection—therefore this startling, irregular act was taken. A ruler's trouble is not knowing the worthy—that is all; to know clearly that someone is worthy and yet clearly remove him is to show all under Heaven that the worthy will no longer be employed. A ruler's trouble is not hearing public opinion—that is all; to know clearly that public opinion cannot be defied and yet clearly violate it is to show all under Heaven that public opinion will no longer be heeded. Moreover, Zhu Xi was originally a common official, two thousand li away—within days of Your Majesty's accession you added an honorific title and summoned him, appointing him as an attendant official and having him serve at the classics mat—all under Heaven regarded it as the beauty of the opening administration. He had served barely forty days when he was driven out by an inner rescript—the whole court was astonished and did not know what to do. Your subject wishes Your Majesty to carefully guard the laws and regulations, not to neglect public opinion, to restore Zhu Xi and have him assist in sage learning—then the ruler will be without fault and public opinion will still survive." No response was received. Soon he was impeached and removed by censors, appointed vice prefect of Chongqing Prefecture, but before he could assume the post he was dismissed as a member of the false faction.
26
安世素善吳獵，二人坐學禁久廢。 開禧用兵，獵起帥荊渚，安世方丁內艱。 起復，知鄂州。 俄淮、漢師潰，薛叔似以怯懦為侂胄所惡，安世因貽侂胄書，其末曰：「偶送客至江頭，飲竹光酒，半醉，書不成字。」 侂胄大喜曰：「項平父乃爾閑暇。」 遂除戶部員外郎、湖廣總領。
Anshi had long been on good terms with Wu Lie; both were long idled under the learning prohibition. When the Kaixi campaign began, Lie was recalled to command Jingzhou; Anshi was then in mourning for his mother. Recalled from mourning, he was made prefect of Ezhou. Soon the armies on the Huai and Han collapsed. Xue Shusi was hated by Han Tuozhou for cowardice. Anshi therefore sent Tuozhou a letter, at the end of which he wrote: "I happened to see a guest off to the riverbank, drank Zhuguang wine, was half drunk, and the writing does not form characters." Tuozhou was greatly pleased and said: "Xiang Pingfu is thus at leisure." He was then appointed vice minister of revenue and chief commissioner for Huguang.
27
會叔似罷，金圍德安益急，諸將無所屬。 安世不俟朝命，徑遣兵解圍。 高悅等與金人力戰，馬雄獲萬戶，周勝獲千戶，安世第其功以聞。 獵代叔似為宣撫使，尋以宣諭使入蜀。 朝命安世權宣撫使，又升太府卿。
Just then Shusi was dismissed. The Jin besieged De'an ever more tightly, and the generals had no one to answer to. Anshi did not wait for court orders and directly dispatched troops to relieve the siege. Gao Yue and others fought the Jin forces fiercely; Ma Xiong captured a wanhu commander, Zhou Sheng captured a qianhu commander—Anshi ranked their merits and reported them. Lie replaced Shusi as pacification commissioner; soon he entered Shu as grand pacification commissioner. The court ordered Anshi to serve as acting pacification commissioner and further promoted him to director of the imperial storehouse.
28
有宣撫幕官王度者，吳獵客也。 獵與安世素相友，及安世招軍，名項家軍，多不逞，好虜掠，獵斬其為首者，安世憾之，至是斬度於大別寺。 獵聞於朝，安世坐免。 後以直龍圖閣為湖南轉運判官，未上，用臺章奪職而罷。 嘉定元年，卒。 所著《易玩辭》、他書，多行於世。
There was a pacification commission staff officer named Wang Du, who was Wu Lie's guest. Lie and Anshi had long been friends. When Anshi recruited troops called the Xiang Family Army, many were unruly and fond of plunder. Lie executed the ringleaders; Anshi resented this, and at this time executed Du at the Dabie temple. Lie reported this to court, and Anshi was dismissed on that account. Later, with the designation of direct Hanlin academician, he was made transport vice commissioner of Hunan; before he took up the post, a censorial memorial stripped him of his post and dismissed him. In the first year of Jiading, he died. His works Play on the Words of the Changes and other books circulated widely in his day.
29
薛叔似
Xue Shusi
30
薛叔似，字象先，其先河東人，後徙永嘉。 遊太學，解褐國子錄。 初登對，論：「祖宗立國之初，除二稅外，取民甚輕。 自熙寧以來，賦日增而民困滋甚。」 孝宗嘉納，因曰：「朕在宮中如一僧。」 叔似曰「此非所望於陛下，當論功業如何。 正使海內富庶如文、景，不過江左之文、景； 法度修明如明、章，不過江左之明、章。 陛下即位二十餘年，國勢未張，未免牽於茍安無事之說。」 上默然。
Xue Shusi, styled Xiangxian, was originally from Hedong; his family later moved to Yongjia. He studied at the Imperial Academy and upon leaving office robes became recorder of the Directorate of Education. On his first audience, he argued: "At the founding of the state by the ancestors, apart from the two taxes, levies on the people were very light. Since the Xining era, levies have daily increased and the people's distress has grown ever worse." Emperor Xiaozong praised and accepted this, and then said: "Within the palace I am like a monk." Shusi said, "This is not what is hoped for from Your Majesty—you should discuss what the achievements are like. Even if the realm within the seas were as prosperous as the Wen and Jing reigns, it would be no more than the Wen and Jing of the Jiang left; even if laws and institutions were as well ordered as the Ming and Zhang reigns, it would be no more than the Ming and Zhang of the Jiang left. Your Majesty has been on the throne more than twenty years, yet national strength has not expanded—you must be tethered to talk of temporary peace with nothing to do." The emperor was silent.
31
復數日，宰執進擬朝士，上出寸紙書叔似及應孟明姓名，嘉其奏對也。 遷太常博士，尋除樞密院編修官。 時仿唐制，置補闕、拾遺，宰臣啟，擬令侍從、臺諫薦人，上自除叔似左補闕。 叔似論事，遂劾首相王淮去位。
A few days later, when the chief ministers submitted proposed appointments for court officials, the emperor produced a slip of paper on which he had written the names of Shusi and Ying Mengming, commending their answers at audience. He was transferred to erudite of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and soon appointed compilation officer of the Bureau of Military Affairs. At the time, following the Tang system, remonstrance and review posts were established. The chief ministers reported and proposed that attendants and censors recommend candidates; the emperor personally appointed Shusi as Left Remonstrance Officer. Shusi remonstrated on affairs and impeached Chief Minister Wang Huai, who left his post.
32
屬金主殂，太孫景立，叔似奏：「規模果定，則乘五單于爭立之機； 規模不存，則恐成五胡叠起之勢。」 光宗受禪，時傳金使入界使名未正，叔似奏：「自壽皇一正匹敵之禮，金人常有南顧之虞，使名未正而遽受之，祗以重其玩侮。」 翼日復奏：「謀國者畏敵太過。」 上奮然開納。
When the Jin ruler died and the crown prince Jing succeeded, Shusi memorialized: "If the overall strategy is fixed, then seize the opportunity of five chanyu contending for the throne; if the overall strategy is not preserved, I fear it will become the trend of the Five Barbarians rising in succession." When Emperor Guangzong received the abdication, it was reported that a Jin envoy had entered the border but his mission title was not yet correct. Shusi memorialized: "Since Emperor Shouhuang corrected the protocol of equal footing, the Jin people have always had concern about looking south—if the mission title is not corrected and he is hurriedly received, it will only increase their contempt." The next day he memorialized again: "Those who plan for the state fear the enemy too much." The emperor, stirred, opened his mind and accepted it.
33
除將作監，出為江東轉運判官。 俄以諫臣論罷，主管沖佑觀，尋除湖北運判，加直秘閣，移福建，召為太常少卿兼實錄院檢討官、守秘書監、權戶部侍郎。 初，丞相周必大請擇侍從、臺諫忠直者提舉太史局，蓋用神宗朝司馬光與王安禮故事，躔度少差，豫圖銷弭，遂命叔似提舉。 尋兼樞密都承旨，以劉德秀疏罷，提舉興國宮。 起知贛州，移隆興府、廬州，召除在京宮觀兼侍讀，進權兵部侍郎兼同修國史兼國用司參議官。 兩浙民有身丁錢，叔似請於朝，遂蠲之。
He was appointed director of the Directorate of Imperial Construction and sent out as transport vice commissioner of Jiangdong. Soon he was dismissed on remonstrance by censors, put in charge of the Chongyou Temple, soon appointed transport vice commissioner of Hubei, given the designation of direct secretariat drafter, transferred to Fujian, and summoned as vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and concurrently collation officer of the Veritable Records Institute, acting director of the Secretariat, and acting vice minister of revenue. Earlier, Chief Minister Zhou Bida requested that loyal and upright attendants and censors be chosen to supervise the Bureau of Astronomy, following the precedent of Sima Guang and Wang Anli in the Shenzong reign—slight deviations in the heavenly motions were anticipated and disaster averted in advance; Shusi was therefore ordered to supervise it. Soon he also served as chief military reception officer of the Bureau of Military Affairs; dismissed on a memorial by Liu Dexiu, he was put in charge of the Xingguo Temple. Recalled to serve as prefect of Ganzhou, transferred to Longxing Prefecture and Luzhou, summoned and appointed to a capital temple post concurrently as reader-in-waiting, and advanced to acting vice minister of war concurrently as co-compiler of the national history and deliberation officer of the Bureau of State Finance. The people of the Two Zhes had a per-capita head tax; Shusi petitioned the court, and it was remitted.
34
試吏部侍郎兼侍讀，充京、湖宣諭使。 時韓侂胄開邊，除兵部尚書、宣撫使。 叔似方乞給降官會，分撥綱運，募兵鬻馬，辟致僚佐，而皇甫斌唐州之師已敗矣。 遂劾斌，南安軍安置。 叔似料敵必侵光、黃，委總領陳謙按行五關，發鄂卒守三關。 金果入寇，謙駐漢陽為江左節制。
He was tried out as vice minister of the civil office concurrently as reader-in-waiting and appointed grand pacification commissioner for Jing and Hu. At the time Han Tuozhou opened hostilities on the frontier; Shusi was appointed minister of war and pacification commissioner. Shusi had just petitioned for imperial decree and meetings with subordinates, allocating convoy transport, recruiting troops and selling horses, and gathering staff officers—yet Huangfu Bin's army at Tangzhou had already been defeated. He then impeached Bin, who was settled in Nan'an Army. Shusi anticipated the enemy would surely invade Guang and Huang; he entrusted chief commissioner Chen Qian to inspect the five passes and dispatched Ezhou troops to guard the three passes. The Jin indeed invaded; Qian stationed at Hanyang as regional commander for the Jiang left.
35
尋除叔似端明殿學士兼侍讀。 時宣司兵戍襄陽，都統趙淳、副統制魏友諒與統制呂渭孫不相下，渭孫死之，叔似遂自劾委任失當。 叔似夙以功業自期，逮臨事，絕無可稱。 以御史王益祥論，奪職罷祠。 侂胄誅，諫官葉時再論，降兩官，謫福州，以兵端之開，叔似迎合故也。 久之，許自便。 嘉定十四年卒，贈銀青光祿大夫，謚「恭翼」。
Soon Shusi was appointed academician of the Hall for Venerating Brightness concurrently as reader-in-waiting. At the time pacification commission troops garrisoned Xiangyang; commander-in-chief Zhao Chun, deputy commander Wei Youliang, and regimental commander Lü Weisun were mutually defiant—Weisun died in the strife, and Shusi then impeached himself for improper appointments. Shusi had long expected great achievements for himself, but when it came to action, there was nothing to speak of. On a memorial by censor Wang Yixiang, his post was stripped and his temple appointment revoked. When Tuozhou was executed, remonstrance officer Ye Shi memorialized again—Shusi was demoted two ranks and banished to Fuzhou, because he had gone along with the opening of hostilities. After a long time, he was permitted to return at his convenience. In the fourteenth year of Jiading he died; he was posthumously granted Silver-Gleaming Grandee of Glorious Blessing, with the posthumous title "Respectful and Winged."
36
叔似雅慕朱熹，窮道德性命之旨，談天文、地理、鐘律、象數之學，有稿二十卷。
Shusi greatly admired Zhu Xi, exhaustively pursued the principles of moral nature and destiny, and discussed astronomy, geography, pitch pipes, and numerology—he left twenty scrolls of drafts.
37
劉甲，字師文，其先永靜軍東光人，元祐宰相摯之後也。 父著，為成都漕幕，葬龍遊，因家焉。 甲，淳熙二年進士，累官至度支郎中，遷樞密院檢詳兼國史院編修官、實錄院檢討官。
Liu Jia, whose style name was Shiwen, came from Dongguang in Yongjing Army; his family were descendants of Zhi, the prime minister of the Yuanyou era. His father Zhu served on the staff of the Chengdu transport commissioner; after he was buried at Longyou, the family made their home there. Jia passed the jinshi examination in the second year of the Chunxi reign and eventually rose to Director in the Bureau of Revenue; he was then transferred to Detailed Examiner at the Bureau of Military Affairs, concurrently serving as Compiler at the National History Office and Reviewing Editor at the Veritable Records Office.
38
使金，至燕山，伴宴完顏者，名犯仁廟嫌諱，甲力辭，完顏更名修。 自紹興後，凡出疆遇忌，俱辭設宴，皆不得免，秦檜所定也。 九月三日，金宴甲，以宣仁聖烈后忌，辭。 還除司農少卿，進太常，擢權工部侍郎，升同修撰，除寶謨閣待制，知江陵府，湖北安撫使。 甲謂：「荊州為吳、蜀脊，高保融分江流，瀦之以為北海，太祖常令決去之，蓋保江陵之要害也。」 即因遺址浚築，亙四十里。 移知廬州。
While on a mission to Jin, he reached Yanshan, where the Wanyan who hosted the banquet bore a name that violated taboo names associated with Emperor Renzong; Jia firmly refused to attend, and the man changed his name to Xiu. Since the Shaoxing era, whenever envoys went abroad on days of mourning taboo, they all declined banquets but could never escape them—a practice Qin Hui had established. On the third day of the ninth month the Jin held a banquet for Jia; citing the mourning observance for Empress Xuanren the Sacred and Majestic, he declined to attend. After returning he was appointed Vice Minister of Agriculture, then promoted through the Court of Imperial Sacrifices to Acting Vice Minister of Works and Co-authoring Compiler; he was made Awaiting Secretariat Drafter at the Baomo Pavilion, Prefect of Jiangling, and Military Commissioner for Hubei. Jia said, "Jingzhou is the backbone between Wu and Shu. Gao Baorong diverted the river and dammed it to create the Northern Sea. Emperor Taizu repeatedly ordered those works torn down, for they were meant to hold Jiangling's vital ground." He immediately dredged and built on the old site, extending the works forty li. He was transferred to serve as prefect of Luzhou.
39
程松為四川宣撫使，吳曦副之，以甲知興元府、利東安撫使。 時蜀口出師敗衄，金陷西和、成州，曦焚河池縣。 先是，曦已遣姚淮源獻四州於金，金鑄印立曦為蜀王。 甲時在漢嘉，未至鎮也。 金人破大散關，興元都統制毋思以重兵守關，而曦陰徹驀關之戍，金自板岔谷繞出關後，思挺身免。
Cheng Song served as Sichuan Military Commissioner with Wu Xi as his deputy; Jia was appointed Prefect of Xingyuan and Military Commissioner for Eastern Li. At that time the armies sent from the Shu frontier were routed; the Jin took Xihe and Chengzhou, and Xi burned Hechi County. Earlier Xi had already sent Yao Huaiyuan to surrender four prefectures to the Jin; the Jin cast a seal and enthroned Xi as King of Shu. Jia was then at Hanjia and had not yet arrived to take up his command. The Jin broke through Dasanguan. Wu Si, overall commander at Xingyuan, held the pass with a large force, but Xi secretly pulled back the garrison at Moguang Pass; the Jin slipped around through Bancha Valley from behind the pass, and Si escaped by himself.
40
甲告急於朝，乞下兩宣撫司協力捍禦。 松謀遁，甲固留不可，遽以便宜檄甲兼沿邊制置。 曦遣後軍統制王鉞、準備將趙觀以書致甲，甲援大義拒之，因臥疾。 曦又遣其弟文邀甲相見，甲叱而去之。 乃援顏真卿河北故事，欲自拔歸朝，先募二兵持帛書遣參知政事李壁告變，且曰：「若遣吳總以右職入川，即日可瓦解矣。」
Jia sent an urgent report to court, asking that both military commission offices be ordered to combine their efforts in defense. Song planned to flee, but Jia firmly kept him from leaving; he then immediately issued an expedient order appointing Jia concurrently as Frontier Commissioner. Xi sent Rear Army Commander Wang Yue and Ready General Zhao Guan with letters to Jia; Jia invoked higher duty to refuse them and then took to his bed, feigning illness. Xi again sent his younger brother Wen to invite Jia to a meeting; Jia rebuked him and drove him off. He then invoked the precedent of Yan Zhenqing in Hebei, intending to break free and return to court; first he recruited two soldiers to carry a silk letter to Vice Grand Councilor Li Bi reporting the treason, saying, "If Wu Zong is sent into Sichuan with a high appointment, the rebellion can collapse that very day."
41
曦僭王位，甲遂去官。 朝廷久乃微聞曦反狀，韓侂胄猶不之信，甲奏至，舉朝震駭。 壁袖帛書進，上覽之，稱「忠臣」者再。 召甲赴行在，命吳總以雜學士知鄂州，多賜告身、金錢，使招諭諸軍為入蜀計。 復命以帛書賜甲曰：「所乞致仕，實難允從，已降指揮，召赴行在。 今朝廷已遣使與金通和，襄、漢近日大捷，北兵悉已渡江而去。 恐蜀遠未知，更在審度事宜，從長區處。」 二兵皆補官。
When Xi presumptuously declared himself king, Jia resigned his post. The court had long had vague reports of Xi's rebellion, yet Han Tuozhou still refused to believe them; when Jia's memorial arrived, the entire court was shaken. Bi produced the silk letter from his sleeve; after reading it, the emperor twice called Jia a "loyal minister." Jia was summoned to the temporary capital; Wu Zong was appointed Miscellaneous Academician and prefect of Ezhou, and large grants of commissions and cash were given to rally the armies for the plan to enter Sichuan. The court again ordered a silk letter sent to Jia, saying, "Your request to retire truly cannot be granted; orders have already been issued summoning you to the temporary capital. The court has now sent envoys to negotiate peace with the Jin; Xiang and Han have recently won great victories, and the northern armies have all crossed the Yangzi and withdrawn. Fearing that distant Sichuan may not yet know this, you should weigh the situation carefully and act according to the larger plan." Both messengers were given official posts.
42
甲舟行至重慶，聞安丙等誅曦，復還漢中，上奏待罪。 詔趣還任。 甲奏叛臣子孫族屬及附偽罪狀，公論快之。 會宣撫副使安丙以楊巨源自負倡義之功，陰欲除之，語在《巨源傳》。 巨源既死，軍情叵測，除甲宣撫使。 楊輔亦以為請，當國者疑輔避事，李壁曰：「昔吳璘屬疾，孝宗嘗密詔汪應辰權宣撫司事，既而璘果死，應辰即日領印，軍情遂安，此的例也。」 乃以密劄命甲，甲鐍藏之。 未幾，金自鶻嶺關劄金崖，進屯八里山，甲分兵進守諸關，截潼川戍兵駐饒風以待之。 金人知有備，引去。
Jia traveled by boat as far as Chongqing; when he learned that An Bing and others had executed Xi, he returned to Hanzhong and submitted a memorial accepting blame. An edict ordered him to hurry back to his post. Jia memorialized on the punishment of rebel officials' descendants, clans, and those who had joined the usurper, to the great satisfaction of public opinion. At this time Deputy Military Commissioner An Bing, proud of Yang Juyuan's role in launching the righteous uprising, secretly sought to eliminate him—the full account appears in the 《Biography of Juyuan》. After Juyuan died, army morale became uncertain, and Jia was appointed Military Commissioner. Yang Fu also made the same request; those in power suspected Fu was avoiding responsibility, but Li Bi said, "When Wu Lin fell gravely ill, Emperor Xiaozong secretly ordered Wang Yingchen to administer the Military Commission Office; Lin soon died, and Yingchen took the seal that very day, settling army morale—this is the exact precedent." Jia was then secretly ordered by sealed memo, and he locked the document away. Before long the Jin moved from Heguling Pass to Zajin Cliff and advanced to encamp at Bali Mountain; Jia divided his forces to hold the passes, diverted Tongchuan garrison troops, and stationed them at Raofeng to await the enemy. Learning that defenses were ready, the Jin withdrew.
43
侂胄誅，上念甲精忠，拜寶謨閣學士，賜衣帶、鞍馬。 是歲，和議成，朝廷聞彭輅與丙不協，以書問甲，又俾諭丙減汰諸軍勿過甚，及訪蜀人才之可用者。 蓋自楊輔召歸，西邊諸事，朝論多於甲取決，人無知者。
After Tuozhou was executed, the emperor, remembering Jia's loyal devotion, appointed him Academician at the Baomo Pavilion and bestowed robes, a belt, a saddle, and a horse. That year a peace settlement was reached; hearing that Peng Luo and Bing were at odds, the court questioned Jia by letter, also instructing him to urge Bing not to cut the armies too deeply and to report on usable talent in Shu. From the time Yang Fu was recalled, the court largely settled western frontier affairs according to Jia's judgment—though almost no one knew it.
44
紹興中，蜀軍無見糧，創為科糴。 孝宗聞其病民，命總領李蘩以本所錢招糴，懼不給，又命勸糴其半，「勸糴」之名自此始。 久之，李昌圖總計，復奏令金、梁守倅任責收糴，而勸糴遂罷。 及是，宣、總司令金洋、興元三郡勸糴小麥三十萬石，甲乞下總所照李蘩成法措置，從之。
During the Shaoxing era, Shu armies had no cash rations for grain, and the system of assessed grain purchase was introduced. Emperor Xiaozong heard that it burdened the people and ordered Overall Supervisor Li Fan to use office funds for open-market purchase; fearing shortfalls, he further ordered that half be obtained by encouraged purchase—the term "encouraged purchase" dates from this. After some time Li Changtu, as Overall Fiscal Officer, again memorialized that the prefects and vice-prefects of Jin and Liang should be held responsible for collecting purchase grain, and encouraged purchase was then abolished. At this time the Military Commission and Overall Supervisor ordered the three prefectures of Jin, Yang, and Xingyuan to encouraged purchase of three hundred thousand shi of wheat; Jia asked that the Overall Office follow Fan's established methods, and the request was granted.
45
明年，罷宣撫司，合利東、西為一帥，治興元，移甲知潼川府。 安丙既同知樞密院事，董居誼為制置使，甲進寶謨閣學士、知興元府、利路安撫使，節制本路屯駐軍馬。 朝廷計居誼猶在道，命甲權四川制置司事。
The next year the Military Commission Office was abolished; Eastern and Western Li were merged under a single commander based at Xingyuan, and Jia was transferred to prefect of Tongchuan. Once An Bing had become Associate Director of the Bureau of Military Affairs, Dong Juyi was made Frontier Commissioner; Jia was promoted to Baomo Academician, Prefect of Xingyuan, and Military Commissioner of Li Circuit, with authority over the circuit's stationed troops. Expecting that Juyi was still on the road, the court ordered Jia to administer Sichuan Frontier Commission affairs on an interim basis.
46
先是，大臣撫蜀者，諸將事之，有所謂「互送禮」，實賄賂也。 甲下令首罷之，凡丙所立茶鹽柴邸悉廢之。 又乞以皂郊博易鋪場還隸沔戎司，復通吳氏莊，歲收租四萬斛有奇，錢十三萬，以裨總計。 從之。 丙增多田稅，甲命屬吏討論，由一府言之，歲減凡百六十萬緡、米麥萬七千石，邊民感泣。 嘉定七年，卒於官，年七十三。
Earlier, when great ministers governed Shu, the generals waited on them with what was called "mutual gift-giving"—in reality bribery. Jia ordered this practice abolished first, and all the tea, salt, and fuel depots Bing had established were dismantled. He also asked that the Zaojiao exchange market be returned to the Mian Frontier Command, restored access to the Wu family estate, and reported annual rents of more than forty thousand shi of grain and one hundred thirty thousand strings of cash to supplement the overall fiscal accounts. The request was granted. Bing had raised field taxes; Jia ordered his subordinates to review the levies, and for one prefecture alone annual reductions came to 1.6 million strings of cash and seventeen thousand shi of rice and wheat; frontier people wept with gratitude. In the seventh year of the Jiading reign he died in office at the age of seventy-three.
47
甲幼孤多難，母病，刲股以進。 生平常謂：「吾無他長，惟足履實地。」 晝所為，夜必書之，名曰「自監」。 為文平淡，有奏議十卷。 理宗詔謚「清惠」。
Orphaned young and beset by hardship, Jia once cut flesh from his thigh to offer his ailing mother as medicine. Throughout his life he often said, "I have no other gift—only that my feet walk on solid ground." Whatever he did by day he recorded at night in a journal he called "Self-Supervision." His prose was plain and restrained; he left ten scrolls of memorials and policy proposals. Emperor Lizong posthumously granted him the title "Pure and Gracious."
48
楊輔，字嗣勲，遂寧人。 乾道二年進士甲科，召試館職，除秘書省正字，遷校書郎。 出知眉州，累遷戶部郎中、總領四川財賦，升太府少卿、利西安撫使。
Yang Fu, whose style name was Sikun, came from Suining. In the second year of the Qiandao reign he passed the jinshi examination in the top rank, was summoned for an institute examination, appointed Regular Scribe of the Secretariat, and promoted to Collator. He served outside the capital as prefect of Meizhou, rose through successive posts to Director in the Ministry of Revenue and Overall Supervisor of Sichuan finances, and was elevated to Vice Minister of the Palace Storehouse and Military Commissioner of Western Li.
49
吳挺病，輔以吳氏世帥武興，久恐生變，密白二府，早擇人望以鎮方面。 又貽書四川制置丘崈言：「統制官李奭乃吳氏腹心，緩急不可令權軍。」 崈然之。 挺卒，崈檄輔權帥事，輔謂：「職為王人，若輕往，第疑軍心。」 遂索印即益昌領事。 復數月，奏以權興州事楊虞仲兼權。
When Wu Ting fell ill, Fu, knowing the Wu family had long commanded Wuxing hereditarily, feared trouble if the illness dragged on and secretly reported to the two bureaus that they should early choose a man of standing to stabilize the region. He also wrote to Sichuan Frontier Commissioner Qiu Jun, saying, "Commander Li Shang is the Wu family's trusted insider—in an emergency he must not be allowed to take interim command of the army." Jun agreed with him. When Ting died, Jun dispatched Fu to take interim command; Fu said, "My office is that of the emperor's representative—if I go casually, I will only sow doubt in the army." He then demanded the seal and assumed command at Yichang. Several months later he memorialized that Yang Yuzhong, who was administering Xingzhou on an interim basis, be given concurrent interim command.
50
召守秘書監、禮部侍郎，以顯謨閣待制知江陵府，移襄陽，又移潼川。 召還，除顯謨閣直學士，奉外祠，尋以敷文閣直學士知成都府、兼本路安撫使。 韓侂胄決意用兵，以吳曦為四川宣撫副使，假以節制財利之權。 輔知曦有異志，貽書大臣言：「自昔兵帥與計臣不相統攝，故總領有報發覺察之權。 今所在皆受節制，內憂不輕。」 因託言他事，遣人以礬書告於朝。 朔日，率官屬東望拜表如常儀。 上意輔能誅曦，密詔授寶謨閣學士、四川制置使，許以便宜從事。 時人望輔倡義，劉光祖、李道傳皆勉之。 輔自以不習兵事，且內郡無兵可用，遷延兩月，但為去計。 曦移輔知遂寧府，輔遂以印授通判韓植而去。
He was summoned to serve as Director of the Secretariat and Vice Minister of Rites, appointed Awaiting Secretariat Drafter at the Xianmo Pavilion and prefect of Jiangling, then transferred to Xiangyang and later to Tongchuan. Recalled to court, he was appointed Direct Academician at the Xianmo Pavilion and granted an outside temple posting; soon afterward he became Direct Academician at the Fuwen Pavilion, prefect of Chengdu, and concurrently Military Commissioner of the circuit. Han Tuozhou was determined to go to war; Wu Xi was made Deputy Sichuan Military Commissioner and given authority over finances and revenue. Fu saw that Xi harbored rebellious intentions and wrote to the chief ministers, saying, "In the past military commanders and fiscal officers were not under unified command, so the overall supervisor had the power to report, investigate, and oversee. Now everyone everywhere is subject to his control—a domestic threat of no small weight." Under the cover of another matter, he sent a messenger with an invisible-ink letter to report to court. On the first day of the month he led his staff to face east and submit a memorial in the usual ceremony. The emperor believed Fu could eliminate Xi and secretly ordered him appointed Baomo Academician and Sichuan Frontier Commissioner, with permission to act on his own authority as expedient. At the time public opinion looked to Fu to lead the righteous uprising; Liu Guangzu and Li Daozhuan both urged him forward. Fu himself felt unversed in military affairs, and moreover his inner prefecture had no usable troops; he delayed two months and did nothing but plan his departure. Xi transferred Fu to prefect of Suining; Fu then handed the seal to Vice Prefect Han Zhi and departed.
51
安丙、楊巨源密謀誅曦，以輔有人望，謂密詔自輔所來，聞者皆信。 曦既誅，丙趣輔還成都，除四川宣撫使。 奏言：「臣以衰病軟懦，而居建元功者之上，徒恐牽制敗事。 安丙才力強濟，賞罰明果，乞以事任付丙。」 又論：「蜀中三帥，惟武興事權特重，故致今日之變。 乞並置兩帥，分其營屯、隸屬。」
An Bing and Yang Juyuan secretly plotted to kill Xi; because Fu enjoyed public esteem, they claimed the secret edict had come from him, and all who heard it believed them. Once Xi had been executed, Bing pressed Fu to return to Chengdu and made him Sichuan Military Commissioner. He memorialized, "Your servant is aged, ill, and timid, yet placed above those who won the decisive victory—I fear I will only hinder and ruin affairs. An Bing is forceful and capable, with clear and decisive rewards and punishments—I beg that responsibility be entrusted to him." He further argued, "Among the three commanders in Shu, only Wuxing's authority was unusually great—thus leading to today's disaster. I ask that two commanders be established side by side, dividing their camps, garrisons, and chains of command."
52
安丙奏乞兩宣撫分司，朝廷察丙與輔異，召輔赴闕。 議者謂蜀亂初平，如輔未宜去，乃復以為制置使兼知成都府。 再被召，逾年財抵建康，復引咎不進。 上召輔益堅，乃之鎮江俟命。 著作佐郎楊簡言輔嘗棄成都，不當召，乃除兵部尚書兼侍讀，以龍圖閣學士知建康府兼江淮制置使。 卒於官，謚曰「莊惠」。
An Bing memorialized asking that two military commissions be established as separate offices; the court saw that Bing and Fu were at odds and summoned Fu to court. Counselors argued that with Shu only just pacified, someone like Fu should not yet leave; he was again made Frontier Commissioner concurrently prefect of Chengdu. Summoned again, he took more than a year to reach Jiankang and once more pleaded fault and refused to proceed. The emperor's summons grew ever more insistent, and Fu then went to Zhenjiang to await orders. Editing Assistant Yang Jian argued that since Fu had once abandoned Chengdu, he should not be recalled; Fu was then appointed Minister of War concurrently Palace Reader, Longtu Academician, prefect of Jiankang, and concurrently Yangzi-Huai Frontier Commissioner. He died in office and was granted the posthumous title "Solemn and Gracious."
53
劉光祖
Liu Guangzu
54
劉光祖，字德修，簡州陽安人。 幼出於外祖賈暉，後以暉遺澤補官。 登進士第，廷對，言：「陛下睿察太精，宸斷太嚴，求治太速，喜功太甚。」 又言：「陛下躬擐甲胄，間馭毬馬，一旦有警，豈能親董六師以督戰乎？ 夫人主自將，危道也。 臣恐毬馬之事，敵人聞之，適以貽笑，不足以示武。」 除劍南東川節度推官，辟潼川提刑司檢法。
Liu Guangzu, whose style name was Dexiu, came from Yang'an in Jian Prefecture. Raised from childhood by his maternal grandfather Jia Hui, he later entered office through the privilege Hui had bequeathed. After passing the jinshi examination, he responded at the palace audience, saying, "Your Majesty's discernment is too sharp, your judgments too severe, your pursuit of good government too hurried, and your appetite for achievement too great. He further said, "Your Majesty personally dons armor and occasionally rides out for polo—if alarm should come suddenly, could you personally lead the Six Armies into battle? For a ruler to take the field in person is a dangerous course. I fear that if enemies hear of Your Majesty's polo riding, it will only make them laugh—it will not serve to display martial prowess." He was appointed legal officer on the staff of the Jiannan East Circuit military commission and was later recruited as legal inspector for the Tongchuan judicial-intendancy office.
55
淳熙五年，召對，論恢復事，請以太祖用人為法，且曰：「人臣獻言，不可不察：其一，不量可否，勸陛下輕出驟進，則是即日誤國； 其一，不思振立，茍且偷安，則是久遠誤國。」 除太學正。 召試，守正字，兼吳、益王府教授，遷校書郎，除右正言、知果州。 以趙汝愚薦，召入。
In the fifth year of the Chunxi reign, summoned for audience, he discussed the project of recovery and asked that Emperor Taizu's method of employing men be taken as the model, saying, "When ministers offer counsel, it must be examined carefully: one sort, failing to weigh what is possible, urges Your Majesty to sally lightly and advance rashly—this misleads the state at once; another sort, unwilling to rouse the nation and build it up, settles for temporary ease and stolen peace—this misleads the state over the long term. Afterward he was appointed Rectifier of the Imperial Academy. Summoned for a palace examination, he served as Standard-Bearer of Correct Characters and concurrently as instructor to the Princes of Wu and Yi, was transferred to Collator, and was appointed Right Remonstrance Officer and prefect of Guo Prefecture. On Zhao Ruyu's recommendation, he was recalled to the capital.
56
光宗即位，除軍器少監兼權侍左郎官，又兼禮部。 時殿中侍御史闕，上方嚴其選，謂宰相留正曰：「卿監、郎官中有其人。」 正沈思久之，曰：「得非劉光祖乎？」 上曰：「是久在朕心矣。」
When Emperor Guangzong took the throne, he was made Vice Director of the Directorate of Military Equipment, concurrently acting Left Attendant Gentleman in the Palace Secretariat, and also given concurrent duties in the Ministry of Rites. At that time the post of Palace Attendant Censor was vacant, and the emperor, being strict in the selection, told Chief Minister Liu Zheng, "Among your supervisors and gentleman-attendants there must be someone fit for the post." Liu Zheng thought for a long while and said, "Could it not be Liu Guangzu?" The emperor said, "That is indeed the man who has long been in my mind."
57
光祖入謝，因論：
Guangzu entered to give thanks and then addressed the throne:
58
「近世是非不明，則邪正互攻； 公論不立，則私情交起。 此固道之消長，時之否泰，而實為國家之禍福，社稷之存亡，甚可畏也。 本朝士大夫學術議論，最為近古，初非有強國之術，而國勢尊安，根本深厚。 咸平、景德之間，道臻皇極，治保太和，至於慶曆、嘉祐盛矣。 不幸而壞於熙、豐之邪說，疏棄正士，招來小人，幸而元祐君子起而救之，末流大分，事故反覆。 紹聖、元符之際，群凶得志，絕滅綱常，其論既勝，其勢既成，崇、觀而下，尚復何言。
"In recent times, when right and wrong are unclear, the wicked and the upright turn on one another; when public judgment has no standing, private attachments take hold. This is the ebb and flow of the Way and the turning of fortune in the age—but in truth it decides the weal or woe of the state and the life or death of the altars of soil and grain. It is profoundly to be feared. In our dynasty, the learning and public debate of officials and gentry came closer to antiquity than ever before. There was no secret art of making the state strong, yet its stature remained honored and secure and its foundations deep and firm. From the Xianping and Jingde reigns the Way reached its summit and governance preserved great harmony; by the Qingli and Jiayou eras it stood at its zenith. Then, alas, it was undermined by the perverse doctrines of the Xining and Yuanfeng eras, which cast off upright men and welcomed petty ones. The gentlemen of the Yuanyou era rose to set things right, but the later currents split wide apart and affairs swung back and forth. In the Shaosheng and Yuanfu eras the villains had their day and human relations were all but extinguished. Once their doctrines prevailed and their power was secure, from the Chongning and Daguan reigns onward—what more is there to say?
59
臣始至時，聞有譏貶道學之說，而實未睹朋黨之分。 中更外艱，去國六載，已憂兩議之各甚，而恐一旦之交攻也。 逮臣復來，其事果見。 因惡道學，乃生朋黨，因生朋黨，乃罪忠諫。 嗟乎，以忠諫為罪，其去紹聖幾何！ 陛下履位之初，端拱而治，凡所進退，率用人言，初無好惡之私，豈以黨偏為主。 而一歲之內，逐者紛紛，中間好人固亦不少，反以人臣之私意，微累天日之清明。 往往推忠之言，謂為沽名之舉； 至於潔身以退，亦曰憤懟而然。 欲激怒於至尊，必加之以訐訕。 事勢至此，循默乃宜，循默成風，國家安賴？
When I first came to court, I heard talk of ridiculing and denigrating the Learning of the Way, but I had not yet seen the lines of faction drawn. Then, while mourning my mother away from court, I was absent from the capital for six years. I already feared that the two camps had each grown extreme and that one day they would turn on each other. When I returned, what I had feared came to pass. Hatred of the Learning of the Way bred factions; factions bred the criminalization of loyal remonstrance. Alas—to treat loyal remonstrance as a crime, how far have we come from the Shaosheng era! At the start of Your Majesty's reign you governed with upright bearing. Appointments and dismissals generally followed public counsel, and at first there was no private favor or dislike—surely factional bias was not the guiding principle. Yet within a single year dismissals have followed one after another. Many good men were among those removed, and the private feelings of ministers have subtly clouded the brightness of the imperial sun. Again and again, words offered in loyalty are dismissed as bids for reputation; and even withdrawing to preserve one's integrity is called the act of an embittered man. To rouse the sovereign's wrath, they are sure to add charges of impertinent criticism. When affairs reach this point, silence and compliance seem the safe course—but if silence becomes the custom, what will the state have to rely on?
60
臣欲熄將來之禍，故不憚反復以陳。 伏幾聖心豁然，永為皇極之主，使是非由此而定，邪正由此而別，公論由此而明，私情由此而熄，道學之譏由此而消，朋黨之跡由此而泯，和平之福由此而集，國家之事由此而理，則生靈之幸，社稷之福也。 不然，相激相勝，展轉反復，為禍無窮，臣實未知稅駕之所。」
I wish to extinguish the calamities to come, and therefore do not shrink from saying this again and again. I humbly pray that Your Majesty's sacred heart may open wide and that you may forever stand as the sovereign at the supreme standard, so that right and wrong are settled, wicked and upright are separated, public judgment is made clear, private attachments are stilled, ridicule of the Learning of the Way fades, the marks of faction disappear, the blessings of peace gather, and the affairs of state are put in order—then the people and the altars of soil and grain will know good fortune. Otherwise, provocation and counter-provocation will turn without end, and the harm will know no limit. I truly do not know where I may safely rest."
61
章既下，讀之有流涕者。 劾罷戶部尚書葉翥、太府卿兼中書舍人沈揆結近習，圖進用，言：「比年以來，士大夫不慕廉靖而慕奔競，不尊名節而尊爵位，不樂公正而樂軟美，不敬君子而敬庸人，既安習以成風，謂茍得為至計。 良由前輩老成，零落殆盡，後生晚進，議論無所據依，學術無所宗主，正論益衰，士風不競。 幸詔大臣，妙求人物，必朝野所共屬、賢愚所同敬者一二十人，參錯立朝，國勢自壯。 臣雖終歲無所奏糾，固亦未至曠官。 今日之患，在於不封殖人才，臺諫但有摧殘，廟堂初無長養。 臣處當言之地，豈以排擊為能哉？」 徙太府少卿。 求去不已，除直秘閣、潼川運判。 改江西提刑，又改夔州。
After the memorial was submitted, some who read it were moved to tears. He impeached and had removed Minister of Revenue Ye Chu and Grand Steward Shen Kui, who also served as Drafting Secretary, for cultivating close attendants and scheming for advancement, saying, "In recent years officials and gentry have ceased to admire integrity and quiet rectitude and instead admire frantic competition; they no longer honor reputation and principle but honor rank and office; they no longer delight in public justice but delight in soft flattery; they no longer respect gentlemen but respect mediocrities. This habit has hardened into custom, and grasping whatever one can is taken as the highest wisdom. The root cause is that the elder generation of seasoned worthies has nearly all passed away, while the young and the latecomers have no authority to lean on in debate and no master to follow in learning. Orthodox discourse grows weaker by the day, and the spirit of the scholar class no longer holds its own. I pray that Your Majesty will command the chief ministers to seek out outstanding men with fine judgment—ten or twenty whom court and country alike look to and whom wise and simple alike revere—and place them at court in varied posts. Then the nation's strength will rise of itself. Though I may go a whole year without submitting impeachments, I have still not neglected my duties. Today's affliction is that talent is not cultivated. The censorate and remonstrance offices only tear down, while the hall of government does nothing to nurture. I hold a post where one is obliged to speak—how could destructive attack be my purpose? He was transferred to Vice Director of the Court of the Imperial Treasury. He repeatedly asked to leave office and was appointed Compiler of the Direct Office of the Imperial Archives and transport judge of Tongchuan. He was reassigned as Jiangxi Judicial Commissioner, then again reassigned to Kuizhou.
62
時孝宗不豫，上久不過宮，光祖致書留正、趙汝愚曰：「宜與群賢並心一力，若上未過宮，宰執不可歸安私第。 林、陳二閹，自以獲罪重華，日夜交諜其間。 宜用韓魏公逐任守忠故事，以釋兩宮疑謗。 大臣亦當收兵柄，密布腹心，俾緩急有可仗者。」 聞孝宗崩，又貽書汝愚，勉以安國家、定社稷之事。
When Emperor Xiaozong fell ill and the emperor long failed to visit the palace, Guangzu wrote to Liu Zheng and Zhao Ruyu, saying, "You should join hearts and strength with all worthy men. If the emperor has not yet visited the palace, the chief ministers must not retire in comfort to their private homes. The two eunuchs Lin and Chen, believing themselves guilty before Chonghua Palace, intrigue day and night between the two courts. You should follow the precedent of Duke Han of Wei expelling Ren Shouzhong to dispel suspicion and slander between the two palaces. The chief ministers should also gather military authority and place trusted men throughout, so that in an emergency there will be men to rely on." When word came that Xiaozong had died, he wrote again to Ruyu, urging him to secure the state and stabilize the altars of soil and grain.
63
寧宗即位，除侍御史，改司農少卿。 入對，獻《謹始》五箴。 又論：「人主有六易：天命易恃，天位易樂，無事易安，意欲易奢，政令易怠，歲時易玩。 又有六難：君子難進，小人難退，苦言難入，巧佞難遠，是非難明，取舍難決。 暗主之所易，明主之所難； 暗主之所難，明主之所易。」 又言：「陛下以隆慈之命，踐祚於素幄，蓋有甚不得已者，宜躬自貶損，盡禮於上皇，使聖意歡然知釋位之樂，然後足以昭陛下之大孝。」 上悚然嘉納。
When Emperor Ningzong took the throne, he was appointed Attendant Censor and then made Vice Director of the Court of the Imperial Granaries. At audience he presented the Five Admonitions entitled Beginning with Care. He further argued, "A ruler faces six temptations: it is easy to rely on Heaven's mandate, easy to take pleasure in the throne, easy to feel secure when all is calm, easy for desire to turn extravagant, easy for government orders to slacken, and easy for seasonal rites to become mere amusements. There are also six difficulties: gentlemen are hard to advance, petty men are hard to remove, bitter counsel is hard to accept, clever flatterers are hard to keep at a distance, right and wrong are hard to clarify, and choices are hard to decide. What a dim ruler finds easy is precisely what a bright ruler finds hard; what a dim ruler finds hard is precisely what a bright ruler finds easy." He further said, "Your Majesty ascended the throne in the white mourning canopy by Longci's command—much of it could not be helped. You should personally humble yourself and observe every rite toward the Retired Emperor, so that his sacred heart may delight in the joy of yielding the throne. Only then will Your Majesty's great filial piety shine forth. The emperor, startled, praised the counsel and accepted it.
64
進起居舍人。 論：「政令當出中書，陛下審而行之，人主操柄，無要於此。」 知閤門事韓侂胄浸擅威福，故首及之。 遷起居郎。 集議卜孝宗山陵，與朱熹皆謂會稽山陵，土薄水淺，乞議改卜。 既而熹與祠，光祖言：「漢武帝之於汲黯，唐太宗之於魏徵，仁宗之於唐介，皆暫怒旋悔。 熹明先聖之道，為今宿儒，又非三臣比。 陛下初膺大寶，招徠耆儒，比初政之最善者。 今一旦無故去之，可乎？」 且曰：「臣非助熹，助陛下者也。」 再疏，不聽。
He was promoted to palace diarist. He argued, "Government orders should come from the Secretariat; Your Majesty should examine them and put them into effect. There is nothing more essential to the sovereign's grasp of power than this. Han Tuozhou, Commissioner of the Gate, was gradually monopolizing power and favor, and so Guangzu named him first. He was moved to the post of Record-Keeper of the Left. At a collective deliberation on selecting Xiaozong's imperial tomb, he and Zhu Xi both argued that the Kuaiji site had thin soil and shallow water and asked that a new site be considered. When Xi was given a temple appointment, Guangzu said, "Emperor Wu of Han with Ji An, Emperor Taizong of Tang with Wei Zheng, and Emperor Renzong with Tang Jie—all briefly grew angry and then quickly repented. Xi expounds the Way of the earlier sages and is the leading Confucian of our day. He is not to be compared with those three ministers. When Your Majesty first received the throne, you summoned venerable Confucians—one of the finest acts of your early reign. To remove him without cause in a single day—can that be right?" He added, "I am not defending Xi—I am defending Your Majesty. He submitted again, but the emperor would not heed him.
65
劉德秀劾光祖，出為湖南運判，不就，主管玉局觀。 趙汝愚既罷相，侂胄擅朝，遂目士大夫為偽學逆黨，禁錮之。 光祖撰《涪州學記》，謂：「學之大者，明聖人之道以修其身，而世方以道為偽； 小者治文章以達其志，而時方以文為病。 好惡出於一時，是非定於萬世。」 諫官張釜指為謗訕，比之楊惲，奪職，謫居房州。 久之，許自便。 起知眉州，復職，將漕利路，以不習邊事辭。 進直寶謨閣，主管沖佑觀。
Liu Dexiu impeached Guangzu. He was sent out as transport judge of Hunan but declined the post and instead served as superintendent of the Jade Bureau Abbey. After Zhao Ruyu was removed as chief minister, Tuozhou dominated the court and labeled officials and gentry the faction of false learning and treason, banning and imprisoning them. Guangzu wrote the Record of the Fuzhou Academy, saying, "The great purpose of learning is to illuminate the sages' Way and cultivate oneself—yet the age treats the Way as false; the lesser purpose is to craft writing to express one's intent—yet the times treat literature as a sickness. Likes and dislikes arise in a moment; right and wrong are settled for ten thousand generations." Remonstrance official Zhang Fu denounced this as slander and compared him to Yang Yun. Guangzu was stripped of office and banished to Fang Prefecture. After a long interval he was permitted to return at will. He was recalled to serve as prefect of Meizhou, restored to office, and was about to become transport commissioner of Lizhou Circuit but declined on grounds of unfamiliarity with frontier affairs. He was advanced to the Direct Office of the Hall of Precious Illumination and made superintendent of the Chongyou Abbey.
66
吳曦叛，光祖白郡守，焚其榜通衢，且馳告帥守、監司之所素知者，仗大義，連衡以抗賊。 俄聞曦誅，則以書屬宣撫使楊輔，講行營田，前日利歸吳氏者，悉收之公上，以省餉軍費； 獎名節、旌死事以激忠烈之心。 除潼川路提刑、權知瀘州。 侂胄誅，召除右文殿修撰、知襄陽府，進寶謨閣待制、知遂寧府，改京湖制置使，以寶謨閣直學士知潼川府。
When Wu Xi rebelled, Guangzu informed the prefect, burned his proclamations in the public thoroughfare, and swiftly notified the military commissioners, prefects, and circuit supervisors he had long known, upholding the great principle and joining in alliance to resist the rebel. Soon word came that Xi had been executed. He then wrote to Military Commissioner Yang Fu urging the establishment of garrison farming and the recovery for the public exchequer of all profits that had formerly gone to the Wu clan, so as to save military rations and expenses; he also urged that integrity be rewarded and those who died in service be honored, so as to stir the hearts of the loyal and heroic. He was appointed judicial commissioner of Tongchuan Circuit and acting prefect of Luzhou. After Tuozhou was executed, he was summoned and appointed compiler of the Right Culture Hall and prefect of Xiangyang, advanced to Gentleman at the Hall of Precious Illumination and prefect of Suining, made Frontier Commissioner of Jinghu, and finally, as Direct Academician of the Hall of Precious Illumination, prefect of Tongchuan.
67
詔以閔雨求言，光祖奏：「女真乃吾不共戴天之仇，天亡此仇，送死於汴。 陛下為天之子，不知所以圖之，天與不取，是謂棄天，未有棄天而天不我怒也。 青、鄆、藺、會求通弗納，陛下為中國衣冠之主，人歸而我絕之，是謂棄人，未有棄人而人不我怨也。 且金人舍其巢穴，汙我汴京，尚可使吾使人拜之於祖宗昔日朝會之廷乎？」
When an edict sought counsel on drought, Guangzu memorialized, "The Jurchens are the enemy with whom we cannot share Heaven. Heaven is destroying this enemy and sending it to its death at Bian. Your Majesty is Heaven's son, yet does not know how to seize the opportunity. Heaven offers and you refuse—this is to abandon Heaven, and no one has ever abandoned Heaven without Heaven's wrath falling upon him. Qing, Yun, Lan, and Hui sought contact and were turned away. Your Majesty is lord of the civilized realm—people come and you reject them. This is to abandon the people, and no one has ever abandoned the people without earning their resentment. Moreover, the Jin abandoned their own nests and defiled our capital at Bian—can we still send our envoys to bow to them in the hall where our ancestors once held court?"
68
又請改正憲聖慈烈皇后諱日。 先是，后崩以慶元三年十一月二日，郊禋期迫，或謂侂胄曰：「上親郊，不可不成禮。 且有司所費既夥，奈何已之？」 侂胄入其言，五日祀圜丘，六日始宣遺誥。 於是光祖言：「憲聖，陛下之曾祖母，克相高宗，再造大業。 侂胄敢視之如卑喪，遷就若此。 賊臣就戮，盍告謝祖宗，改從本日？」 從之。
He also asked that the mourning day of Empress Xiansheng Cilie be corrected. Previously the empress had died on the second day of the eleventh month of the third year of Qingyuan. With the suburban sacrifice imminent, someone said to Tuozhou, "The emperor's personal suburban sacrifice cannot fail to be completed. The relevant offices have already spent so much—how can the rite now be halted?" Tuozhou accepted this advice. On the fifth day the emperor sacrificed at the Circular Altar; only on the sixth was the dying edict promulgated. Thereupon Guangzu said, "Xiansheng was Your Majesty's great-grandmother. She aided Emperor Gaozong and restored the great enterprise. Yet Tuozhou dared treat her mourning as a lesser case and shift the observance in this way. Now that the traitor has been executed, why not report to the ancestors and give thanks, and revert to the true date? The court agreed.
69
升顯謨閣直學士、提舉玉隆萬壽宮。 引年不許，提舉西京嵩山崇福宮。 嘉定十五年卒，進華文閣學士，謚「文節」。
He was promoted to Direct Academician of the Hall of Manifest Illumination and made superintendent of the Yulong Longevity Palace. His request to retire on grounds of age was denied, and he was made superintendent of the Chongfu Palace on Mount Song of the Western Capital. He died in the fifteenth year of Jiading, was posthumously advanced to Academician of the Hall of Flowering Culture, and granted the posthumous title "Cultured and Restrained."
70
趙汝愚稱光祖論諫激烈似蘇軾，懇惻似范祖禹，世以為名言。 所著《後溪集》十卷。 子：端之、靖之、翊之、竑之。
Zhao Ruyu said that Guangzu's remonstrance was as fierce as Su Shi's and as earnest and compassionate as Fan Zuyu's—a remark the age has taken as a fine saying. He left the Houxi Collection in ten juan. His sons were Duanzhi, Jingzhi, Yizhi, and Hongzhi.
71
論曰：徐誼竄逐於小人之手，身之否，道之亨也。 吳獵之以學為政，項安世之通經博古，皆一時之英才，今更定舊史，公論其少伸歟！ 薛叔似通儒也，不幸以開邊事累之。 劉甲、楊輔蔚乎有用之才。 劉光祖盛名與《涪州學記》並傳穹壤，世之人何憚而不為君子也！
The historian comments: Xu Yi was driven out by petty men—personally it was misfortune, for the Way it was triumph. Wu Lie governed through learning; Xiang Anshi mastered the classics and ranged broadly over antiquity—both were outstanding talents of their age. Now that the old histories are being revised, has public judgment at last been somewhat vindicated! Xue Shusi was a thorough Confucian, unfortunately tarnished by the frontier-opening affair. Liu Jia and Yang Fu were men of abundant practical talent. Liu Guangzu's great fame and the Record of the Fuzhou Academy will be handed down together through heaven and earth—what would people of this age fear that keeps them from choosing the way of the gentleman!