Volume 423 Biographies 182: Lie Chuandiyibaibashier, Wu Yong, Xu Fan, Li Shao, Wang Mai, Shi Migong, Chen Xun, Zhao Yuchou, Li Datong, Huang Xun, Yang Dayi

吳泳徐範李韶王邁史彌鞏陳塤〈（子蒙）〉趙與芮李大同黃┿楊大異

Wu Yong, Xu Fan, Li Shao, Wang Mai, Shi Migong, and Chen Xun. 〈The name is also written Zimeng.〉 Zhao Yurui, Li Datong, Huang Xun, and Yang Dayi.

吳泳，字叔永，潼川人。嘉定二年進士，歷官為軍器少監，行太府寺丞，行校書郎，升秘書丞兼權司封郎官，兼樞密院編修官，升著作郎，時暫兼權直舍人院。

Wu Yong, whose courtesy name was Shuyong, came from Tongchuan. He received his jinshi degree in 1209 and rose through a string of posts: Vice Director of the Armory, acting vice director of the Court of the Imperial Treasury, acting collator, then Secretary of the Secretariat with concurrent acting duties in the Bureau of Audience and as a compiler at the Bureau of Military Affairs. He was promoted to Gentleman Compiler and briefly served as acting director of the Drafting Office as well.

輪對，言：“願陛下養心，以清明約己，以恭儉進德，以剛毅發強，毋以旨酒違善言，毋以嬖禦嫉莊士，毋以靡曼之色伐天性。杜漸防微，澄源正本，使君身之所自立者先有其地。夫然後移所留之聰明以經世務，移所舍之精神以強國政，移所用之心力以恤疲民，移所當省之浮費以犒邊上久戍之士，則不惟可以消弭災變，攘除奸兇，殄滅寇賊，雖以是建久安長治之策可也。”

At a rotating audience he urged the emperor: "I ask that Your Majesty cultivate the inner self—govern yourself with clarity and restraint, advance in virtue through reverence and frugality, and strengthen your resolve with firmness and vigor. Do not let fine wine turn you from sound advice; do not let favored attendants breed jealousy of upright ministers; do not let voluptuous beauty wear away your natural disposition. Check decline at its first signs, guard against the smallest faults, clarify the source and rectify the root, so that the ruler's own footing is secure before all else. Only then turn the intelligence you have withheld to governing the realm, the energy you have spared to strengthening the state, the effort you have spent elsewhere to relieving a weary populace, and the wasteful expenditures that should be cut to rewarding troops who have long stood guard on the frontier. Then you will not only dispel omens and calamities, drive off traitors, and crush rebels—you may even lay the foundations of enduring peace and stable rule."

他日入對，又言：“誦往哲之遺言，進謀國之上策，實不過曰內修政事而已。然所謂內修者，非但車馬器械之謂也。袞職之闕，所當修也；官師之曠，所當修也；出令之所弗清，所當修也；本兵之地弗嚴，所當修也；直言敢諫之未得其職，所當修也；折沖禦侮之弗堪其任，所當修也。陛下退修於其上，百官有司交修於其下，朝廷既正，人心既附，然後申警國人，精討軍實，合內修外攘為一事，神州赤縣，皆在吾指顧中矣。”

On another audience day he said again: "To recite the teachings of past sages and advance the highest strategy for the state comes down to one thing: strengthen government at home. But internal cultivation means more than chariots, horses, and arms alone. The ruler's own failures of duty must be repaired; vacancies among officials and instructors must be filled; where edicts are unclear must be clarified; where the foundations of military affairs are lax must be tightened; where forthright remonstrators lack their proper posts must be set right; where those charged with repelling enemies are unequal to their task must be remedied. Let Your Majesty cultivate yourself above while officials cultivate their duties below. When the court is upright and the people's hearts are won, then rouse the nation, scrutinize military strength in earnest, and treat internal reform and external defense as one undertaking—the whole empire will lie within our grasp."

火災，應詔上封曰：“京城之災，京城之所見也。四方有敗，陛下亦得而見之乎？夫慘莫慘於兵也，而連年不戢，則甚於火矣。酷莫酷於吏也，而頻歲橫征，則猛於火矣。閩之民困於盜，浙之民困於水，蜀之民困於兵。橫斂之原既不澄於上，包苴之根又不絕於下。譬彼壞木，疾用無枝，而內涸之形見矣。”

After a fire, he submitted a sealed memorial in response to an imperial edict: "The disaster in the capital is visible in the capital itself. When the four quarters are in ruin, can Your Majesty see that as well? No misery exceeds that of war, yet when war rages unchecked year after year, it is worse than any fire. No cruelty exceeds that of corrupt officials, yet when ruthless levies come year after year, they are more savage than fire. The people of Fujian suffer from banditry, those of Zhejiang from flood, and those of Sichuan from war. The source of ruthless exactions is not cleared above, and the root of bribery is not severed below. It is like a ruined tree stripped of branches in haste—the inward withering is already plain to see."

遷秘書少監，兼權中書舍人，尋遷起居舍人兼權吏部侍郎，兼直學士院。疏言：“世之識治體而憂時幾者，以為天運將變矣，世道將降矣，國論將更矣，正人將引去而舊人將登用矣。執持初意，封植正論，茲非砥柱傾頹之時乎？若使廉通敏慧者專治財賦，淑慎曉暢者專禦軍旅，明清敬謹者專典刑獄，經術通明使道訓典，文雅麗則使作訓辭，秉節堅厲使備風憲，奉法循理使居牧守，剛直有守者不聽其引去，恬退無競者不聽其裏居，功名慷慨者不佚之以祠庭，言論闿爽者不置之於外服，隨才器使，各盡其分，則短長小大，安有不適用者哉！ ”又言謹政體、正道揆、厲臣節、綜軍務四事。

He was promoted to Vice Director of the Secretariat with concurrent acting duties as drafting secretary, then to Attendant Diarist with concurrent acting vice minister of personnel and membership in the Hanlin Institute. In a memorial he wrote: "Those who understand governance and watch the times fear that Heaven's mandate is shifting, the moral order declining, national policy changing, upright men about to leave office while old factions return to power. To hold fast to your original purpose and uphold honest debate—is this not the hour when the pillar in midstream is giving way? Let the incorrupt and capable manage finance alone; the prudent and knowledgeable command armies; the clear-minded and careful oversee justice; scholars of the classics supervise ritual and law; the refined draft edifying prose; the stern serve as censors; the law-abiding govern the provinces. Do not let upright men resign, the modest retire to seclusion, men of achievement languish on temple stipends, or outspoken critics be banished to distant posts. Match talent to duty and each will find his place—what office, great or small, would then go unfilled? " He also urged four reforms: careful governance, upright chief ministers, stronger official integrity, and coordinated military affairs.

權刑部尚書兼修玉牒，以寶章閣直學士知寧國府，提舉太平興國宮，進寶章閣學士，差知溫州。赴官，道間聞溫州饑，至處州，乞蠲租科降，救餓者四萬八千有奇，放夏稅一十二萬有奇，秋苗二萬八千有奇，病者復與之藥。事聞，賜衣帶鞍馬。改知泉州，以言罷。所著有《鶴林集》。

He served as acting Minister of Justice while compiling the imperial genealogy, then as Baozhang Pavilion academician and prefect of Ningguo, with charge of the Taiping Xingguo Palace. Promoted to full academician of the pavilion, he was assigned to Wenzhou. En route to his post he learned that Wenzhou was famine-stricken. At Chuzhou he secured tax remissions and reductions, fed more than forty-eight thousand starving people, remitted over 120,000 units of summer tax and 28,000 of autumn grain tax, and provided medicine to the sick. When the court learned of this, it rewarded him with robes, a belt, saddle, and horse. He was reassigned to Quanzhou but was dismissed after his outspoken memorials. His collected writings survive as the Crane Grove Anthology.

徐範，字彜父，福州候官人。少孤，刻苦授徒以養母。與兄同舉於鄉，入太學，未嘗以疾言遽色先人。

Xu Fan, whose courtesy name was Yifu, came from Houguan in Fuzhou. Orphaned in youth, he supported his mother by teaching pupils with tireless diligence. He and his elder brother passed the provincial examination together and entered the Imperial College, where he never spoke harshly or showed anger toward his seniors.

丞相趙汝愚去位，祭酒李祥、博士楊簡論救之，俱被斥逐。同舍生議叩閽上書，書已具，有閩士亦署名，忽夜傳韓侂胄將置言者重辟，閩士怖，請削名，範之友亦勸止之。範慨然曰：“業已書名矣，尚何變？ ”書奏，侂胄果大怒，謂其扇搖國是，各送五百里編管。範謫臨海，與兄歸同往，禁錮十餘年。

When Chief Councillor Zhao Ruyu was removed, Rector Li Xiang and Erudite Yang Jian spoke in his defense; all were expelled and banished. His fellow students proposed a petition at the palace gate. The memorial was ready and a Fujian student had signed it, but that night word spread that Han Tuozhou would punish the petitioners severely. The Fujian student panicked and asked to withdraw his name, and Xu's friends urged him to do the same. Xu said firmly: "My name is already on it—why should I change? " When the memorial reached the court, Tuozhou was furious, accusing them of subverting state policy, and had each exiled five hundred li under guard. Fan was banished to Linhai. He and his elder brother Gui went into exile together and remained confined for more than ten years.

登嘉定元年進士第。授清江縣尉，辟江、淮制置司準備差遣。屬邊事紛糾，營砦子弟募隸軍籍者未及涅，洶洶相驚。一夕，秉燭招刺千餘人，踴躍爭奮。差主管戶部架閣，改太學錄，遷國子監主簿。入對，言：“時平，不急之務、無用之官，猶當痛加裁節，矧多事之秋，所貴全萬民之命，紓一時之急，獨奈何坐視其無救而以虛文自蔽哉！願懲既往之失，廢無用之文，一意養民，以培國本。”

He received his jinshi degree in 1208. He was appointed lieutenant of Qingjiang County and recruited as a preparatory agent of the Jiang-Huai Pacification Commission. Frontier affairs were in turmoil. Young men recruited from the camps into military service who had not yet been tattooed grew restless and alarmed one another. In a single night, working by candlelight, he summoned and tattooed more than a thousand men, who leapt forward eager to serve. He was assigned to the Ministry of Revenue archives, then made recorder of the Imperial College and promoted to registrar of the Directorate of Education. At audience he said: "Even in peaceful times, nonessential tasks and useless offices should be sharply cut. In troubled times, when the people's lives hang in the balance, how can we sit idle and hide behind empty paperwork? I ask that past errors be corrected, useless paperwork abolished, and every effort bent to nourishing the people and strengthening the nation's foundation."

丐外，添差通判澤州。湖湘大旱，振救多所裨益。知邵武軍，尋召赴行在，言：“功利不若道德，刑罰不若恩厚，雜伯不若純王，異端不若儒術，諛佞不若直諫，便嬖不若正人，奢侈不若詩書，盤遊不若節儉，玩好不若宵衣旰食，窮黷不若偃兵息民。是非兩立，明白易見。幾微之際，大體所關。積習不移，治道舛矣。 ”遷國子監丞，徙太常丞，權都官郎官，改秘書丞、著作郎、起居郎、兼國史編修、實錄檢討。以朝奉大夫致仕。卒，贈朝請大夫、集英殿修撰。

He requested a provincial post and was given an additional assignment as vice prefect of Zezhou. During a severe drought in Hunan and Hubei, his relief work proved highly effective. He governed Shaowu Commandery and was soon summoned to the temporary capital, where he said: "Profit is inferior to virtue, punishment to kindness, hegemony to true kingship, heterodoxy to Confucian learning, flattery to honest remonstrance, favorites to upright men, extravagance to the classics, pleasure-seeking to frugality, indulgence to tireless labor for the state, and endless war to laying down arms and giving the people rest. Right and wrong stand in plain opposition, clear for all to see. At subtle turning points, the fate of the whole polity hangs in the balance. If entrenched habits are not changed, the path of governance is already lost. " He was promoted to vice director of the Directorate of Education, then vice director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, acting registrar in the Bureau of Justice, and finally secretary of the Secretariat, gentleman compiler, gentleman attendant, with concurrent duties compiling the National History and revising the Veritable Records. He retired with the rank of Grandee for Court Audience. After his death he was posthumously honored as Grandee for Imperial Audience and compiler at the Hall for Assembling Excellence.

李韶，字元善，彌遜之曾孫也。父文饒，為臺州司理參軍，每謂人曰：“吾司臬多陰德，後有興者。 ”韶五歲，能賦梅花。嘉定四年，與其兄寧同舉進士。調南雄州教授。校文廣州，時有當國之親故私報所業，韶卻之。調慶元。丞相史彌遠薦士充學職，韶不與。袁燮求學宮射圃益其居，亦不與，燮以此更敬韶。

Li Shao, whose courtesy name was Yuanshan, was the great-grandson of Li Miyi. His father Wenrao served as judicial assistant in Taizhou and often said: "In my post I have done much good in secret; our line will prosper. " At five, Shao could already compose a poem on plum blossoms. In 1211 he and his elder brother Ning passed the jinshi examination together. He was appointed professor at Nanxiong Prefecture. While grading examinations in Guangzhou, a relative of the ruling faction privately sent him his own work; Shao refused it. He was transferred to Qingyuan. When Chief Councillor Shi Miyuan recommended candidates for academic posts, Shao would not cooperate. When Yuan Xie sought to expand his residence into the academy archery ground, Shao again refused, and Yuan respected him all the more for it.

以廉勤薦，遷主管三省架閣文字，遷太學正，改太學博士。上封事諫濟王竑獄，且以書曉彌遠，言甚懇到。又救太學生寧式，迕學官。丐外，添差通判泉州。郡守遊九功素清嚴，獨異顧韶。改知道州。葺周惇頤故居，錄其子孫於學宮，且周其家。紹定四年，行都災，韶應詔言事。提舉福建市舶。會星變，又應詔言事。入為國子監丞，改知泉州兼市舶。

Recommended for integrity and diligence, he rose to supervise the archives of the Three Departments, then became director and erudite of the Imperial College. He submitted a sealed memorial protesting the case of Prince Ji and wrote earnestly to Miyuan to persuade him. He also defended the Imperial College student Ning Shi, defying the college authorities. He requested a provincial post and was given an additional assignment as vice prefect of Quanzhou. Prefect You Jiugong was known for his stern integrity, yet he singled Shao out for special regard. He was transferred to govern Daozhou. He restored Zhou Dunyi's former home, enrolled his descendants in the local academy, and provided for the family. In 1231, when disaster struck the temporary capital, Shao submitted memorials in response to an imperial edict. He was appointed overseer of Fujian's maritime trade bureau. When a stellar anomaly appeared, he again submitted memorials in response to an edict. He was recalled as vice director of the Directorate of Education, then appointed prefect of Quanzhou with concurrent charge of maritime trade.

端平元年，召。明年，轉太府寺丞，遷都官郎官，遷尚左郎官。未幾，拜右正言。奏乞以國事、邊防二事專委丞相鄭清之、喬行簡各任責。論汰兵、節財及襄、蜀邊防。又論史嵩之、王遂和戰異議，迄無成功，請出遂於要藩，易嵩之於邊面，使各盡其才。史宅之將守袁州，韶率同列一再劾之。俱不報。乞解言職，拜殿中侍御史，辭，不允。奏曰：“頃同臣居言職者四人，未逾月徐清叟去，未三月杜範、吳昌裔免，獨臣尚就列。清叟昨言‘三漸’，臣繼其說，李宗勉又繼之，陛下初不加怒，而清叟竟去，猶曰清叟倡之也。今臣與範、昌裔言，未嘗不相表裏，二臣出臺，臣獨留，豈臣言不加切於二臣邪？抑先去二臣以警臣，使知擇而後言邪？清叟所言‘三漸’，臣猶以為未甚切。今國柄有陵夷之漸，士氣有委靡之漸，主勢有孤立之漸，宗社有阽危之漸，上下偷安，以人言為諱，此意不改，其禍豈直三漸而已。”

In 1234 he was summoned to court. The following year he became vice director of the Court of the Imperial Treasury, then registrar in the Bureau of Justice and the Left Office. Soon he was appointed Right Remonstrator. He memorialized asking that state affairs and frontier defense be entrusted solely to Chief Councillors Zheng Qingzhi and Qiao Xingjian, each bearing full responsibility. He urged troop reductions, fiscal restraint, and stronger defenses on the Xiangyang and Sichuan frontiers. He also argued that Shi Songzhi and Wang Sui, divided over war and peace, had achieved nothing, and asked that Wang be sent to an important prefecture and Shi to a frontier command so each could use his talents fully. When Shi Zhaizhi was appointed to govern Yuanzhou, Shao led his colleagues in repeated impeachments. None received a response. He asked to leave his remonstrating post and was appointed Palace Attendant Censor. He declined, but the court would not allow it. He memorialized: "Recently four of us held remonstrating posts. Within a month Xu Qingsou left; within three months Du Fan and Wu Changyi were dismissed. I alone remain. Qingsou spoke of the 'three gradual declines'; I followed his argument, and Li Zongmian followed mine. Your Majesty showed no anger at first, yet Qingsou was dismissed—and still they said he had led the way. Fan, Changyi, and I spoke as one. They were dismissed and I remain—can my words have been less forceful than theirs? Or were they dismissed first to warn me—to teach me to choose my words more carefully? As for Qingsou's 'three gradual declines,' I still think they did not go far enough. Today state power erodes by degrees, official morale wilts, the throne grows isolated, and the dynasty stands on the brink. Court and country seek comfort in complacency and treat honest speech as forbidden. If this does not change, the disaster will be far worse than three gradual declines alone."

時魏了翁罷督予祠，韶訟曰：“了翁刻誌問學，幾四十年，忠言讜論，載在國史，去就出處，具有本末。端平收召，論事益切。去年督府之遣，體統不一，識者逆知其無功。了翁迫於君命，黽勉驅馳，未有大闕，襄州變出肘腋，未可以為了翁罪。樞庭之召，未幾改鎮，改鎮未久，有旨予祠。不知國家四十年來收拾人才，燁然有稱如了翁者幾人？願亟召還，處以臺輔。 ”又劾奏陳洵益刑余腐夫，粗通文墨，掃除賤隸，竊弄威權，乞予洵益外祠。劾女冠吳知古在宮掖招權納賄，宜出之禁庭。帝怒，韶還笏殿陛乞歸。會祀明堂，雷電，免二相，韶權工部侍郎、正言，遷起居舍人。復疏洵益、知古，不報。辭新命，不許。應詔上封事，幾數千言。帝諭左右曰：“李韶真有愛朕憂國之心。 ”凡三辭不獲，以生死祈哀乞去。帝蹙額謂韶曰：“曲為朕留。 ”退，復累疏乞補外，以集英殿修撰知漳州，號稱廉平。朝廷分遣部使者諸路稱提官楮，韶疏極言其敝。

When Wei Liaoweng was dismissed from his supervisory post and granted a temple stipend, Shao pleaded for him: "Liaoweng has devoted nearly forty years to learning. His loyal counsel fills the national histories, and his career has a clear record from start to finish. Recalled in the Duanping era, he spoke on state affairs with growing urgency. Last year's dispatch to the supervisory headquarters lacked unified command, and perceptive observers knew in advance it would fail. Liaoweng obeyed the emperor's command and served diligently without major fault. The upheaval at Xiangzhou arose from within his own camp—it cannot be laid at his door. Summoned to the Bureau of Military Affairs, he was soon transferred to a regional command, and not long after that granted a temple stipend. In forty years of gathering talent for the state, how many men of Liaoweng's stature and reputation can be named? I urge that he be recalled at once and placed among the chief ministers and censors. " He also impeached Chen Xunyi, a convicted remnant and corrupt mediocrity who barely knew letters, a menial who had seized power, and asked that he be given an outer temple stipend. He impeached the Taoist priestess Wu Zhigu for wielding power and taking bribes within the inner palace, and urged that she be expelled from the forbidden precincts. The emperor was enraged. Shao returned his court tablet on the palace steps and begged to resign. During sacrifices at the Bright Hall, thunder and lightning struck and both chief councillors were dismissed. Shao was made acting vice minister of works and remonstrator, then promoted to attendant diarist. He again memorialized against Xunyi and Zhigu, but received no response. He declined the new appointment, but was not allowed to do so. In response to an edict he submitted a sealed memorial of several thousand words. The emperor told his attendants: "Li Shao truly loves me and cares for the state. " He declined three times without success and begged to leave, pleading with his life at stake. The emperor frowned and said to Shao: "Do me this favor and stay. " After he withdrew, he submitted repeated memorials asking for a provincial post and was appointed compiler at the Hall for Assembling Excellence and prefect of Zhangzhou, where he earned a reputation for integrity and fairness. When the court dispatched envoys to the circuits to promote paper currency, Shao memorialized forcefully against the policy's abuses.

嘉熙二年，召。明年，上疏乞寢召命云：

In 1238 he was summoned to court. The following year he memorialized asking that the summons be withdrawn, writing:

端平以來，天下之患，莫大於敵兵歲至，和不可，戰不能，楮券日輕，民生流離，物價踴貴，遂至事無可為。臣竊論以為必自上始，九重菲衣惡食，臥薪嘗膽，使上下改慮易聽，然後可圖。今二患益深，雖欲效忠，他莫有以為說。此其不敢進者一。

Since the Duanping era, no affliction has exceeded the enemy's annual incursions: peace is impossible, war unavailing, paper currency daily depreciates, the people are displaced, prices soar, and the state has reached the point where nothing can be done. I believe reform must begin at the top: the emperor must live plainly, endure hardship as King Goujian did, and change the court's thinking—only then can we plan recovery. Now both afflictions have deepened. Though I wish to serve loyally, I have nothing further to say. This is my first reason for not coming forward.

史宅之，故相子，予郡，外議皆謂扳援之徒將自是復用，故嘗論列至再。今聖斷赫然，用舍由己，人才一變矣。環視前日在廷之臣，流落擯棄，臣雖欲貪進，未知所以處其身。此其不敢進者二。

Shi Zhaizhi, son of a former chief councillor, was given a prefecture. Public opinion held that factional hangers-on would return to power, and I had twice spoken against this. Now Your Majesty's decision is clear: appointments and dismissals are in your hands, and the roster of talent has changed entirely. Looking at the ministers who were recently at court, now cast out and discarded, I do not know how I could advance even if I wished to. This is my second reason for not coming forward.

始臣為郎，蜀受兵方亟，廟堂已遣小使至，特起嵩之於家，而言者攻擊不已。臣妄論以為講和固非策，而首兵亦豈能無罪。故居言路，首乞出高論者付以兵事，使稍知敵情者嘗試其說於閫外。不知事勢推移，遂竟罷廢，而款敵無功者，白麻揚廷矣。或者將議臣前日有所附會。此臣重不敢進者三。

When I first served at court, Sichuan was under heavy attack. The court had already sent envoys and specially recalled Songzhi from retirement, yet critics attacked him without cease. I argued then that peace was no solution, but those who had first urged war were hardly blameless either. Therefore, while in my remonstrating post, I first asked that those who preached war be sent to command troops, so men who knew the enemy might test their theories in the field. Who knew that circumstances would shift so that the war party would be dismissed while those who had failed in negotiations against the enemy would be honored with imperial appointments proclaimed in court. Some may say I was playing factions back then. This is my third reason for not coming forward.

又臣昨彈內侍女冠，不行，退惟聖主高明，必不容其幹政。然未幾首相去位，臣亦出臺，傳聞其人謂臣受廟堂風旨，故決意丐外。今臣言迄不行，茍貪君命，竊恐或者譏臣向何所聞而去，今何所見而來。此臣重不敢進者四。

Again, I impeached the palace eunuch and Taoist priestess, but nothing was done. I withdrew trusting that a wise ruler would never permit them to meddle in government. Yet soon the chief councillor fell and I left the Censorate. Rumor held that those persons said I had acted on secret court instructions and therefore sought a provincial post. Now my words still go unheeded. If I cling greedily to office, I fear some will mock me: what did you hear when you left, and what do you see now that you return? This is my fourth reason for not coming forward.

四年，詔趣赴闕，辭，遷戶部侍郎，再辭，不許。五年，改禮部侍郎，辭，詔不允，令所在州軍護遣至闕。嵩之遣人謂詔曰：“毋言濟邸、宮媼、國本。 ”韶不答。上疏曰：“臣生長淳熙初，猶及見度江盛時民生富樂，吏治修舉。事變少異，政歸私門，紹定之末，元氣索矣。端平更化，陛下初意豈不甚美。國事日壞，其人或罷或死，莫有為陛下任其責者。考論至是，天下事豈非陛下所當自任而力為乎？《左氏》載史墨言：‘魯公世從其失，季氏世修其勤。 ’蓋言所由來者漸矣。陛下臨禦日久，宜深思熟念，威福自己，誰得而盜之哉？舍此不為，悠悠玩悽，乃幾於《左氏》所謂‘世從其失者。 ’”蓋以世卿風嵩之也。疏出，嵩之不悅，曰：“治《春秋》人下語毒”當是時，杜範亦在列，二人廉直，中外稱為“李、杜”。

In the fourth year he was ordered to hurry to court. He declined and was made vice minister of revenue. He declined again but was not permitted. In the fifth year he was made vice minister of rites. He declined, but the edict refused and ordered local authorities to escort him to court. Songzhi sent someone to tell Shao: "Do not speak of Prince Ji's case, the palace nurse, or the succession. " Shao made no reply. He memorialized: "I grew up in early Chunxi and still remember the prosperity after the crossing of the Yangzi, when the people were content and governance was sound. When troubles arose, power passed to private factions. By the end of Shaoding, the state's vital energy was spent. In the Duanping reforms, was not Your Majesty's original intent admirable? State affairs worsen daily. Those men are dismissed or dead, and none bears responsibility on Your Majesty's behalf. When matters have come to this pass, should not Your Majesty personally shoulder the affairs of the realm and strive with all your strength? The Zuo Commentary records Shi Mo saying: "The Duke of Lu for generations followed his errors, while the Ji clan for generations cultivated its diligence. " This means that decline comes gradually. Your Majesty has reigned long. Think deeply: power and favor are yours alone—who can steal them? If you abandon this and drift in idle grief, you will become nearly what the Zuo Commentary calls one who for generations follows his errors. " This was aimed at Songzhi's hereditary-minister style of power. When the memorial appeared, Songzhi was displeased and said: "Men who study the Spring and Autumn speak poisonously." At that time Du Fan was also at court. The two were known for integrity, and court and country called them "Li and Du."

兼侍講，累辭，兼國史編修、實錄檢討，辭，遷吏部侍郎兼中書舍人，三辭，不許。淳祐二年，疏言：“道揆之地，愛善類不勝於愛爵祿，畏公議不勝於畏權勢。陛下以腹心寄之大臣，大臣以腹心寄之一二都司，恐不能周天下之慮。故以之用人，則能用其所知，豈能用其所不知；以之守法，則能守其所不與，必不能守於其所欲與。 ”又及濟王、國本、宮媼。三上疏乞歸，以寶章閣直學士知泉州，辭，乞畀祠，不許。既歸，三辭，仍舊職提舉鴻慶宮。

He was made concurrent lecturer-in-attendance and repeatedly declined, then concurrent compiler of the National History and reviser of the Veritable Records, which he also declined. He was promoted to vice minister of personnel and drafting secretary, declined three times, and was not permitted. In 1242 he memorialized: "In the chief minister's post, love of worthy men does not outweigh love of rank and salary, and fear of public opinion does not outweigh fear of power. Your Majesty entrusts your innermost counsel to the chief ministers, and they entrust theirs to one or two bureau chiefs—I fear this cannot encompass the concerns of the whole realm. If they choose officials, they can appoint only those they know—how can they appoint those they do not know? If they uphold the law, they can enforce what they do not wish to grant but cannot enforce what they wish to grant. " He also spoke of Prince Ji, the succession, and the palace nurse. He submitted three memorials asking to retire and was appointed Baozhang Pavilion academician and prefect of Quanzhou. He declined and asked for a temple stipend, but was not permitted. After returning home, he declined three times and retained his former post as overseer of the Hongqing Palace.

淳祐五年，韶被召，再辭，詔本州通判勸勉赴闕。遷禮部侍郎，三辭，遷權禮部尚書，復三辭，不許。入見，疏曰：“陛下改畀正權，並進時望，天下孰不延頸以覬大治。臣竊窺之，恐猶前日也。君子小人，倫類不同。惟不計近功，不急小利，然後君子有以自見；不惡聞過，不諱盡言，然後小人無以自托。不然，治亂安危，反覆手爾。”

In 1245 Shao was summoned. He declined twice, and an edict ordered the local vice prefect to urge him to court. He was made vice minister of rites and declined three times, then acting minister of rites and declined three times again, but was not permitted. At audience he memorialized: "Your Majesty has restored proper authority and advanced men of reputation. Who in the realm does not hope for great governance? I observe in secret and fear it is still as before. Gentlemen and petty men belong to different orders of being. Only if you do not chase immediate results or petty profit can gentlemen make themselves known; only if you do not hate to hear of faults and do not suppress full speech can petty men find no foothold. Otherwise, order and chaos, safety and peril, turn on a hand's reversal."

又曰：“陛下所謀者嬪妃近習，所信者貴戚近親。按《政和令》：‘諸國戚、命婦若女冠、尼，不因大禮等輒求入內者，許臺諫覺察彈奏。 ’乞申嚴禁廷之籍，以絕天下之謗。世臣貴戚，牽聯並進，何示人以不廣也。借曰以才選，他時萬一有非才者援是以求進，將何以抑之耶！”

He also said: "Your Majesty consults consorts and close attendants and trusts noble kin and near relatives. According to the Statutes of Zhenghe: "Imperial kin, titled ladies, Taoist priestesses, and nuns who seek entry to the inner palace without proper ritual may be detected and impeached by the censorial offices. " I ask that the register of those forbidden the inner court be strictly enforced to end public criticism. Hereditary ministers and noble kin advance in linked groups—what does this show about breadth of vision? Even if selection is by talent, when unworthy men cite this precedent to seek advancement, how will you refuse them?"

又曰：“今土地日蹙者未反，人民喪敗者未復，兵財止有此數，旦旦而理之，不過椎剝州縣，朘削裏閭。就使韓、白復生，桑、孔繼出，能為陛下強兵理財，何補治亂安危之數，徒使國家負不韙之名。況議論紛然，賢者不過茍容而去，不肖者反因是以媒其身，忠言至計之不行，淺功末利之是計，此君子小人進退機括所系，何不思之甚也！”

He also said: "Lands shrink daily and are not recovered; people are lost and not restored. Troops and revenue are finite—managing them day by day means only squeezing the prefectures and stripping the villages. Even if Han Xin and Bai Qi were reborn, and Sang Hongyang and Kong Yan returned, able to strengthen the army and manage finances—what would that add to the balance of order and chaos? It would only bring the state a bad name. Moreover, when debate rages, worthy men comply superficially and leave, while unworthy men use the turmoil to advance. Loyal counsel goes unheeded while petty gains are pursued—on this hinges whether gentlemen or petty men prevail. How can you not think deeply on this?"

又曰：“聞之道路，德音每下，昆蟲草木鹹被潤澤，恩獨不及於一枯胔。威斷出，自公卿大夫莫敢後先，令獨不行於一老媼。小大之臣積勞受爵，皆得以延於世，而國儲君副，社稷所賴以靈長，獨不蚤計而豫定。 ”又疏乞還，不許。兼侍讀，三辭，不許。又三疏乞歸。

He also said: "It is said on the roads that whenever gracious edicts descend, even insects and plants receive bounty—yet grace alone does not reach one withered corpse. When imperial authority is exercised, from ministers down none dares disobey—yet orders alone do not apply to one old woman. Ministers who accumulate merit receive ranks and extend their lines through generations—yet the heir apparent, on whom the dynasty relies for endurance, alone is not planned and settled in advance. " He again memorialized asking to retire; this was not permitted. He was made concurrent reader-in-attendance and declined three times, but was not permitted. He submitted three more memorials asking to retire.

時遊似以人望用，然有牽制之者，韶奏云：“人主職論一相而已，非其人不以輕授。始而授之，如不得已，既乃疑之，反使不得有所為，是豈專任責成之體哉！所言之事不必聽，所用之人不必從，疑畏憂沮，而權去之矣。 ”擢翰林學士兼知制誥、兼侍讀，不拜，詔不許，又三辭，不許。

At the time You Si was appointed for his public reputation, yet others restrained him. Shao memorialized: "The ruler's duty is to appoint one chief minister; if he is not the right man, do not grant the post lightly. At first you appoint him as if reluctantly, then you doubt him and prevent him from acting—is this how to entrust sole responsibility? What he says need not be heeded; whom he appoints need not be followed—filled with suspicion and fear, he loses his authority. " He was promoted to Hanlin academician with concurrent duties drafting edicts and as reader-in-attendance. He refused to accept; an edict refused his refusal; he declined three times again and was not permitted.

嵩之服除，有向用之意，殿中侍御史章琰、正言李昂英、監察御史黃師雍論列嵩之甚峻，詔落職予祠。韶同從官抗疏曰：“臣等謹按《春秋》桓公五年書：‘蔡人、衛人、陳人從王伐鄭。 ’春秋之初，無君無親者莫甚於鄭莊。二百四十二年之經，未有雲‘王伐國’者，而書‘王’書‘伐’，以見鄭之無王，而天王所當聲罪以致討。未有書諸侯從王以伐者，而書三國從王伐鄭，又見諸侯莫從王以伐罪，而三國之微者獨至，不足伸天王之義，初不聞以其嘗為王卿士而薄其伐。今陛下不能正奸臣之罪，其過不專在上，蓋大臣百執事不能輔天子以討有罪，皆《春秋》所不赦。乞斷以《春秋》之義，亟賜裁處。 ”詔嵩之勒令致仕。既而嵩之進觀文殿大學士，韶上疏爭之甚力。未幾，琰、昂英他有所論列，並罷言職。韶復上疏留之。

When Songzhi's mourning ended he sought reappointment. Censors Zhang Yan, Li Angying, and Huang Shiyong impeached him sternly, and an edict stripped his office and granted a temple stipend. Shao and his colleagues submitted a joint memorial: "We respectfully cite the Spring and Autumn Annals, fifth year of Duke Huan: "The people of Cai, Wei, and Chen followed the king in attacking Zheng. " At the beginning of the Spring and Autumn era, none who lacked ruler and kin exceeded Duke Zhuang of Zheng. In the classic of 242 years it never simply says "the king attacked a state," yet it writes "king" and "attacked" to show that Zheng had no king and that the Son of Heaven ought to proclaim guilt and punish. It never writes that feudal lords followed the king to attack, yet it writes that three states followed the king against Zheng—showing that lords did not follow the king to punish guilt, while only three small states came, insufficient to uphold the Son of Heaven's righteousness. It is never said that because Zheng had once served the king, the attack was slighted. Now Your Majesty cannot rectify the guilt of treacherous ministers. The fault is not yours alone—the chief ministers and officials cannot assist the Son of Heaven in punishing the guilty. All are unpardonable by the Spring and Autumn standard. We beg that you decide by the principles of the Spring and Autumn Annals and act at once. " An edict ordered Songzhi to retire under compulsion. Soon after, Songzhi was promoted to grand academician of the Hall for Viewing Culture. Shao memorialized against this with great force. Before long Yan and Angying raised other charges and were both dismissed from their remonstrating posts. Shao again memorialized asking that they be retained.

七年，韶十上疏丐去，以端明殿學士提舉玉隆宮。時直學士院應亻繇、中書舍人趙汝騰拜疏留韶內祠，未報。韶陛辭，疏甚剴切，其略曰：“彼此相視，莫行其誌，而

In the seventh year Shao submitted ten memorials asking to retire and was made academician of the Duanming Hall and overseer of the Yulong Palace. At the time Hanlin academician Ying You and drafting secretary Zhao Ruteng memorialized asking to retain Shao at an inner temple stipend. There was no response. Shao took leave at court in a memorial that was very earnest. Its gist said: "Each looking at the other, none carries out his intent, yet

剸裁庶政，品量人物，相與運於冥冥之中者，不得不他有人焉。是中書之手可束，而臺諫之口可鈐，朝廷之事所當力為，不可枚舉，皆莫有任其責者，甚非所以示四方、一體統。 ”改提舉萬壽觀兼侍讀，即出國門，力辭，道次三衢，詔趣受命，再辭，仍奉祠玉隆。

in cutting and judging government affairs, appraising men, and operating together in secret, there must be others. The Secretariat's hands may be bound and the censors' mouths sealed. Affairs the court ought to pursue are beyond counting, yet none bears responsibility. This is far from showing the four quarters a unified polity. " He was made overseer of the Wanshou Observatory and concurrent reader-in-attendance. He left the capital at once and declined forcefully. At Sanqu on the road an edict urged him to accept; he declined again and still held temple service at Yulong.

八年，被召，辭，不許。再辭，仍舊職奉祠萬壽兼侍讀，令守臣以禮趣行。又辭，不許。九年，仍奉祠玉隆。十一年，祠滿再任。卒，年七十五。韶忠厚純實，平粹簡淡，不溺於聲色貨利，默坐一室，門無雜賓雲。

In the eighth year he was summoned. He declined but was not permitted. He declined again and retained his former post at the Wanshou temple stipend with concurrent duties as reader-in-attendance. Local officials were ordered to urge him on his way with proper ceremony. He declined again but was not permitted. In the ninth year he continued to hold temple service at Yulong. In the eleventh year, when his temple stipend term expired, he was reappointed. He died at the age of seventy-five. Shao was loyal, sincere, plain, and unpretentious, untempted by pleasure or profit. He would sit alone in his study, and no unworthy guest crossed his threshold.

王邁字貫之，興化軍仙遊人。嘉定十年進士，為潭州觀察推官。丁內艱，調浙西安撫司幹官。考廷試，詳定官王元春欲私所親置高第，邁顯擿其繆，元春怒，嗾諫官李知孝誣邁在殿廬語聲高，免官。

Wang Mai, whose courtesy name was Guanzhi, came from Xianyou in Xinghua Commandery. He received his jinshi degree in 1217 and served as investigating officer in Tanzhou. After his father's death he was transferred as a staff officer of the Zhexi Pacification Commission. During the palace examination, grading official Wang Yuanchun tried to place a favorite in a high rank. Mai exposed the fraud openly. Yuanchun incited remonstrator Li Zhixiao to accuse Mai of speaking loudly in the examination hall, and he was dismissed.

調南外睦宗院教授。真德秀方守福州，邁竭忠以裨郡政。赴都堂審察，丞相鄭清之曰：“學官掌故，不足凂吾貫之。 ”俄召試學士院，策以楮幣，邁援據古今，考究本末，謂：“國貧楮多，弊始於兵。乾、淳初行楮幣，止二千萬，時南北方休息也。開禧兵興，增至一億四千萬矣。紹定有事山東，增至二億九千萬矣。議者徒患楮窮，而弗懲兵禍，姑以今之尺籍校之，嘉定增至二十八萬八千有奇。用寡謀之人，試直突之說，能發而不能收，能取而不能守。今無他策，核軍實，窒邊釁，救楮幣第一義也。 ”又言：“修內司營繕廣，內帑宣索多，厚施緇黃，濫予嬪禦，若此未嘗裁撙，徒聞有括田、榷鹽之議者。向使二事可行，故相行之久矣。更化伊始，奈何取前日所不屑行者而行之乎？ ”又因楮以及時事，言：“君子之類雖進，而其道未行；小人之跡雖屏，而其心未服。 ”真德秀病危，聞邁所對，善之。

He was appointed professor at the Outer Muzong Academy. When Zhen Dexiu governed Fuzhou, Mai served him loyally and assisted in prefectural administration. At court review, Chief Councillor Zheng Qingzhi said: "A mere school officer handling precedents is not fit for our Guanzhi. " Soon he was examined at the Hanlin Institute on the topic of paper currency. Mai cited ancient and modern precedents and traced cause and effect, saying: "The state is poor and paper notes proliferate because the abuse begins with war. At the beginning of the Qiandao and Chunxi reigns, paper currency in circulation was only twenty million, when north and south were at peace. When war broke out in the Kaixi era, it rose to 140 million. When Shaoding campaigns in Shandong followed, it rose to 290 million. Critics worry only that paper currency is exhausted and do not address the calamity of war. Compare today's military registers: by Jiading they had risen to over 288,000. Employing men of little counsel and testing theories of direct assault, they can launch but not withdraw, seize but not hold. There is no other strategy now: verify military strength, stop frontier provocations, and rescue paper currency as the first priority. " He also said: "The Inner Service Office spends lavishly on repairs, the inner treasury demands endlessly, monks and palace women receive generous grants—yet such spending is never cut, while we hear only talk of land confiscation and salt monopolies. If those two measures had worked, the former chief councillor would have adopted them long ago. The reform has only just begun—why adopt what you disdained only yesterday? " He extended his argument to current affairs: "Men of the gentlemanly sort are advanced, yet their way is not followed; petty men are removed from office, yet their hearts are not subdued. " Zhen Dexiu was gravely ill. When he heard Mai's answers, he approved of them.

帝再相喬行簡，或傳史嵩之復用，邁上封事曰：“天下之相，不與天下共謀之，是必冥冥之中有為之地者。且舊相奸憸刻薄，天下所知，復用，則君子空於一網矣。 ”又言吳知古、陳洵益撓政。輪對，言：“君不可欺天，臣不可欺君，厚權臣而薄同氣，為欺天之著。 ”邁由疏遠見帝，空臆無隱，帝為改容。言者劾邁論邊事過實，魏了翁侍經筵，為帝言惜其去，改通判漳州。禋祀雷雨，邁應詔言：“天與寧考之怒久矣。曲糵致疾，妖冶伐性，初秋逾旬，曠不視事，道路憂疑，此天與寧考之所以怒也。隱、刺覆絕，攸、熹尊寵，綱淪法斁，上行下效，京卒外兵，狂悖叠起，此天與寧考之所以怒也。陛下不是之思，方用漢災異免三公故事，環顧在廷，莫知所付。遙相崔與之，臣恐與之不至，政柄他有所屬，此世道否泰，君子小人進退之機也。 ”於是臺官李大同言邁交結德秀、了翁及洪咨夔以收虛譽，削一秩免。蔣峴劾邁前疏妄論倫紀，請坐以非所宜言之罪，削二秩。久之，復通判贛州，改福州、建康府、信州，皆不行。淳祐改元，通判吉州。右正言江萬里袖疏榻前曰：“邁之才可惜，不即召，將有老不及之嘆。 ”帝以為然。有尼之者，遂止。

The emperor again appointed Qiao Xingjian chief councillor. Rumors spread that Shi Songzhi would return. Mai submitted a sealed memorial: "The realm's chief minister does not deliberate with the realm—someone must be acting in the shadows. The former chief councillor was treacherous and harsh, as all know. If he returns, every upright man will be caught in one net. " He also spoke of Wu Zhigu and Chen Xunyi obstructing government. At audience he said: "A ruler cannot deceive Heaven; a minister cannot deceive his ruler. Honoring powerful ministers while slighting kin of the same blood is a manifest deception of Heaven. " Mai, though from a distant post, spoke to the emperor without reserve, and the emperor's expression changed. Critics impeached Mai for overstating frontier affairs. Wei Liaoweng, attending the classics lecture, told the emperor he regretted losing Mai. Mai was made vice prefect of Zhangzhou. During suburban sacrifice, thunder and rain struck. Mai responded to an edict: "Heaven and the late Emperor Ning have long been angry. Wine causes illness; seductive beauty erodes the nature. For more than ten days in early autumn you have neglected affairs, and the people are anxious—this is why Heaven and the late Emperor Ning are angry. Yin and Ci were destroyed; You and Xi were favored; law and order collapsed; example spread from above to below; capital and frontier troops rebelled in succession—this is why Heaven and the late Emperor Ning are angry. Your Majesty does not reflect on these faults but follows the Han precedent of dismissing the Three Excellencies because of omens, looking around the court without knowing whom to trust. You summon Cui Yuzhi from afar—I fear he will not come and power will belong elsewhere. On this hinges whether the age prospers or declines, and whether gentlemen or petty men prevail. " Censor Li Datong charged that Mai had cultivated Dexiu, Liaoweng, and Hong Zikui to win empty reputation. One rank was stripped and he was dismissed. Jiang Xian impeached Mai's earlier memorial for rashly discussing ritual order and asked that he be punished for improper speech; two ranks were stripped. After a long interval he was again made vice prefect of Ganzhou and was reassigned to Fuzhou, Jiankang, and Xinzhou, but accepted none of these posts. At the beginning of the Chunyou era he served as vice prefect of Jizhou. Right Remonstrator Jiang Wanli presented a memorial at the throne: "Mai's talent is too valuable to waste. If he is not summoned soon, we will sigh that he grew old before it could be used. " The emperor agreed. Someone obstructed it, and the matter ended there.

知邵武軍。在郡，詔以亢旱求言，邁驛奏七事，而以徹龍翔宮、立濟王後為先。時鄭清之再相，以左司郎官召，力辭。以直秘閣提點廣東刑獄，亦辭，改侍右郎官，諫官焦炳炎論罷。予祠，卒，贈司農少卿。

He governed Shaowu Commandery. In the commandery, an edict because of drought sought advice. Mai submitted seven matters by post, putting first the abolition of the Longxiang Palace and the establishment of an heir to Prince Ji. When Zheng Qingzhi was again chief councillor, Mai was summoned as Left Office registrar and declined forcefully. He was made Direct Secretarial Pavilion associate and intendant of Guangdong judicial affairs and declined. He was made attendant of the Right Office; remonstrator Jiao Bingyan had him dismissed. He was granted a temple stipend, died, and was posthumously honored as Vice Minister of Agriculture.

邁以學問詞章發身，尤練世務。易祓戒潭人曰：“此君不可犯。 ”奪勢家冒占田數百畝以還民。李宗勉嘗論邁，然邁評近世宰輔，至宗勉，必曰“賢相”。徐清叟與邁有違言，邁晚應詔，謂清叟有人望可用。世服其公雲。

Mai rose through learning and literary accomplishment and was especially skilled in practical affairs. Yi Fu warned the people of Tanzhou: "This man cannot be provoked. " He reclaimed several hundred mu of land that powerful families had illegally occupied and returned it to the people. Li Zongmian once criticized Mai, yet when Mai evaluated recent chief ministers, he always called Zongmian a worthy chief minister. Xu Qingsou and Mai had disagreed, but in a later memorial Mai said Qingsou had public esteem and could be employed. The world admired his fairness.

史彌鞏，字南叔，彌遠從弟也。好學強記。紹熙四年，入太學，升上舍。時彌遠柄國，寄理不獲試，淹抑十載。嘉定十年，始登進士第。

Shi Migong, whose courtesy name was Nanshu, was a younger cousin of Shi Miyuan. He loved learning and had a remarkable memory. In 1193 he entered the Imperial College and was promoted to the upper dormitory. While Miyuan held power, Migong's deferred examination was denied and he was held back for ten years. In 1217 he finally received his jinshi degree.

時李開鄂閫，知彌鞏持論不阿，辟咨幕府事。壽昌戍卒失律，欲盡誅其亂者，乃請誅倡者一人，軍心感服。改知溧水縣，首嚴庠序之教。端平初，入監都進奏院。轉對，有君子小人才不才之奏，護蜀保江之奏。嘉熙元年，都城火，彌鞏應詔上書，謂修省之未至者有五。又曰：“天倫之變，世孰無之。陛下友愛之心亦每發見。洪咨夔所以蒙陛下殊知者，謂霅川之變非濟邸之本心，濟邸之死非陛下之本心，其言深有以契聖心耳，矧以先帝之子，陛下之兄，乃使不能安其體魄於地下，豈不幹和氣，召災異乎？蒙蔽把握，良有以也。”

When the commander of the Ezhou defense opened his headquarters, knowing Migong would not bend his principles, he recruited him as a staff adviser. When garrison soldiers at Shouchang mutinied, the commander wished to execute them all. Migong asked that only the ringleader be put to death, and the troops submitted willingly. He was transferred to Lishui County and made strict education in the local schools his first priority. At the beginning of the Duanping era he entered service at the Court of Imperial Memorials. At audience he submitted memorials distinguishing gentlemen from petty men and talent from mediocrity, and on protecting Sichuan and securing the Yangzi. In 1237, when fire struck the capital, Migong responded to an edict with a memorial listing five failures of self-restraint. He also said: "Changes in family bonds—who in this age lacks them? Your Majesty's heart of brotherly love also appears from time to time. Hong Zikui won Your Majesty's special trust because he said the upheaval at Zechuan was not Prince Ji's intent and Prince Ji's death was not Your Majesty's intent—words that deeply matched the imperial heart. Yet he was the late emperor's son and Your Majesty's elder brother—can he not rest in peace underground? Does this not disturb harmony and summon omens? There are indeed reasons for such obstruction and control."

出提點江東刑獄。歲大旱，饒、信、南康三郡大侵，謂振荒在得人，俾厘戶為五，甲乙以等第振糶，丙為自給，丁糴而戊濟，全活為口一百一十四萬有奇。徽之休寧有淮民三十餘輩，操戈劫人財，逮捕，法曹以不傷人論罪。彌鞏曰：“持兵為盜，貸之，是滋盜也。 ”推情重者僇數人，一道以寧。饒州兵籍溢數，供億不繼，請汰冗兵。令下，營門大噪。乃呼諸校謂曰：“汰不當，許自陳，敢嘩者斬。 ”鹹叩頭請罪，諸營帖然，稟給亦大省。召為司封郎中，以兄子嵩之入相，引嫌丐祠，遂以直華文閣知婺州。時年已七十，丐祠，提舉崇禧觀。裏居絕口不道時事。卒，年八十。真德秀嘗曰：史南叔不登宗袞之門者三十年，未仕則為其寄理，已仕則為其排擯，爵然不汙有如此。

He was appointed intendant of Jiangdong judicial affairs. In a year of severe drought, Rao, Xin, and Nankang suffered greatly. He held that famine relief depended on the right men. He classified households into five grades: A and B received graded grain sales, C were self-sufficient, D purchased grain, and E received relief. More than 1,140,000 lives were saved. In Huining, Xiuzhou, more than thirty Huai migrants armed themselves and robbed travelers. When arrested, the legal office judged them leniently because no one was injured. Migong said: "Armed robbery—if you pardon it, you encourage banditry. " He executed several of the worst offenders, and the whole circuit was pacified. Raozhou's military rolls exceeded the quota and supplies could not keep up. He requested reduction of redundant troops. When the order was issued, the camps erupted in uproar. He summoned the commanders and said: "If the reduction is unjust, you may appeal. Whoever makes an uproar will be beheaded. " All kowtowed and begged forgiveness. Every camp became orderly, and grain distributions were greatly reduced. He was summoned as registrar in the Bureau of Audience. When his nephew Songzhi became chief councillor, he cited conflict of interest and sought a temple stipend, then was made Direct Huawen Pavilion academician and prefect of Wuzhou. At seventy he sought a temple stipend and was made overseer of the Chongxi Observatory. In retirement he never spoke of current affairs. He died at the age of eighty. Zhen Dexiu once said: Shi Nanshu did not enter the clan registry's door for thirty years—blocked from examination before office, pushed aside after office—yet he remained lofty and unstained.

五子，長肯之，終刑部郎官，能之、有之、胄之俱進士。肯之子蒙卿，鹹淳元年進士，調江陰軍教授，蚤受業色川陽恪，為學淹博，著書立言，一以朱熹為法。

He had five sons. The eldest, Kenzhi, became registrar in the Ministry of Justice; Nengzhi, Youzhi, and Zhouzhi all received jinshi degrees. Kenzhi's son Mengqing received his jinshi degree in 1265 and was appointed professor at Jiangyin Commandery. He had studied early under Yang Ke of Sechuan, was learned and prolific, and took Zhu Xi alone as his model.

陳塤，字和仲，慶元府鄞人。大父叔平與同郡樓鑰友善，死，鑰哭之。塤才四歲，出揖如成人。鑰指盤中銀杏使屬對，塤應聲曰：“金桃。 ”問何所據？對以杜詩“鸚鵡啄金桃。 ”鑰竦然曰：“亡友不死矣。 ”長受《周官》於劉著，頃刻數千百言輒就。試江東轉運司第一，試禮部復為第一。

Chen Xun, whose courtesy name was Hezhong, came from Yin in Qingyuan Prefecture. His grandfather Shuping was a friend of Lou Yue of the same district. When Shuping died, Yue wept for him. Xun was only four years old but came out and bowed like an adult. Yue pointed to the ginkgo on the dish and asked for a parallel couplet. Xun answered instantly: "Golden peach. " Asked what his basis was, he cited Du Fu's line, "The parrot pecks the golden peach. " Yue exclaimed in wonder: "My dead friend lives again. " As he grew, he studied the Offices of Zhou under Liu Zhuo and could compose thousands of words in moments. He placed first in the Jiangdong Transport Commission examination and first again in the Ministry of Rites examination.

嘉定十年，登進士第。調黃州教授。喪父毀瘠，考古禮制時祭、儀制、祭器行之。忽嘆曰：“俗學不足學。 ”乃師事楊簡，攻苦食淡，晝夜不怠。免喪，史彌遠當國，謂之曰：“省元魁數千人，狀元魁百人，而恩數逾等，盍令省元初授堂除教授，當自君始。 ”塤謝曰：“廟堂之議甚盛，舉自塤始，得無嫌乎？ ”徑部註處州教授以去，士論高之。

In 1217 he received his jinshi degree. He was appointed professor at Huangzhou. When his father died he mourned until emaciated, researched ancient ritual regulations, and put seasonal sacrifices, ceremonial rules, and sacrificial vessels into practice. Suddenly he sighed: "Vulgar learning is not worth studying. " He then studied under Yang Jian, living in hardship and plain fare, working day and night without rest. When mourning ended, Shi Miyuan held power and told him: "Provincial top graduates number in the thousands and palace top graduates in the hundreds, yet favor exceeds proper rank. Let provincial top graduates receive direct court appointment as professors first—it should begin with you. " Chen Xun declined: "Court deliberations are already charged enough—if the proposal starts with me, will that not invite resentment? " He had the ministry assign him directly as professor at Chuzhou and left his post; scholars everywhere praised him.

理宗即位，詔求言，塤上封事曰：“上有憂危之心，下有安泰之象，世道之所由隆。上有安泰之心，下有憂危之象，世道之所由汙。故為天下而憂，則樂隨之。以天下為樂，則憂隨之。有天下者，在乎善審憂樂之機而已。今日之敝，莫大於人心之不合，紀綱之不振，風俗之不淳，國敝人偷而不可救。願陛下養之以正，勵之以實，蒞之以明，斷之以武。 ”而塤直聲始著於天下。與郡守高似孫不合，去，歸奉其母。召為太學錄，逾年始至。轉對，言：“天道無親，民心難保。日月逾邁，事會莫留。始之銳，久則怠。始之明，久則昏。垂拱仰成，盛心也，不可因以負有為之誌。遵養時晦，至德也，不可因以失乘時之機。 ”上嘉納之。遷太學博士，主宗正寺簿。都城火，塤步往玉牒所，盡藏玉牒於石室。詔遷官，不受。應詔言應上天非常之怒者，當有非常之舉動，歷陳致災之由。又有吳潛、汪泰亨上彌遠書，乞正馮榯、王虎不盡力救火之罪，及行知臨安府林介、兩浙轉運使趙汝憚之罰。人皆壯之。

When Emperor Lizong took the throne, the court called for memorials. Chen Xun submitted a sealed petition: "When rulers above feel worry and peril while the realm below appears secure, the age flourishes. When rulers above feel secure while the realm below shows signs of distress, the age decays. Thus, worry for the realm brings joy in its wake. But treat the realm as a source of pleasure, and worry follows. Whoever holds the realm must learn to read the balance between worry and complacency—that is all. Today's worst ills are disunity of heart, lax discipline, and corrupt custom—the state enfeebled, the people slack, seemingly beyond saving. I ask that Your Majesty cultivate the realm with righteousness, drive it with earnest effort, govern with clear sight, and rule with resolute force. " From this point Chen Xun's reputation for blunt honesty spread across the empire. He clashed with the prefect Gao Sisun, left office, and went home to care for his mother. Summoned to serve as Recorder of the Imperial College, he did not arrive for more than a year. At a rotating audience he warned: "Heaven shows no partiality; the loyalty of the people is hard to hold. Days and months slip away; decisive moments will not linger. Vigor at the start gives way to slackness in time. Clarity at the start gives way to confusion in time. To rule at ease while others do the work shows a generous spirit—but that must not become an excuse to abandon the will to act. To cultivate virtue and wait for the right hour is the highest conduct—but that must not become an excuse to miss the hour when it arrives. " The emperor commended the memorial and adopted its counsel. Promoted to Doctor of the Imperial College, he also served as chief registrar of the Imperial Clan Court. When fire broke out in the capital, Chen Xun went on foot to the imperial genealogy office and hid every register in a stone chamber. The throne ordered him promoted; he refused. Answering an imperial summons, he argued that Heaven's extraordinary anger demands extraordinary measures, and laid out at length what had brought the disaster about. Wu Qian and Wang Taiheng also wrote to Shi Miyuan, demanding that Feng Rong and Wang Hu be punished for failing to fight the fire with all their strength, and that Lin Jie, acting prefect of Lin'an, and Zhao Rudan, transport commissioner of the Two Zhes, be penalized as well. All who heard it admired their courage.

遷太常博士，獨為袁燮議謚，餘皆閣筆，因嘆曰：“幽、厲雖百世不改，謚有美惡，豈諛墓比哉？ ”會朱端常子乞謚，塤曰：“端常居臺諫則逐善類，為藩牧則務刻剝，宜得惡謚，以戒後來。 ”乃謚曰榮願。議出，宰相而下皆肅然改容。考功郎陳耆覆議，合宦者陳洵益欲改，塤終不答。

Promoted to Doctor of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, he alone argued Yuan Xie's posthumous name while the others refused to write. He sighed: "Kings You and Li keep their ill names through the ages—posthumous titles can honor or condemn. That is not the same as flattering a tomb inscription, is it? " When Zhu Duanchang's son petitioned for a posthumous title, Chen Xun said: "As a censor Duanchang expelled worthy men; as a regional governor he squeezed the people dry. He deserves a bad name to warn posterity. " They posthumously named him Rongyuan—"Glory-desiring"—an ironic condemnation. When the decision was announced, every official from the chief counselor down sat up with sober faces. Review Officer Chen Qi reopened the deliberation; he and the eunuch Chen Xunyi wanted the name changed, but Chen Xun would not answer.

李全在楚州有異志，塤以書告彌遠：“痛加警悔，以回群心。蚤正典刑，以肅權綱。大明黜陟，以飭政體。 ”不納。未幾，賈貴妃入內，塤又言：“乞去君側之蠱媚，以正主德；從天下之公論，以新庶政。 ”彌遠召塤問之曰：“吾甥殆好名邪？ ”塤曰：“好名，孟子所不取也。夫求士於三代之上，惟恐其好名；求士於三代之下，惟恐其不好名耳。 ”力丐去，添差通判嘉興府。彌遠卒，召為樞密院編修官。入對，首言：“天下之安危在宰相。南渡以來，屢失機會。秦檜死，所任不過萬俟禼、沈該耳。侂胄死，所任史彌遠耳。此今日所當謹也。 ”次言：“內廷當嚴宦官之禁，外廷當嚴臺諫之選。 ”於是洵益陰中之，監察御史王定劾塤，出知常州，改衢州。

Li Quan at Chuzhou was showing rebellious intent. Chen Xun wrote to Shi Miyuan: "Strike hard with warning and repentance to win back the people's hearts. Punish swiftly under the law to restore discipline among the powerful. Make rewards and removals unmistakably clear to set the body politic straight. " The counsel went unheeded. Soon afterward Consort Jia entered the inner palace. Chen Xun spoke again: "Remove the seductive favorites at the sovereign's side and restore the ruler's virtue; follow the consensus of the realm and renew everyday governance. " Shi Miyuan summoned Chen Xun and asked: "Nephew, are you perhaps chasing a name for yourself? " Chen Xun replied: "Chasing reputation is what Mencius rejected. In the age before the Three Dynasties, when seeking worthy men one feared only that they cared too much for fame; in the age since, one fears only that they do not care for fame at all. " He insisted on leaving office and was given an additional appointment as Vice Prefect of Jiaxing. After Shi Miyuan died, he was recalled as a compiler at the Bureau of Military Affairs. At court he opened by saying: "The realm's safety or ruin rests on whoever sits as chief counselor. Since the court moved south, chance after chance has been squandered. When Qin Gui died, the throne turned only to Wan Qixie and Shen Gai. When Han Tuozhou fell, the throne turned only to Shi Miyuan. That is the pattern the court must guard against now. " He went on: "The inner court must keep eunuchs on a tight rein; the outer court must choose censors with care. " Chen Xunyi then worked against him in secret; Supervising Censor Wang Ding impeached Chen Xun, who was sent out to govern Changzhou and then transferred to Quzhou.

寇卜日發漈坑，遵江山縣而東。塤獲諜者，即遣人致牛酒諭之曰：“汝不為良民而為劫盜，不事耒耜而弄甲兵，今享汝牛酒，冀汝改業，否則殺無赦。 ”於是自首者日以百數，獻器械者重酬之，遂以潰散。改提點都大坑冶，徙福建轉運判官。侍御史蔣峴常與論《中庸》，不合，又劾之。主管崇道觀。逾年，遷浙西提點刑獄。歲旱，盜起，捕斬之，盜懼徙去。安吉州俞垓與丞相李宗勉連姻，恃勢黷貨，塤親按臨之。弓手戴福以獲潘丙功為副尉，宗勉倚之為腹心，盜橫貪害，塤至，福聞風而去。貽書宗勉曰：“塤治福，所以報丞相也。傳間實走丞相，賢輔弼不宜有此。 ”宗勉答書曰：“福罪惡貫盈，非君不能治。宗勉雖不才，不敢庇奸兇。惟君留意。 ”及獲福豫章，眾皆欲殺之，塤曰：“若是則刑濫矣。 ”乃加墨徇於市，囚之圜土。以吏部侍郎召，及為國子司業，諸生鹹相慶，以為得師。

The bandits fixed a day to march from Jikeng and move east through Jiangshan County. Chen Xun seized a spy and at once sent envoys with cattle and wine, telling the bandits: "You refuse honest livelihood and turn to robbery; you leave the plow for weapons. Take this cattle and wine and return to honest work—or die without mercy. " Within days hundreds were surrendering each day; those who handed over weapons were paid well, and the bandit force broke apart. Transferred to Commissioner for the Chief Mining Offices, he was then made Transport Judge of Fujian. Supervising Censor Jiang Xian often argued the Doctrine of the Mean with him; when they clashed, Jiang impeached him once more. He was put in charge of the Chongdao Abbey. A year later he was promoted to Judicial Commissioner of Western Zhe. During a drought year bandits appeared; he captured and executed them, and the rest fled in fear. Yu Gai of Anji was related by marriage to Chief Counselor Li Zongmian and, backed by that connection, profited from corruption. Chen Xun went in person to investigate. The bowman Dai Fu had been made deputy district captain for capturing the bandit Pan Bing. Li Zongmian treated him as a trusted henchman, and Fu robbed and abused people at will. When Chen Xun arrived, Fu fled at the first word. He wrote Li Zongmian: "By prosecuting Fu I am doing the chief counselor a service. Word has it he ran straight to your house—a worthy minister should not shelter such a man. " Li Zongmian answered: "Fu's crimes are overflowing; without you he could not be brought to justice. I may lack talent, but I will not shield a villain. I leave the matter in your hands. " When Dai Fu was taken at Yuzhang, everyone wanted him executed. Chen Xun said: "That would make the penalty too broad. " Instead he had Fu tattooed and displayed in the marketplace, then confined in the round prison. Recalled as Vice Director of the Ministry of Personnel and then appointed Vice Director of the Directorate of Education, the students celebrated, believing they had found a worthy teacher.

未幾，兼玉牒檢討、國史編修、實錄修撰，乃辭兼史館。歷陳境土之蹙，民生之艱，國計之匱，“既無經理圖回之素，惟有感動轉移之策，必有為之本者，本者何？復此心之妙耳”。又言：“履泰安而逸樂者，有習安致危之理。因艱危而兢懼者，有慮危圖安之機。明用舍以振紀綱，躬節儉以汰冗濫，屏奸妄以厲將士，抑貴近以寬糶采，結鄉社以防竊發，黜增創以培根本。今任用混殽，薰蕕同器，遂使賢者恥與同群。 ”諫議大夫金淵見之，怒。塤乞補外，不許，又辭免和糴轉官賞，亦不許。知溫州，未上，以言罷。

Soon he also held concurrent posts collating the imperial genealogy, compiling the national history, and compiling the veritable records, but declined the History Office assignment. He laid out at length how the borders had shrunk, the people suffered, and the treasury ran dry: "With no steady plan for governing, only the strategy of moving hearts by moral example remains. Action must have a root—what is that root? To recover the subtlety of the heart itself." He also said: "Those who live in peace and drift into comfort carry within them the logic by which comfort breeds danger. Those who, facing hardship, grow vigilant carry within them the chance to secure safety from danger. Make appointments and dismissals transparent to restore discipline; practice austerity to cut waste; drive out deceivers to stiffen troops; curb the privileged to ease grain levies; organize village communities against sudden unrest; abolish new taxes to strengthen the foundation. Today appointments are muddled—worthies and scoundrels packed together—until good men are ashamed to belong to the same company. " Remonstrance Officer Jin Yuan read it and flew into a rage. Chen Xun asked to serve outside the capital and was refused; he also tried to decline promotion rewards tied to the grain-purchase program and was refused again. Named prefect of Wenzhou, he was removed from office for his words before he could take up the post.

塤家居，時自娛於泉石，四方學者踵至。輕財急義，明白洞達，一言之出，終身可復。忽臥疾，戒其子抽架上書占之，得《呂祖謙文集》，其《墓志》曰：“祖謙生於丁巳歲，沒於辛丑歲。 ”塤曰：“異哉！我生於慶元丁巳，今歲在辛丑，於是一甲矣。吾死矣夫！”

At home Chen Xun took quiet pleasure in landscape and stone; students arrived from every direction. He gave freely and acted swiftly for justice, saw matters with lucid clarity, and spoke words one could trust for a lifetime. He suddenly fell ill and told his son to pull a book from the shelf and read an omen from it; the volume was Lü Zuqian's collected works, whose epitaph says: "Zuqian was born in the year dingsi and died in the year xinchou. " Chen Xun said: "How strange! I was born in dingsi of the Qingyuan reign; this year is xinchou—the same cycle has come round. My time has come!"

子蒙，年十八，上書萬言論國事。吳子良奇之，妻以女。為太府寺主簿。入對，極言賈似道為相時國政闕失，文多不錄。為淮東總領，似道誣以貪汙，貶建昌軍簿，錄其家，惟青氈耳。德祐初，禮部侍郎李玨乞放便，以刑部侍郎召，不赴，卒。

His son Zimeng, at eighteen, submitted a ten-thousand-character memorial on affairs of state. Wu Ziliang was impressed and gave him his daughter in marriage. He served as chief clerk of the Court of the Imperial Treasury. At court he spoke at length about the failures of government under Jia Sidao as chief counselor; most of what he said was omitted from the record. While serving as overall fiscal commander of Huaidong, he was falsely accused of corruption by Jia Sidao, demoted to clerk of Jianchang Army, and had his home searched—all they found was a single plain wool mat. At the start of the Deyou era, Vice Minister of Rites Li Jue asked that he be allowed to retire; the court summoned him as Vice Minister of Punishments, but he did not go, and soon died.

趙與芮，字德淵，太祖十世孫。居湖州。嘉定十三年進士。歷官差主管官告院，遷將作監主簿，差知嘉興府，遷知大宗正兼權樞密院檢詳諸房文字，尋為都官郎官，加直寶章閣、兩浙轉運判官。進煥章閣、知慶元府，主管沿海制置司公事，拜司農少卿，仍兼知慶元府兼沿海制置副使。遷浙西提點刑獄，授中書門下省檢正諸房公事，拜司農卿兼知臨安府，主管浙西安撫司公事，權刑部侍郎兼詳定敕令官，權兵部侍郎，遷戶部侍郎，權戶部尚書，時暫兼吏部尚書，尋為真，兼戶部尚書，時暫兼浙西提舉常平，加端明殿學士、提領戶部財用，皆依舊兼知臨安府。與執政恩澤，加資政殿大學士。以觀文殿學士知紹興府、浙東安撫使；知平江府兼淮、浙發運使，時暫兼權浙西提點刑獄；授沿江制置使，知建康府、江東安撫使、馬步軍都總管兼行宮留守，節制和州、無為軍、安慶府三郡屯田使；時暫兼權揚州、兩淮安撫制置使，改兼知揚州，尋兼知鎮江府，兼淮東總領，提舉洞霄宮；復為淮、浙發運使，差知平江府，特轉兩官致仕。景定元年八月，卒，特贈少師。與芮所至急於財利，幾於聚斂之臣矣。

Zhao Yurui, whose courtesy name was Deyuan, was a tenth-generation descendant of Emperor Taizu. He lived in Huzhou. He received his jinshi degree in 1220. He rose through a series of posts: administrator of the Office of Patent Letters, chief clerk of the Directorate of Imperial Works, prefect of Jiaxing, Director of the Imperial Clan Court with concurrent review duties at the Bureau of Military Affairs, then an official of the Ministry of Justice, with added titles as Directly Attached to the Hall of Precious Documents and Transport Judge of the Two Zhes. Promoted to the Hall of Illustrious Documents and made prefect of Qingyuan, he directed the Coastal Pacification Commission, was appointed Vice Minister of Revenue, and continued to govern Qingyuan as deputy coastal commissioner. He was promoted to Judicial Commissioner of Western Zhe, then collator in the Secretariat-Chancellery, Minister of Revenue while also governing Lin'an and directing the Western Zhe Pacification Commission, Acting Vice Minister of Punishments with concurrent duties revising statutes, Acting Vice Minister of War, Vice Minister of Revenue, Acting Minister of Revenue, briefly Acting Minister of Personnel, then confirmed in office while retaining the Ministry of Revenue, briefly Intendant of Western Zhe Ever-Normal Granaries, and finally Academician of the Hall of Brilliant Governance and Commissioner for Revenue Affairs—through all of this still serving as prefect of Lin'an. Sharing in the chief administrator's favor, he received the added title Grand Academician of the Hall of Assisting Governance. As Academician of the Hall for Observing Culture he governed Shaoxing as Pacification Commissioner of Eastern Zhe; as prefect of Pingjiang and Transport Commissioner for Huai and the Two Zhes, briefly also Acting Judicial Commissioner of Western Zhe; appointed Yangzi Pacification Commissioner, prefect of Jiankang, Pacification Commissioner of Jiangdong, overall commander of infantry and cavalry, Palatial Intendant, and controller of garrison affairs at Hezhou, Wuwei Army, and Anqing; briefly also Acting Pacification Commissioner of Yangzhou and the Two Huai, then concurrently prefect of Yangzhou, soon also prefect of Zhenjiang, Overall Fiscal Commander of Huaidong, and Administrator of the Dongxiao Palace; He again served as Transport Commissioner for Huai and the Two Zhes, was assigned prefect of Pingjiang, and received a special promotion of two ranks before retiring. In August 1260 he died and was posthumously granted the title of Junior Preceptor. Wherever Zhao Yurui served he was obsessed with profit, making him almost a classic revenue-extraction official.

李大同，字從仲，婺州東陽人。嘉定十六年進士。歷官為秘書丞兼崇政殿說書，拜右正言兼侍講。疏言：“趙、冀分野，乃有熒惑犯填星之變，則我師之出，豈無當長慮而卻顧者。故臣願陛下勿以星文為小異而或加忽。一話一語，一政一事，必求有以格天心而弭災變。至於進兵攻討，尤切謹重。 ”遷太常少卿兼國史編修、實錄檢討，兼侍講，兼權侍立修註官，遷起居郎，拜殿中侍御史，權刑部侍郎兼同修國史、實錄院同修撰，選吏部侍郎，進工部尚書，以寶謨閣直學士知平江府，提舉江州太平興國宮。乞致仕，不許，後卒於家。

Li Datong, whose courtesy name was Congzhong, was a native of Dongyang in Wuzhou. He received his jinshi degree in 1223. He rose through posts including Assistant Director of the Palace Library and Lecturer at the Hall for the Veneration of Governance, and was appointed Right Remonstrator while also serving as Lecturer-in-Waiting. In a memorial he wrote: "In the Zhao and Ji celestial divisions Mars has transgressed Saturn—a portent that should give us pause before sending our armies abroad. Therefore I urge Your Majesty not to dismiss such celestial signs as minor irregularities. In every word spoken and every measure taken, we must seek to align with Heaven's will and avert disaster. Military campaigns in particular demand the greatest caution and restraint. He was promoted to Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices while compiling the National History and collating the Veritable Records, served as Lecturer-in-Waiting and Acting Attending Scribe for the Daily Record, became Gentleman for Proper Service and Censor-in-Chief within the Palace, Acting Vice Minister of Punishments with concurrent historiographical duties, Vice Minister of Personnel, Minister of Works, Directly Attached to the Hall of Treasured Counsel as prefect of Pingjiang, and Administrator of the Taiping Xingguo Palace at Jiangzhou. He petitioned to retire but was refused, and later died at home.

黃┿，字子耕，隆興分寧人。嘗從郭雍、朱熹學，熹深期之，而┿亦以道自任，反復論辯，必無所疑然後止。舉太學進士，為瑞昌主簿，監文思院，知盧陽縣，五溪獠獷悍，┿為詩諭之，獠感悅，有公事莫敢違。

Huang Xun, whose courtesy name was Zigeng, was a native of Fenning in Longxing prefecture. He had studied under Guo Yong and Zhu Xi, who held him in high expectation; Xun likewise devoted himself to the Way, debating points back and forth until every doubt was resolved. After passing the Metropolitan Examination he served as chief clerk of Ruichang, Superintendent of the Bureau of Literary and Artistic Works, and magistrate of Luyang; the fierce Liao tribes of the Five Streams he persuaded with poetry, and they responded with such respect that none dared defy official orders.

通判處州，經、總制有額無錢，俗號殿最綱，┿會十年中成賦酌取之，閣免逋負，錢額鈞等，獨以最聞。主管官告院、大理寺簿、軍器監丞，歲餘三遷，┿乃不樂。間行西湖，慨然曰：“我昔在南、北山，一水一石，無不自題品，今無復情味，何邪？”

As Assistant Prefect of Chuzhou he tackled the notorious "top-and-bottom quota" system, under which fiscal targets existed on paper but without funding; drawing on a decade of completed tax assessments, he set proportional levies, suspended arrears, and equalized quotas—earning the highest reputation of any official in the region. He served as administrator of the Office of Patent Letters, clerk of the Court of Judicial Review, and assistant director of the Directorate of Armaments; though promoted three times in just over a year, Xun found no satisfaction in such advancement. Strolling by West Lake he sighed: "Once, among the southern and northern hills, I inscribed and commented on every stream and stone; why do they hold no charm for me now?"

丐外，知臺州。謝良佐子孫居臺者既播越流落，┿求之民間，收而教之。勤苦夙夜，先勸後禁，訟牒銷縮，郡稱平治。為濟糶倉，為抵當庫，葬民之棲寄暴露者為棺千五百，置養濟院，又創安濟坊以居病囚，皆自有子本錢，使不廢。故葉適謂┿條目建置，憂民如家。遷袁州，哭從弟哀甚，得疾卒。所著有《復齋集》。

Seeking a provincial post, he was appointed prefect of Taizhou. The descendants of Xie Liangzuo who had lived in Taizhou had been scattered in hardship; Xun searched them out among the common people, took them in, and instructed them. Working tirelessly day and night, he led through persuasion before resorting to prohibition; lawsuits declined sharply and the prefecture came to be known as orderly and at peace. He established relief granaries and pawn offices, provided coffins for fifteen hundred exposed corpses of the destitute, founded a hospice, and created an infirmary for sick prisoners—each institution endowed with its own operating capital so they would remain in perpetual service. Ye Shi remarked that Xun's systematic programs of public welfare showed a concern for the people as if for his own household. Transferred to Yuanzhou, he grieved so deeply over a younger male cousin that he fell ill and died. His collected works survive as the Fuzhai Collection.

楊大異，字同伯，唐天平節度使漢公之後，十世祖祥避地醴陵，因家焉。祥事親孝，親亡哀毀，泣盡繼以血，廬墓終身，有白芝、白烏、白兔之瑞。事聞於朝，褒封至孝公，賜名木植墓道，以旌其孝。大異從胡宏受《春秋》大義。登嘉定十三年進士第。授衡陽主簿，有惠政。調龍泉尉，攝邑令。適歲饑，提刑司遣吏和糴米二萬石於邑，米價頓增，民乏食，大異即以提刑司所糴者如價發糶，民甚德之。提刑趙與芮大怒，捃其罪弗得，坐以方命，移安遠尉。

Yang Dayi, whose courtesy name was Tongbo, descended from Han Gong, Tang dynasty military commissioner of Tianping; his tenth-generation ancestor Xiang sought refuge at Liling and settled there. Xiang was deeply filial; after his parents' deaths he mourned until wasted away, weeping until tears were replaced by blood, and maintained a mourning hut by their tomb for life—during which white fungus, white crows, and white rabbits appeared as auspicious omens. When word reached the court he was enfeoffed as Duke of Utmost Filiality, and precious trees were planted along the tomb path to honor his devotion. Dayi studied the essential teachings of the Spring and Autumn Annals under Hu Hong. He received his jinshi degree in 1220. Appointed chief clerk of Hengyang, he governed with notable benevolence. Transferred to the post of Longquan county captain, he also served as acting county magistrate. During a famine year the Judicial Commission sent clerks to procure twenty thousand shi of rice in the county, driving prices sharply upward and leaving the people short of food; Dayi immediately sold the Commission's stock at market price, earning the people's deep gratitude. Judicial Commissioner Zhao Yurui was furious; finding no actionable charges against him, he punished Dayi for insubordination and reassigned him as captain of Anyuan.

邑有峒寇擾民，官兵致討，積年弗獲，檄大異往治之。大異以一仆負告身自隨，肩輿入賊峒，傳呼尉至，賊露刃成列以待，徐諭以禍福，皆伏地叩頭，願改過自新。留告身為質，偕其渠魁數輩出降。以賞遷吉州戶曹，改廣西經幹，復以弭盜賞，除四川制置司參議官。北兵入成都，大異從制置使丁黼巷戰，兵敗，身被數創死，闔門皆遇難。詰旦，其部曲竊往瘞之，大異復蘇，負以逃，獲免。進朝奉郎，宰石門縣，就除通判溧陽，攝州事，皆有惠政。去官之日，老弱攀號留之，大異易服潛去。擢知登聞鼓院，遷大理寺丞，平反冤獄者七。召對，極言時政得失，迕宰相意，出知澧州。理宗曰：“是四川死節更生者楊大異耶？論事剴切，有用之材也。何遽出之？ ”對曰：“是人尤長於治民。 ”命予節兼庾事，進直秘閣、提點廣東刑獄兼庾事。

Cave bandits had harassed the county for years despite repeated military campaigns; finally an order went out for Dayi to handle the situation. Dayi took only one servant carrying his commission of office and entered the bandits' lair in a sedan chair; when heralds announced the captain's arrival the bandits drew blades and lined up to receive him, but he calmly lectured them on the consequences of their conduct until all prostrated themselves and vowed to reform. Leaving his commission as surety, he emerged in surrender along with several bandit chiefs. Rewarded for this achievement he became Household Section clerk of Jizhou, then fiscal commissioner of Guangxi, and received further honors for suppressing banditry before appointment as Planning Official of the Sichuan Pacification Commission. When northern troops entered Chengdu, Dayi fought beside Pacification Commissioner Ding Fu in the streets; the army was routed, he suffered multiple wounds and was left for dead, and his entire household perished. At dawn his retainers stole back to bury him; Dayi regained consciousness, was carried to safety, and survived. Promoted to Gentleman for Court Audience, he governed Shimen County as magistrate, then served as Assistant Prefect of Liyang while acting prefect—all with notable benevolence. On his last day in office the old and infirm wept and clung to him begging him to stay; Dayi changed clothes and slipped away unnoticed. Elevated to administer the Court for Hearing Grievances and then appointed Vice Director of the Court of Judicial Review, he overturned seven wrongful convictions. Summoned to audience he spoke bluntly on the faults of current policy, alienated the chief councilor, and was relegated to prefect of Lizhou. Emperor Lizong asked: "Is this Yang Dayi—the man who died defending Sichuan and miraculously survived? He speaks on state affairs with sharp insight—a man of real ability. Why was he dispatched so abruptly? The reply came: "This man is especially accomplished at governing the people. He was granted seals of office with concurrent grain administration, promoted to Directly Attached to the Secret Archives and Judicial Commissioner of Guangdong with concurrent grain duties.

時常平司逋負山積，械系追索，奸蠹百出。大異與之約，悉縱遣之，負者如期畢輸，吏無所容其奸。訪張九齡曲江故宅，建相江書院，以祀九齡。改提點廣西刑獄兼漕、庾二司，所至奸吏屏息，寇盜絕跡。凡可以為民興利除害者，必奏行之。復建宣成書院祀張栻、呂祖謙。廣海幅員數千里，道不拾遺，報政為最。未六十即丐致仕，不允，章四上，除秘閣修撰、太中大夫，提舉崇禧觀、醴陵縣開國男，食邑三百戶，賜紫金魚袋。歸裏第，與居民無異，學者從之，講肄諄諄，相與發明經旨，條析理學。食祠祿者二十四年，卒，年八十二。子霆、霖。霆在《忠義傳》。

At the time Ever-Normal Granary arrears had piled up like mountains; debtors were shackled and hounded for repayment, breeding every sort of official corruption. Dayi negotiated a settlement, released all the detainees, and debtors paid in full on schedule—leaving no opening for clerical fraud. He restored Zhang Jiuling's former residence at Qujiang, established the Xiangjiang Academy, and enshrined Jiuling there. Reassigned as Judicial Commissioner of Guangxi with concurrent authority over transport and grain commissions, he subdued corrupt officials and drove bandits from the region entirely. Every measure that could benefit the people or eliminate harm he memorialized and implemented. He also restored the Xuancheng Academy to honor Zhang Shi and Lü Zuqian. Throughout coastal Guangdong and Guangxi, a region thousands of li wide, lost goods went untouched on the road, and his record of governance ranked supreme. Before turning sixty he petitioned to retire; refused at first, he submitted four memorials before receiving appointment as Compiler of the Secret Archives, Grandee for Counselling the State, Administrator of the Chongxi Temple, Baron of Liling with a fief of three hundred households, and the purple-gold fish pouch. Back home he lived no differently from ordinary neighbors; scholars gathered to study with him as he lectured earnestly, jointly probing the classics and systematically explicating Neo-Confucian doctrine. He drew temple stipends for twenty-four years before dying at eighty-two. His sons were Ting and Lin. Ting has a biography in the Loyalty and Righteousness section.

論曰：正論之在天下，未嘗亡也。徐範之於韓侂胄，吳泳、李韶、王邁之於史氏，皆能無所回撓，正色直言。至於史彌鞏則彌遠之弟，陳塤其甥也，不以私親而廢天下之公論。抑孟子所謂“寡助之至”者歟？趙與芮揚歷最久，甘為聚斂之臣。李大同以鄉人喬行簡為相，薦起之。黃┿出仕，以恤民尊賢為急，可謂知本。大異節義如此，宜其善政之著稱於世也。

The commentator observes: principled criticism has never entirely vanished from the realm. Xu Fan in confronting Han Tuozhou, and Wu Yong, Li Shao, and Wang Mai in confronting the Shi faction, all stood firm without compromise, speaking with moral seriousness and direct candor. Even Shi Migong, younger brother of Shi Miyuan, and Chen Xun, his nephew, refused to let family ties override public judgment. Was this, perhaps, what Mencius meant by reaching the point of having scarcely any allies? Zhao Yurui enjoyed the longest career among them, yet willingly served as a revenue-extraction official. Li Datong was brought back into office through the recommendation of his fellow townsman Qiao Xingjian, then chief councilor. Huang Xun entered public service with urgent concern for the people's welfare and reverence for worthies—truly a man who understood what mattered most. With integrity and righteousness such as Yang Dayi's, it is no wonder his enlightened governance won lasting renown.

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