1
蔡確吳處厚附邢恕呂惠卿章惇曾布安惇
Cai Que and Wu Chuhou, with appendices on Xing Shu, Lü Huiqing, Zhang Dun, Zeng Bu, and An Dun
2
《易》曰：「陽卦多陰，陰卦多陽。」 君子雖多，小人用事，其象為陰； 小人雖多，君子用事，其象為陽。 宋初，五星聚奎，占者以為人才眾多之兆。 然終宋之世，賢哲不乏，奸邪亦多。 方其盛時，君子秉政，小人聽命，為患亦鮮。 及其衰也，小人得志，逞其狡謀，壅閼上聽，變易國是，賊虐忠直，屏棄善良，君子在野，無救禍亂。 有國家者，正邪之辨，可不慎乎！ 作《奸臣傳》。
The Book of Changes says: "Yang trigrams contain many yin lines; yin trigrams contain many yang lines." Though gentlemen may be many, if petty men hold power, the image is yin; though petty men may be many, if gentlemen hold power, the image is yang. At the founding of the Song, the five planets gathered in the Kui asterism, and diviners took it as a sign that men of talent would be plentiful. Yet throughout the Song dynasty, worthy and wise men were never lacking—and treacherous and wicked men were never in short supply either. When the dynasty was at its height, gentlemen held power and petty men obeyed orders, so the harm they could do was slight. When it declined, petty men got their way. They gave free rein to their cunning schemes, blocked what reached the ruler's ears, altered the fundamental policies of the state, treated the loyal and upright as enemies and abused them, cast out the good, and left gentlemen stranded outside office with no power to avert disaster and disorder. For one who holds a state in his hands, can the distinction between the upright and the wicked be treated lightly! Therefore I compose the "Biographies of Treacherous Ministers."
3
蔡確字持正，泉州晉江人，父徙陳。 確有智數，尚氣，不謹細行。 第進士，調邠州司理參軍，以賄聞。 轉運使薛向行部，欲按治，見其儀觀秀偉，召與語，奇之，更加延譽。 韓絳宣撫陝西，見所制樂語，以為材，薦于弟開封尹維，辟管幹右廂公事，維去而確至。 舊制當庭參，確不肯，後尹劉庠責之，確曰：「唐藩鎮自置掾屬，故有是禮。 今輦轂下比肩事主，雖故事不可用。」 遂乞解職。
Cai Que, courtesy name Chizheng, was a native of Jinjiang in Quanzhou; his father later moved the family to Chen. Que was clever and resourceful, proud and spirited, and careless about propriety in small matters. He passed the jinshi examination and was assigned as judicial assistant in Bin Prefecture, where he became known for taking bribes. When the transport commissioner Xue Xiang toured the circuit and intended to investigate and punish him, he saw that Que's bearing was handsome and imposing, summoned him to talk, was impressed, and praised him all the more. When Han Jiang was pacifying Shaanxi, he saw the ceremonial lyrics Que had composed, considered him talented, and recommended him to his younger brother Wei, the prefect of Kaifeng. Wei appointed Que to manage affairs in the Right Wing office; Wei later departed, and Que took up the post. By old regulation he was to attend court audience, but Que refused. Later the prefect Liu Xiang rebuked him. Que said: "In Tang times the frontier military governors appointed their own staff, and therefore there was such a ceremony. Now under the imperial capital we stand shoulder to shoulder in serving our lord; though it is an old precedent, it cannot be used." He then requested to be relieved of his post.
4
王安石薦確，徙為三班主簿。 用鄧綰薦，為監察御史裏行。 王韶開熙河，多貸公錢，秦帥郭逵劾其罪，詔使杜純鞫治得實。 安石卻其牘，更遣確，確希意直韶，逵、純獲譴。 確善觀人主意，與時上下，知神宗已厭安石，因安石乘馬入宣德門與衛士競，即疏其過以賈直。 加直集賢院，遷御史知雜事。
Wang Anshi recommended Que, and he was transferred to be chief clerk of the Third Class. On Deng Wan's recommendation, he became acting investigating censor. Wang Shao opened the Xihe region and borrowed large sums of public money. The Qin circuit commander Guo Kui impeached him for the offense, and an edict sent Du Chun to investigate; the charges were found to be true. Anshi rejected the memorial and instead sent Que; Que read his intent and cleared Shao, and Kui and Chun were punished. Que was skilled at reading the ruler's intent and adjusted with the times. Knowing that Emperor Shenzong had already grown weary of Anshi, when Anshi rode his horse through the Xuande Gate and quarreled with the guards, Que immediately memorialized his fault to buy favor. He was added as a scholar of the Jixian Academy and promoted to supervising censor.
5
範子淵浚河之役，知制誥熊本按行以為非是，為子淵所訟，確劾本附文彥博，黜之，代為知制誥、知諫院兼判司農寺。 三司使沈括謁宰相吳充論免役法，確言括為近臣，見朝廷法令未便，不公言之而私語執政，意王安石既去，新法可搖耳。 括坐黜知宣州。
In Fan Ziyuan's river-dredging project, the drafter of edicts Xiong Ben inspected the work and judged it unsound. Ziyuan sued him, and Que impeached Ben for siding with Wen Yanbo, had him dismissed, and took his place as drafter of edicts, director of the Remonstrance Bureau, and concurrent administrator of the Ministry of Revenue. The Three Departments commissioner Shen Kuo visited the chief councilor Wu Chong to discuss the exemption-from-corvée law. Que said that Kuo, as a close minister, saw that a court law was unsuitable yet did not speak openly but whispered to those in power—meaning that now that Wang Anshi was gone, the new laws could be shaken. Kuo was demoted for this and made prefect of Xuan Prefecture.
6
開封鞫相州民訟，事連判官陳安民，安民令其甥文及甫求援於充之子安持，及甫，充婿也。 確言事關大臣，非開封可了，遂移御史台。 時獄起皇城，卒事多不仇。 中丞鄧潤甫，御史上官均按之，與府獄同。 王珪奏遣確詣台參治，確鍛煉為獄，潤甫、均不能制，密奏確慘掠諸囚。 確伺知之，即劾二人庇有罪，且詐使吏為使者慮問，囚稱冤，輒苦辱之。 帝頗疑其濫，連遣諫官及內侍審直，皆怖畏，言不冤，由是潤甫、均皆罷，而確得中丞，猶領司農，凡常平、免役法皆成其手。
Kaifeng tried a lawsuit among the people of Xiang Prefecture, and the matter implicated the assistant prefect Chen Anmin. Anmin had his nephew Wen Jifu seek help from Chong's son Anchí; Jifu was Chong's son-in-law. Que said the matter involved a great minister and could not be settled by Kaifeng, so the case was transferred to the Censorate. At the time a case arose in the Imperial City, and in the end the facts did not match. The vice censor Deng Runfu and the investigating censor Shangguan Jun investigated it and reached the same conclusion as the prefectural court. Wang Gui memorialized that Que be sent to the Censorate to take part in the trial. Que forged the case into a criminal prosecution; Runfu and Jun could not restrain him and secretly memorialized that Que cruelly tortured the prisoners. Que learned of this by spying, immediately impeached the two for shielding the guilty, and also had clerks falsely pose as envoys to conduct inquiries; whenever prisoners claimed injustice, he harshly humiliated them. The emperor was somewhat suspicious of the excess and repeatedly sent remonstrance officials and inner attendants to review the case; all were terrified and said there was no injustice. Thereupon Runfu and Jun were both dismissed, Que became vice censor while still heading the Ministry of Revenue, and the Ever-Normal Granary and exemption-from-corvée laws were all shaped by his hand.
7
太學生虞蕃訟學官，確深探其獄，連引朝士，自翰林學士許將以下皆逮捕械系，令獄卒與同寢處，飲食旋溷共為一室，設大盆於前，凡羹飯餅胾舉投其中，以杓混攪，分飼之如犬豕。 久系不問，幸而得問，無一事不承。 遂劾參知政事元絳有所屬請，絳出知亳州； 確代其位。 確自知制誥為御史中丞、參知政事，皆以起獄奪人位而居之，士大夫交口咄罵，而確自以為得計也。
The Imperial University student Yu Fan sued the school officials. Que dug deeply into the case and implicated court gentlemen one after another; from Hanlin academician Xu Jiang downward, all were arrested and shackled. He had jailers sleep in the same quarters with them, eat and drink and use the privy in one room, set a large basin before them, threw all soup, rice, cakes, and meat into it, stirred them with a ladle, and fed them as one would dogs and pigs. Long detained without questioning, when at last they were questioned, there was not one matter they did not confess. He then impeached the vice grand councilor Yuan Jiang for having made requests on someone's behalf, and Jiang was sent out as prefect of Bo Prefecture; Que took his place. From drafter of edicts to supervising censor to vice grand councilor, Que had each time risen by launching cases, seizing others' positions, and occupying them. Scholar-officials cursed him with one voice, yet Que thought he had got his way.
8
吳充數為帝言新法不便，欲稍去其甚者，確曰：「曹參與蕭何有隙，至代為相，一遵何約束。 今陛下所自建立，豈容一人挾怨而壞之。」 法遂不變。
Wu Chong repeatedly told the emperor that the new laws were inconvenient and wished to remove somewhat the most severe parts. Que said: "Cao Shen and Xiao He had a rift, yet when Cao replaced him as chancellor he followed Xiao He's rules entirely. What Your Majesty has established by your own hand—how can one man, nursing a grudge, be allowed to ruin it?" The laws therefore were not changed.
9
元豐五年，拜尚書右僕射兼中書侍郎。 時富弼在西京，上言蔡確小人，不宜大用。 確既相，屬興羅織之獄，縉紳士大夫重足而立矣。 初議官制，蓋仿《唐六典》，事無大小，並中書取旨，門下審覆，尚書受而行之，三省分班奏事，柄歸中書。 確說王珪曰：「公久在相位，必得中書令。」 珪信不疑。 確乃言於帝曰：「三省長官位高，不須置令，但令左右僕射分兼兩省侍郎足矣。」 帝以為然。 故確名為次相，實顓大政，珪以左僕射兼門下，拱手而已。 帝雖以次敘相珪、確，然不加禮重，屢因微失罰金，每罰輒門謝。 宰相罰金門謝，前此未有，人皆恥之。
In the fifth year of Yuanfeng, he was appointed Right Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs and concurrently Vice Director of the Secretariat. At the time Fu Bi was in the Western Capital and memorialized that Cai Que was a petty man and should not be greatly employed. Once Que became chief councilor, he repeatedly launched fabricated prosecutions, and gentry and scholar-officials stood as though with both feet together in fear. When the bureaucracy was first redesigned, it largely followed the Tang Six Statutes: matters great and small were all taken for instruction by the Secretariat, reviewed by the Chancellery, and received and executed by the Department of State Affairs; the three departments reported in separate shifts, and power returned to the Secretariat. Que persuaded Wang Gui, saying: "You have long been in the chief councilor's seat; you are sure to receive the post of Director of the Secretariat." Gui believed it without doubt. Que then said to the emperor: "The heads of the three departments are too high in rank; there is no need to appoint directors. It is enough to have the left and right vice directors concurrently hold the vice directorships of the two secretariats." The emperor thought this correct. Therefore Que was nominally the second chief councilor but in fact monopolized major policy; Gui, as Left Vice Director concurrently holding the Chancellery, could only fold his hands. Although the emperor ranked Gui and Que in order as chief councilors, he did not treat them with special honor; repeatedly for minor faults he fined them, and each time they were fined they had to apologize at the gate. Chief councilors fined and apologizing at the gate—there had never been such a thing before, and all were ashamed of it.
10
哲宗立，轉左僕射。 韓縝入相中書，用其兩侄為列卿，確風御史中丞黃履劾縝。 始詔三省，凡取旨事及台諫官章疏，並執政同進擬，不專屬中書。 蓋確畏失權，又復改制也。
When Emperor Zhezong ascended the throne, Que was transferred to Left Vice Director. Han Zong entered the Secretariat as chief councilor and appointed his two nephews to ministerial posts; Que prompted the supervising censor Huang Lü to impeach Zong. An edict was then issued to the three departments that all matters taken for instruction and memorials from censorial and remonstrance officials were to be jointly submitted for appointment by all chief councilors, and were not to belong exclusively to the Secretariat. This was because Que feared losing power and again reshaped the system.
11
初，神宗疾革，王珪議建儲事，確與同列皆在側，知狀。 確自見得罪于世，陰與章惇、邢恕等合志邪謀，謂珪實懷異意，賴己擁護，故不得逞。 確奉使陵下，韓縝白髮其端，事浸籍籍。 既失勢，愈怨望，恕又益為往來造言，識者以為憂，未有以發也。
Earlier, when Emperor Shenzong was gravely ill, Wang Gui discussed establishing the heir; Que and his colleagues were all at the side and knew the circumstances. Que saw that he had offended the world and secretly joined in wicked schemes with Zhang Dun, Xing Shu, and others, saying that Gui in fact harbored ulterior intent and that only because Que had supported the heir could Gui's designs not succeed. When Que was on a mission at the imperial tombs, Han Zong reported the matter at its beginning, and the affair gradually became widely known. Having lost power, he grew ever more resentful. Shu further spread rumors back and forth, and those who understood the situation were worried, but there was as yet no way to expose it.
12
確在安陸，嘗游車蓋亭，賦詩十章，知漢陽軍吳處厚上之，以為皆涉譏訕，其用郝處俊上元間諫高宗欲傳位天後事，以斥東朝，語尤切害。 於是左諫議大夫梁燾、右諫議大夫范祖禹、左司諫吳安詩、右司諫王岩叟、右正言劉安世，進上章乞正確罪。 詔確具析，確自辯甚悉。 安世等又言確罪狀著明，何待具析，此乃大臣委曲為之地耳。 遂貶光祿卿、分司南京，再責英州別駕、新州安置。 宰相范純仁、左丞王存坐廉前出語救確，御史李常、盛陶、翟恩、趙挺之、王彭年坐不舉劾，中書舍人彭汝大力礰坐封還詞命，皆罷去。 確後卒於貶所。
When Que was in Anlu, he once visited the Chariot Canopy Pavilion and composed ten poems. Wu Chuhou, military prefect of Hanyang, submitted them, saying they all involved mockery and satire. One used the matter of Hao Chujun remonstrating with Emperor Gaozong during the Shangyuan reign when Gaozong wished to abdicate to Empress Wu, to criticize the Eastern Court; the language was especially cutting and harmful. Thereupon the Left Remonstrance Grandee Liang Tao, Right Remonstrance Grandee Fan Zuyu, Left Secretariat Remonstrance Official Wu Anshi, Right Secretariat Remonstrance Official Wang Yansou, and Right Rectifier Liu Anshi submitted memorials requesting that Que's crimes be punished. An edict ordered Que to provide a detailed explanation; Que defended himself at great length. Anshi and the others again said Que's crimes were clear—why wait for a detailed explanation? This was merely great ministers making excuses for him. He was then demoted to Grandee of Splendid Happiness with nominal duty in the Southern Capital, and again punished as assistant prefect of Ying Prefecture and assigned to Xin Prefecture. Chief councilor Fan Chunren and Left Vice Director Wang Cun were punished for having spoken earlier to save Que; investigating censors Li Chang, Sheng Tao, Zhai En, Zhao Tingzhi, and Wang Pengnian were punished for failing to impeach; Secretariat drafter Peng Ruli was punished for returning the appointment edict sealed; all were dismissed. Que later died in exile.
13
高宗即位，下詔暴群奸之罪，貶確武泰軍節度副使，竄懋英州，凡所與濫恩，一切削奪，天下快之。
When Emperor Gaozong ascended the throne, he issued an edict exposing the crimes of the group of traitors, demoted Que to military commissioner deputy of Wutai Army, and banished him to Ying Prefecture. All improper favors he had received were entirely stripped away, and the realm rejoiced.
14
吳處厚附
Wu Chuhou — appendix
15
吳處厚者，邵武人，登進士第。 仁宗屢喪皇嗣，處厚上言：「臣嘗讀《史記》，考趙氏廢興本末，當屠岸賈之難，程嬰、公孫杵臼盡死以全趙孤。 宋有天下，二人忠義未見褒表，宜訪其墓域，建為其祠。」 帝覽其疏矍然，即以處厚為將作丞，訪得兩墓于絳，封侯立廟。
Wu Chuhou was a native of Shaowu and passed the jinshi examination. Emperor Renzong repeatedly lost imperial heirs. Chuhou memorialized: "Your subject once read the Records of the Grand Historian and examined the rise and fall of the Zhao house. During the disaster of Tu'an Gu, Cheng Ying and Gongsun Chujiu gave their lives to preserve the Zhao orphan. Since the Song possess the realm, these two men's loyalty and righteousness have not been honored; their tombs should be sought out and shrines built for them." The emperor, reading his memorial, was startled and immediately appointed Chuhou as director of palace construction. The two tombs were found in Jiang, and marquisates were conferred and temples established.
16
始，蔡確嘗從處厚學賦，及作相，處厚通箋乞憐，確無汲引意。 王珪用為大理丞。 王安禮、舒亶相攻，事下大理，處厚知安禮與珪善，論亶用官燭為自盜。 確密遣達意救亶，處厚不從，確怒欲逐之，未果。 珪請除處厚館職，確又沮之。 珪為永裕山陵使，辟掌箋奏。 確代使，出知通利軍，又徙知漢陽，處厚不悅。
At first Cai Que had studied fu composition under Chuhou; when he became chief councilor, Chuhou sent a letter asking for favor, but Que had no intention of promoting him. Wang Gui employed him as assistant director of the Court of Judicial Review. Wang Anli and Shu Dan attacked each other; the matter went down to the Court of Judicial Review. Chuhou knew Anli was on good terms with Gui and judged Dan guilty of embezzling official candles for personal use. Que secretly sent word to save Dan; Chuhou would not comply. Que grew angry and wished to drive him out, but did not succeed. Gui requested that Chuhou be given an academy post; Que again obstructed it. Gui served as commissioner for the Yongyu imperial tombs and appointed Chuhou to manage memorial drafts. Que replaced him as commissioner. Chuhou was sent out as military prefect of Tongli Army and later transferred to Hanyang, and he was displeased.
17
元祐中，確知安州，郡有靜江卒當戍漢陽，確固不遣，處厚怒曰：「爾在廟堂時數陷我，今比郡作守，猶爾邪？」 會得確《車蓋亭詩》，引郝甑山事，乃箋釋上之，云：「郝處俊封甑山公，會高宗欲遜位武后，處俊諫止，今乃以比太皇太后。 且用滄海揚塵事，此蓋時運之大變，尤非佳語。 譏謗切害，非所宜言。」 確遂南竄。 擢處厚知衛州，然士大夫由此畏惡之，未幾卒。 紹聖間，追貶歙州別駕。
During the Yuanyou era, Que was prefect of An Prefecture. The prefecture had Jingjiang troops who were to garrison Hanyang, but Que firmly refused to send them. Chuhou angrily said: "When you were in the hall of state you repeatedly trapped me; now that you are prefect of a neighboring command, you still act this way?" It happened that he obtained Que's Chariot Canopy Pavilion poems, which cited the matter of Hao Zengshan; he annotated and submitted them, saying: "Hao Chujun was enfeoffed as Duke of Zengshan; when Emperor Gaozong wished to abdicate to Empress Wu, Hao remonstrated and stopped it—yet now this is used to compare with the Grand Empress Dowager. Moreover it uses the matter of dust rising from the blue sea—this suggests a great change in the times' fortune and is especially not good language. The mockery is cutting and harmful; such things should not be said." Que was then banished to the south. Chuhou was promoted to prefect of Wei Prefecture, but scholar-officials from this feared and hated him, and before long he died. During the Shaosheng era, he was posthumously demoted to assistant prefect of She Prefecture.
18
邢恕字和叔，鄭州陽武人。 博貫經籍，能文章，喜功名，論古今成敗事，有戰國縱橫氣習。 從程顥學，因出入司馬光、呂公著門。 登進士第，補永安主簿。 公著薦於朝，得崇文院校書。 王安石亦愛之，因賓客諭意，使養晦以待用，恕不能從，而對其子雱語新法不便。 安石怒，諫官亦言新進士未曆官而即處館閣，開奔競路，出知延陵縣。 縣廢不復調，浮湛陝、洛間者七年，復為校書。
Xing Shu, courtesy name Heshu, was a native of Yangwu in Zheng Prefecture. He was broadly versed in the classics, skilled at writing, fond of fame and achievement, and when discussing success and failure in affairs ancient and modern had the air of Warring States strategists. He studied under Cheng Hao and thereby came and went in the households of Sima Guang and Lü Gongzhu. He passed the jinshi examination and was appointed chief clerk of Yong'an. Gongzhu recommended him to the court, and he became collator of the Chongwen Academy. Wang Anshi also favored him and through a guest conveyed his intent, telling him to bide his time and await employment. Shu could not comply, and to Anshi's son Bian he spoke of the new laws' inconveniences. Anshi grew angry. Remonstrance officials also said that a newly passed jinshi who had not yet served in office was immediately placed in the academy, opening a path of frantic competition, and Shu was sent out as magistrate of Yanling County. The county was abolished and he was not reassigned. He drifted between Shaan and Lu for seven years, then again became collator.
19
吳充用為館閣校勘，歷史館檢討、著作佐郎。 蔡確代充相，盡逐充所用人，恕深居懼及。 神宗見其《送文彥博詩》，稱於確，乃進職方員外郎。 帝有復用光、公著意，確以恕于兩人為門下客，亟結納之。 恕亦深自附托，乃為確畫策，稍收召名士，于政事微有更革，自是相與如素交。
Wu Chong employed him as academy collator. He served as historiographer compiler and assistant director of the Office of Compilation. When Cai Que replaced Chong as chief councilor, he drove out all whom Chong had employed. Shu lived in seclusion, fearing he would be implicated. Emperor Shenzong saw his poem "Seeing Off Wen Yanbo" and praised it to Que; he was then promoted to outer-section director of the Ministry of Personnel. The emperor had the intent to reuse Guang and Gongzhu. Que, because Shu had been a client in both men's households, quickly cultivated him. Shu also threw in his lot with Que, plotted strategy for him, gradually recalled famous scholars, and made slight changes in government affairs. From then on they were together like old friends.
20
帝不豫，恕與確成謀，密語宣仁後之侄公繪、公紀曰：「家有白桃著華，道書言可療上疾。」 邀與歸視之。 至則執其手曰：「蔡丞相令布腹心，上疾不可諱，延安沖幼，宜早有定論，雍、曹皆賢王也。」 公繪驚曰：「此何言？ 君欲禍吾家邪！」 急趨出。 恕計不行，則反宣言太后屬意雍王，與王珪表裏。 導確約珪入問疾，陽鉤致珪語，使知開封府蔡京伏劍士於外，須珪小持異則執而誅之。 既而珪言上自有子，定議立延安。 恕益無所施，猶自謂有定策功，傳播其語。
When the emperor was unwell, Shu and Que formed a plot and secretly said to Empress Dowager Xuanren's nephews Gong Hui and Gong Ji: "My house has white peaches in bloom; Taoist books say they can cure the emperor's illness." They invited them to come back and see. When they arrived, he seized their hands and said: "Chief Councilor Cai sent me to lay bare my heart. The emperor's illness cannot be concealed; Yan'an is young and tender—a decision should be made early. Yong and Cao are both worthy princes." Gong Hui said in alarm: "What words are these? Do you wish to bring disaster on my family!" He hurried out. When Shu's plan failed, he instead declared that the empress dowager favored Prince Yong and was in league with Wang Gui. He guided Que to arrange for Gui to enter and inquire after the emperor's health, openly baiting Gui's words so he would know that Cai Jing, prefect of Kaifeng, had swordsmen lying in wait outside and that if Gui showed the slightest dissent he would be seized and executed. Thereupon Gui said the emperor had his own son, and the decision was fixed to establish Yan'an as heir. Shu had even less room to act, yet still claimed credit for settling the succession and spread the story.
21
哲宗立，遷右司員外郎、起居舍人。 又為公繪具奏，乞尊崇朱太妃，為高氏異日計。 後詰之曰：「汝素不識字，誰為之者？」 公繪不得隱，以恕對，且上其稿。 時恕方召試中書，遂黜知隨州，改汝、襄、河陽。 恕久斥外，蓄怒憤，間道謁確于鄧，緒成前惡，紿司馬光子康手書，持以取信。 會確得罪，恕亦責監永州酒。
When Emperor Zhezong ascended the throne, Shu was transferred to outer-section director of the Right Secretariat and diarist. He also prepared a memorial for Gong Hui requesting that Consort Zhu be honored, planning for the Gao clan's future. Later the emperor questioned him: "You have never been able to read—who wrote this?" Gong Hui could not conceal it, named Shu, and submitted the draft. At the time Shu was being summoned for an examination at the Secretariat. He was then demoted to prefect of Sui Prefecture, and later transferred to Ru, Xiang, and Heyang. Long banished outside, Shu nursed anger and resentment. He took a bypath to visit Que in Deng, picked up their old enmity, and deceived Sima Guang's son Kang into giving a letter in his own hand, which he carried to win trust. When Que fell into disgrace, Shu was also punished as supervisor of wine production in Yong Prefecture.
22
紹聖初，擢寶文閣待制、知青州。 章惇、蔡卞得政，將甘心元祐諸人，引恕自助，召為刑部侍郎，再遷吏部尚書兼侍讀，改御史中丞。 恕既處風憲，遂誣宣仁後有廢立謀，引司馬光言北齊婁後宣訓事，訁術高遵裕之子士京追訟其父在日，王珪令其兄士充來謀立雍王，遵裕非之。 又教蔡懋上文及甫私牘為廋詞，曆詆梁燾、劉摯，雲陰圖不軌，且加司馬光、呂公著以凶悖名。 惇使蔡京置獄于同文館，組織萬端，將悉陷諸人於族罪，既而無所得，乃已。
At the beginning of Shaosheng, he was promoted to Hanlin attendant and made prefect of Qing Prefecture. When Zhang Dun and Cai Bian took power, intending to vent their spite on the Yuanyou men, they brought in Shu to assist. He was summoned as vice minister of justice, then promoted to Minister of Personnel with concurrent duty as imperial reader, and changed to supervising censor. Once Shu held censorial authority, he falsely accused Empress Dowager Xuanren of plotting to depose and establish an heir, citing Sima Guang's words on Empress Lou's Xuanxun in Northern Qi. He also had Gao Zunyü's son Shijing sue over his father's lifetime, saying Wang Gui had Shijing's elder brother Shichong come to plot establishing Prince Yong, which Zunyü had opposed. He also had Cai Mao submit Wen Jifu's private letters as cryptic evidence, slandering Liang Tao and Liu Zhi one by one, saying they secretly plotted rebellion, and further attached the names of treachery and defiance to Sima Guang and Lü Gongzhu. Dun had Cai Jing set up a prosecution at the Tongwen Pavilion, fabricating countless charges, intending to implicate all the men in clan-extinction crimes. When nothing was found, it was dropped.
23
恕內懷猜猾，而外持正論。 嘗於經筵讀寶訓，至仁宗諭輔臣，以為人君當修舉政事，則日月薄食、星文變見為不足慮。 恕言仁宗之旨雖合于荀卿書，然自古帝王孰肯自謂不修政事者，如此則天變遂廢矣。 帝嘉納之，數登對。 惇恐其大用，切忌之。 恕亦揣帝稍薄惇，屢白其短，竟為惇所陷，出知汝州。 未幾，徙應天府。 惇復摭其曩過，移知南安軍。 徽宗初，言者論其矯誣，責為少府少監、分司西京，居均州。
Inwardly Shu harbored suspicion and cunning, yet outwardly he held to upright discourse. Once at the classics lecture he read the Precious Instructions. When he reached Emperor Renzong's instruction to chief ministers that a ruler should cultivate and carry out government affairs, then eclipses of sun and moon and changes in the stars were not worth worrying about. Shu said that although Emperor Renzong's intent accorded with Xunzi's writings, since ancient times which emperor would admit he did not cultivate government affairs? If so, heavenly warnings would be abandoned. The emperor praised and accepted this and repeatedly had him attend audience. Dun feared he would be greatly employed and deeply resented him. Shu also guessed the emperor had grown somewhat cool toward Dun and repeatedly reported Dun's faults. In the end he was trapped by Dun and sent out as prefect of Ru Prefecture. Before long he was transferred to Yingtian Prefecture. Dun again gathered his past faults and transferred him to military prefect of Nan'an. At the beginning of Emperor Huizong's reign, critics spoke of his fabrications and false accusations. He was punished as assistant director of the Palace Revenues with nominal duty in the Western Capital and lived in Jun Prefecture.
24
蔡京當國，經營湟、鄯，以開邊隙，欲使恕立方面之勳，起為鄜延經略安撫使，旋改涇原，擢至龍圖閣學士。 恕乞築蕭關，采其裏人許彥圭車戰法，為淺攻計。 又欲使熙河造船，直抵興、靈，以空夏國巢穴，其謀皆迂誕。 轉運使李復言恕所為類兒戲，不可用，帝亦燭其妄，京力主之。 已而夏人寇鎮戎，欲趨渭州，警奏至京師日五六，京懼，始徙恕太原，連徙永興、潁昌、真定，尋奪職。 久之，復顯謨閣待制。 卒，年七十。
When Cai Jing held the state, he worked on Huang and Shan to open frontier conflict and wished Shu to win frontier merit. Shu was recalled as frontier commissioner and pacification commissioner of Fuyan, soon changed to Jingyuan, and promoted to Hanlin academician. Shu requested building Xiao Pass, adopted his fellow townsman Xu Yangui's chariot-warfare method, and planned shallow attacks. He also wished to have Xihe build ships to reach directly Xing and Ling, to empty the Xia state's nest. All his schemes were far-fetched and absurd. Transport commissioner Li Fu said Shu's actions were like child's play and could not be used. The emperor also saw through his folly, but Jing strongly supported him. Before long the Xia people raided Zhenrong and wished to press toward Wei Prefecture; alarm reports reached the capital five or six times a day. Jing grew afraid and first transferred Shu to Taiyuan, then in succession to Yongxing, Yingchang, and Zhending. Soon his post was stripped. After a long time he was again made Hanlin attendant of the Xianmo Pavilion. He died at the age of seventy.
25
居實有異材，八歲為《明妃引》，黃庭堅、晁補之、張耒、秦觀、陳師道皆見而愛之。 從恕守隨，作《南征賦》，蘇軾讀之，歎曰：「此足以藉手見古人矣。」 卒時年十九，有遺文曰《呻吟集》。
His son Jushi had unusual talent. At eight he wrote "Song of Bright Consort," and Huang Tingjian, Chao Buzhi, Zhang Lei, Qin Guan, and Chen Shidao all saw it and loved it. Following Shu as prefect of Sui, he wrote "Rhapsody on the Southern Campaign." Su Shi read it and sighed: "This is enough to measure oneself against the ancients." He died at nineteen. His posthumous writings were called Groaning Collection.
26
倞及恕在時為司農丞，靖康初至少卿，奉詔館金國使。 是時，肅王使斡離不軍，為所質，朝廷議亦留其使以相當，於是逾月不遣。 都管趙倫，燕人也，性猾獪，懼不得歸，乃詐以情告倞曰：「金國有餘睹金吾者，尚領契丹精銳甚眾，貳于金人，願歸大國，可結之以圖二酋。」 倞以聞，大臣信之，即為賜餘睹詔書授倫，納衣領中，厚與倫金帛。 倫獻其書粘罕，粘罕大怒，以聞金主，報令深入攻討，遂復提兵南下。 倞時出知岳州，詔責其始禍，削籍停官，既而京闕失守雲。
Liang, while Shu was alive, was assistant director of the Ministry of Revenue. At the beginning of Jingkang he rose to vice minister and by edict was to host the Jin envoys. At the time Prince Su was sent to Wanyan Zonghan's army and was held hostage. The court discussed also detaining their envoys as equivalent, and for more than a month did not send them back. Chief steward Zhao Lun, a man of Yan, was cunning by nature and feared he could not return. He falsely told Liang in confidence: "In the Jin state there is Yelü Dujin, who still commands many elite Khitan troops, is disloyal to the Jin, and wishes to return to our great state—we can win him over to plot against the two chieftains." Liang reported this. The great ministers believed it and immediately had an edict conferring favor on Dujin given to Lun, tucked into his collar, and richly rewarded Lun with gold and silk. Lun presented the letter to Wanyan Zonghan. Zonghan was greatly enraged, reported it to the Jin ruler, and the reply ordered a deep advance and attack. He then again led troops south. Liang was then sent out as prefect of Yue Prefecture. An edict blamed him for starting the disaster, struck him from the rolls and suspended his office. Soon the capital fell.
27
呂惠卿
Lü Huiqing
28
呂惠卿字吉甫，泉州晉江人。 父璹習吏事，為漳浦令。 縣處山林蔽翳間，民病瘴霧蛇虎之害，璹教民焚燎而耕，害為衰止。 通判宜州，儂智高入寇，轉運使檄璹與兵會，或勸勿行，不聽。 將二千人躡賊後以往，得首虜為多。 為開封府司錄，鞫中人史志聰役衛卒伐木事，吏多為之地，璹窮治之，志聰以謫去。 終光祿卿。
Lü Huiqing, courtesy name Jifu, was a native of Jinjiang in Quanzhou. His father Sui was skilled in administrative affairs and served as magistrate of Zhangpu. The county lay among dense mountain forests, and the people suffered from miasma, snakes, and tigers. Sui taught the people to burn and clear land for farming, and the harm declined and stopped. As assistant prefect of Yi Prefecture, when Nong Zhigao invaded, the transport commissioner ordered Sui to join forces. Some advised him not to go, but he would not listen. Leading two thousand men he followed in the enemy's rear and took many heads and captives. As judicial recorder of Kaifeng Prefecture, he tried the matter of the inner attendant Shi Zhicong using guard soldiers to cut timber. Many clerks made excuses for him, but Sui pursued the case to the end and Zhicong was demoted and removed. He ended his career as Grandee of Splendid Happiness.
29
惠卿起進士，為真州推官。 秩滿入都，見王安石，論經義，意多合，遂定交。 熙甯初，安石為政，惠卿方編校集賢書籍，安石言於帝曰：「惠卿之賢，豈特今人，雖前世儒者未易比也。 學先王之道而能用者，獨惠卿而已。」 及設制置三司條例司，以為檢詳文字，事無大小必謀之，凡所建請章奏皆其筆。 擢太子中允、崇政殿說書、集賢校理，判司農寺。
Huiqing passed the jinshi examination and became investigating officer of Zhen Prefecture. When his term ended he entered the capital, met Wang Anshi, discussed classical meaning, found their views largely agreed, and formed a friendship. At the beginning of Xining, when Anshi took power, Huiqing was collating Jixian Academy books. Anshi said to the emperor: "Huiqing's worth—is he merely among men of today? Even Confucian scholars of former ages would not easily compare with him. Of those who study the way of the ancient kings and can apply it, Huiqing alone suffices." When the Fiscal Reform Commission was established, he was made reviewer of documents. Matters great and small were always planned with him, and all memorials proposing policies were in his hand. He was promoted to palace attendant, lecturer at the Chongzheng Hall, Jixian collator, and concurrent administrator of the Ministry of Revenue.
30
司馬光諫帝曰：「惠卿憸巧非佳士，使安石負謗於中外者皆其所為。 安石賢而愎，不閑世務，惠卿為之謀主，而安石力行之，故天下並指為奸邪。 近者進擢不次，大不厭眾心。」 帝曰：「惠卿進對明辨，亦似美才。」 光曰：「惠卿誠文學辨慧，然用心不正，願陛下徐察之。 江充、李訓若無才，何以能動人主？」 帝默然。 光又貽書安石曰：「諂諛之士，於公今日誠有順適之快，一旦失勢，將必賣公自售矣。」 安石不悅。
Sima Guang remonstrated with the emperor: "Huiqing is crafty and cunning—not a good man. All that makes Anshi bear blame at home and abroad is his doing. Anshi is worthy but obstinate and unskilled in worldly affairs. Huiqing is his chief plotter, and Anshi forcefully carries things out—therefore the realm together points to them as treacherous and wicked. Recently his promotions out of turn greatly fail to satisfy public sentiment." The emperor said: "When Huiqing attends audience he is clear and discerning—he also seems a fine talent." Guang said: "Huiqing is indeed learned and clever in debate, but his intent is not upright. I wish Your Majesty would observe him slowly. If Jiang Chong and Li Xun had no talent, how could they have moved their rulers?" The emperor was silent. Guang also sent Anshi a letter saying: "Flattering men may today give you the pleasure of compliance, but once you lose power they will surely sell you to save themselves." Anshi was displeased.
31
會惠卿以父喪去，服除，召為天章閣侍講，同修起居注，進知制誥，判國子監，與王雱同修《三經新義》。 又知諫院，為翰林學士。 安石求去，惠卿使其黨變姓名，日投匭上書留之。 安石力薦惠卿為參知政事，惠卿懼安石去，新法必搖，作書遍遺監司、郡守，使陳利害。 又從容白帝下詔，言終不以吏違法之故，為之廢法。 故安石之政，守之益堅。 議罷制科，馮京爭之不得。
When Huiqing left on his father's mourning, after the mourning period he was summoned as lecturer at the Tianzhang Pavilion, co-compiler of the imperial diary, promoted to drafter of edicts, administrator of the Directorate of Education, and co-compiler with Wang Bian of New Meanings of the Three Classics. He also directed the Remonstrance Bureau and became Hanlin academician. When Anshi requested to leave office, Huiqing had his faction change names and daily drop memorials in the suggestion box asking that he be kept. Anshi strongly recommended Huiqing as vice grand councilor. Huiqing feared that if Anshi left, the new laws would be shaken. He wrote letters and sent them everywhere to circuit commissioners and prefects, having them state benefits and harms. He also calmly told the emperor to issue an edict saying that the laws would never be abolished because officials violated them. Therefore Anshi's policies were upheld all the more firmly. When abolishing the decree examination was discussed, Feng Jing argued against it but could not prevail.
32
弟升卿無學術，引為侍講。 又用弟和卿計，制五等丁產簿，使民自供首實，尺椽寸土，檢括無遺，至雞豚亦遍抄之。 隱匿者許告，而以貲三之一充賞，民不勝其困。 又因保甲正長給散青苗，使結甲赴官，不遺一人，上下騷動。
His younger brother Shengqing had no learning, yet Huiqing brought him in as lecturer. He also used his younger brother Heqing's plan to create five-grade household property registers, making the people report their holdings themselves. Every beam and inch of land was searched out without omission; even chickens and pigs were copied everywhere. Concealers were permitted to be reported, and one-third of their property was given as reward. The people could not bear the hardship. He also had baojia heads distribute green-sprout loans, making each group go together to the office without leaving out a single person. Above and below were in uproar.
33
鄭俠疏惠卿朋奸壅蔽，惠卿怒，又惡馮京異己，而安石弟安國惡惠卿奸諂，面辱之。 於是乘勢並陷三人，皆獲罪。 安石以安國之故，始有隙。 惠卿既叛安石，凡可以害王氏者無不為。 韓絳為相不能制，請復用安石。 安石至，猶與共事。 御史蔡承禧論其惡，鄧綰又言其兄弟強借秀州富民錢買田，出知陳州。 久之，以資政殿學士知延州。
Zheng Xia memorialized that Huiqing formed a clique of traitors and blocked the court. Huiqing was angry, also hated Feng Jing for differing from him, and Anshi's younger brother Anguo hated Huiqing's treachery and flattery and insulted him to his face. Thereupon he seized the opportunity to trap all three together, and all were punished. Because of Anguo, Anshi first had a rift with him. Once Huiqing turned against Anshi, there was nothing he would not do that could harm the Wang clan. Han Jiang as chief councilor could not control him and requested that Anshi be reused. When Anshi arrived, they still worked together in office. Investigating censor Cai Chenxi spoke of his wickedness. Deng Wan also said his brothers forcibly borrowed money from a wealthy man in Xiu Prefecture to buy land, and Huiqing was sent out as prefect of Chen Prefecture. After a long time he was made academician of the Zizheng Hall and prefect of Yan Prefecture.
34
始，陝西緣邊漢蕃兵各自為軍，每戰則以蕃部為先鋒，而漢兵城守，伺便乃出戰。 惠卿始合之為一，先搜補守兵而出其選以戰，隨屯置將，具條約上之，邊人及議者多言不可。 路都監高永亨，老將也，爭之力，奏斥之。 蕃部屈全乜將入寇，惠卿以近世帥臣多養威持重，乃將牙兵按邊，啟師於東郊，遂趨綏德，抵無定河，曆十有八日而還。
At first on the Shaanxi frontier Han and tribal troops each formed separate armies. In each battle the tribal units served as vanguard while Han troops guarded cities and went out to fight when opportunity arose. Huiqing first merged them into one, searched out and supplemented garrison troops and selected the best for battle, placed generals at each encampment, submitted detailed regulations, and frontier people and critics mostly said it could not be done. Circuit commander Gao Yongheng, an old general, argued against it forcefully and memorialized to have Huiqing dismissed. When the tribal leader Qu Quanmie was about to invade, Huiqing thought recent frontier commanders mostly preserved prestige and held back. He therefore led his personal guard to inspect the border, opened the campaign at the eastern suburb, then pressed toward Suide, reached the Wuding River, and returned after eighteen days.
35
俄丁母憂，詔於本奉外特給五萬，惠卿更請添支萬五千，御史劾之，將下揚州取奉曆，帝曰：「惠卿固貪冒，然嘗為執政，治之傷體，姑責以義可也。」 但削其誤奉，惠卿猶自辨，御史又論其方居喪，不應有言，詔勿問。
Soon he entered mourning for his mother. An edict gave fifty thousand beyond his regular salary, and Huiqing further requested an additional fifteen thousand. Censors impeached him and were about to send officials to Yang Prefecture to fetch his salary records. The emperor said: "Huiqing is indeed greedy, but he was once in power; prosecuting him would harm dignity—for now rebuking him on principle will do." Only his improper salary was cut; Huiqing still defended himself. Censors again argued that while in mourning he should not speak, and an edict ordered no further inquiry.
36
元豐五年，加大學士、知太原府。 入見，將使仍鎮鄜延。 惠卿云：「陝西之師，非唯不可以攻，亦不可以守，要在大為形勢而已。」 帝曰：「如惠卿言，是為陝西可棄也，豈宜委以邊事？」 數其輕躁矯誣之罪，斥知單州，明年復知太原。 哲宗即位，敕疆吏勿侵擾外界。 惠卿遣步騎二萬襲夏人於聚星泊，斬首六百級，夏人遂寇鄜延。
In the fifth year of Yuanfeng he was given the title of grand academician and made prefect of Taiyuan. On entering audience, he was about to be sent again to command Fuyan. Huiqing said: "The Shaanxi armies cannot only not attack—they also cannot defend. What matters is simply to create a great posture." The emperor said: "As Huiqing says, this means Shaanxi can be abandoned—how can he be entrusted with frontier affairs?" He counted his crimes of rashness and false accusation, dismissed him as prefect of Shan Prefecture, and the next year again made him prefect of Taiyuan. When Emperor Zhezong ascended the throne, he ordered frontier officials not to harass outside realms. Huiqing sent twenty thousand infantry and cavalry to raid the Xia people at Juxing Marsh, taking six hundred heads. The Xia people then raided Fuyan.
37
惠卿見正人匯進，知不容于時，懇求散地。 於是右司諫蘇轍條奏其奸曰：「惠卿懷張湯之辨詐，有盧杞之奸邪，詭變多端，敢行非度。 王安石強亻艮傲誕，於吏事宜無所知，惠卿指扌適教導，以濟其惡。 又興起大獄，欲株連蔓引，塗汙公卿。 賴先帝仁聖，每事裁抑，不然，安常守道之士無噍類矣。 安石于惠卿有卵翼之恩，父師之義。 方其求進則膠固為一，及勢力相軋，化為敵仇，發其私書，不遺餘力。 犬彘之所不為，而惠卿為之。 昔呂布事丁原則殺丁原，事董卓則殺董卓； 劉牢之事王恭則反王恭，事司馬元顯則反元顯，故曹操、桓玄終畏而誅之。 如惠卿之惡，縱未正典刑，猶當投畀四裔，以禦魑魅。」 中丞劉摯數其五罪，以為大惡。 乃貶為光祿卿、分司南京。 再責建寧軍節度副使、建州安置。 中書舍人蘇軾當制，備載其罪於訓詞，天下傳訟稱快焉。
Huiqing saw upright men gathering in office and knew he could not remain at court. He earnestly requested a nominal post. Thereupon Right Secretariat Remonstrance Official Su Che memorialized item by item on his treachery, saying: "Huiqing harbors Zhang Tang's sophistry and deceit and Lu Qi's treachery and wickedness. He changes deviously in many ways and dares to act beyond measure. Wang Anshi was strong, stubborn, and arrogant, knowing nothing of administrative affairs. Huiqing pointed and directed, teaching and guiding, to advance his wickedness. He also launched great prosecutions, wishing to implicate by extension and branch, and defile dukes and ministers. Thanks to the late emperor's benevolence and sagacity, who restrained each matter—otherwise men who upheld constancy and kept to the Way would have been wiped out. Anshi toward Huiqing had the grace of sheltering wings and the duty of father and teacher. When he sought advancement they were glued together as one. When power clashed they became enemy foes, and he exposed Anshi's private letters with all his strength. What dogs and pigs would not do, Huiqing did. In the past Lü Bu served Ding Yuan and killed Ding Yuan, served Dong Zhuo and killed Dong Zhuo; Liu Laozhi served Wang Gong and rebelled against Wang Gong, served Sima Yuanxian and rebelled against Yuanxian. Therefore Cao Cao and Huan Xuan in the end feared and executed them. For wickedness like Huiqing's, even if not punished by proper law, he should still be cast to the four frontiers to ward off demons. Vice censor Liu Zhi counted his five crimes and considered them great wickedness. He was then demoted to Grandee of Splendid Happiness with nominal duty in the Southern Capital. Again punished as military commissioner deputy of Jianning Army and assigned to Jian Prefecture. Secretariat drafter Su Shi drafted the edict, fully recording his crimes in the instruction. The realm spread the word and rejoiced.
38
紹聖中，復資政殿學士、知大名府，加觀文殿學士、知延州。 夏人復入寇，將以全師圍延安，惠卿修米脂諸砦以備。 寇至，欲攻則城不可近，欲掠則野無所得，欲戰則諸將按兵不動，欲南則懼腹背受敵，留二日即拔柵去，遂陷金明。 惠卿求詣闕，不許。 以築威戎、威羌城，加銀青光祿大夫，拜保甯、武勝兩軍節度使。
During Shaosheng he was again made academician of the Zizheng Hall and prefect of Daming, then added Hanlin academician of the Guanwen Hall and prefect of Yan Prefecture. The Xia people again invaded and were about to surround Yan'an with their full army. Huiqing repaired the forts at Mizhi and elsewhere to prepare. When the raiders arrived, they wished to attack but could not approach the city; wished to plunder but found nothing in the wilds; wished to fight but the generals held their troops still; wished to go south but feared attack front and rear. After two days they pulled up their palisades and left, and then Jinming fell. Huiqing requested to go to court; it was not permitted. For building Weirong and Weiqiang cities, he was given Silver Blue-Green Grandee of Splendid Happiness and appointed military commissioner of Baoning and Wusheng armies.
39
徽宗立，易節鎮南。 因曾布有宿憾，徙為杭州，而用范純粹帥延，治其上功罔冒事，奪節度。 布去位，復武昌節度使、知大名。 數歲，又以上表引喻失當，還為銀青光祿大夫，令致仕。 崇寧五年，起為觀文殿學士、知杭州。 坐其子淵聞妖人張懷素言不告，淵配沙門島，惠卿責祁州團練副使，安置宣州，再移廬州。 復觀文殿學士，為醴泉觀使，致仕。 卒，贈開府儀同三司。
When Emperor Huizong ascended the throne, his command was changed to Zhennan. Because of old resentment with Zeng Bu, he was transferred to Hang Prefecture. Fan Chuncui was used to command Yan and investigated his false claims of merit, stripping his military commission. When Bu left office, Huiqing was again military commissioner of Wuchang and prefect of Daming. After several years, again because a memorial used improper analogies, he was reduced to Silver Blue-Green Grandee of Splendid Happiness and ordered to retire. In the fifth year of Chongning he was recalled as Hanlin academician of the Guanwen Hall and prefect of Hang Prefecture. Because his son Yuan heard the words of the sorcerer Zhang Huaisu and did not report them, Yuan was assigned to Shamen Island. Huiqing was punished as military training deputy of Qi Prefecture, assigned to Xuan Prefecture, and again transferred to Lu Prefecture. He was again Hanlin academician of the Guanwen Hall, made commissioner of the Liquan Abbey, and retired. He died and was posthumously given Grand Preceptor with equal ceremony to the Three Excellencies.
40
始，惠卿逢合安石，驟致執政，安石去位，遂極力排之，至發其私書於上。 安石退處金陵，往往寫「福建子」三字，蓋深悔為惠卿所誤也。 雖章惇、曾布、蔡京當國，鹹畏惡其人，不敢引入朝。 以是轉徙外服，訖於死雲。
At first Huiqing ingratiated himself with Anshi and suddenly reached the chief councilor's seat. When Anshi left office, he then strove with all his might to oppose him, even exposing his private letters to the throne. Anshi retired to Jinling and often wrote the three characters "Fujian fellow"—he deeply regretted being misled by Huiqing. Although Zhang Dun, Zeng Bu, and Cai Jing held the state, all feared and hated the man and dared not bring him into court. For this reason he was transferred among outer posts until his death.
41
章惇字子厚，建州浦城人，父俞徙蘇州。 起家至職方郎中，致仕，用惇貴，累官銀青光祿大夫，年八十九卒。
Zhang Dun, courtesy name Zihou, was a native of Pucheng in Jian Prefecture. His father Yu moved to Suzhou. He rose from office to director in the Ministry of Personnel and retired. Through Dun's eminence he accumulated posts to Silver Blue-Green Grandee of Splendid Happiness and died at eighty-nine.
42
惇豪俊，博學善文。 進士登名，恥出侄衡下，委敕而出。 再舉甲科，調商洛令。 與蘇軾游南山，抵仙遊潭，潭下臨絕壁萬仞，橫木其上，惇揖軾書壁，軾懼不敢書。 惇平步過之，垂索挽樹，攝衣而下，以漆墨濡筆大書石壁曰：「蘇軾、章惇來。」 既還，神彩不動，軾拊其背曰：「君他日必能殺人。」 惇曰：「何也？」 軾曰：「能自判命者，能殺人也。」 惇大笑。 召試館職，王陶劾罷之。
Dun was bold and handsome, broadly learned and skilled at writing. He passed the jinshi examination but was ashamed to rank below his nephew Heng. He abandoned his appointment and left. He passed again in the top class and was assigned magistrate of Shangluo. With Su Shi he toured South Mountain and reached Xianyou Pool. Below the pool was a cliff of ten thousand ren, with a horizontal log across it. Dun bowed and asked Shi to write on the wall; Shi was afraid and did not dare write. Dun walked calmly across, let down a rope and grabbed a tree, gathered his robes and descended, dipped his brush in lacquer ink, and wrote large on the stone wall: "Su Shi and Zhang Dun came." When he returned, his expression was unchanged. Shi patted his back and said: "You will surely be able to kill men one day." Dun said: "Why?" Shi said: "One who can risk his own life can kill others." Dun laughed loudly. He was summoned to test for an academy post. Wang Tao impeached him and had him dismissed.
43
熙甯初，王安石秉政，悅其才，用為編修三司條例官，加集賢校理、中書檢正。 時經制南、北江群蠻，命為湖南、北察訪使。 提點刑獄趙鼎言，峽州群蠻苦其酋剝刻，謀內附，辰州布衣張翹亦言南、北江群蠻歸化朝廷，遂以事屬惇。 惇募流人李資、張竑等往招之，資、竑淫於夷婦，為酋所殺，遂致攻討，由是兩江扇動。 神宗疑其擾命，安石戒惇勿輕動，惇竟以三路兵平懿、洽、鼎州。 以蠻方據潭之梅山，遂乘勢而南。 轉運副使蔡燁言是役不可亟成，神宗以為然，專委于燁，安石主惇，爭之不已。 既而燁得蠻地，安石恨燁沮惇，乃薄其賞，進惇修起居注，以是兵久不決。
At the beginning of Xining, when Wang Anshi held power, he favored Dun's talent and employed him as compiler of the Fiscal Reform Commission, adding Jixian collator and Secretariat reviewer. At the time the southern and northern Jiang tribal groups were being managed. He was appointed investigating commissioner of Hunan and Hubei. Judicial intendant Zhao Ding said the tribal groups of Xia Prefecture suffered from their chiefs' extortion and plotted to submit inward. Zhang Qiao, a commoner of Chen Prefecture, also said the southern and northern Jiang tribal groups wished to submit to the court. Therefore the matter was entrusted to Dun. Dun recruited exiles Li Zi and Zhang Hong and others to go recruit them. Zi and Hong violated tribal women and were killed by the chiefs, leading to attack and suppression, and thereby both Jiang regions were stirred up. Emperor Shenzong suspected he was disturbing orders. Anshi warned Dun not to act lightly, yet Dun ultimately used three-route troops to pacify Yi, Qia, and Ding prefectures. Because the tribal region held Meishan in Tan Prefecture, he then took advantage of momentum and went south. Transport vice commissioner Cai Ye said this campaign could not be quickly completed. Emperor Shenzong thought this correct and specially entrusted it to Ye. Anshi supported Dun and argued without cease. Before long Ye obtained tribal territory. Anshi resented Ye for obstructing Dun, therefore reduced his reward and promoted Dun to compile the imperial diary—thereby the troops long remained undecided.
44
召惇還，擢知制誥、直學士院、判軍器監。 三司火，神宗禦樓觀之，惇部役兵奔救，過樓下，神宗問知為惇，明日命為三司使。 呂惠卿去位，鄧綰論惇同惡，出知湖州，徙杭州。 入為翰林學士。 元豐三年，拜參知政事。 朱服為御史，惇密使客達意於服，為服所白。 惇父冒占民沈立田，立遮訴惇，惇系之開封。 坐二罪，罷知蔡州，又曆陳、定二州。 五年，召拜門下侍郎。 豐稷奏曰：「官府肇新而惇首用，非稽古建官意。」 稷坐左遷。 諫官趙彥若又疏惇無行，不報。
Dun was recalled and promoted to drafter of edicts, Hanlin academy scholar, and administrator of the Directorate of Armaments. The Three Departments caught fire. Emperor Shenzong went to the tower to watch. Dun's labor troops ran to rescue and passed below the tower. Shenzong asked and learned it was Dun; the next day he appointed him commissioner of the Three Departments. When Lü Huiqing left office, Deng Wan spoke of Dun as sharing in wickedness. Dun was sent out as prefect of Hu Prefecture and transferred to Hang Prefecture. He entered court as Hanlin academician. In the third year of Yuanfeng he was appointed vice grand councilor. Zhu Fu was investigating censor. Dun secretly had a guest convey his intent to Fu, and Fu reported it. Dun's father illegally occupied the land of the commoner Shen Li. Li blocked the road and sued Dun, and Dun had him detained in Kaifeng. Punished for two crimes, he was dismissed as prefect of Cai Prefecture and later served Chen and Ding prefectures. In the fifth year he was summoned and appointed Vice Director of the Chancellery. Feng Ji memorialized: "The bureaucracy is newly established yet Dun is first employed—this is not the intent of examining antiquity in establishing offices." Ji was punished with demotion. Remonstrance official Zhao Yanruo again memorialized that Dun was without conduct; no response was given.
45
哲宗親政，有復熙甯、元豐之意，首起惇為尚書左僕射兼門下侍郎，於是專以「紹述」為國是，凡元祐所革一切復之。 引蔡卞、林希、黃履、來之邵、張商英、周秩、翟思、上官均居要地，任言責，協謀朋奸，報復仇怨，小大之臣，無一得免，死者禍及其孥。 甚至詆宣仁後，謂元祐之初，老奸擅國。 又請發司馬光、呂公著塚，斫其棺。 哲宗不聽，惇意不愜，請編類元祐諸臣章疏，識者知禍之未弭也。 遂治劉安世、范祖禹諫禁中雇乳媼事，又以文及甫誣語書導蔡渭，使告劉摯、梁燾有逆謀，起同文館獄，命蔡京、安惇、蹇序辰窮治，欲覆諸人家。 又議遣呂升卿、董必察訪嶺南，將盡殺流人。 哲宗曰：「朕遵祖宗遺制，未嘗殺戮大臣，其釋勿治。」 然重得罪者千餘人，或至三四謫徙，天下冤之。
When Emperor Zhezong personally took power, having the intent to restore Xining and Yuanfeng policies, he first recalled Dun as Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs and concurrently Vice Director of the Chancellery. Thereupon he exclusively took "continuing the legacy" as national policy and restored everything the Yuanyou era had changed. He brought in Cai Bian, Lin Xi, Huang Lü, Lai Zhi Shao, Zhang Shangying, Zhou Zhi, Zhai Si, and Shangguan Jun to important posts, entrusted them with remonstrance duties, conspired as a clique of traitors, avenged grudges, and ministers great and small—none escaped. The dead brought disaster even on their children. He even slandered Empress Dowager Xuanren, saying that at the beginning of Yuanyou old traitors monopolized the state. He also requested opening the tombs of Sima Guang and Lü Gongzhu and chopping their coffins. Emperor Zhezong would not listen. Dun was not satisfied and requested compiling and classifying the memorials of Yuanyou ministers—those who understood knew disaster was not yet ended. He then prosecuted Liu Anshi and Fan Zuyu for remonstrating against hiring wet nurses in the inner palace. Also using Wen Jifu's false words in a letter to guide Cai Wei, he had him accuse Liu Zhi and Liang Tao of treasonous plots, launched the Tongwen Pavilion prosecution, and ordered Cai Jing, An Dun, and Jian Xuchen to investigate exhaustively, intending to overturn all their families. He also discussed sending Lü Shengqing and Dong Bi to inspect Lingnan, intending to kill all exiles. Emperor Zhezong said: "I follow the ancestral legacy and have never executed great ministers—release them and do not prosecute." Yet more than a thousand were heavily punished, some banished three or four times. The realm considered it unjust.
46
惇用邢恕為御史中丞，恕以北齊婁太后宮名宣訓，嘗廢孫少主立子常山王演，托司馬光語范祖禹曰：「方今主少國疑，宣訓事猶可慮。」 又誘高士京上書，言父遵裕臨死屏左右謂士京曰：「神宗彌留之際，王珪遣高士充來問曰：'不知皇太后欲立誰？ '我叱士充去之。」 皆欲誣宣仁後，以此實之。 惇遂追貶司馬光、王珪，贈遵裕奉國軍留後。 結中官郝隨為助，欲追廢宣仁後，自皇太后、太妃皆力爭之。 哲宗感悟，焚其奏，隨覘知之，密語惇與蔡卞。 明日惇、卞再言，哲宗怒曰：「卿等不欲朕入英宗廟乎？」 惇、卞乃已。
Dun employed Xing Shu as supervising censor. Shu, citing Northern Qi Empress Dowager Lou's palace name Xuanxun, who once deposed the young heir and established her son Changshan Wang Yan, attributed to Sima Guang words to Fan Zuyu: "Now the ruler is young and the state uncertain—the Xuanxun affair is still worth worrying about." He also induced Gao Shijing to submit a memorial, saying that on his deathbed his father Zunyü dismissed attendants and told Shijing: "When Emperor Shenzong was at his last breath, Wang Gui sent Gao Shichong to ask: 'I do not know whom the empress dowager wishes to establish? I rebuked Shichong and sent him away.'" All wished to falsely accuse Empress Dowager Xuanren and substantiate it with this. Dun then posthumously demoted Sima Guang and Wang Gui and posthumously enfeoffed Zunyü as military commissioner deputy of Fengguo Army. He joined with inner attendant Hao Sui as helper and wished to posthumously depose Empress Dowager Xuanren. From the empress dowager and consort dowager downward, all strove against it. Emperor Zhezong was moved and burned the memorial. Sui spied and learned of it and secretly told Dun and Cai Bian. The next day Dun and Bian spoke again. Emperor Zhezong angrily said: "Do you not wish me to enter Emperor Yingzong's temple?" Dun and Bian then stopped.
47
惇又以皇后孟氏，元祐中宣仁後所立，迎合郝隨，勸哲宗起掖庭秘獄，托以左道，廢居瑤華宮。 其後哲宗頗悔，乃歎曰：「章惇壞我名節。」 惇又結劉友端相表裏，請建劉賢妃于中宮。
Dun also, because Empress Meng had been established by Empress Dowager Xuanren during Yuanyou, to please Hao Sui persuaded Emperor Zhezong to launch a secret prosecution in the inner quarters, using heterodox ways as pretext, and deposed her to live in Yaohua Palace. Afterward Emperor Zhezong greatly regretted it and sighed: "Zhang Dun has ruined my reputation." Dun also joined with Liu Youduan in league and requested establishing Consort Liu in the inner palace.
48
初，神宗用王安石之言，開熙、河，謀靈、夏，師行十餘年不息。 迨聞永樂之敗，神宗當寧慟哭，循致不豫，故元祐宰輔推本其意，專務懷柔外國。 西夏請故地，以非要害城砦還之。 惇以為蹙國棄地，罪其帥臣，遂用淺攻撓耕之說，肆開邊隙，絕夏人歲賜，進築汝遮等城，陝西諸道興役五十餘所，敗軍覆將，復棄青唐，死傷不可計。 知天下怨己，欲塞其議，請詔中外察民妄語者論如律。 優立賞邏，告訐之風浸盛。 民有被酒狂訛者，詔貸其死，惇竟論殺之。 用刑愈峻，然不能遏也。
At first Emperor Shenzong followed Wang Anshi's words, opened Xi and He, plotted Ling and Xia, and troops marched for more than ten years without cease. When he heard of the defeat at Yongle, Emperor Shenzong wept at the throne and gradually fell ill. Therefore Yuanyou chief ministers traced back to his intent and devoted themselves to conciliating foreign states. Western Xia requested old territory, and non-critical forts and stockades were returned. Dun considered this constricting the state and abandoning land and punished the frontier commanders. He then used shallow-attack and plow-raiding theories, wantonly opened frontier conflict, cut off annual gifts to the Xia, advanced building Ruzhe and other cities, launched more than fifty projects on Shaanxi circuits, armies were defeated and generals ruined, Qingtang was again abandoned, and dead and wounded were beyond counting. Knowing the realm resented him, he wished to block their criticism and requested an edict that inside and outside the court investigate people who spoke rashly and punish according to law. Generous rewards were established for patrols, and the wind of informing gradually flourished. A commoner drunk and speaking wildly was by edict pardoned from death, yet Dun still prosecuted and executed him. Punishments grew ever harsher, yet they could not be restrained.
49
哲宗崩，皇太后議所立，惇厲聲曰：「以禮律言之，母弟簡王當立。」 皇太后曰：「老身無子，諸王皆是神宗庶子。」 惇復曰：「以長則申王當立。」 皇太后曰：「申王病，不可立。」 惇尚欲言，知樞密院事曾布叱之曰：「章惇，聽太后處分。」 皇太后決策立端王，是為徽宗，遷惇特進，封申國公。
When Emperor Zhezong died, the empress dowager discussed whom to establish. Dun said in a harsh voice: "According to ritual and law, the emperor's younger brother by the same mother, Prince Jian, should be established." The empress dowager said: "This old body has no son; all the princes are Emperor Shenzong's sons by concubines." Dun again said: "By seniority Prince Shen should be established." The empress dowager said: "Prince Shen is ill and cannot be established." Dun still wished to speak. Bureau of Military Affairs chief Zeng Bu rebuked him: "Zhang Dun, obey the empress dowager's decision." The empress dowager decided to establish Prince Duan, who became Emperor Huizong. Dun was transferred to special advancement and enfeoffed as Duke of Shen.
50
為山陵使，靈轝陷澤中，逾宿而行。 言者劾其不恭，罷知越州，尋貶武昌軍節度副使、潭州安置。 右正言任伯雨論其欲追廢宣仁後，又貶雷州司戶參軍。 初，蘇轍謫雷州，不許占官舍，遂僦民屋，惇又以為強奪民居，下州追民究治，以僦券甚明，乃已。 至是，惇問舍於是民，民曰：「前蘇公來，為章丞相幾破我家，今不可也。」 徙睦州，卒。
As imperial tomb commissioner, the imperial bier sank in a marsh and traveled only after a full night. Critics impeached him for disrespect. He was dismissed as prefect of Yue Prefecture and soon demoted to military commissioner deputy of Wuchang Army and assigned to Tan Prefecture. Right Rectifier Ren Boyu spoke of his wish to posthumously depose Empress Dowager Xuanren. He was again demoted to army registrar of Lei Prefecture. At first Su Che was banished to Lei Prefecture and not permitted to occupy official quarters; he rented a commoner's house. Dun again considered this forcibly seizing a residence and ordered the prefecture to pursue the commoner for investigation. Because the lease was very clear, it was dropped. When Dun asked to lodge with this commoner, the man said: "When former Su came, he nearly ruined my family for Chief Councilor Zhang; now it cannot be done." He was transferred to Mu Prefecture and died.
51
惇敏識加人數等，窮凶稔惡，不肯以官爵私所親，四子連登科，獨季子援嘗為校書郎，餘皆隨牒東銓仕州縣，訖無顯者。
Dun was sharp-witted and added several ranks to people. Utterly wicked, he would not give official ranks to those he favored privately. Four sons passed examinations in succession; only the youngest Yuan once served as collator—the rest took posts through the eastern selection board in prefectures and counties, and none achieved prominence.
52
妻張氏甚賢，惇之入相也，張病且死，屬之曰：「君作相，幸勿報怨。」 既祥，惇語陳瓘曰：「悼亡不堪，奈何？」 瓘曰：「與其悲傷無益，曷若念其臨絕之言。」 惇無以對。
His wife Lady Zhang was very worthy. When Dun entered the chief councilor's seat, Zhang was ill and dying and entrusted him: "You have become chief councilor; I hope you will not avenge grudges." After the mourning period, Dun said to Chen Guan: "I cannot bear mourning for the dead—what am I to do?" Guan said: "Rather than grieving without benefit, why not remember her words at the end?" Dun had nothing to reply.
53
政和中，追贈觀文殿大學士。 紹興五年，高宗閱任伯雨章疏，手詔曰：「惇詆誣宣仁後，欲追廢為庶人，賴哲宗不從其請，使其言施用，豈不上累泰陵？ 貶昭化軍節度副使，子孫不得仕於朝。」 詔下，海內稱快，獨其家猶為《辨誣論》，見者哂之。
During Zhenghe he was posthumously given Grand Hanlin Academic of the Guanwen Hall. In the fifth year of Shaoxing, Emperor Gaozong read Ren Boyu's memorial and wrote by hand: "Dun slandered Empress Dowager Xuanren and wished to posthumously depose her as a commoner. Thanks to Emperor Zhezong not accepting his request—if his words had been applied, would it not have burdened Emperor Taizong above? He was demoted to military commissioner deputy of Zhaohua Army. His descendants were not permitted to serve at court." When the edict was issued, the realm rejoiced. Only his family still wrote "Refuting the Slander," and those who saw it mocked them.
54
曾布字子宣，南丰人。 年十三而孤，学于兄巩，同登第，调宣州司户参军、怀仁令。
Zeng Bu, courtesy name Zixuan, was a native of Nanfeng. Orphaned at thirteen, he studied under his elder brother Gong and passed the examination together. He was assigned army registrar of Xuan Prefecture and magistrate of Huairen.
55
熙宁二年，徙开封，以韩维、王安石荐，上书言为政之本有二，曰厉风俗、择人才。 其要有八，曰劝农桑、理财赋、兴学校、审选举、责吏课、叙宗室、修武备、制远人。 大率皆安石指也。
In the second year of Xining he was transferred to Kaifeng. On Han Wei and Wang Anshi's recommendation he submitted a memorial saying the roots of governance are two: improving customs and selecting talent. The essentials number eight: encouraging farming and sericulture, managing finances and taxes, establishing schools, examining selection, evaluating officials' performance, ordering the imperial clan, repairing military preparations, and controlling distant peoples. In general all largely followed Anshi's intent.
56
神宗召见，论建合意，授太子中允、崇政殿说书，加集贤校理，判司农寺，检正中书五房。 凡三日，五受敕告。 与吕惠卿共创青苗、助役、保甲、农田之法，一时故臣及朝士多争之。 布疏言："陛下以不世出之资，登延硕学远识之臣，思大有为于天下，而大臣玩令，倡之于上，小臣横议，和之于下。 人人窥伺间隙，巧言丑诋，以哗众罔上。 是劝沮之术未明，而威福之用未果也。 陛下诚推赤心以待遇君子而厉其气，奋威断以屏斥小人而消其萌，使四方晓然皆知主不可抗，法不可侮，则何为而不可，何欲而不成哉？ "布欲坚神宗意，使专任安石以威胁众，使毋敢言。 故骤见拔用，遂修起居注、知制诰，为翰林学士兼三司使。 韩琦上疏极论新法之害，神宗颇悟，布遂为安石条析而驳之，持之愈固。
Emperor Shenzong summoned him; their discussion on state-building accorded with his intent. He was appointed palace attendant, lecturer at the Chongzheng Hall, Jixian collator, administrator of the Ministry of Revenue, and reviewer of the five sections of the Secretariat. Within three days he received five appointment edicts. With Lü Huiqing he jointly created the green-sprout, assisted-service, baojia, and farmland laws. At the time old ministers and court gentlemen mostly disputed them. Bu memorialized: "Your Majesty, with an unprecedented endowment, has extended invitation to great scholars and far-seeing ministers, thinking to achieve much in the realm, yet great ministers play with orders and advocate from above while petty ministers speak wildly and harmonize from below." Everyone watches for gaps, speaks cleverly and slanders, to stir the crowd and deceive superiors. This means the methods of encouragement and deterrence are not yet clear, and the use of authority and favor has not yet succeeded. If Your Majesty truly pushes forth a sincere heart to treat gentlemen well and stiffen their spirit, and exerts decisive authority to expel petty men and eliminate their sprouts, so that all four directions clearly know the ruler cannot be resisted and laws cannot be insulted—then what cannot be done, what desire not achieved? Bu wished to firm Shenzong's intent, making him exclusively employ Anshi to threaten the multitude so none dared speak. Therefore he was suddenly promoted and appointed, then compiled the imperial diary, became drafter of edicts, and Hanlin academician concurrently commissioner of the Three Departments. Han Qi submitted a memorial vehemently discussing the new laws' harm. Shenzong was somewhat moved. Bu then itemized and refuted for Anshi, holding all the more firmly.
57
七年，大旱，诏求直言，布论判官吕嘉问市易掊克之虐，大概以为："天下之财匮乏，良由货不流通； 货不流通，由商贾不行； 商贾不行，由兼并之家巧为摧抑。 故设市易于京师以售四方之货，常低仰其价，使高于兼并之家而低于倍蓰之直，官不失二分之息，则商贾自然无滞矣。 今嘉问乃差官于四方买物货，禁客旅无得先交易，以息多寡为诛赏殿最，故官吏、牙驵惟恐裒之不尽而息之不夥，则是官自为兼并，殊非市易本意也。 "事下两制议，惠卿以为沮新法，安石怒，布遂去位。
In the seventh year, during great drought, an edict sought frank speech. Bu discussed judicial assistant Lü Jiawen's market-trade extortion and cruelty, generally holding that: "The realm's wealth is depleted, truly because goods do not circulate;" goods do not circulate because merchants do not travel; merchants do not travel because consolidating families cleverly suppress them. Therefore market-trade was established in the capital to sell goods from the four directions, regularly adjusting prices so they are higher than consolidating families and lower than doubled prices. The state loses not two-tenths interest, then merchants naturally have no stagnation. Now Jiawen sends officials to the four directions to buy goods, forbids travelers from trading first, and uses profit more or less for punishment, reward, demotion, and ranking. Therefore officials and brokers only fear not gathering everything and not maximizing profit. This is the state itself consolidating—far from market-trade's original intent. The matter went down to the two academies for discussion. Huiqing considered it obstructing the new laws. Anshi grew angry and Bu then left office.
58
惠卿参大政，置狱举劾，黜布知饶州，徙潭州。 复集贤院学士、知广州。 元丰初，以龙图阁待制知桂州，进直学士、知秦州，改历陈、蔡、庆州。 元丰末，复翰林学士，迁户部尚书。 司马光为政，谕令增捐役法，布辞曰："免役一事，法令纤悉皆出己手，若令遽自改易，义不可为。 "元祐初，以龙图阁学士知太原府，历真定、河阳及青、瀛二州。 绍圣初，徙江宁，过京，留为翰林学士，迁承旨兼侍读，拜同知枢密院，进知院事。
When Huiqing joined major government, he set up prosecutions and impeachments, demoted Bu as prefect of Rao Prefecture, and transferred him to Tan Prefecture. He was again Jixian Academy scholar and prefect of Guang Prefecture. At the beginning of Yuanfeng he was Hanlin attendant and prefect of Gui Prefecture, promoted to Hanlin scholar and prefect of Qin Prefecture, then changed to Chen, Cai, and Qing prefectures. At the end of Yuanfeng he was again Hanlin academician and promoted to Minister of Revenue. When Sima Guang held government, he instructed that the exemption-from-corvée law be increased and amended. Bu declined: "The exemption-from-service matter—every detailed regulation came from my own hand. If ordered to suddenly change it myself, righteousness cannot allow it." At the beginning of Yuanyou he was Hanlin scholar and prefect of Taiyuan, serving Zhending, Heyang, and Qing and Ying prefectures. At the beginning of Shaosheng he was transferred to Jiangning. Passing the capital he was kept as Hanlin academician, promoted to chief academician with concurrent duty as imperial reader, appointed vice director of the Bureau of Military Affairs, and advanced to director.
59
初，章惇为相，布草制极其称美，冀惇引为同省执政，惇忌之，止荐居枢府，故稍不相能。 布赞惇"绍述"甚力，请甄赏元祐臣庶论更役法不便者，以劝敢言。 惇遂兴大狱，陷正人，流贬镌废，略无虚日，布多阴挤之。 掖庭诏狱成，付执政蔽罪，法官谓厌魅事未成，不当处极典。 布曰："驴媚蛇雾，是未成否？ "众皆瞿然，于是死者三人。
At first when Zhang Dun was chief councilor, Bu drafted the edict with extreme praise, hoping Dun would bring him into the Secretariat as fellow chief councilor. Dun resented him and only recommended him for the Military Affairs Bureau—therefore they gradually could not cooperate. Bu supported Dun's "continuing the legacy" with great force and requested selecting and rewarding Yuanyou officials and commoners who spoke of the corvée law's inconvenience, to encourage bold speech. Dun then launched great prosecutions, trapped upright men, exiled, demoted, and stripped posts—hardly a day without it. Bu often secretly squeezed them out. When the inner-quarters edict prosecution was complete, it was given to chief councilors to cover crimes. Judges said the sorcery matter was not complete and should not receive extreme punishment. Bu said: "Donkey-flattery and snake-mist—is this not complete?" All were startled; thereby three died.
60
惇以士心不附，诡情饰过，荐引名士彭汝砺、陈瓘、张庭坚等，乞正所夺司马光、吕公著赠谥，勿毁墓仆碑，布以为无益之事。 又奏："人主操柄，不可倒持，今自丞弼以至言者，知畏宰相，不知畏陛下。 臣如不言，孰敢言者？ "其意盖欲倾惇而未能。 会哲宗崩，皇太后召宰执问谁可立，惇有异议，布叱惇使从皇太后命。
Dun, because scholar-officials' hearts did not attach, feigned sentiment and adorned faults, recommended famous scholars Peng Ruli, Chen Guan, and Zhang Tingjian, and requested correcting the posthumous titles stripped from Sima Guang and Lü Gongzhu and not destroying tombs or toppling steles. Bu considered these useless matters. He also memorialized: "The ruler's handle cannot be held upside down. Now from vice councilors to remonstrance officials, all fear the chief councilor and do not fear Your Majesty." If your subject does not speak, who dares speak? His intent was to overturn Dun but he could not. When Emperor Zhezong died, the empress dowager summoned chief councilors to ask who could be established. Dun had dissenting views and Bu rebuked Dun to obey the empress dowager's command.
61
徽宗立，惇得罪罢，遣中使召蔡京钅巢院，拜韩忠彦左仆射。 京欲探徽宗意，徐请曰："麻词未审合作专任一相，或作分命两相之意。 "徽宗曰："专任一相。 "京出，宣言曰："子宣不复相矣。 "已而复召曾肇草制，拜布右仆射，其制曰："东西分台，左右建辅。 "忠彦虽居上，然柔懦，事多决于布，布犹不能容。 时议以元祐、绍圣均为有失，欲以大公至正消释朋党，明年，乃改元建中靖国，邪正杂用，忠彦遂罢去。 布独当国，渐进"绍述"之说。
When Emperor Huizong ascended the throne, Dun was dismissed for offense. Inner envoys were sent to summon Cai Jing to the Hanlin Academy and appoint Han Zhongyan Left Vice Director. Jing wished to probe Huizong's intent and slowly asked: "The edict draft—is it not yet known whether to make one chief councilor solely responsible or to divide appointment between two chief councilors?" Huizong said: "One chief councilor solely responsible." Jing went out and declared: "Zixuan will not be chief councilor again." Soon Zeng Zhao was again summoned to draft the edict. Bu was appointed Right Vice Director. The edict said: "Eastern and western platforms, left and right assistants established." Although Zhongyan was senior, he was soft and timid and many matters were decided by Bu. Bu still could not tolerate him. At the time critics held that both Yuanyou and Shaosheng were in error and wished to use great fairness and utmost rectitude to dissolve factional strife. The next year they changed the era name to Jianzhong Jingguo, mixing the wicked and upright. Zhongyan was then dismissed. Bu alone held the state and gradually advanced "continuing the legacy" doctrine.
62
明年，又改元崇宁，召蔡京为左丞，京与布异。 会布拟陈佑甫为户部侍郎，京奏曰："爵禄者，陛下之爵禄，奈何使宰相私其亲？ "布婿陈迪，佑甫子也。 布忿然争辨，久之，声色稍厉。 温益叱布曰："曾布，上前安得失礼？ "徽宗不悦而罢。 御史遂攻之，罢为观文殿大学士、知润州。
The next year they again changed the era name to Chongning and summoned Cai Jing as Left Vice Director. Jing differed from Bu. When Bu proposed Chen Youfu as vice minister of revenue, Jing memorialized: "Rank and salary are Your Majesty's rank and salary—how can the chief councilor favor his kin?" Bu's son-in-law Chen Di was Youfu's son. Bu angrily argued. After a long time his voice and manner grew somewhat harsh. Wen Yi rebuked Bu: "Zeng Bu, how can you be impolite before the emperor?" Huizong was displeased and dismissed the session. Investigating censors then attacked him. He was dismissed as Grand Hanlin Academic and prefect of Run Prefecture.
63
京积憾未已，加布以赃贿，令开封吕嘉问逮捕其诸子，锻炼讯鞫，诱左证使自诬而贷其罪。 布落职，提举太清宫、太平州居住。 又降司农卿、分司南京。 又以尝荐学官赵谂而谂叛，责散官、衡州安置。 又以弃湟州，责贺州别驾，又责廉州司户。 凡四年，乃徙舒州，复太中大夫、提举崇福宫。 大观元年，卒于润州，年七十二。 后赠观文殿大学士，谥曰文肃。
Jing's accumulated resentment was not yet ended. He added charges of bribery against Bu, had Kaifeng Lü Jiawen arrest all his sons, forged interrogations, induced witnesses to self-incriminate and pardoned their crimes. Bu was stripped of rank and made commissioner of the Supreme Clarity Abbey, living in Taizhou. Again demoted to vice director of the Ministry of Revenue with nominal duty in the Southern Capital. Also because he once recommended academy official Zhao Shen and Shen rebelled, he was punished as common official and assigned to Heng Prefecture. Also because he abandoned Huang Prefecture, punished as assistant prefect of He Prefecture, again punished as registrar of Lian Prefecture. After four years he was transferred to Shu Prefecture, restored to Grandee of Supreme Harmony and commissioner of the Chongfu Abbey. In the first year of Daguan he died in Run Prefecture at seventy-two. Later posthumously given Grand Hanlin Academic; posthumous title Wensu.
64
安惇，字處厚，廣安軍人。 上舍及第，調成都府教授。 上書論學制，召對，擢監察御史。 哲宗初政，許察官言事，諫議大夫孫覺請汰其不可者，詔劉摯推擇，罷惇為利州路轉運判官，曆夔州、湖北、江東三路。
An Dun, courtesy name Chuhou, was a native of Guang'an Army. He passed the upper academy examination and was assigned professor of Chengdu Prefecture. He submitted a memorial discussing the school system, was summoned for audience, and promoted to investigating censor. At the beginning of Emperor Zhezong's personal rule, censorial officials were permitted to speak on affairs. Remonstrance Grandee Sun Jue requested eliminating those unfit. An edict had Liu Zhi select and dismiss; Dun was dismissed as transport judicial commissioner of Lizhou circuit, serving Li, Hubei, and Jiangdong circuits.
65
紹聖初，召為國子司業，三遷諫議大夫。 章惇、蔡卞造同文謗獄，使蔡京與惇雜治，二人肆其忮心，上言：「司馬光、劉摯、梁燾、呂大防等交通陳衍之徒，變先帝成法，懼陛下一日親政，必有欺君之誅，乃密為傾搖之計。 於是疏隔兩宮，斥隨龍內侍，以去陛下之腹心； 廢顧命大臣，以翦陛下之羽翼。 縱釋先帝之所罪，收用先帝之所棄。 無君之惡，同司馬昭之心； 擅事之跡，過趙高指鹿為馬。 比詢究本末，得其情狀，大逆不道，死有餘責。」 帝曰：「元祐人果如是乎？」 惇、京曰：「誠有是心，特反形未具耳。」 帝為誅衍，錮摯、燾子孫。 遷御史中丞。
At the beginning of Shaosheng he was summoned as vice director of the Directorate of Education and three times promoted to Remonstrance Grandee. Zhang Dun and Cai Bian created the Tongwen slander prosecution. They had Cai Jing and An Dun jointly investigate. The two gave free rein to their jealous hearts and memorialized: "Sima Guang, Liu Zhi, Liang Tao, Lü Dafang and others associated with Chen Yan's group changed the late emperor's established laws, fearing that when Your Majesty one day personally took power there would be punishment for deceiving the ruler—they secretly made plans to shake the throne. Thereby they separated the two palaces and expelled inner attendants who followed the dragon, to remove Your Majesty's trusted confidants; they dismissed entrusted great ministers to cut Your Majesty's wings. They released those the late emperor had punished and employed those the late emperor had cast out. Wickedness without a ruler—same as Sima Zhao's heart; usurpation of affairs surpassing Zhao Gao pointing at a deer and calling it a horse. Now inquiring into origins and ends, obtaining the circumstances—the great crime of treason, death with surplus guilt." The emperor said: "Were Yuanyou men truly thus?" Dun and Jing said: "They truly had this heart; only the reverse form was not yet complete." The emperor therefore executed Yan and imprisoned Zhi and Tao's descendants. Dun was transferred to supervising censor.
66
劉後之受冊也，百官仗衛陳於大庭，是日天氣清晏，惇巍立班中，倡言曰：「今日之事，上當天心，下合人望。」 朝士皆笑其奸佞。 又鞫鄒浩事，檄廣東使者鐘正甫攝治之於新州，士大夫或千里會逮，踵蹇序辰初議，閱訴理書牘，被禍者七八百人，天下怨疾，為二蔡、二惇之謠。 徽宗雅惡之。 鄒浩還朝，惇言：「浩若復用，慮彰先帝之失。」 帝曰：「立後，大事也。 御史中丞不言而浩獨敢言之，何為不可復用？」 惇懼而退。 陳瓘請曰：「陛下欲開正路，取浩既往之善，惇乃詿惑主聽，規騁其私，若明示好惡，當自惇始。」 乃以寶文閣待制知潭州，尋放歸田裏。
When Empress Liu received the seal, all officials' guard formations were arrayed in the great court. That day the weather was clear and calm. Dun stood towering in the ranks and proclaimed: "Today's affair accords with heaven above and people's hopes below." Court gentlemen all laughed at his treachery and flattery. He also tried Zou Hao's case, ordering Guangdong envoy Zhong Zhengfu to take charge of prosecution in Xin Prefecture. Some scholar-officials traveled a thousand li to be seized. Following Jian Xuchen's initial proposal, reviewing appeal documents, seven or eight hundred were harmed—the realm resented and hated this, making the rhyme of the two Cais and two Duns. Emperor Huizong greatly hated him. When Zou Hao returned to court, Dun said: "If Hao is again employed, I fear it will expose the late emperor's fault." The emperor said: "Establishing the heir is a great matter. The supervising censor did not speak, yet Hao alone dared to speak—why can he not be reused?" Dun withdrew in fear. Chen Guan requested: "Your Majesty wishes to open the upright path and take Hao's past good. Dun instead deludes the ruler's ears and schemes for his private ends. If likes and dislikes are clearly shown, it should begin with Dun." He was then made Hanlin attendant and prefect of Tan Prefecture, and soon released to return to his fields.
67
蔡京為相，復拜工部侍郎、兵部尚書。 崇甯初，同知樞密院。 卒，贈特進。
When Cai Jing became chief councilor, Dun was again appointed vice minister of works and Minister of War. At the beginning of Chongning he was vice director of the Bureau of Military Affairs. He died and was posthumously given special advancement.
68
長子郊，後坐指斥誅。 流其次子邦于涪而追貶惇單州團練副使，其祀遂絕。 人以為惇平生數陷忠良之報雲。
His eldest son Jiao was later executed for pointing out and denouncing. His second son Bang was exiled to Fu, and Dun was posthumously demoted to military training deputy of Shan Prefecture. His sacrificial line thus ended. People considered this retribution for Dun's lifetime of repeatedly trapping the loyal and good.