Volume 407 Biographies 166: Du Fan, Yang Jian, Qian Shi, Zhang Fu, Lu Wu

杜範楊簡〈（錢時附）〉張虙呂午〈（子沆）〉

Du Fan and Yang Jian (with Qian Shi appended) Zhang Fu and Lu Wu (with son Hong appended)

杜範，字成之，黃岩人。少從其從祖熚、知仁遊，從祖受學朱熹，至範益著。嘉字定元年舉進士，調金壇尉，再調婺州司法。紹定三年，主管戶部架閣文字。六年，遷大理司直。

Du Fan, whose courtesy name was Chengzhi, came from Huangyan. As a youth he kept company with his father's cousins Bi and Zhiren, who had studied under Zhu Xi; in Fan that learning became especially distinguished. In the first year of Jiading he passed the jinshi examination, was posted as magistrate of Jintan, and was later reassigned as judicial officer in Wuzhou. In the third year of Shaoding he was placed in charge of archival documents in the Ministry of Revenue. In the sixth year he was transferred to the post of investigator in the Court of Judicial Review.

端平元年，改授軍器監丞。明年，入對，言：“陛下親覽大政，兩年於茲。今不惟未睹更新之效，而或者乃有浸不如舊之憂。夫致弊必有原，救弊必有本，積三四十年之蠹習，浸漬薰染，日深日腐，有不可勝救者，其原不過私之一字耳。陛下固宜懲其弊原，使私意淨盡。顧以天位之重而或藏其私憾，天命有德而或濫於私予，天討有罪而或製於私情，左右近習之言或溺於私聽，土木無益之工或侈於私費，隆禮貌以尊賢而用之未盡，溫辭色以納諫而行之惟艱，此陛下之私有未去也。和衷之美不著，同列之意不孚，紙尾押敕，事不預知，同堂決事，莫相可否，集義盈庭而施行決於私見，諸賢在列而密計定於私門，此大臣之私有末去也。君相之私容有未去，則教條之頒徒為虛文。近者召用名儒，發明格物致知、誠意正心之學，有好議論者，乃從而詆訾訕笑之，陛下一惑其言，即有厭棄儒學之意。此正賢不肖進退之機，天下安危所係，願以其講明見之施行。”

In the first year of Duanping he was reassigned as deputy director of the Directorate of Arms Production. The following year he had an audience with the emperor and said, "Your Majesty has personally attended to the great affairs of state, and two years have now passed. Yet not only have we failed to see the fruits of renewal—some even worry that things are gradually growing worse than before. Corruption must have a source, and remedy must have a root. Vicious habits piled up over three or four decades, steeped and stained until they rotted deeper by the day—some beyond saving—spring from nothing but the one word "self-interest." Your Majesty should punish the source of these evils and purge private motives altogether. Yet despite the weight of the throne, private resentments are sometimes nursed; though Heaven appoints the virtuous, rewards are sometimes handed out through private favor; though Heaven punishes the guilty, judgment is sometimes bent by private feeling; the words of attendants and close associates are sometimes drowned in partial listening; useless building projects are sometimes paid for with lavish private spending; ceremony is raised to honor the worthy yet they are not fully used; gentle words are offered to receive remonstrance yet it is put into practice only with difficulty—this is where Your Majesty's private interests remain. The harmony of shared purpose is nowhere seen; colleagues no longer trust one another; edicts are countersigned at the bottom of the page, yet affairs are not known in advance; decisions are made in the same hall, yet no one assents or dissents; righteous counsel fills the court, yet execution is decided by private opinion; worthy men stand in rank, yet secret plans are settled behind private doors—this is where the great ministers' private interests remain. If private interests of ruler and minister still remain, then the issuing of regulations is nothing but empty words. Recently eminent Confucians were summoned to office and expounded the learning of investigating things to extend knowledge and of making the will sincere and rectifying the mind; yet those who delight in controversy slandered and mocked them, and once Your Majesty was swayed by their words, you showed an inclination to cast Confucian learning aside. This is precisely the hinge on which the worthy and unworthy rise or fall, and on which the safety of the realm depends; I pray that what has been expounded may be put into practice.

改秘書郎，尋拜監察御史。奏：“曩者權臣所用台諫，必其私人，約言已堅，而後出命。其所彈擊，悉承風旨，是以紀綱蕩然，風俗大壞。陛下親政，首用洪谘夔、王遂，痛矯宿弊，斥去奸邪。然廟堂之上，奉制尚多。言及貴近，或委曲回護，而先行丐祠之請；事有掣肘，或彼此調停，而卒收論罪之章。亦有彈墨尚新而已頒除目，沙汰未幾而旋得美官。自是台諫風采，昔之振揚者日以鑠；朝廷紀綱，昔之漸起者日以壞。 ”理宗深然之。

He was made a secretariat gentleman and soon appointed investigating censor. He memorialized, "In the past the censorial and remonstrance officials used by powerful ministers were invariably their own men; the wording was fixed first, and only afterward was the appointment issued. Their impeachments all followed the prevailing tone, and for this reason discipline collapsed and public morals were deeply corrupted. When Your Majesty took the reins of government, you first appointed Hong Zikui and Wang Sui, vigorously rooting out entrenched abuses and purging the wicked from court. Yet within the halls of power, deference to old ways still held sway in many matters. When criticism touched the powerful and the well connected, there was sometimes evasive protection, and a request for a temple sinecure was submitted first; when business met obstruction, parties sometimes compromised—and in the end the memorial calling for punishment was withdrawn. There were also cases in which impeachment memorials were still fresh yet appointment edicts had already been issued, and after brief dismissal the accused soon received fine offices again. From that point the bold spirit of the censorate and remonstrance officials, once so vigorous, faded day by day; and the discipline of the court, once slowly recovering, deteriorated day by day. " Emperor Lizong strongly agreed.

又奏九江守何炳年老不足備風寒，事寢不行。範再奏曰：“一守臣之未罷其事小，台諫之言不行其事大。阻台諫之言猶可也，至於陛下之旨匿而不行，此豈勵精親政之時所宜有哉！ ”丞相鄭清之見之大怒，五上章丐去，有“危機將發，朋比禍作”之語；且謂範順承風旨，粉飾擠陷。範遂自劾，言：“宰相之與台諫，官有尊卑而事關一體，但當同心為國，豈容以私而害公。行之者宰相，言之者台諫。行之者豈盡合於事宜，言之者或未免於攻詆，清明之朝，此特常事。古者大臣欲扶持紀綱，故必崇獎台諫，聞有因言而待罪者矣，未聞有諱言而含怒者也。曩者柄臣所用台諫，必其私人；陛下更新庶政，而台諫皆出於親擢。若廟堂不欲臣言其親故，鉗其口，奪其氣，則與曩者之用私人何以異？不知所謂‘承順風旨’者何人？ ‘粉飾擠陷’者何事？乞檢臣前奏，賜之罷黜，以從臣退安田裏之欲。”

He also memorialized that He Bing, prefect of Jiujiang, was too old to endure wind and cold; the matter was shelved and not carried out. Fan memorialized again, saying, "That one prefect was not removed is a small matter; that the words of the censorate and remonstrance officials were not heeded is a great matter. Blocking the censorate might be tolerated—but that Your Majesty's own directive was buried and never carried out: how can that be fitting in an era when you strive to govern with vigor and attend to affairs in person! " Chief Councilor Zheng Qingzhi, reading this, flew into a rage and five times memorialized asking to be dismissed, warning of "a crisis about to break and the calamity of factional collusion"; he also said that Fan was merely following the prevailing tone, embellishing facts and framing others by false accusation. Fan thereupon impeached himself, saying, "Between the chief councilor and the censorate and remonstrance officials, rank may be high or low, yet the affair concerns one body; they should only join hearts for the state—how can private interest be allowed to harm the public good? The chief councilor executes; the censorate and remonstrance officials speak. Those who act may not always match what circumstances require; those who speak may not escape attack and slander—in a clear and enlightened court, this is simply the way of things. In antiquity great ministers, wishing to uphold discipline, therefore always honored and rewarded the censorate and remonstrance officials; one has heard of men who awaited punishment because of their words, but one has never heard of men who nursed anger because speech was taboo. In former days the power-holder's censors and remonstrators were always his own men; Your Majesty renewed the multitude of policies, and every censor and remonstrator was personally chosen by you. If the halls of government do not wish your servant to speak of their kin and friends, to clamp his mouth and break his spirit—how is that different from employing private men as in the past? Who, I wonder, is meant by "following the prevailing tone"? What affair is meant by "embellishing facts and framing others by false accusation"? I beg that my earlier memorials be examined and that I be dismissed, so that I may retire in peace to my fields as I wish.

時清之妄邀邊功，用師河、洛，兵民死者十數萬，資糧器甲悉委於敵，邊境騷然，中外大困。範率合台論其事，並言製閫之詐謀罔上。於是凡侍從、近臣之不合時望者，監司、郡守之貪暴害民者，皆以次論斥。清之愈忌之，改太常少卿。轉對言：“今日之病，莫大於賄賂交結之風。名譽已隆者賈左右之譽以固寵，宦遊未達者惟梯級之求以進身。邊方帥臣，黃金不行於反間，而以探刺朝廷；厚賜不優於士卒，而以交通勢要。以致賞罰顛倒，威令慢褻，罪貶者拒命而不行，棄城者巧計以求免，提援兵者召亂而肆掠，當重任者怙勢而奪攘。下至禁旅，驕悍難製，監軍群聚相剽劫。欲望陛下毋以小恩廢大誼，毋以私情撓公法，嚴製宮掖，不使片言得以入於閫；禁約閹宦，不使讒諂得以售其奸。 ”範自入台，屢丐祠，至是復五上歸田之請，皆不允。

At that time Qingzhi recklessly sought frontier glory, sent troops to the He and Luo fronts, and hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians perished; supplies, grain, and armor were all abandoned to the enemy; the borderlands erupted in turmoil, and court and country alike were brought to ruin. Fan led the censorate in a joint memorial on the affair, and also exposed the military commissioner's deceitful plots to mislead the throne. Thereupon every attendant and close minister who failed to meet public expectation, and every supervisory commissioner and prefect who was greedy, violent, and harmful to the people, was impeached and denounced in turn. Qingzhi grew all the more resentful of him and had him transferred to vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. At a rotating audience he said, "The disease of today is greatest in the wind of bribery and collusion. Those whose reputations are already high buy praise from those around them to hold their favor; those who have not yet risen in office seek only the next rung on the ladder. Frontier commanders do not spend gold on counter-intelligence—they spend it spying on the court; generous rewards are not lavished on the rank and file—they are used to cultivate ties with the powerful. The result: rewards and punishments stand on their heads, authority and command are treated with contempt, those condemned refuse to go, those who abandon cities scheme to escape blame, those leading relief troops summon disorder and plunder at will, and those bearing heavy responsibility rely on power to seize what they want. Even the palace guard had grown arrogant and fierce, hard to control; supervising officers gathered in bands and robbed one another. I pray that Your Majesty not let small favors destroy great principle, not let private feeling bend public law, strictly control the inner palace, and not allow a single word to enter the women's quarters; restrain the eunuchs, and do not let slander and flattery sell their wickedness. " From the time Fan entered the censorate he had repeatedly asked for a temple post; now he again submitted five requests to return to his fields—all refused.

遷秘書監兼崇政殿說書。大元兵徇江陵，範乞屯兵蘄、黃以防窺江，且令沿江帥臣兼江、淮製置大使以重其權，令淮西帥臣急調兵撥糧以援江陵。拜殿中侍御史，辭不獲，乃因講筵，奏：“臣嚐冒耳目之寄，輒忤宰相，至煩陛下委曲調護，今又使居向者負芒之地，豈以臣絕私比，而其言猶有可取耶？抑以臣巽懦之質，易於調護，而姑使之備數耶？昔人主之於諍臣，非樂而聽之，即勉而從之，否則疏而遠之，未聞有不用其言而復用其人者。陛下自端平親政以來，召用正人以振台綱，未幾而有委曲調護之弊，其所彈擊，或牽製而不行，其所斥逐，復因緣以求進。臣於入台之初，固已力言之，不惟不之革，而其弊滋甚，甚至節貼而文理不全，易寫而台印無有，中書不敢執奏，見者為之致疑。不意聖明之時，其弊一至於此。陛下以其言之不可用，又從而超遷之，則是台諫之官，專為仕途之捷徑。陛下但知崇獎台諫為盛德，而不知阻抑直言之為弊政，則陛下外有好諫之名，內有拒諫之實，天下豈有虛可以蓋實哉。 ”範始以不得其言不去為恨，至是遂極言台諫失職之弊。

He was transferred to director of the Secretariat and concurrently lecturer at the Hall for Explicating Governance. When the Great Yuan army marched on Jiangling, Fan requested that troops be stationed at Qi and Huang to guard against a crossing of the Yangtze, and further that the commanders along the river concurrently serve as Jiang-Huai military commissioners to increase their authority, and that the Huai-west commander urgently mobilize troops and allocate grain to aid Jiangling. He was appointed palace attendant censor; unable to decline, he thereupon memorialized at the classics lecture, "Your servant once presumptuously received the charge of being the emperor's eyes and ears, and repeatedly offended the chief councilor, so much so that Your Majesty had to make tactful efforts to protect me; now I am again placed in the position where I once bore thorns—can it be because your servant rejects private faction, and yet his words still have something worth taking? Or is it because your servant's yielding, timid nature makes him easy to manage—and he is kept on merely to fill a seat? In former times rulers facing remonstrating ministers either listened gladly, urged themselves to follow, or kept them at a distance; one never heard of ignoring a man's words yet employing the man again. Since Your Majesty personally took up government in the Duanping era, upright men were summoned to revive censorate discipline; before long the abuse of tactful protection arose—impeachments were obstructed and not carried out, and those driven out sought advancement again through connections. When your servant first entered the censorate, I had already spoken forcefully on this; not only was nothing reformed—the abuse grew worse, until attached sections were incomplete in logic and composition, copies could easily be made yet the censorate seal was nowhere to be found, the Secretariat dared not submit them, and those who saw this were moved to doubt. I did not expect that in so sage and enlightened an age the abuse would reach this point. Your Majesty, because his words could not be used, then promoted him by special advancement—making the censorate nothing but a shortcut on the path of official career. Your Majesty knows only to honor and reward the censorate as a great virtue, but does not know that obstructing straightforward speech is a corrupt policy; outwardly you have the name of welcoming remonstrance, yet inwardly you reject it—can the empty cover the real under Heaven? " Fan had at first resented that he did not leave when his words went unheeded; now he spoke to the utmost on the censorate's dereliction of duty.

時襄、蜀俱壞，江陵孤危，兩浙震恐，復言：“清之橫啟邊釁，幾危宗祀，及其子招權納賄，貪冒無厭，盜用朝廷錢帛以易貨外國，且有實狀。 ”並言：“簽書樞密院事李鳴復與史寅午、彭大雅以賄交結，曲為之地。鳴復既不恤父母之邦，亦何有陛下之社稷。 ”帝以清之潛邸舊臣，鳴復未見大罪，未即行，範亦不入台。帝促之，範奏：“鳴復不去則臣去，安敢入經筵？ ”方再奏之，鳴復抗疏自辨，言：“台臣論臣，不知所指何事，豈以臣嚐主和議耶？幸未斥退，則安國家、利社稷，死生以之；否則無家可歸，惟有扁舟五湖耳。 ”範又極言其寡廉鮮恥，既而合台劾之，太學諸生亦上書交攻之。鳴復將出關，帝又遣使召回，範復與合台奏：“鳴復為宰執，所交惟史寅午、彭大雅，此等相與陰謀，不過賂近習、蒙上聽，以陰圖相位。臣近見自辨之章，見其交鬥邊臣以啟嫌隙，妄言和戰以肆脅持，且以蜀既破蕩而欲泛舟五湖，又以安國家、利社稷自任，不知鳴復久居政府，今又有何安利之策？欺君罔上，無所不至。如臣等言是，即乞行之；所言若非，早賜罷斥。 ”改起居郎，範奏：“臣論鳴復，未見施行，忽拜左史之命，則是所言不當，姑示優遷。臣前者嚐奏台諫但為仕途之捷徑，初無益朝廷之紀綱，躬言之，躬蹈之，臣之罪大矣。 ”即渡江而歸。授江東提點刑獄，尋改浙西提點刑獄，範力辭之，而鳴復亦出守越。

At that time Xiang and Shu were both ruined, Jiangling stood isolated and imperiled, and the two Zhe regions were shaken with fear; he again said, "Qingzhi recklessly opened frontier conflict and nearly endangered the imperial altars; moreover his son gathered power and accepted bribes, was greedy and insatiable, stole and used the court's money and silks to trade goods with foreign states, and there is solid evidence of this. " He also stated, "Li Mingfu, associate administrator of the Bureau of Military Affairs, formed corrupt ties through bribery with Shi Yinwu and Peng Daya, bending the law to shield them. Mingfu does not even care for the land of his parents—how much less for Your Majesty's altars of state! " The emperor held back—for Qingzhi was an old retainer from his princely days, and Mingfu had not been shown to have committed a grave crime; Fan, too, did not enter the censorate. The emperor urged him; Fan memorialized, "If Mingfu is not removed, then your servant will leave—how dare I enter the classics lecture? " Just as he was memorializing again, Mingfu submitted a forceful memorial in self-defense, saying, "The censorial official impeaches your servant, but I do not know to what affair this refers—can it be because your servant once advocated peace talks? If fortunately I am not dismissed, then to secure the state and benefit the altars of the realm I will stake my life upon it; otherwise I have no home to return to—only a small boat upon the Five Lakes. " Fan again spoke to the utmost of his lack of integrity and shame, then jointly with the censorate impeached him; students of the Imperial Academy also submitted memorials attacking him in turn. Mingfu was about to leave the capital when the emperor again sent envoys to recall him; Fan again jointly memorialized with the censorate, "Mingfu, as a chief minister, associates with none but Shi Yinwu and Peng Daya; such men plot together in secret, doing nothing but bribing close attendants and deceiving what the emperor hears, in order secretly to seek the position of chief councilor. Your servant recently saw his memorial of self-defense: he had incited frontier officials against one another to open rifts of suspicion, spoken recklessly of peace and war to wield coercion, and though Shu has already been ravaged yet spoke of drifting upon the Five Lakes—while also taking upon himself the charge of securing the state and benefiting the altars of the realm. What policy, I ask, does Mingfu—long seated in government—now have that could bring peace and profit? Deceiving the ruler and misleading the throne—there is nothing to which he will not stoop. If your servants speak truly, then I beg that it be done; if it is not so, then let me be dismissed at once. " He was made Left Recorder; Fan memorialized, "Your servant impeached Mingfu, yet no action was seen; suddenly I received appointment as Left Recorder—this means that what was said was improper, and I am for the moment shown special advancement. Your servant earlier memorialized that the censorate and remonstrance offices were nothing but shortcuts on the path of official career and brought no benefit to the court's discipline; to speak it in person and then tread it in person—your servant's offense is great indeed. " He thereupon crossed the river and returned home. He was appointed judicial intendant for Jiangdong, and soon transferred to judicial intendant for Zhexi; Fan forcefully declined, and Mingfu also went out to serve as prefect of Yue.

嘉熙二年，差知寧國府。明年至郡，適大旱，範即以便宜發常平粟，又勸寓公富人有積粟者發之，民賴以安。始至，倉庫多空，未幾，米餘十萬斛，錢亦數萬，悉以代輸下戶糧。兩淮饑民渡江者多剽掠，其首張世顯尤勇悍，擁眾三千餘人至城外。範遣人犒之，俾勿擾以俟處分，世顯乃陰有窺城之意。範以計擒斬之，給其眾使歸。

In the second year of Jiaxi he was assigned prefect of Ningguo Prefecture. The following year he reached the prefecture in the midst of a great drought; Fan immediately, by expedient authority, released grain from the Ever-Normal Granary and urged wealthy retired officials with stored grain to do the same; the people relied on this and were saved. When he first arrived the storehouses were nearly empty; before long more than one hundred thousand hu of rice and several tens of thousands in cash remained, all used to pay the grain tax on behalf of lower households. Many famine refugees from the two Huai regions who crossed the Yangtze turned to plunder; their leader Zhang Shixian was especially fierce and bold, and led more than three thousand men to the foot of the city wall. Fan sent men to reward them with provisions and ordered them not to disturb the people while awaiting disposition; Shixian thereupon secretly harbored designs on the city. Fan laid a trap, captured and executed him, provisioned his followers, and sent them on their way.

四年，還朝，首言：

In the fourth year he returned to court and spoke first:

旱暵薦臻，人無粒食。楮券猥輕，物價騰踴。行都之內，氣象蕭條，左浙近輔，殍死盈道。流民充斥，未聞安輯之政，剽掠成風，已開弄兵之萌，是內憂既迫矣。新興北兵，乘勝而善鬥，中原群盜，假名而崛起。搗我巴蜀，據我荊襄，擾我淮堧，近又由夔、峽以瞰鼎、澧。疆場之臣，肆為欺蔽，勝則張皇而言功，敗則掩覆而不言。脫使乘上流之無備，為飲馬長江之謀，其誰與捍之？是外患既深矣。

Drought and scorching heat came one after another, and the people had not a grain to eat. Paper currency had been debased, and prices soared. Within the mobile capital the atmosphere was bleak; in neighboring Zhejiang, starved corpses littered the roads. Refugees thronged everywhere, yet no policy of relief and resettlement was heard; plunder became rampant, and the seeds of armed rebellion had already been sown—internal crisis was already pressing. The newly risen northern armies fought well on the momentum of victory, while bandits throughout the Central Plains rose up under false banners. They raided our Ba-Shu region, seized our Jing-Xiang, harassed our Huai frontier, and recently advanced through Kuai and the gorges to threaten Ding and Li. Frontier officials brazenly deceived the court: when they won, they inflated their achievements; when they lost, they hid the truth and said nothing. If they exploited our unpreparedness on the upper Yangtze and set their sights on watering their horses in the Long River, who could stop them? Thus the external threat had already become grave.

人主上所事者天，下所恃者民。近者天文示變，妖彗吐芒，方冬而雷，既春而雪，海潮衝突於都城，赤地幾遍於畿甸，是不得乎天而天已怒矣。人死於幹戈，死於饑饉，父子相棄，夫婦不相保，怨氣盈腹，謗言載路，“等死”一萌，何所不至，是不得乎民而民已怨矣。內憂外患之交至，天心人心之俱失，陛下能與二三大臣安居於天下之上乎？陛下亦嚐思所以致此否乎？

A ruler serves Heaven above and relies on the people below. Recently Heaven had shown its displeasure: an ill-omened comet blazed; thunder came in midwinter and snow after spring had begun; tidal surges battered the capital, and famine spread across the metropolitan region—Heaven's favor had been lost, and Heaven was already enraged. People died by the sword and by famine; fathers and sons cast one another aside; husbands and wives could not protect each other; resentment seethed and slander filled the roads—once the thought "death is all the same" took root, what limit could there be? The people's loyalty had been lost, and the people already nursed grievance. Internal crisis and external threat arrived together; Heaven's favor and the people's hearts were both lost—could Your Majesty, together with two or three great ministers, dwell at ease atop the realm? Has Your Majesty ever reflected on what brought this about?

蓋自曩者權相陽進妾婦之小忠，陰竊君人之大柄，以聲色玩好內蠱陛下之心術，而廢置生殺，一切惟其意之所欲為，以致紀綱陵夷，風俗頹靡，軍政不修而邊備廢缺。凡今日之內憂外患，皆權相三十年釀成之，如養護癰疽，待時而決耳。端平號為更化，而居相位者非其人，無能改於其舊，敗壞汙穢，殆有甚焉。自是聖意惶惑，莫知所倚仗，方且不以彼為仇而以為德，不以彼為罪而以為功。於是天之望於陛下者孤，而變怪見矣，人之望於陛下者觖，而怨叛形矣。

It is because for years the powerful minister openly paraded petty loyalty while secretly seizing the ruler's great authority; with music, women, and luxuries he poisoned Your Majesty's mind, while appointments, dismissals, and matters of life and death all followed his whim—statutes collapsed, customs decayed, military affairs were neglected, and frontier defenses fell into ruin. All of today's internal crises and external threats were thirty years in the making by the powerful minister—like nursing an abscess until the moment came to lance it. The Duanping era was proclaimed a renewal, yet the man in the chancellorship was not the right one; he could not change the old ways, and corruption was perhaps even worse than before. From this the emperor's mind grew fearful and confused, not knowing whom to trust; yet he treated that man not as an enemy but as a benefactor, not as guilty but as meritorious. Heaven's hope in Your Majesty grew solitary, and omens of strangeness appeared; the people's hope in Your Majesty turned to disappointment, and resentment and rebellion took visible form.

陛下敬天有圖，旨酒有箴，緝熙有記，使持此一念，振起傾頹，宜無難者。然聞之道路，謂警懼之意，祗見於外朝視政之頃；而好樂之私，多縱於內廷燕褻之際。名為任賢，而左右近習或得而潛間；政出於中書，而御筆特奏或從而中出。左道之蠱惑，私親之請托，蒙蔽陛下之聰明，轉移陛下之心術。

Your Majesty reveres Heaven with ritual diagrams, has admonitions on strong wine, and records on bright cultivation—if you hold to this resolve and rouse what is toppling and failing, it should not be difficult. Yet word on the streets is that Your Majesty's vigilance appears only during outer-court sessions of reviewing government; while the private love of pleasure is mostly indulged during intimate banquets in the inner palace. It is called entrusting affairs to the worthy, yet attendants and close associates can still intervene in secret; government issued from the Secretariat, yet imperial brush memorials sometimes came directly from the inner palace. Heretical doctrines bewitched and deluded; private requests and entreaties obscured Your Majesty's clarity and shifted Your Majesty's mind.

於是範去國四載矣，帝撫勞備至。

By then Fan had been away from the capital four years; the emperor comforted and rewarded him with the utmost care.

遷權吏部侍郎兼侍講。以久旱，復言：“陛下嗣膺寶位餘二十年，災異譴告，無歲無之，至於今而益甚。陛下求所以應天者，將止於減膳徹樂、分禱群祀而已乎？抑當外此而反求諸躬乎？夫不務反躬悔過，而徒覬天怒之釋，天下寧有是理？欲望陛下一灑舊習以新天下，出宮女以遠聲色，斥近習以防蔽欺，省浮費以給國用，薄征斂以寬民力。且儲貳未立，國本尚虛，乞選宗姓之賢者育之宮中而教導之。 ”又言銓法之壞：“廟堂既有堂除，復時取部缺以徇人情；士大夫既陷贓濫，乃間以不經推勘而改正。凡此皆徇私忘公之害。 ”未幾，復上疏曰：

He was transferred to acting vice minister of personnel and concurrent lecturer-in-waiting. Because of prolonged drought, he again spoke: "Your Majesty has borne the imperial throne for more than twenty years; calamities and strange omens rebuking and warning have occurred every year without fail—and this year they are worse than ever. When Your Majesty asks how to answer Heaven, will the answer stop at lighter meals, silenced music, and prayers scattered among many sacrifices? Or should you go beyond this and turn inward to examine yourself? If one does not devote oneself to turning inward in repentance but merely hopes for Heaven's anger to lift—is there such a principle under Heaven? I urge Your Majesty to sweep away old habits to renew the realm, send palace women away to keep sound and color at a distance, dismiss close associates to guard against concealment and deception, reduce wasteful expenditure to supply state needs, and lighten levies and exactions to ease the people's burden. Moreover, no heir apparent has been named and the foundation of the state stands empty; I beg that a worthy member of the imperial clan be chosen, raised in the palace, and taught. " He also spoke of the corruption of appointment regulations: "In the hall of government there are already direct appointments from the chancellor, yet ministry vacancies are also taken from time to time to gratify personal connections; when scholar-officials have sunk into corrupt excess, they are sometimes allowed to revise appointments through improper review. Each of these is the harm that comes of serving private interest and forgetting the public good. " Before long he again submitted a memorial saying:

天災旱暵，昔固有之。而倉廩匱竭，月支不繼，升粟一千，其增未已，富戶淪落，十室九空，此又昔之所無也。甚而闔門饑死，相率投江，裏巷聚首以議執政，軍伍誶語所不忍聞，此何等氣象，而見於京城眾大之區。浙西稻米所聚，而赤地千里。淮民流離，繈負相屬，欲歸無所，奄奄待盡。使邊塵不起，尚可相依苟活，萬一敵騎衝突，彼必奔迸南來，或相攜從敵，因為之鄉導，巴蜀之覆轍可鑒也。

Calamities of drought and scorching heat are nothing new. Yet granaries were exhausted and monthly disbursements could not continue; a sheng of grain cost a thousand cash, and the price kept rising; wealthy households fell into ruin, and nine of ten households stood empty—this the past never knew. It has reached the point where whole households starve to death, people throw themselves into the river one after another, alleys fill with talk against the administration, and in the camps there is language one cannot bear to hear—what kind of atmosphere is this, in the great capital itself? Western Zhejiang is where rice is gathered, yet for a thousand li the land lay bare. Refugees from the Huai wandered in endless lines, infants on their backs, longing to return but with nowhere to go, gasping out their last breaths as they waited to die. If the frontier remained quiet, they could still depend on one another and scrape by; but if enemy cavalry should suddenly strike, they would surely flee south in panic, or even go over to the enemy together and serve as their guides—the lesson of Ba-Shu's ruin stands as a warning.

竊意陛下宵旰憂懼，寧處弗遑。然宮中宴賜未聞有所貶損，左右嬙嬖未聞有所放遣，貂璫近習未聞有所斥遠，女冠請謁未聞有所屏絕，朝廷政事未聞有所修飭，庶府積蠹未聞有所搜革。秉國鈞者惟私情之徇，主道揆者惟法守之侵，國家大政則相持而不決，司存細務則出意而輒行。命令朝更而夕變，紀綱蕩廢而不存，無一事之不弊，無一弊之不極。陛下盍亦震懼自省。

I imagine Your Majesty rising early and staying up late in worry and fear, with scarcely a moment's rest. Yet I hear of no reduction in palace banquets and rewards, no dismissal of attendants and favorites, no driving away of eunuchs and close associates, no barring of female Daoist priests who seek audience, no rectification of court governance, and no searching out of accumulated corruption in the various offices. Those holding the state's balance yield only to private feeling; those directing policy encroach only upon the observance of law; great state policies stall without decision, while minor departmental affairs are carried out at whim. Orders change from morning to evening; statutes are swept away until none remain; nothing is free of corruption, and every corruption has reached its extreme. Your Majesty ought to be shaken to fear and turn inward in self-examination.

詔：“中外臣庶思當今急務，如河道未通，軍餉若何而可運？浙右旱歉，荒政若何而可行？財計空匱，糴本若何而可足？流徙失所，遣使若何而可定？敵情叵測，邊圉若何而可固？各務悉力盡思，以陳持危製變之策。”

An edict proclaimed: "Officials and commoners within and without should ponder today's urgent tasks—if the canal route is not open, how are army provisions to be moved? Eastern Zhejiang suffers drought and poor harvest—by what means can famine relief be carried out? The treasury stands empty—how can funds for grain purchases be secured? The displaced have lost their homes—how can envoys be sent to settle them? The enemy's intentions are impossible to read—how can the frontier be made secure? Let each exert every effort and every thought to set forth policies for holding crisis and mastering change.

拜吏部侍郎兼中書舍人，復極言宴賜不節、修造不時、玩寇縱欲數事。兼權兵部尚書，改禮部尚書兼中書舍人。

He was appointed vice minister of personnel and concurrent drafting attendant of the Secretariat, and again spoke forcefully on several matters: unrestrained banquets and rewards, untimely construction, indulging the enemy and yielding to desire. He concurrently served as acting minister of war, then was changed to minister of rites and concurrent drafting attendant of the Secretariat.

淳祐二年，擢同簽書樞密院事。範既入都堂，凡行事有得失，除授有是非，悉抗言無隱情。丞相史嵩之外示寬容，內實忌之。四年，遷同知樞密院事。以李鳴復參知政事，範不屑與鳴復共政，去之。帝遣中使召回，且敕諸城門不得出範。太學諸生亦上書留範而斥鳴復，並斥嵩之。嵩之令諫議大夫劉晉之等論範及鳴復，範遂行。會嵩之遭喪謀起復不果，於是拜範右丞相，範以遜遊似，不許，遂力疾入覲。帝親書“開誠心，布公道。集眾思，廣忠益”賜之。

In the second year of Chunyou he was promoted to associate commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs. Once Fan entered the chief council, whether an action brought gain or loss, whether an appointment was right or wrong, he spoke out without hiding his views. The chief councillor Shi Songzhi outwardly showed tolerance but inwardly resented him. In the fourth year he was transferred to vice commissioner of the Bureau of Military Affairs. When Li Mingfu was appointed vice grand councillor, Fan disdained to serve in government with Mingfu and left. The emperor sent a palace envoy to recall him and ordered that none of the city gates should let Fan out. Students of the Imperial Academy also submitted memorials asking that Fan be kept and Mingfu denounced—and Songzhi as well. Songzhi had remonstrance official Liu Jinzhi and others criticize Fan and Mingfu, and Fan then departed. When Songzhi, encountering bereavement, plotted to resume office but failed, Fan was then appointed right chief councillor; Fan yielded to You Yousi, which was not permitted, and so he forced himself to attend audience despite illness. The emperor wrote in his own hand, "Open the sincere heart and spread impartial justice. Gather all counsel and broaden loyal benefit," and bestowed it upon him.

範上五事：“曰正治本，謂政事當常出於中書，毋使旁蹊得竊威福。曰肅宮闈，謂當嚴內外之限，使宮府一體。曰擇人才，謂當隨其所長用之而久於職，毋徒守遷轉之常格。曰惜名器，謂如文臣貼職，武臣閣衛，不當為徇私市恩之地。曰節財用，謂當自人主一身始，自宮掖始，自貴近始，考封村國用出入之數，而補窒其罅漏，求鹽策楮幣變更之目，而斟酌其利害。仍乞早定國本以係人心。”

Fan submitted five matters: "First, rectify the root of governance—government affairs should regularly issue from the Secretariat, and side paths must not steal authority and blessing. Second, rectify the inner palace—the boundary between inner and outer should be strict, so that palace and government form one body. Third, select talent—each should be employed according to his strengths and kept long in office, not merely bound by the regular rules of transfer. Fourth, cherish titles and offices—such posts as honorary civil titles and guard posts for military officers should not become places for favoring private interest and trading in grace. Fifth, economize state expenditure—this should begin with the ruler himself, with the inner palace, and with the honored and close; examine the figures of income and outgo for enfeoffments and state use, and mend the cracks and leaks; seek the items for changing salt policy and paper currency, and weigh their benefits and harms. I still beg that the foundation of the state be settled early, so as to bind the hearts of the people.

時親王近戚多求降恩澤，引前朝杜衍例，範皆封還。乞撥堂除闕歸之吏部，以清中書之務，惟留書庫、架閣、京教及要地幹官。人皆以為不便。太學生亦上書言之，帝以示範，範奏曰：“三四十年權臣柄國，以公朝爵祿而市私恩，取吏部之闕以歸堂除，太學諸生亦習於見聞，乃以近年之弊政為祖宗之成法。如以臣言為是，上下堅守，則諛者必多而謗者息矣。 ”未幾，赴選調者無淹滯，合資格者得美闕，眾始服。

Many imperial princes and close kin at the time sought lowered favors, citing the precedent of Du Yan in the former dynasty; Fan returned every petition sealed. He asked that direct appointments from the chancellor's office be returned to the Ministry of Personnel, to clarify the Secretariat's work, retaining only archive clerks, shelf officials, capital instructors, and key executive posts. People all thought it inconvenient. Imperial Academy students also memorialized on the matter; the emperor showed this to Fan, and Fan wrote: "For three or four decades powerful ministers held the state, trading public rank and salary for private favor, taking ministry vacancies for direct chancellor appointment—and Academy students, accustomed to what they see and hear, now treat recent corrupt policies as the ancestors' established law. If my words are accepted as right and upheld above and below, flatterers will surely multiply and slanderers fall silent. " Before long those going for selection and transfer met no delay; those who qualified obtained fine posts, and the multitude at last submitted.

帝命宰執各條當今利病與政事可行者，範上十二事：

The emperor ordered the chief ministers each to set forth current benefits and harms and policies that could be carried out; Fan submitted twelve matters:

曰公用舍，願進退人才悉參以國人之論，則乘罅抵巇者無所投其間。曰儲材能，內而朝列，則儲宰執於侍從、台諫，儲侍從、台諫於卿監、郎官；外而守帥，則以江麵之通判為幕府、郡守之儲，以江麵之郡守為帥閫之儲；他職皆然，如是則臨時無乏才之憂。曰嚴薦舉，宜詔中外之臣，凡薦舉必明著職業、功狀、事實，不許止為褒詞，朝廷籍記不如所舉，並罰舉主，仍詔侍從、台諫不許與人覓舉。曰懲贓貪，自今有以贓罪案上，即行下勘證，果有贓敗，必繩以祖宗之法，無實跡而監司妄以贓罪誣人者，亦量行責罰，台諫風聞言及贓罪，亦行下勘證。曰專職任，吏部不可兼給、舍，京尹不可兼戶、吏，經筵亦必專官。曰久任使，內而財賦、獄訟、銓選與其他煩劇之職，必三年而後遷，外而監司、郡守，亦必使之再任，其不能者則亟行罷斥。曰抑僥幸，布告中外，各務職業，朝廷不以弊例而過恩，宮庭不以私謁而廢法；勳舊之家，邸第之戚，不以名器而輕假。曰重閫寄。曰選軍實。曰招土豪。曰宜仿祖宗方田之製，疏為溝洫，縱橫經緯，各相灌注，以鑿溝之土，積而為徑，使不得並轡而馳，結陣而前，如曹瑋守陝西之製，則戎馬之來，所至皆有阻限，而溝之內又可以耕屯，勝於陸地多矣。曰治邊、理財，實為當今急務，有明於治邊、善於理財者，搜訪以聞。

First, public employment and dismissal—let advancement and removal of talent be guided by public opinion, so that those who exploit every crack and crevice have no opening. Second, store talent and ability—within the court, groom chief ministers from among attendants and remonstrance officials; groom attendants and remonstrance officials from among directors, supervisors, and department officials; without, among prefects and commanders, let Jiang-region vice-prefects serve as reserves for staff and prefects, and Jiang-region prefects as reserves for commanders; the same for other offices—thus there will be no fear of lacking talent when the moment comes. Third, strict recommendations—let an edict go out to officials within and without: every recommendation must clearly state office, achievements, and facts; mere praise will not do; if the court's records do not match what was recommended, the recommender is punished as well; and attendants and remonstrance officials must not seek recommendations for others. Fourth, punish corruption—from now on when a bribery case is submitted, send it down at once for investigation; if corruption is truly found, apply the laws of the ancestors; if a surveillance commissioner falsely accuses someone without real evidence, he too receives measured punishment; and when remonstrance officials hear of bribery and speak of it, investigation must also be sent down. Fifth, exclusive duties—the Ministry of Personnel must not concurrently hold provision and drafting posts; the capital magistrate must not concurrently hold revenue and personnel posts; the lecture circuit, too, must have dedicated officials. Sixth, long tenure—within the court, for finance, litigation, selection, and other arduous duties, transfer must come only after three years; without, for surveillance commissioners and prefects, they must also be made to serve a second term; those who cannot do so should quickly be dismissed. Seventh, restrain undeserved favor—proclaim within and without that each should attend to his office; the court must not grant excessive grace through corrupt precedents; the palace must not set aside law for private requests; meritorious old families and kin of great houses must not be lightly given titles and offices. Eighth, value frontier command. Ninth, select real military strength. Tenth, recruit local strongmen. Eleventh, follow the ancestral square-field system: dredge canals and ditches in a crisscross grid, each channel feeding the next; pile the earth dug from the ditches into paths so horses cannot ride abreast or charge, and formations cannot advance together—as Cao Wei did in defending Shaanxi—so that when barbarian horses come, wherever they reach they meet obstacles and limits, and within the ditches one can farm and garrison, far better than open ground. Twelfth, governing the frontier and managing finances are truly the urgent tasks of the day; those skilled in frontier governance and in managing finances should be sought out and reported.

時孟珙權重兵久居上流，朝廷素疑其難製，至是以書來賀。範復之曰：“古人謂將相調和則士豫附，自此但相與同心徇國。若以術相籠架，非範所屑為也。 ”珙大感服。未幾，大元軍大入五河，絕中流，置營柵，且以重兵綴合肥，令不得相援，為必取壽春之計。範命惟揚、鄂渚二帥各調兵東西來應，卒以捷聞。範計功行賞，莫不曲當，軍士皆悅。

Meng Gong had long held heavy troops on the upper reaches; the court had always suspected he would prove hard to control; now he sent a letter of congratulation. Fan replied: "The ancients said that when generals and ministers are in harmony, soldiers gladly attach themselves; from this day let us join hearts in serving the state alone. If we use stratagems to cage and constrain each other, that is beneath Fan's dignity. " Gong was deeply moved and submitted. Before long the Great Yuan army poured deep into the Five Rivers, cut the midstream, erected camp palisades, and pinned down Hefei with heavy troops so that forces could not aid one another, planning to take Shouchun without fail. Fan ordered the commanders of Weiyang and Ezhu each to mobilize troops from east and west; in the end victory was reported. Fan assessed merit and distributed rewards, and every award was fitting; the soldiers were all pleased.

未幾，卒，贈少傅，諡清獻。其所著述，有古律詩歌詞五卷，雜文六卷，奏稿十卷，外製三卷，《進故事》五卷，《經筵講義》三卷。

Before long he died; he was posthumously enfeoffed as junior tutor and given the posthumous title Qingxian. Among his writings were five juan of regulated verse, songs, and lyrics; six juan of miscellaneous prose; ten juan of memorial drafts; three juan of external compositions; five juan of Record of Presented Affairs; and three juan of Lectures for the Lecture Circuit.

楊簡，字敬仲，慈溪人。乾道五年舉進士，授富陽主簿。會陸九淵道過富陽，問答有所契，遂定師弟子之禮。富陽民多服賈而不知學，簡興學養士，文風益振。

Yang Jian, whose courtesy name was Jingzhong, came from Cixi. In Qiandao year five he passed the jinshi examination and received appointment as chief clerk of Fuyang. When Lu Jiuyuan passed through Fuyang, their questions and answers found accord, and he thereupon established the rites of master and disciple. The people of Fuyang mostly engaged in trade and knew little of learning; Jian raised schools and nurtured scholars, and literary culture flourished the more.

為紹興府司理，犴獄必親臨，端默以聽，使自吐露。越陪都，台府鼎立，簡中平無頗，惟理之從。一府史觸怒帥，令鞫之，簡白無罪，命鞫平日，簡曰：“吏過詎能免，今日實無罪，必擿往事置之法，某不敢奉命。 ”帥大怒，簡取告身納之，爭愈力。常平使者朱熹薦之。先是，丞相史浩亦以簡薦，差浙西撫幹，白尹張枃，宜因凶歲戒不虞。乃令簡督三將兵，接以恩信，出諸葛亮正兵法肄習之，軍政大修，眾大和悅。

Serving as judicial officer of Shaoxing Prefecture, he always personally attended the prison, sitting in silence to listen and letting prisoners speak for themselves. Yue was the secondary capital, where surveillance and prefectural offices stood like a tripod; Jian held the center without bias and followed only what was right. A prefectural clerk angered the commander, who ordered him interrogated; Jian declared him innocent; the commander ordered his past conduct examined; Jian said: "A clerk's faults cannot be avoided, but today he is truly innocent; if you must dredge up old matters to punish him by law, I dare not obey. " The commander flew into a rage; Jian handed in his commission and argued all the harder. Pacification commissioner Zhu Xi recommended him. Earlier, chief councillor Shi Hao had also recommended Jian; he was assigned as pacification staff officer in western Zhejiang and informed Magistrate Zhang Kan that because it was a famine year one should guard against the unexpected. He then had Jian supervise the troops of three generals, receiving them with grace and trust and drilling them in Zhuge Liang's orthodox military methods; military administration was greatly improved, and the troops were harmonious and pleased.

改知嵊縣。丁外艱，服除，知樂平縣，興學訓士，諸生聞其言有泣下者。楊、石二少年為民害，簡置獄中，諭以禍福，鹹感悟，願自贖。由是邑人以訟為恥，夜無盜警，路不拾遺。紹熙五年，召為國子博士。二少年大帥縣民隨出境外，呼曰“楊父”。會斥丞相趙汝愚，祭酒李祥抗章辨之，簡上書言：“昨者危急，軍民將潰亂，社稷將傾危，陛下所親見。汝愚冒萬死易危為安，人情妥定，汝愚之忠，陛下所心知，不必深辨。臣為祭酒屬，日以義訓諸生，若見利忘義，畏害忘義，臣恥之。 ”未幾，亦遭斥，主管崇道觀。再任，轉朝奉郎。嘉泰四年，賜緋衣銀魚，朝散郎，權發遣全州，以言罷，主管仙都觀。

He was changed to magistrate of Sheng County. After mourning his father's death he became magistrate of Leping County, raised schools and trained scholars, and some among the students wept upon hearing his words. Two youths, Yang and Shi, were a plague upon the people; Jian imprisoned them, admonished them on fortune and disaster, and both were moved and wished to redeem themselves. From that time the people of the district took litigation as shameful; at night there were no alarms of theft; on the roads no one picked up what another had lost. In the fifth year of Shaoxi he was summoned as doctor of the National University. The two youths led county people after him beyond the border, calling out, "Father Yang!" When chief councillor Zhao Ruyu was dismissed, libationer Li Xiang submitted a forceful memorial in his defense; Jian submitted a memorial saying: "In the recent crisis, the army and people were about to fall into disorder, and the altars of state were about to topple—Your Majesty saw this with your own eyes. Ruyu braved ten thousand deaths to turn danger into safety; the people's hearts were settled; Your Majesty knows Ruyu's loyalty in your heart—there is no need to argue the point at length. As libationer I daily instruct the students in righteousness; to see profit and forget righteousness, or to fear harm and forget righteousness—that I would be ashamed of. " Before long he, too, was dismissed and placed in charge of Chongdao Abbey. On a second appointment he was transferred to gentleman for court audience. In the fourth year of Jiatai he was granted scarlet robes and silver fish, gentleman for dispersed duty, and temporarily dispatched to Quanzhou; because of his memorial he was dismissed and put in charge of Xiandu Abbey.

嘉定元年，寧宗更化，授秘書郎，轉朝請郎，遷秘書省著作佐郎兼權兵部郎官。轉對，極言經國之要，弭災厲、消禍變之道，北境傳誦，為之涕泣。詔以旱蝗求直言，簡上封事，言旱蝗根本，近在人心。兼考功郎官，兼禮部郎官，授著作郎、將作少監。入對，答問往復，漏過八刻，上目送久之。兼國史院編修官兼實錄院檢討官，以麵對所陳未行，求外補，知溫州。移文首罷妓籍，尊敬賢士。私鹺五百為群過境內，分司幹官檄永嘉尉及水砦兵捕之。巡尉不白郡，簡驚曰：“是可輕動乎？萬一召亂，貽朝廷憂。兵之節製在郡將，違節製是不嚴天子命，違節製應斬。 ”建旗立巡尉庭下，召劊手兩行夾立，郡官盛服立西序，數其罪，命斬之，郡官交進為致悔罪意，良久得釋，奏罷分司，其紀律如此。寓官置民田負其直，簡追其隸責之而償所負。勢家第宅障官河，即日撤之，城中歡踴，名楊公河。

In the first year of Jiading, when Emperor Ningzong renewed governance, he was appointed secretary gentleman, transferred to gentleman for court service, and promoted to assistant compiler in the Secretariat and concurrent acting military department official. At the rotating audience he spoke forcefully on the essentials of governing the state and on ways to quell calamities and dispel portents; north of the border his words were copied and passed hand to hand, and people wept over them. An edict sought forthright speech because of drought and locusts; Jian submitted a sealed memorial declaring that the root of drought and locusts lay close at hand—in the human heart. He concurrently served as merit officer and rites department official, and was appointed compiler and assistant director of palace buildings. He entered for audience; question and answer went back and forth until the eighth quarter of the water clock had passed; the emperor watched him depart for a long while. He concurrently served as compiler of the National History Office and examiner of the Veritable Records Office; because what he had stated at audience was not implemented, he sought an outside post and became prefect of Wenzhou. His opening dispatch first abolished the registry of courtesans and gave honor to worthy men. Five hundred piculs of private salt passed through the district in a band; the branch-office staff official ordered the Yongjia district magistrate and river-fort soldiers to capture them. The patrol officer had not informed the prefecture; Jian said in alarm: "Can this be set in motion so lightly? If by chance disorder is summoned, it will bring grief to the court. Military restraint belongs to the prefectural commander; to violate restraint is to fail strictly to obey the Son of Heaven's command, and violation of restraint merits decapitation. " He raised a banner and placed the patrol officer in the court below, summoned executioners in two rows on either side, had prefectural officials in full dress stand in the western row, counted out his crimes, and ordered decapitation; prefectural officials came forward one after another to plead repentance; after a long while he was released; he memorialized to dismiss the branch office—such was his discipline. A temporary official had commoners' fields registered in his name while owing their price; Jian pursued his subordinates, held them responsible, and repaid what was owed. Mansions of powerful families blocked the official river; he demolished them the same day; the city erupted in joy, and the river was named Lord Yang's River.

帝遣使至郡譏察，使於簡為先世契，出郊迎，不敢當，從間道走州入客位。簡聞之不敢入，往來傳送數四，乃驅車反。將降車，使者趨出立戟門外，簡亦趨出立使者外，頓首言曰：“天使也，某不敢不肅。 ”使者曰：“契家子，禮有常尊。 ”簡曰：“某守臣，使者銜天子命，辱臨敝邑，天使也，某不改不肅。 ”遂從西翼偕進，禮北面東上，簡行則常西，步則後，及階，莫敢升，已乃同升自西階，足踧踧莫敢就主席，使者曰：“邦君之庭也，禮有常尊。 ”簡曰：“《春秋》，王人雖微，例書大國之上，尊天子也。況今天使乎？ ”持之益堅，使者辭益力，如是數刻，使者知不可變，乃曰：“某不敏，敢不敬承執事尊天子之義。 ”即揖而出。既就館，簡乃以賓禮見。儀典曠絕，邦人創見之，莫不瞿然竦觀，屏息立。

The emperor sent an envoy to inspect and censure the prefecture; the envoy was an old family associate of Jian's; Jian went out to the suburbs to welcome him but did not dare accept the honor and took a side path into the prefecture's guest hall. When Jian heard of this he did not dare enter; messages shuttled back and forth four times, and then he turned his carriage back. As he was about to step down from the carriage, the envoy hurried out and stood beyond the halberd gate; Jian hurried out too and stood beyond the envoy, bowed low, and said: "An imperial envoy—I dare not fail in reverence. " The envoy said: "We are bound by old family ties—but ritual has its constant honor. " Jian said: "I am a guarding minister; the envoy bears the Son of Heaven's command and deigns to visit this humble district—an imperial envoy; I cannot be less than reverent. " They advanced together from the western wing; in ritual they faced north and ascended east; when Jian walked he kept to the west, and when he stepped he went behind; at the steps none dared ascend; then they ascended together from the western steps; feet faltered and none dared take the host's seat; the envoy said: "This is the lord of the state in his court; ritual has its constant honor. " Jian said: "In the Spring and Autumn Annals, even when the king's envoy is lowly, the rule writes him above a great state—to honor the Son of Heaven. How much more today an imperial envoy? " He held all the more firmly to this; the envoy declined all the more forcefully; thus for several quarters; the envoy saw it could not be changed and said: "I am dull; I dare not fail reverently to accept the minister's meaning of honoring the Son of Heaven. " He then bowed and went out. Once lodged at the guest house, Jian received him with guest ritual. Ceremonial standards had long been lost; the people of the district saw this for the first time and stood in awe, holding their breath.

簡在郡廉儉自將，奉養菲薄，常曰：“吾敢以赤子膏血自肥乎！ ”閭巷雍睦無忿爭聲，民愛之如父母，鹹畫象事之。遷駕部員外郎，老稚扶擁緣道，傾城哭送。入對，言：“盡掃喜順惡逆之私情，善政盡舉，弊政盡除，民怨自銷，禍亂不作。 ”改工部員外郎，轉對，又以擇賢久任為言。遷軍器監兼工部郎官，轉朝奉大夫，又遷將作監兼國史院編修官兼實錄院檢討官，轉朝散大夫。

Jian in the prefecture was frugal and restrained; his support was meager, and he often said: "How dare I fatten myself on the blood and sweat of the people! " In lanes and alleys harmony prevailed without angry quarrels; the people loved him as they love parents, and all painted his image to honor him. He was transferred to outer department member; old and young supported one another along the road, and the whole city wept as they sent him off. He entered for audience and said: "Sweep away private feelings that favor the compliant and hate the contrary; raise every good policy and remove every corrupt one—popular resentment will dissolve of itself, and calamity and disorder will not arise. " He was changed to outer department member of the Ministry of Works; at the rotating audience he again spoke on selecting the worthy for long tenure. He was transferred to director of the Directorate of Armaments and concurrent works department official, promoted to grandee for court audience, then transferred to director of palace buildings and concurrent compiler of the National History Office and examiner of the Veritable Records Office, and promoted to grandee for dispersed duty.

金人大饑，來歸者日以數千、萬計。邊吏臨淮水射之。簡戚然曰：“得土地易，得人心難。薄海內外，皆吾赤子，中土故民，出塗炭，投慈父母，顧靳鬥升粟而迎殺之，蘄脫死乃速得死，豈相上帝綏四方之道哉？ ”即日上奏，哀痛言之，不報。會有疾，請去益力，乃以直寶謨閣主管玉局觀。升直寶文閣主管明道宮、秘閣修撰主管千秋鴻禧觀。特授朝請大夫、右文殿修撰主管鴻慶宮，賜紫衣金魚。進寶謨閣待制、提舉鴻慶宮，賜金帶。

The Jin people suffered great famine; each day several thousand or tens of thousands came to surrender. Frontier officials shot them at the Huai River. Jian said sorrowfully: "Gaining territory is easy; winning hearts is hard. Within and without the four seas, all are our children; former subjects of the central land, escaping fire and ash, throw themselves upon a merciful parent—yet you begrudge a dou or sheng of grain and greet them with death; they sought to escape death and found it swiftly—how does this accord with the August Lord's way of pacifying the four quarters? " That same day he submitted a memorial, speaking of it in grief; no answer came. When he fell ill he requested dismissal all the more forcefully; he was then made direct gentleman of the Baomo Pavilion and put in charge of Yuju Abbey. He was promoted to direct gentleman of the Baowen Pavilion, put in charge of Mingdao Palace, and compiler of the Secret Archive in charge of Qianqiu Hongxi Abbey. He was specially appointed gentleman for court service, compiler of the Youwen Hall, and put in charge of Hongqing Palace, granted purple robes and gold fish. He was promoted to gentleman-in-waiting of the Baomo Pavilion and put in charge of Hongqing Palace, granted a gold belt.

理宗即位，進寶謨閣直學士，賜金帶。寶慶元年，轉朝議大夫、慈溪縣男，尋授華文閣直學士、提舉佑神觀，奉朝請。詔入見，簡屢辭。授敷文閣直學士，累加中大夫，仍提舉鴻慶宮，尋以寶謨閣學士、太中大夫致仕，卒，贈正奉大夫。

When Emperor Lizong ascended the throne, he was promoted to direct academician of the Baomo Pavilion and granted a gold belt. In the first year of Baoqing he was transferred to grandee for discussion and baron of Cixi County; soon he was appointed direct academician of the Huawen Pavilion and put in charge of Youshen Abbey, attending court. An edict summoned him for audience; Jian repeatedly declined. He was appointed direct academician of the Fuwen Pavilion, repeatedly promoted to grandee of the palace, still put in charge of Hongqing Palace; soon he retired as academician of the Baomo Pavilion and grandee of the palace; he died and was posthumously enfeoffed as grandee for proper service.

簡所著有《甲稿》、《乙稿》、《冠記》、《昏記》《喪禮家記》、《家祭記》、《釋菜禮記》、《石魚家記》，又有《己易》、《啟蔽》等書，其論治務最急者五，其次八。一曰謹擇左右大臣、近臣、小臣；二曰擇賢以久任中外之官；三曰罷科舉而行鄉舉裏選；四曰罷設法道淫；五曰治伍法，修諸葛武侯之正兵，以備不虞。其次急者有八：一曰募兵屯田，以省養兵之費；二曰限民田，以漸復井田；三曰罷妓籍，從良；四曰漸罷和買、折帛暨諸無名之賦及榷酤，而禁群飲；五曰擇賢士教之大學，教成，使分掌諸州之學，又使各擇井裏之士聚而教之，教成，使各分掌其邑裏之學；六曰取《周禮》及古書，會議熟講其可行於今者行之；七曰禁淫樂；八曰修書以削邪說。此簡之誌也。後鹹淳間，製置使劉黻即其居作慈湖書院。門人錢時。

Among Jian's writings were Draft A, Draft B, Record of Capping, Record of Marriage, Family Record of Mourning Rites, Family Record of Sacrifices, Record of the Capping-and-Collating Rite, Record of the Stone Fish, and also Self-Change, Opening Blindness, and other books; in governing he named five matters as most urgent and eight as next. First, carefully choose left and right chief ministers, close ministers, and minor ministers; second, choose the worthy and keep them long in office within and without; third, end the civil service examination and put local recommendation and selection in its place; fourth, abolish the establishment of heterodox ways and licentiousness; fifth, rectify company regulations and restore Zhuge Liang's orthodox troops to guard against the unexpected. Among the next urgent matters were eight: first, recruit soldiers for garrison farming to reduce the cost of maintaining troops; second, cap private landholding to gradually restore the well-field system; third, abolish the registry of courtesans and permit them to marry; fourth, gradually abolish government purchase, silk conversion, all nameless levies, and the salt and wine monopoly, and forbid group drinking; fifth, choose worthy scholars to teach at the Imperial Academy; when their teaching is complete, have them manage the schools of the various prefectures, and also have each choose scholars of the lanes and hamlets to gather and teach; when that teaching is complete, have each manage the schools of their district; sixth, take the Rites of Zhou and ancient books, convene discussion, thoroughly examine what can be put into practice today, and put it into practice; seventh, forbid licentious music; eighth, compile books to suppress heterodox doctrines. This was Jian's purpose. Later in the Chunyou era, pacification commissioner Liu Fu built Cihu Academy at his residence. His disciple was Qian Shi.

時字子是，淳安人。幼奇偉不群，讀書不為世儒之習。以《易》冠漕司，既而絕意科舉，究明理學。江東提刑袁甫作象山書院，招主講席，學者興起，政事多所裨益。郡守及新安、紹興守皆厚禮延請，開講郡庠。其學大抵發明人心，論議宏偉，指擿痛決，聞者皆有得焉。丞相喬行簡知其賢，特薦之朝，且曰：“時夙負才識，尤通世務，田裏之休戚利病，當世之是非得失，莫不詳究而熟知之，不但通詩書、守陳言而已。”

Shi, whose courtesy name was Zishi, came from Chun'an. In youth he was singularly lofty and stood apart; in reading he did not follow the habits of worldly Confucians. He took first place in the transport commission examination in the Classic of Changes, then abandoned the civil service examination and pursued Neo-Confucian learning to its depths. Jiangdong surveillance commissioner Yuan Fu established Xiangshan Academy and invited him to head the lecture seat; scholars flourished and many affairs of government were helped. The prefect and the magistrates of Xin'an and Shaoxing all treated him with great courtesy and invited him to open lectures at the prefectural schools. His learning mostly elucidated the human mind; his discourse was grand, his judgments sharp and decisive; all who heard gained something. Chief councillor Qiao Xingjian knew his worth and specially recommended him to the court, saying: "Shi has long possessed talent and insight and is especially versed in worldly affairs; the joys and sorrows, benefits and harms of fields and hamlets, and the rights and wrongs and gains and losses of the age—none are not thoroughly investigated and well known; he is not merely one who knows poetry and books and keeps to old formulas.

授秘閣校勘。詔守臣以時所著書來上。未幾，出佐浙東倉幕，太史李心傳奏召史館檢閱。轉對，敷陳剴切，皆聖賢之精微。旋以國史宏綱未畢求去，授江東帥屬，歸。其書有《周易釋傳》、《尚書演義》《學詩管見》、《春秋大旨》、《四書管見》、《兩漢筆記》、《蜀阜集》、《冠昏記》、《百行冠冕集》。寶祐間，守季鏞祠於學。

He was appointed collator of the Secret Archive. An edict ordered guarding ministers to submit the books Shi had written at the proper time. Before long he went out to serve on the staff of the eastern Zhejiang granary office; grand astrologer Li Xinchuan memorialized to summon him as examiner in the History Office. At the rotating audience he set forth incisive and earnest views—all the subtle essentials of the sages. Soon, because the great outline of the national history was unfinished, he requested leave; he was appointed staff officer to the Jiangdong commander and returned home. Among his books were Exegesis of the Changes, Exposition of the Documents, Overview of Learning the Odes, Great Purport of the Spring and Autumn, Overview of the Four Books, Notes on the Two Han Dynasties, Collection from Shufu, Record of Capping and Marriage, and Collection of the Crown of the Hundred Conducts. In the Bao you era, magistrate Ji Yong enshrined him in the school.

張虙，字子宓，慈溪人。慶元二年進士。故事，潛邸進士升名，虙不以自陳。授州教授。為浙東帥屬。帥督新昌舊逋，虙手書諫曰：“越人之瘠，宜咻噢撫摩之。今夏稅當寬為之期，使田裏久饑之，少還已耗之氣血，尚可理舊逋耶？ ”力辭不行。

Zhang Fu, whose courtesy name was Zimi, came from Cixi. In the second year of Qingyuan he passed the jinshi examination. By precedent, jinshi from the hidden residence were promoted in rank; Fu did not claim the promotion for himself. He was appointed prefectural instructor. He served as staff officer to the eastern Zhejiang commander. The commander pressed collection of old arrears in Xinchang; Fu wrote a remonstrance by hand: "The emaciation of the Yue people calls for soothing and comfort. This year's summer tax ought to be given a broad extension; let the fields and hamlets, long famished, recover a little of their depleted strength—can old arrears still be collected? " He forcefully declined and would not carry it out.

主管戶部架閣文字，改太學正。時新進者多逞小才、害大體，轉對言：“立國有大經，人主當以靜製天下之動。今日之治，或有鄰於鍥薄，而咈人心、傷國體者，宜有以革之，使祖宗之意常如一日可也。 ”帝嘉納焉。

He was put in charge of archival documents in the Ministry of Revenue and changed to director of the Imperial Academy. Many newly advanced men at the time displayed petty talent and harmed the larger structure; at the rotating audience he said: "Establishing a state has a great constant; the ruler should use stillness to govern the realm's motion. In today's governance some things approach the thin and shallow, offend the human heart, and harm the body of the state—there should be means to reform them, so that the ancestors' intent may endure as on a single day. " The emperor praised and accepted this.

遷太常博士，又遷國子博士。時金垂亡，因論自治之道，謂：“天下之治，必有根本。城郭所以禦敵也，使溝壑有轉徙之民，則何敵之能禦？儲峙所以備患也，使枵腹盻盻不得食，則何患之能備？今日之吏，能知守邊之務者多，而能明立國之意者少。繕城郭，聚米粟，恃此而不恤乎民，則其策下矣。”

He was transferred to doctor of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, then transferred to doctor of the National University. The Jin was near extinction; he therefore discussed the way of self-governance, saying: "To govern the realm one must have a root foundation. City walls exist to repel the enemy—if ditches and gullies are filled with displaced wanderers, what enemy can be repelled? Stored grain exists to guard against calamity—if hollow-bellied people gaze longingly yet cannot eat, what calamity can be guarded against? Today's officials mostly know the tasks of guarding the frontier, yet few clearly grasp the intent of establishing the state. To repair walls and gather grain, relying on these yet not caring for the people—that is a low policy indeed.

時以旱求言，即上疏曰：“上天之心即我祖宗之心，數年以來，蓋有為祖宗所不敢為者。凡祖宗之時，幾舉而不遂，已行而復寢，始以人言而從，終以國體而回者，今皆處之以不疑矣。凡祖宗長慮卻顧，所以銷惡運、遏亂原、兢兢相與守之者，皆變於目前利便快意之謀矣。議者惟知衰靡之俗不可不振起也，圮壞之風不可不整刷也，抑不知振起整刷之術，最難施於衰靡圮壞之後。何者？元氣已傷而不可再擾，人心方蘇而不可駭動也。且造楮初欲便民，朝廷既以一切之政駴其聽，復以一定之價迫之從，郡縣之間，遂騷然矣。監司、郡守老成遲鈍者悉屏而不用，而取夫新進喜功名者為之，見事則風生，臨事則痛決，事未果集而根本已朘，國未有益而民生已困矣。凡此皆有累於祖宗仁厚之德，此旱勢之所以彌甚也。”

When drought led the court to seek advice, he immediately submitted a memorial: "The heart of Heaven is the heart of our ancestors; in recent years there have surely been things our ancestors would not have dared to do. Whatever in the ancestors' time was proposed several times yet not carried through, implemented yet suspended again, first followed because of human speech yet in the end turned back for the sake of the state—today all are treated without hesitation. Whatever the ancestors long considered and held back from, by which they extinguished evil trends, checked the sources of disorder, and carefully guarded together—today all have become schemes for immediate convenience and quick satisfaction. Counselors know only that decadent customs must be roused and ruined winds swept clean, yet they do not know that the art of rousing and sweeping clean is hardest to apply after decadence and ruin. Why? The vital energy is already injured and cannot be disturbed again; the human heart has just revived and cannot be startled into motion again. When paper currency was first created the intent was to benefit the people; the court first used catch-all policies to startle them, then fixed prices to force compliance—and between prefectures and districts turmoil arose. Surveillance commissioners and prefects who were old, mature, and deliberate were all removed; in their place were taken men newly advanced who delighted in fame and achievement; when they saw affairs they acted like wind, and when facing affairs they decided with severity; before affairs were settled the root was already depleted—the state had not yet benefited, yet the people's livelihood was already in distress. All of this has weighed upon the benevolent and generous virtue of the ancestors; this is why the drought has grown all the more severe.

遷國子監丞。轉對，願力主正論，勿使迎合之人得以投吾機。遷秘書郎，預編《寧宗會要》兼吳、益王府教授，改兼莊文府。講《毛詩》終篇，乞以所讀諸子改讀《尚書》，帝曰：“吾固以《詩》、《書》成麟趾之美也。”

He was transferred to assistant director of the National University. At the rotating audience he wished firmly to uphold orthodox discourse and not let flatterers seize our openings. He was transferred to secretary gentleman, participated in compiling the Veritable Records of Emperor Ningzong and concurrently served as instructor to the Wu and Yi princely establishments, then changed to the Zhuangwen princely establishment. Having lectured through the Mao Odes, he asked to change from the various masters he had read to the Documents; the emperor said: "I have always intended that the Odes and Documents should complete the beauty of linzhi.

遷著作佐郎兼權都官郎官。轉對言：“邊事有二病，戒敕千條，猶患悖繆，指意明白，猶復背違，安有不示其所向而謂可責其成。且言戰則當知彼，言和則當請於彼，惟守則自求諸己而已。儻以為可，則當力主其說，明告天下，日講求其所以守之之策，蓋議論貴合一，而今則病乎雜也。用人不可以嚐試，任人不可以自疑。朝廷惟慮獨任之難勝，彼此互分，不相扶持，人得抗衡，莫有稟屬，製置但存虛器，便宜反出多門。蓋體貴合一，而今則病乎分也。”

He was transferred to assistant compiler and concurrent acting punishments department official. At the rotating audience he said: "Frontier affairs have two illnesses: though admonitions number a thousand, perversity is still feared; though intent is clear, violation still occurs—how can success be demanded without showing where one is headed? In speaking of war one must know the enemy; in speaking of peace one must request it from the enemy; only in defense does one seek the answer in oneself. If it is thought feasible, then one should forcefully uphold that doctrine, clearly inform the realm, and daily seek policies of defense—the value of counsel lies in unity, yet today the illness is confusion. In employing men one cannot experiment by trial; in entrusting men one cannot harbor self-doubt. The court fears only that sole responsibility is hard to bear; each side divides duties and does not support the other; men can resist one another and none receives orders; the pacification commissioner keeps only an empty title, while discretionary authority in fact issues from many gates. Policy as a whole values unity—yet today the illness is division.

遷秘書丞，改著作郎。以疾乞外，出知南康。至郡，剖決滯訟，眾皆悅服。前守陳宓以錢七千緡置濟民庫為築城費，虙至，曰：“不必取贏於民，吾捐萬緡為倡，繼是倘不已，何患事之難成。 ”轉運使以錢萬二千緡置平糴於郡，虙復出錢萬二千緡以增益之，民賴其利。將增建禁旅，營地屬民者，索質劑視元直償之。徙知處州，移知溫州，力辭，遂直秘閣、主管千秋鴻禧觀。參議製置使幕中，使者尚威力，愎諫自用，虙守正不阿，每濟以寬大。又上書論海防利便。主管玉局觀。

He was transferred to secretary assistant director and changed to compiler. Illness led him to request an outside post; he went out as prefect of Nankang. Upon reaching the prefecture he decided stalled lawsuits, and the multitude submitted gladly. The former prefect Chen Mi had set aside seven thousand strings of cash in the Relief-for-the-People Office for building the wall; when Fu arrived he said: "There is no need to squeeze surplus from the people; I will donate ten thousand strings to begin—if others follow without ceasing, why fear the task will be hard to finish? " The transport commissioner set aside twelve thousand strings for equitable grain purchase in the prefecture; Fu added another twelve thousand strings, and the people benefited. When the forbidden guard was to be expanded, for camp land belonging to commoners he sought deeds and paid compensation at the original price. He was transferred to prefect of Chuzhou, then moved to prefect of Wenzhou; he forcefully declined and then served as direct gentleman of the Secret Archive and put in charge of Qianqiu Hongxi Abbey. As deliberator in the pacification commissioner's staff, the envoy valued power and severity, was obstinate in remonstrance and self-willed; Fu upheld rectitude without yielding and always tempered matters with leniency. He again submitted a memorial on the benefits and conveniences of coastal defense. He was put in charge of Yuju Abbey.

端平初，召為國子司業兼侍講，以《禮記月令》進讀，至“獄訟必端平”之語，因敷暢厥旨。八陵來復，將議修奉，而論者未能協一，虙議曰：“當乘此時遣官肅清威儀，申祗奉故事，如或為其所紿，功未即就，亦足以感動天下忠臣義士之心。 ”力辭勸講之職，升國子祭酒。以為“《月令》之書雖出於呂不韋，然人主後天而奉天時，此書不為無助”。乃因已講者為十二卷，乞按月而觀之。兼權工部侍郎兼國子祭酒，命下而卒，詔贈四官。

At the beginning of Duanping he was summoned as vice director of the National University and lecturer-in-waiting; he advanced reading of the Monthly Ordinances of the Book of Rites, and when he reached the phrase "litigation must be even and fair" he expounded its purport. When the eight imperial tombs were recovered, repair and maintenance were to be discussed, yet counselors could not agree; Fu argued: "At this time officials should be dispatched to solemnly restore ceremonial dignity and reverently carry out the old observances; even if the enemy deceives us and the work is not immediately accomplished, it is still enough to move the hearts of loyal ministers and righteous men throughout the realm. " He forcefully declined the lecturing post and was promoted to libationer of the National University. He held that "though the book of the Monthly Ordinances comes from Lü Buwei, the ruler follows Heaven after Heaven and observes the seasons—this book is not without use." He then compiled what he had already lectured into twelve juan and asked that it be viewed month by month. He concurrently served as acting vice minister of works and libationer of the National University; the order was issued and he died; an edict posthumously enfeoffed him four ranks.

呂午，字伯可，歙縣人。嘉定四年進士，授烏程主簿，郡守致之幕下，事一決於午。守張忠恕，丞相浚之孫，薦午猶力，時忠恕之母就養，而時時躬至簿聽迎午二親入郡，與午皆衣彩衣奉觴上壽，邦人榮之。

Lu Wu, whose courtesy name was Boke, came from She County. In the fourth year of Jiading he passed the jinshi examination, was appointed chief clerk of Wucheng, and the prefect brought him onto his staff; all affairs were decided by Wu. Prefect Zhang Zhongshu, grandson of chief councillor Jun, recommended Wu with special force; at the time Zhongshu's mother was receiving support in the prefecture, and he himself often came in person to the clerk's hall to welcome Wu's two parents into the prefecture; Wu and Zhongshu all wore colored robes and offered cups to toast long life—the people of the district honored this.

調當塗縣丞。守吳柔勝謂午有操守，俾其子淵、潛定交焉。會司理攝蕪湖縣，廬州遣兩兵會公事，司理遂以廬兵奪縣民為言。柔勝怒，悉置獄，屬午問之。午謂“廬州有公櫝，不可謂奪民”。柔勝愈怒，再以屬午。明日，午入謁，柔勝先令左右問若何，午執前說。柔勝益加怒，謂“我不忍廬兵奪吾百姓”。不出迎午，午坐客位不退，不食。柔勝勉為出，怒不息，欲黥二兵。午徐曰：“廬州初無公櫝則可，有則縣不為處置而反罪廬兵，恐不可。 ”久之，卒從午請，由是柔勝益知午。

He was transferred to assistant magistrate of Dangtu County. Prefect Wu Rousheng said Wu had integrity in conduct and had his sons Yuan and Qian establish friendship with him. When the judicial officer was acting magistrate of Wuhu County, Luzhou sent two soldiers on official business; the judicial officer then spoke of Luzhou soldiers seizing county commoners. Rousheng was angry and imprisoned them all, assigning the inquiry to Wu. Wu replied: "Luzhou maintains an official chest—this cannot be styled seizing commoners." Rousheng grew angrier and again assigned the matter to Wu. The next day Wu entered to pay respects; Rousheng first had attendants ask how it stood; Wu held to his earlier view. Rousheng grew angrier still and declared: "I will not tolerate Luzhou soldiers seizing my commoners." He did not come out to welcome Wu; Wu sat in the guest seat and would not withdraw, and would not eat. Rousheng came out with reluctance; his anger did not abate, and he meant to tattoo the two soldiers. Wu said slowly: "If Luzhou originally had no official chest, that would be one thing; since there is one, for the county not to dispose of the matter yet punish Luzhou soldiers—I fear this cannot be done. " After a long while Rousheng at last followed Wu's request; from this he came to know Wu better.

陳貴誼守太平，屬午安集淮南流民。江東提舉徐僑知午在郡，驚喜，辟為幕屬。午欲盡決遣郡事而後行，帖趣行至十八而不以白貴誼，僑貽書貴誼，午始行。既而僑行部，以田事迕丞相史彌遠，以言罷。午還當塗。監溫州天富北監鹽場，改知餘杭縣，亦以言罷，公論大不平，然午自此名益重。浙東提舉章良朋留之幕，旋兼沿海製置司事。海寇未平，良朋問策安在。午廉知調軍出海，糧盡即還，軍獲寇物，官盡拘收，乃與製置司幹官施一飛議，糧盡再給，不許擅還，賊舟所有，悉以給軍，海道遂清。

When Chen Guiyi served as prefect of Taiping, he charged Wu with settling displaced people south of the Huai. Jiangdong intendant Xu Qiao, knowing Wu was in the prefecture, was delighted and invited him as staff officer. Wu wished to decide all prefectural affairs before departing; eighteen urgent notices arrived, yet he did not inform Guiyi; Qiao sent a letter to Guiyi, and Wu then departed. Soon Qiao toured his jurisdiction; because of a land affair he offended chief councillor Shi Miyuan and was dismissed because of a memorial. Wu returned to Dangtu. He supervised the Tianfu North Salt Station in Wenzhou, then was changed to magistrate of Yuhang County; he too was dismissed because of a memorial; public opinion was greatly indignant, yet from this Wu's reputation grew all the heavier. Eastern Zhejiang intendant Zhang Liangpeng kept him on his staff and soon had him concurrently handle affairs of the Coastal Pacification Commission. Sea bandits had not yet been pacified; Liangpeng asked where the strategy was. Wu secretly learned that when troops were mobilized to go to sea, once grain was exhausted they returned; when the army captured bandit goods, the government confiscated them all; he then discussed with pacification commission staff officer Shi Yifei: when grain was exhausted, supply again; unauthorized return was not permitted; everything on bandit boats was given to the army, and the sea routes were then cleared.

差知龍陽縣。豪民陶守忠殺人，正其獄誅之。彌遠雖非賢相，猶置人才簿，書賢士大夫以待用，而午治縣之政亦書之。差兩浙轉運司主管文字，彌遠病久不見客，午入謁，特出迎。運使罷，故不用人，以午護印半年。或問彌遠，何以不注官？彌遠曰：“爾謂護印官不能耶？ ”午聞之力辭。

He was assigned as magistrate of Longyang County. The powerful commoner Tao Shouzhong committed murder; Wu corrected the case and executed him. Though Miyuan was not a worthy chief councillor, he still kept a talent register, writing worthy scholar-officials to await employment—and Wu's governance as magistrate was entered in it as well. Assigned as chief clerk of the two-Zhejiang Transport Commission, Miyuan had long been ill and saw no visitors; when Wu entered to pay respects, he specially came out to welcome him. When the transport commissioner was dismissed and no replacement appointed, Wu guarded the seal for half a year. Someone questioned Miyuan as to why he had not appointed an official. Miyuan said: "Do you think the man guarding the seal cannot do the work? " When Wu heard this he forcefully declined.

差監三省樞密院門兼監提轄封樁上庫。丁父憂，免喪，遷大府寺簿。拜監察御史，帝親擢也。鄭清之喪師，至是丁黼死於成都，史嵩之、孟珙在京湖，嵩之尋升督府。陳韡、杜杲在淮西，王鑒在黃州，計用兵十七萬人，圍始解。獨趙葵在淮東不受兵，而坐視不出兵應援。午疏論：“邊閫角立，當協心釋嫌，而乃幸災樂禍，無同舟共濟之心。 ”葵以為午黨京湖製司，而嵩之亦憾午，乃遷宗正少卿兼國史院編修官、實錄院檢討官。出知泉州。初，左丞相李宗勉深以葵之言為疑，會來自淮東者，乃言台官皆以葵交書，獨呂御史無之，宗勉始以午為賢，語人曰：“呂伯可獨立無黨者。 ”嵩之得彌遠人才簿，心知敬午而內怨所論邊事。及午移浙東提刑，嵩之令鄧詠嗾重復亨論罷，中外不直嵩之。

He was assigned to supervise the gate of the Three Departments and Bureau of Military Affairs, and concurrently to supervise the Seal and Store Upper Warehouse. He mourned his father's death; when mourning ended he was transferred to secretary of the Court of the Imperial Treasury. He was appointed investigating censor—the emperor personally selected him. Zheng Qingzhi had lost the army; by then Ding Fu had died at Chengdu; Shi Songzhi and Meng Gong were in Jinghu; Songzhi soon rose to command the commission. Chen Kai and Du Gao were in western Huai; Wang Jian was at Huangzhou; it took 170,000 troops before the siege was lifted. Only Zhao Kui in eastern Huai received no troops, yet sat watching and sent none to support. Wu memorialized: "Frontier commanders stand like horns—they should join hearts and release suspicion, yet they rejoice in others' disasters; there is no heart of sharing one boat and crossing together. " Kui thought Wu sided with the Jinghu Pacification Commission, and Songzhi also resented Wu; he was then transferred to vice director of the Court of the Imperial Clan and concurrent compiler of the National History Office and examiner of the Veritable Records Office. He went out as prefect of Quanzhou. Earlier, left chief councillor Li Zongmian deeply doubted Kui's words; when someone came from eastern Huai he said all censorial officials had exchanged letters with Kui—only Censor Lu did not; Zongmian then regarded Wu as worthy and said to people: "Lu Boke stands alone without faction. " Songzhi obtained Miyuan's talent register; he respected Wu in his heart yet inwardly resented his discussion of frontier affairs. When Wu was transferred to eastern Zhejiang surveillance commissioner, Songzhi had Deng Yong incite Zhong Fufu to memorialize for dismissal; within and without none thought Songzhi was in the right.

提舉崇禧觀，再移浙東提刑。復為監察御史，入見，帝曰：“卿向來議論甚明切。 ”兼崇政殿說書。嵩之雅不欲午在經筵，時殿中侍御史項容孫子娶午從子，嵩之俾容孫上疏避午，欲撼之去，而於法無避。嵩之乃與言路密謀，以為午嚐劾王瓚姻家史洽，遂以瓚為右正言，午即治裝去。上手詔趣留之，午力辭，不允，由是再留，而議論愈不合。

He was put in charge of Chongxi Abbey, then again transferred to eastern Zhejiang surveillance commissioner. Again appointed investigating censor, he entered for audience; the emperor said: "Your previous discussions were very clear and incisive. " He concurrently served as lecturer of the Chongzheng Hall. Songzhi had never wished Wu to be in the lecture circuit; at the time palace attendant censor Xiang Rongsun's son married Wu's nephew; Songzhi had Rongsun submit a memorial to avoid Wu, wishing to drive him away, yet by law there was no avoidance. Songzhi then secretly plotted with the remonstrance channel, using the fact that Wu had once impeached Wang Zan's in-law Shi Qia; he then made Zan right direct remonstrator, and Wu immediately packed to leave. The emperor personally issued an edict urging him to stay; Wu forcefully declined; permission was refused; he stayed again, yet counsel grew all the more discordant.

遷起居郎兼史院官，官至中奉大夫，間居一紀卒，年七十有七，累贈至華文閣學士、通奉大夫。子沆。

He was transferred to drafting attendant and history office official; his highest office reached grandee for proper service; he lived in retirement for twelve years and died at seventy-seven; he was repeatedly posthumously enfeoffed up to academician of the Huawen Pavilion and grandee for communication and service. His son was Hong.

沆字叔朝，以恩補將仕郎。端平三年，銓試第一，授黃岩縣主簿，監西京中嶽廟者二，總領湖廣、江西、京西財賦所準備差遣。改知於潛縣，重囚逸，聞沆至，自歸。淮西總領辟充主管文字。

Hong, whose courtesy name was Shuchao, entered office by grace as gentleman for initial appointment. In the third year of Duanping he took first place in the selection examination, was appointed chief clerk of Huangyan County, twice served as supervisor of the Western Capital Central Peak Temple, and was a prepared dispatch officer of the general office for finance of Huguang, Jiangxi, and Jingxi. He was changed to magistrate of Yuqian County; a major prisoner escaped, but upon hearing Hong had arrived he returned of his own accord. The western Huai general office invited him as chief clerk for documents.

通判婺州，朱君章訟爭田四十有二年，吳王府爭墓二十有九年，沆皆決之。特差充提領兩浙轉運鹽事使司主管文字，又差充行在點檢贍軍激賞酒庫，曆四轄、六院之文思官告，書擬尚左右郎官事。

As vice prefect of Wuzhou, Zhu Junzhang's litigation over fields had lasted forty-two years and the Wu princely establishment's litigation over a tomb twenty-nine years—Hong decided them all. He was specially assigned chief clerk of the office for overseeing two-Zhejiang transport salt affairs, then assigned chief clerk of the capital inspection office for provisioning the army and reward wine stores, passing through the posts of the four commissions and six bureaus as document-drafting official of the Secretariat and drafting the affairs of left and right department officials.

賈似道議行公田，彗星見，沆請罷公田還民。及理宗崩，似道矯詔廢十七界會子，行關子，沆力言非便。似道大怒，調將作監簿，急令言者論寢。久之，與雲台觀，起知興國軍，未赴，論仍雲台觀。起知全州，未赴，與仙都觀。德佑元年，三學伏闕上書訟沆屈，召赴行在，沆不復出，卒，年八十有一。

When Jia Sidao proposed implementing public fields, a comet appeared; Hong asked that public fields be abolished and returned to the people. When Emperor Lizong died, Sidao forged an edict abolishing the seventeenth series of treasury notes and issuing guanzi; Hong forcefully argued this was not expedient. Sidao was greatly angered, transferred him to secretary of the Directorate of Palace Buildings, and urgently ordered remonstrators to memorialize for his dismissal. After a long while he was granted Yuntai Abbey; he was summoned to be prefect of Xingguo Army, did not go, and was again granted Yuntai Abbey. He was summoned to serve as prefect of Quanzhou, declined to go, and was granted Xiandu Abbey instead. In the first year of Deyou the Three Academies knelt at the palace gate to memorialize that Hong had been wronged; he was summoned to the traveling capital; Hong did not come out again; he died at eighty-one.

論曰：杜範在下僚，已有公輔之望，及入相未久而沒。楊簡之學，非世儒所能及，施諸有政，使人百世而不能忘，然雖享高年，不究於用，豈不重可惜也哉。張虙子諒易直，呂午風采凜然，皆有裨於世道者矣。

The commentator says: Du Fan, while still in lower office, already bore the reputation of a chief minister; once he entered the chancellorship he died before long. Yang Jian's learning was beyond what worldly Confucians could reach; applied in government it made him unforgettable for a hundred generations—yet though he lived to great age he was never fully employed; is this not greatly to be regretted? Zhang Fu was candid and straightforward by nature; Lu Wu's bearing was stern and awe-inspiring—both men benefited their age.

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