Volume 409 Biographies 168: Gao Dingzi, Gao Side, Zhang Zhongshu, Tang Lin

高定子高斯得張忠恕唐璘

Gao Dingzi, Gao Side, Zhang Zhongshu, and Tang Lin

高定子，字瞻叔，利州路提點刑獄兼知沔州稼之弟也。嘉泰二年舉進士，授郪縣主簿。吳曦畔，乞解官養母，曦誅，攝府事宇文公紹以忠孝兩全薦之，調中江縣丞。父就養得疾，定子衣不解帶者六旬。居喪，哀毀骨立。服除，成都府路諸司辟丹棱令，尋以同產弟魏了翁守眉，改監資州酒務。丁母憂，服除，差知夾江縣。

Gao Dingzi, styled Zhanshu, was the younger brother of Gao Jia, who had served as judicial intendant for Lizhou Circuit and concurrent prefect of Mian Prefecture. He earned his jinshi degree in 1202 and was appointed chief clerk of Qi County. When Wu Xi rebelled, he asked leave of his post to nurse his mother. After Xi's execution, Yuwen Gongshao, then acting prefect, commended his conduct as combining loyalty and filial duty and had him transferred to assistant magistrate of Zhongjiang. When his father came to live with him and fell ill, Dingzi attended him at bedside for sixty days without undressing for sleep. During mourning he was so grief-stricken that he wasted away to skin and bone. After mourning, offices of Chengdu Circuit appointed him magistrate of Danling. Soon, because his full brother Wei Liaoweng was serving as prefect of Meizhou, he was reassigned to oversee the Zizhou liquor monopoly. After mourning his mother, he was appointed magistrate of Jiajiang County.

前是，酒酤貸秫於商人，定子給錢以糴，且寬榷酤，民以為便。麻菽舊有征，定子悉弛之。會水潦洊饑，貧民競訴無所於糴，定子曰：“汝毋憂，汝第持錢往常所糴家以俟。 ”乃發縣廩給諸富家，俾以時價糶，至秋而償，須臾米溢於市。鄰邑有爭田十餘年不決，部使者以屬定子，定子察知偽為質劑，其人不伏。定子曰：“嘉定改元詔三月始至縣，安得有嘉定元年正月文書邪？ ”兩造遂決。四川總領所辟主管文字，同幕有以趣辦為能迫促諸郡者，定子白使者斥去之。總領所治利州，倚酒榷以佐軍用，吏奸盤錯，定子躬自究詰，酒政遂平。後來者復欲增課，定子曰：“前以吏蠹，亦既革之，今又求益，是再榷也。 ”乃止。

Previously the liquor monopoly had advanced grain to merchants on credit; Dingzi paid cash to purchase grain and eased the monopoly restrictions, to the people's benefit. Hemp and legumes had long been taxed; Dingzi abolished every such levy. When flooding brought repeated famine, the poor protested that they had nowhere to buy grain. Dingzi told them, "Do not worry—take your money to the shops where you usually buy and wait." He then drew on the county granary to supply wealthy households, letting them sell at fair prices and repay in autumn; within moments the market was flooded with rice. A neighboring county had a land dispute that had gone unresolved for over ten years. The circuit envoy referred it to Dingzi, who found the title deed forged, but the claimant refused to yield. Dingzi said, "The Jiading era-change edict did not reach this county until the third month—how could there be a document dated the first month of Jiading year one?" The case was then closed. The Sichuan General Superintendency recruited him as chief clerk for documents. When a colleague who prided himself on rapid fulfillment and hectored the prefectures, Dingzi reported to the commissioner and had him removed. The superintendency was based at Lizhou and relied on the liquor monopoly to fund the army. Corruption among the clerks was rampant; Dingzi investigated personally, and the liquor administration was brought into order. His successor again sought to raise the levy. Dingzi said, "We reformed the system because of official corruption; to demand more now is to impose a second monopoly." The increase was dropped.

製置使鄭損強愎自用，誤謂總領所擅十一州小會子之利，奏請廢之，令下，民疑而罷市。定子力爭，謂：“小會子實以代錢，百姓貿易，賴是以權川引，罷則關、隴之民交病，況又隆興間得旨為之，非擅也。 ”乃得存其半。損又欲增總領所鹽課，取舊貸軍費，定子辨其顛末，損乃釋然曰：“二司相關處，公每明白洞達言之，使人爽然自失。 ”尋差知長寧軍。長寧地接夷獠，公家百需皆仰淯井鹽利，來者往往因以自封殖，製置司又榷入其半。定子至，爭於製置使，得蠲重賦。

Pacification Commissioner Zheng Sun was stubborn and self-willed. Mistakenly believing the superintendency had monopolized profits from the small huizi notes of eleven prefectures, he memorialized to abolish them. When the order came down, the people grew uneasy and markets shut down. Dingzi argued vigorously: "The small huizi truly serve as money substitutes. The people rely on them in trade to balance Sichuan's currency. Abolishing them would afflict everyone in the frontier passes and Long region. Moreover, an imperial edict during Longxing authorized their use—this was no usurpation." Half the issue was preserved. Sun again sought to raise the superintendency's salt levy and reclaim old military loans. Dingzi explained the full history of the matter. Sun then said with relief, "Whenever our two offices overlap, you explain things so clearly that one is left abashed." He was soon appointed magistrate of Changning Army. Changning bordered tribal territories; all public needs depended on Yujing salt revenues. Incoming officials often used this to enrich themselves, and the pacification office again seized half through monopoly. On arriving, Dingzi pressed the pacification commissioner and secured remission of heavy levies.

差知綿州。大元兵穿鳳州塞，破武休，下興元，小校張鉞以其徒潰入文州，殺守臣楊必復，將自龍趨綿，以闖成都。安撫使黃伯固聞之，亟奏定子兼參議官，措置文、龍備禦。定子乃部分諸軍扼青塘嶺，鉞就擒。已而劍南大震，定子語僚吏曰：“諸君去留不敢拘，若某則守城郭封疆之臣，有死而已。 ”戒群胥曰：“潰軍流民不過欲得錢糧爾，吾將盡發吾州之藏與截諸司之綱，為朝廷捍蔽全蜀。我去，聽汝等殺我；汝等逃，吾斫汝頭矣。 ”乃下令招潰卒，人給緡錢五十、米一石，命都監陳訓專任接納。訓忽奔告曰：“諸軍雖受招，不肯釋甲，奈何？ ”定子乃令帳下卒衷甲於兩廡以俟，戒毋輕動。俄而諸軍盛陳兵以至，吏士皆股栗，定子坐堂上，傳令勞苦之，諸軍皆拜。定子開諭以理，使還本部，以俟給犒。諸將聞之，亦來上謁，定子復慰安之。因問：“汝等何為至此？ ”皆曰：“製置使未知存亡，諸軍無主。 ”定子曰：“大帥不過暫移治爾，已遣人訪所在，苟終不獲，我當為汝曹主張。且諸軍至此以無糧故，吾州當任供億。 ”又曰：“敵將復會於此，盍避之？ ”定子曰：“我文官也，不畏死，汝將軍也，世世衣食縣官，乃欲避敵乎？我是守臣，死則死於此爾。有欲殺太守者，一槍足矣，軍器安用多為？今諸軍大集，萬一敵至，能戮力出戰，是汝曹立功報國之機也，不猶愈於深入內郡為罪滋大乎？ ”眾悅而去。乃遣吏給犒如令，辟寺觀祠宇以舍之。

He was appointed prefect of Mianzhou. Yuan forces broke through Fengzhou pass, took Wuxiu, and descended on Xingyuan. A junior officer, Zhang Yue, led his routed men into Wenzhou, killed the defending official Yang Bifu, and planned to march from Longzhou toward Mianzhou to strike at Chengdu. Pacification Commissioner Huang Bogu heard of this and urgently memorialized to appoint Dingzi concurrently as deliberation officer to organize the defenses of Wen and Long prefectures. Dingzi deployed the armies to hold Qingtang Ridge, and Yue was captured. Soon Jiannan was thrown into turmoil. Dingzi told his staff, "You may stay or go as you wish—I will not constrain you. As for me, I am a frontier official charged with guarding walls and borders, and I have only death." He warned his clerks, "Routed soldiers and refugees only want pay and grain. I will empty this prefecture's stores and divert funds from other agencies to shield all of Shu for the throne. If I leave, you may kill me; if you flee, I will cut off your heads. He then ordered to recruit routed troops, paying each fifty strings of cash and one shi of rice, and put Metropolitan Supervisor Chen Xun in charge of receiving them. Xun suddenly rushed in to report, "The troops have accepted recruitment but refuse to lay down their arms—what can we do?" Dingzi had his personal guards don armor in the side halls and wait, warning them not to act rashly. Soon the troops arrived in full battle array. Clerks and officers trembled with fear. Dingzi sat in the hall and sent word to commend their hardships; the soldiers all bowed. Dingzi reasoned with them and sent them back to their units to await their rewards. Hearing of this, other generals also came to pay their respects, and Dingzi reassured them as well. He then asked, "Why have you come here?" They all said, "We do not know whether the pacification commissioner is alive or dead, and the armies have no commander. Dingzi said, "The commander has only temporarily relocated. I have already sent men to find him. If he cannot be found, I will act on your behalf. Moreover, you have come because you lack grain. This prefecture will take responsibility for supplying you. He also said, "The enemy will gather here again—why not withdraw? Dingzi said, "I am a civil official and do not fear death. You are generals who have lived for generations on the state's pay—yet you wish to flee the enemy? I am the defending official; if I die, I die here. If anyone wishes to kill the prefect, one spear is enough—why carry so many weapons? Now that you are gathered here, if the enemy comes and you fight together, this is your chance to win merit and serve the state—is that not better than pushing deep into inner prefectures where your crimes would be far worse? The men were satisfied and withdrew. He then sent clerks to distribute rewards as promised and requisitioned temples and shrines to house the troops.

亡幾何，敗將和彥威、陳邦佐、曹篪、張涓、姚承祖等皆集於彰明，剽掠尤甚。彥威遣邦佐入州，大言駭眾，謂定子曰：“知府何不去？和太尉兼兩戎司，威權甚重，麾下兵且二萬餘，欲來駐此，今至矣。 ”定子謂曰：“本州素非備禦之地，大將以兵入，欲何為者？第來，吾固有以相待。 ”邦佐色沮，乃曰：“已遣幕府來議。 ”至則一遊士爾，繆為恭敬，要索甚大。定子答曰：“軍將入吾境，當受吾節製，惟各守紀律，則給以錢糧。若敵至，為國一死，作忠臣孝子，愈於病五日不汗死也。 ”幕府莫能對，出彥威符移，有云：“大府招戢散軍，人給錢米若干，今所部不下二萬人，願如數得之。 ”定子報曰：“本州已下此令，何敢食言；但所給者乃潰軍就招免罪之人，都統所部非潰也，若以此例相給，其肯受乎？ ”彥威得檄甚慚，乃乞別給錢糧以餉軍，定子即捐四十萬緡與之，仍趣其還戍。蓋定子身任兩司之責，極其勞勩，以收捕張鉞功，進三官，以防遏招收潰兵功，又進一官，進直寶章閣，再任。

Before long, defeated generals He Yanwei, Chen Bangzuo, Cao Chi, Zhang Juan, Yao Chengzu, and others gathered at Zhangming, plundering with particular violence. Yanwei sent Bangzuo into the prefecture with bluster to intimidate the people, telling Dingzi, "Why does the prefect not leave?" Grand Marshal He holds both military commissions; his authority is immense, and he commands more than twenty thousand men. He intends to encamp here—and he has now arrived. Dingzi replied, "This prefecture has never been a defensive post. What does the general intend by marching troops in? Let him come—I have my own way of receiving him. Bangzuo's face fell, and he said, "I have already sent staff to negotiate. When he arrived, it was only a wandering scholar who feigned respect while making enormous demands. Dingzi answered, "Troops entering my jurisdiction must accept my authority. Only if you keep discipline will I supply pay and grain." If the enemy comes, to die for the state as a loyal minister and filial son is better than wasting away for five days without breaking a sweat. The envoy had no reply. He produced Yanwei's official dispatch: "The great prefecture recruits scattered troops and pays each a set amount of money and rice. My command now numbers at least twenty thousand—I expect payment in full. Dingzi replied, "This prefecture has already issued that order—I would not break my word; but that payment is for routed troops who accept recruitment to escape punishment. The metropolitan commander's men are not routed troops. If you were paid on the same terms, would they accept it? Yanwei was deeply shamed by the reply and begged separate funds to supply his army. Dingzi immediately contributed four hundred thousand strings of cash and urged him to return to his post. In all, Dingzi personally shouldered the duties of two offices and exhausted himself in the effort. For capturing Zhang Yue he was promoted three ranks; for containing and recruiting routed troops he gained another promotion, was made Direct Attendant of the Baozhang Pavilion, and served a second term.

頃之，召入奏事，吏民追送，莫不流涕；鄰郡聞定子至，焚香夾道，舉手加額曰：“微公，吾屬塗炭久矣。 ”定子之未去郡也，伯兄稼以權利路提刑上印而歸，了翁亦至自靖州，過定子於綿，定子為築棣鄂堂，飲酒賦詩為樂，一時以為美談。入對，極言時敝。時史彌遠執國柄久，故有曰：“陛下優禮元勳，俾得以弛繁機而養靜壽，朝廷得以新百度而革因循，不亦善乎？ ”既對，人為定子危之，定子曰：“乖逢得喪，是有命焉，吾得盡言，乃報君職分也。 ”越兩月，乃遷刑部郎中。彌遠沒，言之者紛然，識者謂定子先事有言，視諸人為難。

Soon he was summoned to court. Clerks and commoners ran after him in farewell, all in tears; neighboring prefectures, hearing Dingzi was passing through, burned incense along the roads and cried with hands raised, "But for you, sir, we would long have been in misery." Before leaving the prefecture, his elder brother Gao Jia had returned after relinquishing his acting post as Lizhou judicial intendant, and Wei Liaoweng arrived from Jingzhou. Meeting Dingzi at Mianzhou, Dingzi built the Di'e Hall for them; they drank and composed poetry for pleasure—a story much admired at the time. At audience he spoke at length on the abuses of the age. Shi Miyuan had long held state power, so he said, "Your Majesty honors the founding meritocrats, allowing them to lay aside heavy duties and live in quiet retirement, while the court renews all measures and breaks free of routine—is that not wise?" After the audience people feared for his safety. Dingzi said, "Fortune and misfortune are ordained by fate. To speak my mind fully is simply to fulfill my duty to the sovereign. Two months later he was appointed Director of the Ministry of Justice. When Miyuan died, many spoke out. Observers noted that Dingzi had spoken out beforehand, which made him stand apart from the rest.

尋以直寶謨閣、江南東路轉運判官。陛辭，帝曰：“淮師巡邊，卿知之乎？輔車之勢，漕運為急，卿是行宜斟酌緩急，以相通融。 ”定子因上疏論邊事甚周悉，帝嘉納焉。逾年，召入奏事。會稼死事於沔州，上疏引疾，乞歸田裏，不許。尋遷軍器監，又遷太府少卿，升計度轉運副使。有事於明堂，天大雷雨，詔求言，定子反覆論敬懼災異之意。復召入，遷司農卿兼玉牒所檢討官。

He was soon made Direct Attendant of the Baomo Pavilion and Transport Vice Commissioner for Jiangnan East Circuit. At his farewell audience the emperor said, "The Huai armies are patrolling the frontier—are you aware of this?" Like the cheek and the jawbone, transport is critical. On this mission you should weigh priorities and coordinate them flexibly. Dingzi submitted a memorial on border affairs that was thorough and comprehensive, and the emperor commended and accepted it. A year later he was summoned to court. When Jia died in service at Mianzhou, he memorialized citing illness and begged to retire to his home; the request was denied. He was soon made Director of the Armory Directorate, then Vice Minister of the Treasury, and promoted to Vice Commissioner of Fiscal Planning and Transport. During rites at the Bright Hall, a great thunderstorm struck. The court called for memorials, and Dingzi repeatedly urged reverence and fear of heaven's warnings. He was summoned again and made Minister of Agriculture, concurrently Reviewing Official of the Jade Genealogy Office.

入對，言：“內治不修，外懼不謹，近親有預政之漸，近習有弄權之漸，小人有復用之漸，國柄有陵夷之漸，士氣有委靡之漸，主勢有孤立之漸，宗社有阽危之漸。天變日多，地形日蹙。昔有危脈，今有危形；昔有亡理，今有亡證。 ”又請明詔沿流帥守將吏，思出奇乘險，求為水陸可進之策。

At audience he said, "Internal governance is neglected and external threats are ignored. Close kin are edging toward participation in government; close attendants toward manipulating power; petty men toward being restored to office; state authority toward decline; scholarly morale toward lassitude; the sovereign toward isolation; and the altars of state toward peril." Heavenly portents multiply daily, and the realm's territory shrinks daily. Formerly there was a perilous pulse; now there is a perilous outward form; formerly there was a logic of collapse; now there are signs of collapse. He also asked for a clear edict instructing commanders and officials along the rivers to devise bold stratagems exploiting difficult terrain and to seek viable routes of advance by land and water.

升兼樞密都承旨，又遷太常少卿兼國史院編修官。累言邊事，遷起居舍人，尋兼中書舍人，參讚京湖、江西督視府事，定子親往周視新城，大犒諸軍，激厲守將。遷禮部侍郎，仍兼中書舍人，即軍中賜金帶。詔以督府事入奏，既至，帝勞問甚渥，特進一官，尋兼崇政殿說書兼直學士院。未幾，改侍講、權禮部尚書，升兼侍讀。入奏，言：“國無仁賢，無禮義，無政事，有類叔世。 ”帝竦然。尋兼直學士，修孝宗、寧宗《日曆》，書成上進，擢拜翰林學士、知制誥兼吏部尚書，升兼修國史、實錄院修撰，賜衣帶、鞍馬。乞召收李心傳卒成四朝誌、傳。

He was promoted to concurrently Chief Coordinator of the Bureau of Military Affairs, then made Vice Minister of Rites and Compiler of the National History Institute. After repeatedly memorializing on border affairs, he was made Attendant of the Imperial Diary and soon concurrently Drafting Attendant of the Secretariat, assisting the Jing-Hu and Jiangxi supervisory offices. Dingzi personally inspected Xincheng, lavished rewards on the troops, and exhorted the defending generals. He was promoted to Vice Minister of Rites while retaining his post as Drafting Attendant, and was awarded a gold belt in the field. He was ordered to report on supervisory affairs at court. On arrival the emperor received him with great warmth, granted him a special promotion, and soon made him Lecturer at the Chongzheng Hall and Attendant of the Hanlin Academy. Soon he was made Court Lecturer and Acting Minister of Rites, then promoted to concurrently Court Reader. At audience he said, "The state lacks benevolent worthies, ritual and righteousness, and sound governance—it resembles a declining age." The emperor was startled. He was soon made Direct Academician and compiled the Daily Records of Xiaozong and Ningzong. When the work was completed and submitted, he was elevated to Hanlin Academician, Drafter of Edicts, and concurrently Minister of Personnel, then promoted to Compiler of National History and Veritable Records, and granted robes, belt, and saddle horse. He asked that Li Xinchuan be recalled to finish the chronicles and biographies of four reigns.

時禮部尚書杜範、吏部侍郎李韶皆以伉直稱，或乞身求去，或臥家不出。定子言：“人主寄耳目者，台諫也，補耳目之所不逮者，法從之論思，百官之輪對，則上必論君德之粹駁，次必言朝政之得失。舍是而使之但言常程，姑應故事，畏縮乎雷霆之威，阿徇乎宰執之好，遜避乎耳目之官，則凡論思等事，皆不必講矣。宜速返李韶以開不諱之門，勉起杜範以伸敢言之氣。 ”因乞歸田甚力。

At the time Minister of Rites Du Fan and Vice Minister of Personnel Li Shao were both known for blunt integrity; one had begged to resign, the other had withdrawn to his home. Dingzi said, "The remonstrance bureaus are the ruler's eyes and ears. Statutory attendants' deliberations and the hundred officials' rotating audiences supplement what those eyes and ears cannot reach—first by assessing the ruler's virtue, then by discussing the gains and losses of court policy." If instead they are made to speak only of routine business, merely go through the motions, shrink before imperial wrath, curry favor with the chief ministers, and defer to the remonstrance officials, then deliberation and candid counsel become pointless. Li Shao should be recalled at once to open the door to frank speech, and Du Fan should be urged to return to revive the spirit of bold remonstrance. He then pressed his request to retire to his home fields with great urgency.

進端明殿學士、簽書樞密院事，尋兼權參知政事。仍舊職，知福州、福建安撫，固辭，提舉洞霄宮。因請致仕，不許，改知潭州、湖南安撫大使，力辭，退居吳中，深衣大帶，日以著述自娛。以資政殿學士轉一官致仕，卒，贈少保。

He was promoted to Academician of the Duanming Hall and Signing Secretary of the Bureau of Military Affairs, and soon made Acting Participant in Governance. While retaining his existing posts, he was appointed prefect of Fuzhou and Fujian Pacification Commissioner. He firmly declined and was made Superintendent of the Dongxiao Palace instead. He requested retirement but was refused, then was offered prefect of Tanzhou and Great Pacification Commissioner of Hunan. He declined forcefully, withdrew to Wu, dressed in plain scholar's robes, and devoted his days to writing. As Academician of the Zizheng Hall he received one final promotion and retired; he died and was posthumously granted the title Junior Guardian.

字子作同人書院於夾江，修長興學，創六先生祠，蓋以教化為先務。所著《存著齋文集》、《北門類稿》、《薇垣類稿》、《經說》、《紹熙講義》、《奏議》、《曆官表奏》行世。

He founded the Tongren Academy at Jiajiang, restored the Changxing school, and established a shrine to the Six Masters, making education his foremost concern. His works that circulated include the Collected Writings from the Cunzhu Studio, North Gate Miscellany, Wei Garden Miscellany, Expositions on the Classics, Shaoxi Lectures, Memorials, and Memorials from Official Posts.

高斯得字不妄，利州路提點刑獄、知沔州稼之子也。少從李坤臣學，坤臣瞽，斯得左右扶持之。中成都路轉運司試，補入太學。紹定二年舉進士，授利州路觀察推官。越二年，辟差四川茶馬幹辦公事。李心傳以著作佐郎領史事，即成都修《國朝會要》，辟為檢閱文字。端平二年九月，稼死事於沔，時大元兵屯沔，斯得日夜西向號泣。會其僮至自沔，知稼戰沒處，與斯得潛行至其地，遂得稼遺體，奉以歸，見者感泣。服除而哀傷不已，無意仕進。心傳方修四朝史，辟為史館檢閱，秩同秘閣校勘，蓋創員也。斯得分修光、寧二帝《紀》。尋遷史館校勘，又遷軍器監主簿兼史館校勘。

Gao Side, styled Buwang, was the son of Gao Jia, who had served as judicial intendant for Lizhou Circuit and prefect of Mian Prefecture. In youth he studied under Li Kunchen, who was blind; Side attended and supported him on either side. He passed the Chengdu Circuit transport commission examination and entered the Imperial Academy. He earned his jinshi degree in 1229 and was appointed investigating and pushing official for Lizhou Circuit. Two years later he was recruited as acting handler of Sichuan tea-and-horse affairs. Li Xinchuan, as Assistant Compiler, directed historical work and compiled the National Dynastic Essentials at Chengdu; he recruited Side as reviewing clerk. In September 1235, Jia died in service at Mianzhou while Yuan troops were encamped there. Side faced west day and night, weeping and wailing. When a servant arrived from Mian knowing where Jia had fallen, Side went secretly with him to the site, recovered his father's body, and brought it home. All who witnessed it were moved to tears. After mourning ended his grief did not abate, and he had no wish to pursue office. While Xinchuan was compiling the history of four reigns, he recruited Side as History Institute reviewer with rank equal to Secretariat collator—a newly created position. Side was assigned to compile the annals of Emperors Guangzong and Ningzong. He was soon made History Institute collator, then chief clerk of the Armory Directorate while retaining his post as History Institute collator.

時丞相史嵩之柄國，斯得遇對，空臆盡言。冬雷，斯得應詔上封事，乞擇才並相，由是迕嵩之意。遷太常寺主簿，仍兼史館校勘。時斯得叔父定子以禮部尚書領史事，時人以為美談。會太學博士劉應起入對，拄嵩之，嵩之恚，使其黨言叔父兄子不可同朝，以斯得添差通判紹興府。淳祐二年，四朝《帝紀》書成，上之。嵩之妄加毀譽於理宗、濟王，改斯得所草《寧宗紀》末卷，斯得與史官杜範、王遂辨之。範報書亦有“奸人剿入邪說”之語，然書已登進矣。心傳藏斯得所草，題其末曰“前史官高某撰”而已。

Chief Councillor Shi Songzhi then held state power. When Side had audience, he spoke his mind without reserve. When winter thunder struck, Side submitted a sealed memorial in response to the edict, urging the selection of talent to share the chief ministership, thereby offending Songzhi. He was transferred to chief clerk of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices while retaining his post as History Institute collator. At the time his uncle Gao Dingzi, as Minister of Rites, directed historical affairs—a pairing much admired at court. When Imperial Academy erudite Liu Yingqi memorialized against Songzhi at audience, Songzhi was enraged and had his faction argue that uncle and nephew could not serve together. Side was given an added assignment as vice prefect of Shaoxing. In 1242 the Imperial Annals of four reigns were completed and submitted to the throne. Songzhi arbitrarily inserted praise and blame regarding Emperor Lizong and Prince Ji, altering the final fascicle of the Ningzong Annals that Side had drafted. Side disputed this with historians Du Fan and Wang Sui. Fan's reply also spoke of "villains smuggling in heterodox doctrines," but the altered text had already been submitted. Xinchuan preserved Side's draft and inscribed at the end only, "Drafted by former historian Gao."

逾年，添差通判台州。範既入相，召為太常博士，遷秘書郎。六年正月朔，日有食之，斯得應詔上封事，言：“大奸嗜權，巧營奪服，陛下奮獨斷而罷退之，是矣。諫憲之臣，交疏其惡，或請投之荒裔，或請勒之休致。陛下苟行其言，亦足昭示意向，渙釋群疑。乃一切寢而不宣，曆時既久，人言不置，然後黽勉傳諭，委曲誨奸，俾於襲絰之時，妄致掛冠之請，因降祠命，苟塞人言，又有奸人陰為之地。是以訛言並興，善類解體，謂聖意之難測，而大奸之必還，莽、卓、操、懿之禍，將有不忍言者。 ”時監察御史江萬里及它台諫累疏論嵩之罪惡，竟不施行，第因嵩之致仕，予祠而已，故斯得封事首及之。

A year later he received an added assignment as vice prefect of Taizhou. Once Fan became chief minister, Side was summoned as erudite of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices and promoted to Secretariat gentleman. On New Year's Day of the sixth year there was a solar eclipse. Side submitted a sealed memorial saying, "The great villain craved power and craftily schemed to seize control during mourning. Your Majesty acted with independent judgment and dismissed him—that was right." Remonstrance and surveillance officials jointly exposed his crimes, some urging exile to remote regions, others demanding forced retirement. Had Your Majesty acted on their advice, it would have sufficed to clarify your intent and dispel public doubts. Yet everything was shelved and kept quiet. As time passed and public criticism did not cease, the court reluctantly issued instructions, tactfully indulging the villain until, during the mourning period, he falsely offered to resign, whereupon a temple appointment was granted merely to silence criticism—while villains secretly paved his way back. False rumors spread, good men lost heart, and people said the sovereign's intent was unfathomable while the great villain would surely return—the catastrophes of Wang Mang, Dong Zhuo, Cao Cao, and Sima Yi would be unbearable to contemplate. Surveillance Censor Jiang Wanli and other remonstrance officials had repeatedly memorialized on Songzhi's crimes, yet nothing was done—only a temple appointment when he retired. Side's sealed memorial addressed this first.

又言：“大臣貴乎以道事君，今乃獻替之義少而容悅之意多，知恥之念輕而患失之心重。內降當執奏，則不待下殿而已行；濫恩當裁抑，則不從中覆而遽命。嫉正而庇邪，喜同而惡異，任術而詭道，樂俞而憚勞。陛下虛心委寄，所責者何事，而其應乃爾。 ”時範鍾獨當國，過失日章，故斯得及之。又言：“便嬖側媚之人，尤足為清明之累，腐夫巧讒而使傳幾搖，妖監外通而魁邪密主，陰奸伏蠱，互煽交攻，陛下之心至是其存者幾希矣。陛下之心，大化之本也。洗濯磨淬，思所以更之，乃徒立為虛言無實之名，而謂之更化，此天心之所以未當，大異之所以示儆也。 ”言尤切直，帝嘉納焉。

He also said, "Great ministers should serve the ruler by the Way. Today they offer little candid counsel and much flattery; they feel little shame and fear losing office above all." When inner edicts should be firmly memorialized against, they are implemented before the minister even leaves the hall; when excessive favors should be restrained, orders are rushed through without awaiting central review. They hate the upright and shelter the wicked, favor agreement and despise dissent, rely on craft rather than principle, and welcome flattery while dreading hard work. Your Majesty has entrusted them with open confidence—yet this is how they respond to what you charge them with. At the time Fan and Zhong alone governed the state, and their faults grew daily more evident—therefore Side addressed them. He also said, "Favorites and flatterers are especially damaging to clear governance. Corrupt men craft slanders that nearly shake the realm; eunuchs collude with outsiders while chief villains hold secret sway. Hidden villains lie in wait, fanning one another's attacks—by then Your Majesty's heart retains scarcely anything of its former clarity." Your Majesty's heart is the root of great transformation. You should wash and polish your heart, thinking how to renew it—yet you merely proclaim empty names without substance and call it renewal. This is why heaven's heart is not satisfied and great portents warn you. His words were especially blunt and direct, and the emperor commended and accepted them.

又言：“群臣厖雜，宮禁奇邪，黷貨外交，豈可坐視而不之問！顧乃並包兼容之意多，別邪辨正之慮淺，憂讒避謗之心重，直前邁往之誌微，遂使眾臣爭衡，大權旁落，養成積輕之勢，以開窺覬之漸。設有不幸，變故乘之，上心一移，凶渠立至，使宗社有淪亡之憂，衣冠遭魚肉之禍，生靈罹塗炭之厄。當是時也，能潔身以去，其能逃萬世之清議乎？ ”於是群憸悚懼，或泣訴上前，或上章求去，合力排擯，斯得遂求補外。在告幾百餘日，於是差知嚴州，斯得三請乞祠，不許。嚴環山為郡，雖豐歲猶仰它州。夏旱，斯得蠲租發廩，招糴勸分，請於朝，得米萬石以振濟。

He also said, "Officials are numerous and corrupt, the palace harbors strange perversities, and illicit trade reaches beyond the court—how can you sit and watch without investigating!" Yet you embrace and tolerate too much, distinguish evil from right too little, fear slander too greatly, and press forward too little—so ministers contend for power, authority slips away, contempt accumulates, and the first steps toward usurpation are opened. If misfortune strikes and crisis follows, once the sovereign's heart wavers the villainous ringleader will appear at once, bringing the altars of state to ruin, the gentry to slaughter, and the people to misery. At that time, could one who failed to withdraw with integrity escape the judgment of posterity? The villainous faction grew fearful; some wept before the throne, others submitted resignations, and together they ostracized him until Side sought an appointment outside the capital. After nearly a hundred days on leave, he was assigned magistrate of Yanzhou. Side three times begged for a temple appointment; each request was denied. Yanzhou is a mountain-ringed prefecture that even in good years depends on other prefectures for grain. During a summer drought, Side remitted rents, opened granaries, organized grain purchases, and urged mutual aid. He requested aid from court and obtained ten thousand shi of rice for relief.

遷浙東提點刑獄，遂劾知處州趙善瀚、知台州沈暨等七人倚勢厲民，疏上，不報。改江西轉運判官，斯得具辭免，上奏曰：“臣劾奏趙善瀚等七人，未聞報可，固疑必有黨與營救，惑誤聖聽，今奉恩除，乃知中臣所料。善瀚者，侍御史周坦之婦翁也，贓吏之魁，錮於聖世，鄭清之與之有舊，復與州符。沈塈者，同簽書樞密院事史宅之妻黨也。祖宗以來，未有監司按吏一不施行者，壞法亂紀，未有甚此。臣身為使者，劾吏不行，反叨易節，若貪榮冒拜，則與世之頑頓無恥者何異？乞並臣鐫罷，以戒奉使無狀者。 ”章既上，坦自謂己任台諫而反見攻，遍懇同列論斯得，同列難之，計急，自上章劾罷斯得新任，未幾，坦亦罷，七人竟罷去。

He was made judicial intendant of Eastern Zhe and impeached Zhao Shanhui of Chuzhou, Shen Ji of Taizhou, and five others for abusing power to oppress the people. His memorial received no response. He was reassigned as Jiangxi transport vice commissioner. Side fully declined and memorialized: "I impeached Zhao Shanhui and seven others but heard no approval, suspecting factional rescue had misled Your Majesty. Now that I receive this gracious appointment, I know my suspicions were correct." Shanhui is the father-in-law of Attending Censor Zhou Tan, a leading corrupt official who should have been barred from office. Zheng Qingzhi, who had old ties with him, restored him to a prefectural post. Shen Ji is related by marriage to Co-signing Secretary Shi Zhai of the Bureau of Military Affairs. Since the founding of the dynasty, no surveillance commissioner's impeachment has ever gone entirely unenforced. Nothing has so thoroughly destroyed law and discipline as this. As an envoy whose impeachment went unenforced, to accept a new commission would be no different from the shameless opportunists of the age. I beg that I too be dismissed, to warn envoys who behave without propriety. When the memorial was submitted, Tan, who held a remonstrance post, felt himself attacked and urgently pressed colleagues to act against Side. Finding little support, he memorialized to block Side's new appointment. Soon Tan himself was dismissed, and all seven corrupt officials were finally removed.

移湖南提點刑獄，薦通判潭州徐經孫等六人。攸懸富民陳衡老，以家丁糧食資強賊，劫殺平民。斯得至，有訴其事者，首吏受賕而左右之，衡老造庭，首吏拱立。斯得發其奸，械首吏下獄，群胥失色股栗。於是研鞫具得其狀，乃黥配首吏，具白朝省，追毀衡老官資，簿錄其家。會諸邑水災，衡老願出米五萬石振濟以贖罪。衡老婿吳自性，與衡老館客太學生馮煒等謀中傷斯得盜拆官櫝。斯得白於朝，復正其罪，出一篋書，具得自性等交通省部吏胥情狀。斯得並言於朝，下其事天府，索出賕銀六萬餘兩，黥配自性及省寺高鑄等二十餘人。初，自性厚賂宦者言於理宗曰：“斯得以緡錢百萬進，願易近地一節。 ”理宗曰：“高某硬漢，安得有是。 ”而斯得力求去，清之以書留之。又薦李晞顏等五人。

He was transferred to judicial intendant of Hunan and recommended Vice Prefect of Tanzhou Xu Jingsun and five others. In Youxian, the wealthy Chen Henglao used his household servants' grain to supply bandits who robbed and killed commoners. When Side arrived, someone lodged a complaint. The chief clerk had taken bribes and favored Henglao, who came to the hall while the clerk stood deferentially by. Side exposed the crime, shackled the chief clerk, and sent him to prison. The other clerks turned pale and trembled. Through investigation the full facts emerged. The chief clerk was tattooed and banished. Side reported to the central government, stripped Henglao of his official rank, and inventoried his property. When floods struck the region, Henglao offered fifty thousand shi of rice for relief to redeem his crimes. Henglao's son-in-law Wu Zixing, with lodge guest and Imperial Academy student Feng Wei and others, plotted to slander Side for stealing and breaking open official coffers. Side reported to court, re-established their guilt, and produced a box of documents detailing how Zixing and others had bribed central government clerks. Side reported further to court. The case was referred to the metropolitan office, which uncovered more than sixty thousand liang in bribes. Zixing, Gao Zhu, and more than twenty others were tattooed and banished. Earlier Zixing had bribed eunuchs to tell Emperor Lizong, "Side offered a million strings of cash in bribes, seeking a post nearer the capital." Lizong said, "Gao is a hard man—how could he do such a thing? Yet Side pressed to resign, and Qingzhi wrote to detain him. He also recommended Li Xiyan and five others.

加直秘閣、湖南轉運判官，改尚右郎官，未至，改禮部郎中。上疏極論時事，改權左司，力辭，內批兼侍立修注官。言水災曰：“願陛下立罷新寺土木，速反迕旨諸臣，遏絕邪說，主張善良，謹重刑辟，愛惜士類，抑遠佞臣，絕其幹撓，則天意可回，和氣可召矣。 ”會斥左司徐霖，帝慮給事中趙汝騰爭逐霖事，乃徙汝騰翰林學士，汝騰聞命即去國。斯得言：“汝騰一世之望，宗老之重，飄然引去，陛下遂亦棄之有如弁髦，中外驚怪，將見賢者力爭不勝而去，小人踴躍增氣而來。陛下改紀僅數月，初意遽變，臣深惜之。”

He was made Direct Attendant of the Secret Repository and Hunan transport vice commissioner, then Right Gentleman of the Ministry of Works; before he could take up the post, he was made Director of the Ministry of Rites. He memorialized at length on current affairs, was offered Acting Left Director, declined forcefully, and received an inner endorsement to concurrently attend court and compile annotations. On the floods he said, "I urge Your Majesty to halt new temple construction at once, recall ministers who defy your edicts, suppress heterodox doctrines, uphold the good, respect the law, cherish scholars, keep flatterers at a distance and end their interference—then heaven's favor may return and harmony be restored." When Left Director Xu Lin was dismissed, the emperor feared Supervising Secretary Zhao Ruteng would dispute the matter and transferred him to Hanlin Academician. Ruteng left the capital immediately on receiving the order. Side said, "Ruteng is the hope of the age, a pillar of the elder statesmen—yet he departed at once, and Your Majesty cast him aside like a discarded cap tassel. Court and country were astonished. Worthies will strive in vain and leave, while petty men will leap forward with renewed confidence." Your Majesty's renewal of rule has lasted only a few months, yet the original intent has suddenly shifted—I deeply regret this.

時上封事言得失者眾，或者惡其讙詉，遂謂“空言徒亂人聽，無補國事。 ”斯得因轉對，言：“諸臣之言，上則切劘聖主，下則砥礪大臣，內則摧壓奸邪，外則銷遏寇虐，顧以為無補於實政乎？空言之譏，好名之說，欲一網君子而盡去之，其言易入，其禍難言，此君子去留之機，國家安危之候，不可不深留聖慮者也。 ”監察御史蕭泰來論罷。

Many were submitting sealed memorials on policy. Some resented the clamor and said, "Empty words only confuse listeners and do nothing for state affairs." At rotating audience Side said, "Ministers' words sharpen the ruler above, hone ministers below, suppress villainy within, and check enemies without—yet you call them useless to governance? The charge of empty words, the accusation of seeking fame—the wish to net all gentlemen and drive them out—these words are easily believed, but their harm is incalculable. This is the hinge on which gentlemen stay or go and the state stands or falls. Your Majesty must ponder it deeply. Surveillance Censor Xiao Tailai was impeached and dismissed.

逾年，以直寶文閣知泉州，力辭，遷福建路計度轉運副使。朝廷行自實田，斯得言：“按《史記》，秦始皇三十一年，令民自實田。主上臨禦適三十一年，而異日書之史冊，自實之名正與秦同。 ”丞相謝方叔大愧，即為之罷。董槐入相，召為司農卿。程元鳳入相，改秘書監。丁大全入相，監察御史沈炎論斯得以閩漕交承錢物，下郡吏天府，榜死數人。先是，吳自性之獄，高鑄為首惡黥配廣州，捐資免行，至是為相府監奴，嗾炎發其端。京尹顧岩傅會其獄，安吉守何夢然奉行其事，陵鑠甚至，斯得不少挫，竟無所得。大全既謫，朝廷罪其委任非人，遂斬鑄。斯得既拜浙西提點刑獄之命，炎，浙西人，泣於上前，乞更之，移浙東提舉常平。命下，給事中章鑒繳還。斯得杜門不出，著《孝宗係年要錄》。

A year later he was made Direct Attendant of the Baowen Pavilion and prefect of Quanzhou. He declined forcefully and was transferred to Fujian Circuit vice commissioner of fiscal planning and transport. When the court implemented self-reporting of landholdings, Side said, "According to the Records of the Grand Historian, in the thirty-first year of his reign Qin Shihuang ordered the people to self-report their fields." Your Majesty has reigned exactly thirty-one years, yet when this is recorded in history, the name 'self-reporting' will be identical to Qin's policy. Chief Councillor Xie Fangshu was deeply shamed and immediately abolished the policy. When Dong Huai became chief minister, Side was summoned as Minister of Agriculture. When Cheng Yuanfeng became chief minister, Side was made Director of the Secretariat. When Ding Daquan became chief minister, Surveillance Censor Shen Yan impeached Side for mishandling Fujian transport funds. The case was referred to the metropolitan office, and several clerks died under interrogation. Earlier, in Wu Zixing's case, Gao Zhu had been tattooed and banished to Guangzhou but bought his way out of exile. By now he was a supervised bondsman in the chief minister's mansion and instigated Yan to launch the case. Metropolitan Magistrate Gu Yan joined the prosecution, and Anji Defender He Mengran carried it out with extreme harshness. Side was not broken, and in the end they found nothing. After Daquan was demoted, the court blamed him for appointing unfit men and executed Zhu. When Side was appointed judicial intendant of Western Zhe, Yan—a native of Western Zhe—wept before the throne begging a different assignment and was transferred to Eastern Zhe intendant of the Ever-Normal Granaries. When the order was issued, Supervising Secretary Zhang Jian returned it to the throne. Side shut his doors and wrote the Essential Annals by Year of Xiaozong.

彗星見，應詔上封事，曰：“陛下專任一相，虛心委之，果得其人，宜天心克享，災害不生。而庚申、己未之歲，大水為災，浙西之民死者數百千萬。連年旱暵，田野蕭條，物價翔躍，民命如線。今妖星突出，其變不小。若非大失人心，何以致天怒如此之烈。 ”封事之上也，似道匿不以聞。

When a comet appeared, he submitted a sealed memorial saying, "Your Majesty entrusts all power to a single chief minister. If you have chosen the right man, heaven should be satisfied and disasters should not arise." Yet in those years great floods struck, and millions died in Western Zhe. Years of drought left the fields desolate, prices soared, and people's lives hung by a thread. Now a comet has appeared—its portent is grave. If the court had not gravely lost the people's hearts, how could heaven's wrath be so fierce? When the sealed memorial was submitted, Jia Sidao suppressed it and did not report it to the throne.

台諫徐直方等四人論似道誤國之罪，乞安置嶺表，簿錄其家。丞相留夢炎庇護似道，止令散官居住，且謂簿錄擾及無辜。斯得謂“散官則安置，追降官分司則居住，祖宗製也。 ”夢炎語塞。夢炎乘間直罷去平章事王鑰、監察御史俞浙，並罷斯得，於是宋亡矣。所著有《詩膚說》、《儀禮合抄》、《增損刊正杜佑通典》、《徽宗長編》、《孝宗係年要錄》、《恥堂文集》行世。

Remonstrance officials Xu Zhifang and four others charged Jia Sidao with misleading the state, urging exile to the far south and confiscation of his property. Chief Councillor Liu Mengyan shielded Sidao, merely ordering him to live in retirement as a dismissed official, and argued that confiscation would harm the innocent. Side said, "Dismissed officials are exiled; demoted officials on branch duty merely reside at home—that is ancestral law." Mengyan had no reply. Mengyan seized an opportunity to dismiss Grand Councillor Wang Yue and Surveillance Censor Yu Zhe, and also dismissed Side—and with that the Song fell. His works in circulation include Exposition on the Skin of Poetry, Combined Copy of the Ceremonies, his revised edition of Du You's Comprehensive Institutions, the Long Compilation of Huizong, the Essential Annals by Year of Xiaozong, and the Collected Writings from the Hall of Shame.

張忠恕，字行父，右仆射浚之孫。以祖任，監樓店務。入府幕，時韓侂胄權勢熏灼，嚐奪民間已許嫁女，夫家以告，忠恕白尹歸其父母，尹不能難。再調廣西轉運司主管文字，改通判沅州，主管京湖宣撫司機宜文字，知澧州。開禧末，入為籍田令。屬太廟鴟吻為雷雨壞，神主遷禦，忠恕因輪對，請廣言路，通下情，寧宗嘉納。

Zhang Zhongshu, styled Xingfu, was the grandson of Right Vice Director Zhang Jun. Through his grandfather's privilege he supervised the tower shop office. He entered the prefectural staff when Han Tuozhou's power was at its height. Tuozhou once seized a commoner's daughter already betrothed. When the groom's family complained, Zhongshu persuaded the prefect to return her to her parents, and the prefect could not refuse. He was transferred to chief clerk for texts in the Guangxi transport commission, then made vice prefect of Yuanzhou, handler of documents for the Jing-Hu Pacification Office, and magistrate of Li Prefecture. At the end of the Kaixi era he was appointed Director of the Sacred Field. When thunder damaged the ancestral temple's roof ornaments and the spirit tablets were moved for safekeeping, Zhongshu at rotating audience urged broadening the path of remonstrance and communicating the people's sentiments. Ningzong commended and accepted his advice.

嘉定五年，遷軍器丞，進太府丞。出知湖州。遷司農丞、知寧國府。夏旱，請於朝，得賜僧牒五十，米十萬七千餘石。常平使者欲均濟而勿勸糶，忠恕慮後無以濟，遂核戶口、計歲月，嚴戒諸邑諭大家發蓋藏。所見浸異，以言去，主管衝佑觀。起知鄂州，改湖北轉運判官兼知鄂州。召為屯田郎官，丁內艱。免喪，入為戶部郎官。入對，極言邊事，其慮至遠。

In 1212 he was made Vice Director of the Armory and promoted to Vice Director of the Treasury. He was appointed magistrate of Huzhou. He was made Vice Director of Agriculture and magistrate of Ningguo Prefecture. During a summer drought he requested aid from court and received fifty monk certificates and more than 107,000 shi of rice. The Ever-Normal envoy wished to distribute relief but not encourage grain sales. Zhongshu feared there would be nothing left for later needs, so he checked household registers, calculated the months ahead, and strictly ordered the districts to persuade wealthy families to release their stored grain. His views increasingly diverged from those around him; he resigned over his remonstrance and supervised the Chongyou Abbey. He was recalled as magistrate of Ezhou, then made Hubei transport vice commissioner while retaining the Ezhou post. He was summoned as Gentleman of the Directorate of Domains but mourned a close relative. After mourning he entered service as Gentleman of the Ministry of Revenue. At audience he spoke at length on border affairs with far-reaching vision.

理宗即位，忠恕移書史彌遠請取法孝宗，行三年喪，且曰：“孝宗始自踐祚，服勤子職凡二十有七年，今上自外邸入繼大統，未嚐躬一日定省之勞，欲報之德，視孝宗宜有加。 ”既而宰輔率百僚請太母同聽政，忠恕復貽書史彌遠，謂：“英宗以疾，仁、哲以幼，母後垂簾，有不容已，惟欽聖出於勉強，務從抑損。今吾君長矣，若姑援以請，此亦中策爾。 ”詔群臣集議廟製，忠恕謂：“九廟非古。若升先帝，則十世之廟昉於今日，於禮無稽。”

When Lizong ascended the throne, Zhongshu wrote to Shi Miyuan urging him to follow Xiaozong's example and observe three years' mourning. He said, "Xiaozong served his father dutifully for twenty-seven years after taking the throne. The present ruler succeeded from outside the palace and never once attended his father in person. To repay that debt of gratitude, he should mourn even more fully than Xiaozong." Soon the chief ministers led the officials to ask the Grand Empress Dowager to rule from behind the curtain. Zhongshu wrote again to Miyuan: "Yingzong was ill, Renzong and Zhezong were young—those cases required the empress dowager's regency. Only Qinsheng's regency was reluctant and deliberately restrained. Our ruler is grown now. If you cite precedent only provisionally in the request, that is at least a moderate course. When the court ordered officials to discuss temple regulations, Zhongshu said, "Nine ancestral temples are not an ancient institution. If the former emperor is elevated, a ten-generation temple system would begin today, without any basis in ritual.

寶慶初，詔求直言，忠恕上封事，陳八事：

At the beginning of Baoqing the court called for frank speech. Zhongshu submitted a sealed memorial presenting eight points:

一曰天人之應，捷於影響。自冬徂春，雷雪非時，西霅、東淮，狂悖洊興。客星為妖，太白見晝，正統所係，不宜諉之分野。

First, heaven and man respond to each other swifter than shadow follows form. From winter to spring thunder and snow came out of season. In western Zha and eastern Huai, violent rebellions broke out repeatedly. Guest stars appeared as omens and Venus was seen by day. These concern the legitimacy of the dynasty and should not be blamed on territorial divisions.

二曰人道莫先乎孝，送死尤為大事。孝宗朝衣朝冠，皆以大布，迨寧考以適孫承重，光宗雖有疾，未嚐不服喪宮中也。洎光宗上賓，權焰方張，莫有言者。去秋禮寺受成胥吏，未嚐以義折衷。慶元間，再期而祥，百僚始純服吉。今若甫經練祭，雖朝臣一帶之微，不復有凶吉之別，則是三年之喪降而為期，害理滋甚。況人主執喪於內，而群工之服無異常日，是有父子而無君臣也。

Second, among human duties nothing comes before filial piety, and sending off the dead is especially important. Xiaozong wore coarse cloth for court dress. When Ningzong as eldest grandson bore the mourning burden, Guangzong, though ill, never failed to wear mourning in the palace. When Guangzong died, powerful factions were ascendant and no one spoke out. Last autumn the Ministry of Rites clerks who finalized the rites never judged them by moral principle. During Qingyuan, after two years came the auspicious rite, and only then did officials wear full auspicious dress. If now, right after the lian sacrifice, even the mourning belt of court ministers loses all distinction between mourning and auspicious dress, the three-year mourning is reduced to one year—a grave injury to ritual principle. Moreover, the ruler observes mourning within the palace while officials dress as on ordinary days—this preserves father and son but not ruler and minister.

三曰太母方卻垂簾之請，而慶壽前期，陛下吉服稱觴，播為詩什，此世俗之見，非所以表儀於天下也。

Third, the Grand Empress Dowager has just declined regency, yet before the longevity celebration Your Majesty raised a cup in auspicious dress and had the occasion turned into poetry. This is vulgar conduct, not how to set an example for the realm.

四曰陛下斬然在疚，大昏之期，固未暇問，然非豫講夙定，恐俚說乘間而入。臣所望於今日者，亦曰嚴取舍而正法度，廣詢謀而協公議爾。

Fourth, Your Majesty is deep in mourning. The wedding date is naturally not yet settled, but without long preparation, vulgar counsel may slip in at the first opportunity. What I hope for today is strict standards of selection, sound law and institutions, broad consultation, and harmony with public opinion.

五曰陛下於濟王之恩，自謂彌縫曲盡矣。然不留京師，徙之外郡，不擇牧守，混之民居，一夫奮呼，闔城風靡，尋雖弭患，莫副初心。謂當此時，亟下哀詔，痛自引咎，優崇恤典，選立嗣子，則陛下所以身處者，庶幾無憾，而造訛騰謗者，靡所致力。自始至今，率誤於含糊，而猶不此之思，臣所不解也。

Fifth, Your Majesty believes you have done all you can for Prince Ji. Yet he was not kept in the capital but moved to outer prefectures, without careful choice of officials, lodged among commoners. One man's cry set the whole city in turmoil. Though the trouble was soon quelled, it fell far short of your original intent. At that moment you should have issued a mournful edict, accepted blame, honored him with full rites, and chosen an heir. Then your position would have been nearly without reproach, and slanderers would have had no foothold. From the beginning you have consistently erred through vagueness, yet still do not reconsider—I cannot understand it.

六曰近世憸佞之徒，凡直言正論，率指為好名歸過；夫好名歸過，其自為者非也，若首萌逆億厭惡之心，則自今言者望風見疑，此危國之鴆毒。

Sixth, in recent times flatterers label every frank and upright statement as mere love of fame or shifting blame; Loving fame and shifting blame are wrong in themselves, but if you first harbor suspicion and disgust toward speakers, then from now on remonstrators will be doubted on sight—this is poison to the state.

七曰當今名流雖已褒顯，而搜羅未廣，遺才尚多。經明行修如柴中行、陳孔碩、楊簡，識高氣直如陳宓、徐僑、傅伯成，僉論所推：史筆如李心傅，何惜一官，不俾與聞。況邇來取人，以名節為矯激，以忠讜為迂疏，以介潔為不通，以寬厚為無用，以趣辦為強敏，以拱默為靖共，以迎合為適時，以操切為任事。是以正士不遇，小人見親。

Seventh, though some eminent men have been honored, the search has not been broad and many talents remain overlooked. Men of learning and integrity such as Chai Zhongxing, Chen Kongshuo, and Yang Jian; men of high insight and upright spirit such as Chen Mi, Xu Qiao, and Fu Bocheng—all widely praised. A historian such as Li Xinfu—why withhold an office and deny him a voice? Moreover, in recent appointments: integrity is called pretentiousness, frank loyalty pedantry, scrupulousness inflexibility, generosity uselessness, rapid fulfillment keenness, silence dutifulness, flattery timeliness, and harshness efficiency. Thus upright gentlemen go unused while petty men are favored.

八曰士習日異，民生益艱。第宅之麗，聲伎之美，服用之侈，饋遺之珍，向來宗戚、閹官猶或間見，今縉紳士大夫殆過之。公家之財，視為己物。薦舉、獄訟，軍伎、吏役、僧道、富民，凡可以得賄者，無不為也。至其避譏媒進，往往分獻厥餘。欲基本之不搖，殆卻行而求前也。

Eighth, scholarly customs grow daily more corrupt and the people's livelihood grows ever harder. Splendid mansions, fine entertainers, extravagant dress, costly gifts—once seen only among imperial kin and eunuchs, now gentry and scholar-officials nearly surpass them. Public funds are treated as private property. Recommendations, lawsuits, military entertainers, clerks, monks, Daoists, wealthy commoners—whatever could yield a bribe was exploited. To avoid criticism and advance their favorites, they often share the spoils among themselves. To wish the foundation unshaken while acting thus is like walking backward and expecting to advance.

疏入，朝紳傳誦。始魏了翁嚐勉忠恕以“植立名節，無隤家聲”。及是歎曰：“忠獻有後矣！ ”真德秀聞之，更納交焉。

When the memorial was submitted, court officials passed it around and recited it. Wei Liaoweng had once urged Zhongshu to "establish your integrity and do not dishonor the family name." On reading it he sighed, "Zhongxian has a worthy descendant!" Zhen Dexiu heard of it and sought his friendship.

忠恕又因輪對，引以伯父栻告孝宗之語曰：“當求曉事之臣，不求辦事之臣；欲求伏節死義之臣，必求犯顏敢諫之臣。 ”語益剴切。忠恕自知不為時所容，力請外補，遂以直秘閣知贛州。抵郡才兩月，言者指為朋比，落職，降兩官，罷。紹定三年，復元官，進秩一等，提舉衝佑觀。卒，遷一官致仕。魏了翁嚐許忠恕“拳拳體國似浚，撥繁剸劇似其父枃，斂華就實則有誌義理之學，嚐有聞乎栻之教矣”。

At rotating audience Zhongshu cited his uncle Zhang Shi's advice to Xiaozong: "Seek ministers who understand affairs, not ministers who merely get things done;" if you wish ministers who uphold integrity and die for principle, you must seek ministers who dare remonstrate to your face. His words grew ever more earnest and forceful. Knowing he was not tolerated at court, Zhongshu pressed for an outside appointment and was made Direct Attendant of the Secret Repository and prefect of Ganzhou. After only two months in office, critics accused him of factional collusion. He was dismissed, demoted two ranks, and removed. In 1230 his original rank was restored with one additional grade, and he was made Superintendent of the Chongyou Abbey. He died after receiving one final promotion and retirement. Wei Liaoweng once praised Zhongshu: "He serves the state with the same earnest devotion as Jun, handles complex affairs with his father Biao's skill, and pursues substance over show with the learning of principle and righteousness he learned from Zhang Shi's teaching."

唐璘，字伯玉，古田人。遊太學。嘉定十年舉進士，時台臣李安行奏次對官不許論邊事，璘對策極詆之，曰：“吾始進，可壞於天子之庭乎？ ”調吳縣尉，有殺人於貨挾其舟亡者，有司求賊急，屠者自告吾兒實殺之，兒亦自誣伏。璘問：“舟安在？錢何用？ ”其辭差，為緩之，果得賊太湖，與舟俱至，舉縣感服。縣有勢家治圃，將鑿渠通舟，繆言古有渠，常平使者主之。璘視乾道故籍，則誠民田也，力爭，迕使者意，移監縣稅。璘遂以直聞。調瑞州學教授，用白鹿洞教法，崇禮讓，後文藝，士翕然知向。監行在榷貨務門。

Tang Lin, styled Boyu, was from Gutian. He studied at the Imperial Academy. He earned his jinshi degree in 1217. When Censor Li Anxing memorialized that rotating audience officials must not discuss border affairs, Lin's policy response fiercely denounced this: "I am just entering service—shall I be silenced in the Son of Heaven's court?" He was appointed sheriff of Wu County. A man had killed for goods and fled by boat. Officials urgently sought the culprit. A butcher confessed that his son had done it, and the son also falsely confessed. Lin asked, "Where is the boat?" What was done with the money? Their accounts did not match. He slowed the case, found the real culprit at Tai Lake with the boat, and won the admiration of the whole county. A powerful family in the county tending a garden planned to dig a canal for boats, falsely claiming an ancient canal had existed there. The Ever-Normal envoy supported the project. Lin checked the Qiandao-era land registers and found it was truly commoners' farmland. He argued forcefully against the project, offended the envoy, and was transferred to supervise county taxes. Lin thereby became known for his integrity. He was made professor at Ruizhou school, using the Bailudong teaching method. He honored ritual and deference, placed literary arts second, and scholars turned to him uniformly. He supervised the capital monopoly goods office.

辟淮東運司催轄綱運官。屬出師楚州，盡瘁焉。捷聞，以金人據淮陰，欲乘勢取之。璘言：“捷奏多誇，詎得信乎？須聚兵二十萬，日費米斛餘五千，緡錢餘二萬，調夫幾萬人，僅能使賊全師北去。今出沒漣、海，謀結北邊，政欲迭出撓我，憂方大爾。淮陰緊壘與楚城等，濠之廣又過之，我士疲丁困，可一拔得乎？恢復，美名也，而賈實禍，仆竊危之。 ”不聽，製司恥楚城之捷自趙範與葵出，議贖淮陰二城為功。洎聞金變，即轉攻之，我師死傷者六萬，璘在兵間憤之，著《讜論》，直書其事上之。知晉陵縣，鄰州田訟，至有泣訴諸使願送晉陵可否者。製置使陳韡留守建康，辟為通判，舉府事以聽。

He was recruited as transport officer for Huai-East, overseeing grain transport. When troops marched out from Chuzhou he exhausted himself in the effort. When victory was reported, the court learned the Jin held Huaiyin and wished to seize it while momentum favored them. Lin said, "Victory reports are mostly exaggerated—how can they be believed?" It would require two hundred thousand troops, more than five thousand hu of rice per day, more than twenty thousand strings of cash, and tens of thousands of laborers—merely to drive the enemy's whole army north. Now they raid between Lian and Hai, plotting with the northern frontier, intending to harass us repeatedly—the danger is still grave. Huaiyin's fortifications match Chucheng's, and its moat is even wider. Our troops are weary and laborers exhausted—can it be taken at one stroke? Recovery is a fine name, but it buys real disaster—I fear it deeply. He was not heeded. The pacification office, shamed that Chucheng's victory came from Zhao Fan and Kui, proposed ransoming the two Huaiyin cities as a triumph. When they heard the Jin situation had changed, they immediately attacked. Our army suffered sixty thousand dead and wounded. Lin, amid the troops, wrote Straight Talk and submitted a frank account of what had happened. As magistrate of Jinling County, litigants from neighboring prefectures wept before commissioners begging to have their land disputes sent to Jinling for judgment. Pacification Commissioner Chen Kan, guarding Jiankang, recruited him as vice prefect and entrusted all prefectural affairs to him.

監六部門，擢監察御史，台吏且至，璘皇駭趨避不敢詣闕。母曰：“人言此官好，汝何得憂乎？ ”璘曰：“此官須為朝廷爭是非，一咈上意或迕權貴，恐重為大人累，何得不憂？ ”母曰：“而第盡言，吾有而兄在，忽憂。 ”璘拜謝，入就職。

He supervised the Six Department Gates and was elevated to Surveillance Censor. When censorate clerks were about to arrive, Lin fled in panic and dared not approach the palace. His mother said, "People say this is a fine post—why are you worried?" Lin said, "This office must speak truth to power for the court. One word against the emperor's will or the mighty could burden you deeply—how could I not worry? His mother said, "Speak your mind fully. Your elder brother is here—do not worry. Lin bowed in thanks and took up his post.

故事，御史惟常服拜下，有論奏繳進，至是獨召對緝熙殿，令服窄衫麵讀。首疏奏：“天變而至於怒，民怨而幾於離，海宇將傾，天下有不可勝諱之慮。陛下謂此何時，縱欲累德，文過飾非，疏遠正人，狎昵戚宦，濁亂朝政，自取覆亡。宰相用時文之才為經世之具，不顧民命，輕挑兵端，不度事宜，頓空國帑。委政厥子，內交商人，賄塗大開，小雅盡廢。瑣瑣姻婭，敢預邪謀，視國事如俳優，以神器為奇貨，都人側目，朝士痛心。盍正無將之誅，以著不忠之戒。崔與之操行類楊綰，雖修途莫景，力不逮心，而命下之日，聞者興起。喬行簡頗識大體，朝望稍孚，而除授偏私，事多遺忘。宜擇家相，讚宗子，輔民物，以慰父母之望，毋使天變浸極，人心愈離也。 ”上為改容。又請號召土豪，經理荊、襄，亟擇帥臣，安集淮西，帝嘉納；至問邊事甚悉。

By precedent censors bowed in ordinary dress and submitted written memorials. This time he alone was summoned to the Jixi Hall and ordered to wear a narrow-sleeved shirt and read his memorial in person. His first memorial said, "Heaven's wrath has broken forth, the people's resentment nears revolt, the realm totters, and the court faces fears it dare not speak aloud." Your Majesty, what time is this? Yet you seek to pile up merit, gloss over faults, keep upright men at a distance, dally with kin and eunuchs, corrupt court governance, and court your own ruin. The chief minister treats fashionable literary talent as statecraft, heedless of the people's lives, lightly provokes war, misjudges affairs, and has emptied the treasury. He entrusts power to his son, colludes with merchants, opens wide the path of bribery, and has abandoned the Minor Odes of governance. Petty in-laws dare join wicked plots, treat state affairs as a play, and the imperial regalia as merchandise for profit. The capital looks on in dismay; court officials ache with grief. Why not impose the punishment for disloyal subjects, to make an example of treachery? Cui Yuzhi's conduct resembled Yang Guan's. Though his strength did not match his ideals, the day his appointment was announced uplifted all who heard it. Qiao Xingjian understood the larger pattern and enjoyed some court esteem, but his appointments were partial and he forgot many matters. Choose a chief minister of proven family, support the imperial heir, aid the people, and comfort your forebears' hopes—do not let heaven's warnings grow extreme and the people's hearts drift further away. The emperor's expression changed. He also urged summoning local strongmen, organizing Jing and Xiang, urgently choosing commanders, and stabilizing Western Huai. The emperor commended and accepted this advice; and questioned him thoroughly on border affairs.

璘感激知遇，自是彈擊無所避，再疏：“鄭清之妄庸誤國，乞褫職罷祠。其子士昌，招權納賄，拔庸將為統帥，起贓吏為守臣，乞削籍廢棄。鄭性之懦而多私，黨庇奸庸，臣受其改官舉狀，嚐蒙薦之陛下，國事至此，不敢顧私。李鳴復甘心諂鄭損，得薦入朝，適清之議張天綱之獄，迎合從輕，遂擢台端。會趙桄夫遣史寅午囑清之父子，鳴復又結寅午得登政府。 ”會杜範亦論鳴復，不行，而範去，璘遂力丐外，疏七上，授廣西運判，改知嘉興府，尋改江東運判。

Grateful for this recognition, Lin from then on impeached without restraint. A second memorial said, "Zheng Qingzhi is mediocre and misleads the state. Strip his office and abolish his temple appointment." His son Shichang abuses power and takes bribes, elevates mediocre generals to command, and restores corrupt officials as prefects. I beg that they be struck from the registers and cast out. Zheng Xingzhi is timid and self-serving, sheltering villains and mediocrities in faction. I once received his recommendation and even commended him to Your Majesty, but with state affairs at this pass I dare not consider private ties. Li Mingfu willingly flattered Zheng Sun and won recommendation to court. When Qingzhi handled Zhang Tiangang's case, Mingfu curried favor to lighten the sentence and was elevated to the censorate. Zhao Kuangfu sent Shi Yinwu to instruct the Qingzhi family, and Mingfu allied with Yinwu to enter the government. Du Fan also impeached Mingfu, but nothing was done. When Fan left office, Lin pressed hard for an outside post, submitting seven memorials. He was made Guangxi transport vice commissioner, then prefect of Jiaxing, and soon Jiangdong transport vice commissioner.

時邊事急，置四察訪使，就詔璘分建康、太平、池州、江西。璘揭榜馬前，谘所部以利害，又戒土豪團結漁業水手、茶鹽舟夫、蘆丁，悉備燎舟之具，人人思奮。即選將總二州兵舟以耀敵，檄當塗宿設戰具，防采石，撥和糴續生券，且奏損總領所錢二十萬緡助江防，軍聲大振。

With border affairs urgent, four inspection envoys were appointed, and Lin was ordered by edict to oversee Jiankang, Taiping, Chizhou, and Jiangxi. Lin posted a proclamation before his horse and consulted his jurisdiction on strategy. He urged local strongmen to organize fishing sailors, tea-and-salt boatmen, and reed cutters, fully equip fire ships, and rouse every man to fight. He chose generals to command troops and boats from two prefectures to display strength before the enemy, ordered Dangtu to prepare battle equipment overnight, defended Caishi, allocated grain purchases and relief certificates, and memorialized to divert two hundred thousand strings from the superintendency to aid river defense. Military morale soared.

尋升直華文閣、知廣州、廣東經略安撫使。梅州寇作，璘示以威信，寇尋息。江淮旱，議下廣右和糴，璘言：“公家赤立，糴本無所辦，終恐日取於民，非臣不敢撥本，召釁重朝廷多事之憂。 ”明年上章乞致仕，帝思見之，亟命入奏，擢太常少卿。尋丁內艱，璘居喪哀毀不食，久之疾革，卒。

He was soon promoted to Direct Attendant of the Huawen Pavilion, prefect of Guangzhou, and Guangdong Pacification Commissioner. When bandits rose in Meizhou, Lin displayed authority and good faith, and the unrest soon subsided. During drought in Jiang-Huai the court discussed grain purchases from the far south. Lin said, "The treasury is empty and there is no capital for purchases. In the end the cost will be taken from the people daily. It is not that I refuse to allocate funds, but to provoke trouble when the court already faces so many crises." The next year he memorialized to retire. The emperor wished to see him, urgently summoned him to court, and made him Vice Minister of Imperial Sacrifices. Soon he mourned a close relative. Lin grieved so deeply he would not eat. After a long illness he died.

璘立台僅百日，世謂再見唐介，至切劘上躬，盡言無隱，帝益嚴憚之。居官大節，則母教之助為多。

Lin served at the censorate only a hundred days, and the age said Tang Jie had appeared again. He spoke bluntly to the emperor without concealment, and the emperor grew ever more wary of him. His integrity in office owed much to his mother's teaching.

論曰：觀高定子在西陲，政業著聞矣。斯得屢起而屢仆於權臣之手，及其再起，宋事已非。張忠恕論濟邸事，有父祖風焉。唐璘者，亦可謂古之遺直。

The appraisal says: Gao Dingzi's achievements on the western frontier were renowned. Side rose repeatedly only to fall at the hands of powerful ministers, and when he rose again the Song cause was already lost. Zhang Zhongshu in speaking on Prince Ji's affair showed the spirit of his father and grandfather. Tang Lin may also be called a surviving upright man of the ancients.

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