1
略陽清水氐楊氏，秦、漢以來，世居隴右，為豪族。 漢獻帝建安中，有楊騰者，為部落大帥。 騰子駒，勇健多計略，始徙仇池。 仇池地方百頃，因以百頃為號，四面斗絕，高平地方二十餘里，羊腸蟠道，三十六回。 山上豐水泉，煮土成鹽。 駒後有名千萬者，魏拜為百頃氐王。 千萬子孫名飛龍，漸強盛，晉武假征西將軍，[1]還居略陽。 無子，養外甥令狐氏子為子，名戊搜。 [2]晉惠帝元康六年，避齊萬年之亂，率部落四千家，還保百頃，自號輔國將軍、右賢王。 關中人士奔流者多依之，戊搜延納撫接，欲去者則衞護資遣之。 愍帝以為驃騎將軍、左賢王。 時南陽王保在上邽，又以戊搜子難敵為征南將軍。 建興五年，戊搜卒，難敵襲位。 與堅頭分部曲，[3]難敵號左賢王，屯下辯，堅頭號右賢王，屯河池。 元帝太興四年，劉曜伐難敵，與堅頭俱奔晉壽，臣於李雄，曜退，復還仇池。
The Yang clan of the Di people at Qingshui in Lueyang had lived in Longyou as a powerful family since Qin and Han times. During the Jian'an reign of Emperor Xian of Han, a man named Yang Teng rose to be great chieftain of the tribe. Teng's son Ju was bold, resourceful, and the first to relocate the clan to Chouchi. Chouchi covered about a hundred qing of ground, and they took "Hundred Qing" as their name. Cliffs ringed it on every side; the plateau on top stretched more than twenty li, reached only by a winding goat track with thirty-six bends. The mountain had plentiful springs, and they made salt by boiling the local soil. Ju was succeeded by Qianwan, whom Wei recognized as King of the Hundred-Qing Di. Qianwan's grandson Feilong grew steadily stronger; Emperor Wu of Jin gave him the provisional title General Who Pacifies the West[1], and he moved back to Lueyang. Childless, he adopted his sister's son from the Linghu clan and named him Wusou. [2]In the sixth year of Yuankang (296), fleeing the revolt of Qi Wannian, Wusou led four thousand tribal households back to defend Hundred Qing and took the titles General Who Assists the State and Right Worthy King. Refugees from Guanzhong flocked to him; Wusou welcomed and cared for them, and those who wished to leave he escorted and sent off with supplies. Emperor Min made him Cavalry General-in-Chief and Left Worthy King. Prince Bao of Nanyang was then at Shanggui and also named Wusou's son Nandi General Who Campaigns South. Wusou died in the fifth year of Jianxing (317), and Nandi succeeded him. He and Jiantou split the tribal forces;[3] Nandi took the title Left Worthy King and camped at Xiabian, Jiantou the Right Worthy King at Hechi. In the fourth year of Taixing (321), Liu Yao attacked Nandi; he and Jiantou fled to Jinshou and submitted to Li Xiong. After Yao withdrew, they returned to Chouchi.
2
成帝咸和九年，難敵卒，子毅立，自號使持節、龍驤將軍、左賢王、下辯公。 以堅頭子槃為使持節、冠軍將軍、右賢王、河池公。 咸康元年，遣使稱蕃於晉，以毅為征南，槃征東將軍。 三年，毅族兄初襲殺毅，并有其眾，自立為仇池公，臣於石虎。 後遣使稱蕃於穆帝。 永和三年，以初為使持節、征南將軍、雍州刺史、平羌校尉、仇池公。 初子國為鎮東將軍、武都太守。 十年，改封初天水公。 十一年，毅小弟宋奴使姑子梁式王因侍直手刃殺初，初子國率左右誅式王及宋奴，[4]復自立。 征西將軍桓溫表國為鎮北將軍、秦州刺史、平羌校尉，國子安為振威將軍、武都太守。 十二年，國從父楊俊復殺國自立，安奔苻生，俊遣使歸順。 升平三年，以俊為平西將軍、平羌校尉、仇池公。 四年，俊卒，子世立，復以為冠軍將軍、平羌校尉、武都太守、仇池公。 海西公太和三年，遷征西將軍、秦州刺史，以世弟統為寧東將軍、武都太守。 五年，世卒，統廢世子纂自立。 纂一名德，聚黨殺統，遣使詣簡文帝自陳，復以纂為平羌校尉、秦州刺史、仇池公。 咸安元年，苻堅遣楊安、苻雅等討纂克之，徙其民於關中，空百頃之地。 纂後為楊安所殺。
Nandi died in the ninth year of Xianhe (334); his son Yi took power as Bearer of the Staff, Dragon-Prancing General, Left Worthy King, and Duke of Xiabian. He named Jiantou's son Pan Bearer of the Staff, Champion General, Right Worthy King, and Duke of Hechi. In the first year of Xiankang (335) he sent envoys to submit to Jin; Yi became General Who Campaigns South and Pan General Who Campaigns East. Three years later Yi's elder clansman Chu ambushed and killed him, absorbed his forces, declared himself Duke of Chouchi, and submitted to Shi Hu. He later sent envoys to submit to Emperor Mu as well. In the third year of Yonghe (347), Chu received Bearer of the Staff, General Who Campaigns South, Inspector of Yong, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, and Duke of Chouchi. Chu's son Guo became General Who Guards the East and Administrator of Wudu. In the tenth year Chu was re-enfeoffed as Duke of Tianshui. In the eleventh year Yi's younger brother Songnu had his nephew Liang Shiwang kill Chu while on palace duty; Guo rallied his men, executed Shiwang and Songnu,[4] and took power again. Huan Wen, General Who Pacifies the West, recommended Guo as General Who Guards the North, Inspector of Qin, and Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, with Guo's son An as General Who Shakes Might and Administrator of Wudu. In the twelfth year Guo's cousin Yang Jun killed him and seized power; An fled to Fu Sheng while Jun sent envoys to declare submission. In the third year of Shengping (359), Jun was appointed General Who Pacifies the West, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, and Duke of Chouchi. Jun died the next year; his son Shi succeeded and was again named Champion General, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, Administrator of Wudu, and Duke of Chouchi. In the third year of Taihe (368), Shi was promoted to General Who Pacifies the West and Inspector of Qin; his younger brother Tong became General Who Pacifies the East and Administrator of Wudu. Shi died in the fifth year (370); Tong deposed the heir Zuan and took the throne himself. Zuan—also called De—rallied followers, killed Tong, sent envoys to explain himself to Emperor Jianwen, and was restored as Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, Inspector of Qin, and Duke of Chouchi. In the first year of Xian'an (371), Fu Jian sent Yang An and Fu Ya against Zuan, defeated him, moved the population into Guanzhong, and left Hundred Qing deserted. Zuan was later killed by Yang An.
3
宋奴之死也，二子佛奴、佛狗奔逃關中，苻堅以佛奴為右將軍，佛狗為撫夷護軍。 後以女妻佛奴子定，以定為尚書、領軍將軍。 孝武帝太元八年，苻堅敗於淮南，關中擾亂，定盡力奉堅。 堅死，乃將家奔隴右，徙治歷城，城在西縣界，去仇池百二十里。 置倉儲於百頃。 招合夷、晉，得千餘家，自號龍驤將軍、平羌校尉、仇池公，稱蕃於晉孝武帝，孝武帝即以其自號假之。 求割天水之西縣、武都之上祿為仇池郡，見許。 十五年，又以定為輔國將軍、秦州刺史，定已自署征西將軍。 又進持節、都督隴右諸軍事、輔國大將軍、開府儀同三司，校尉、刺史如故。 其年，進平天水略陽郡，遂有秦州之地，自號隴西王。 [5]至十九年，攻隴西虜乞佛乾歸，定軍敗見殺。 無子，佛狗子盛先為監國，守仇池，襲位，自號使持節、征西將軍、秦州刺史、平羌校尉、仇池公。 諡定為武王。 分諸四山氐、羌為二十部護軍，各為鎮戍，不置郡縣。 安帝隆安三年，遣使稱蕃，奉獻方物。 安帝以盛為輔國將軍、平羌校尉、仇池公。 元興三年，桓玄輔晉，進盛平北將軍、涼州刺史、西戎校尉。 義熙元年，姚興伐盛，盛懼，遣子難當為質。 興遣將王敏攻城，因梁州別駕呂瑩，求救於盛，盛遣軍次濜口，敏退。 [6]以盛為都督隴右諸軍事、征西大將軍、開府儀同三司。 時益州刺史毛璩討桓玄所置梁州刺史桓希，敗走，漢中空虛，盛遣兄子平南將軍撫守漢中。 三年，又假盛使持節、北秦州刺史。 盛又遣將苻宣行梁州刺史代撫。 九年，梁州刺史索邈鎮南城，宣乃還。 [7]高祖踐阼，進盛車騎大將軍，加侍中。 永初三年，改封武都王，以長子玄為武都王世子，加號前將軍，難當為冠軍將軍，撫為安南將軍。 盛嗣位三十年，太祖元嘉二年六月卒，時年六十二，私諡曰惠文王。
After Songnu's death his sons Fonu and Fogou fled to Guanzhong; Fu Jian made Fonu Right General and Fogou Protector-General Who Pacifies the Yi. He later married his daughter to Fonu's son Ding and made Ding Minister of the Masters of Writing and General-in-Chief of the Army. In the eighth year of Taixuan (383), after Fu Jian's defeat at Feishui, Guanzhong fell into chaos and Ding did everything he could to support him. After Jian's death Ding fled with his family to Longyou and made Licheng his capital; the town stood in Xi County, a hundred twenty li from Chouchi. He set up granaries at Hundred Qing. He rallied Yi and Han settlers into more than a thousand households, took the titles Dragon-Prancing General, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, and Duke of Chouchi, submitted to Emperor Xiaowu, who confirmed those self-chosen titles. He asked that Xi County in Tianshui and Shanglu in Wudu be carved out as Chouchi commandery, and the court agreed. In the fifteenth year Ding was named General Who Assists the State and Inspector of Qin, though he had already styled himself General Who Pacifies the West. He was further promoted to Bearer of the Staff, supervisor of Longyou forces, Grand General Who Assists the State, and ceremonial parity with the Three Excellencies, while keeping his colonel and inspector posts. That year he conquered Tianshui and Lueyang and held Qin Province, styling himself King of Longxi. [5]By the nineteenth year (394) he attacked the Longxi ruler Qifu Gangui; Ding's army was routed and he was killed. Childless, he was succeeded by Fogou's son Sheng, who had been regent at Chouchi; Sheng took the titles Bearer of the Staff, General Who Pacifies the West, Inspector of Qin, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, and Duke of Chouchi. Ding received the posthumous title Martial King. He split the Di and Qiang of the four mountains into twenty garrison commands, each with its own post, and dispensed with regular prefectural administration. In the third year of Long'an (399) he sent envoys to submit tribute. Emperor An appointed Sheng General Who Assists the State, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, and Duke of Chouchi. In the third year of Yuanxing (404), while Huan Xuan dominated the Jin court, Sheng was promoted to General Who Pacifies the North, Inspector of Liang, and Colonel of the Western Rong. In the first year of Yixi (405), Yao Xing attacked him; frightened, Sheng sent his son Nandang as a hostage. Yao Xing sent Wang Min to besiege the city; through Liang's vice-prefect Lu Ying he appealed to Sheng, who marched to the Jin Ford and forced Min to withdraw. [6]Sheng was named supervisor of Longyou, Grand General Who Pacifies the West, and granted ceremonial parity with the Three Excellencies. Yi Inspector Mao Qiu had attacked Huan Xuan's appointee Huan Xi in Liang and been routed, leaving Hanzhong undefended; Sheng sent his nephew Fu, General Who Pacifies the South, to occupy it. Three years later he was also given Bearer of the Staff and Inspector of Northern Qin. Sheng then sent Fu Xuan to replace Fu as acting Inspector of Liang. In the ninth year Suo Miao took Nancheng as Liang inspector, and Xuan withdrew. [7]When Gaozu took the throne, Sheng was promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry and made Attendant-in-Chief. In the third year of Yongchu (422) he was enfeoffed as King of Wudu; his eldest son Xuan became heir with the title Forward General, Nandang Champion General, and Fu General Who Pacifies the South. Sheng reigned thirty years and died in the sixth month of the second year of Yuanjia (425), aged sixty-two; his household gave him the posthumous title Cultured and Martial King.
4
玄字黃眉，自號使持節、都督隴右諸軍事、征西大將軍、開府儀同三司、平羌校尉、秦州刺史、武都王。 雖為蕃臣，猶奉義熙之號。 善待士，為流、舊所懷。 安南將軍撫有文武智略，玄不能容，三年，因其子殺人，并誅之。 太祖即以玄為使持節、征西將軍、平羌校尉、北秦州刺史、武都王。 [8]乃改義熙之號，奉元嘉正朔。 初，盛謂玄曰：「吾年已老，當為晉臣，汝善事宋帝。」 故玄奉焉。 追贈盛驃騎大將軍，餘如故。 六年六月，玄卒，私諡曰孝昭王。
Xuan, styled Huangmei, took the full titles Bearer of the Staff, supervisor of Longyou, Grand General Who Pacifies the West, ceremonial parity with the Three Excellencies, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, Inspector of Qin, and King of Wudu. Though a vassal, he still dated documents to the Yixi era. He treated scholars generously and won the loyalty of refugees and longtime followers. Fu, General Who Pacifies the South, was gifted in civil and military affairs, which Xuan could not abide; in the third year he used Fu's son's homicide as a pretext to execute Fu too. Taizu then confirmed Xuan as Bearer of the Staff, General Who Pacifies the West, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, Inspector of Northern Qin, and King of Wudu. [8]He then abandoned the Yixi era and adopted the Yuanjia calendar. Sheng had once told Xuan, "I am old and will die a subject of Jin; you must serve the Song emperor faithfully." Accordingly Xuan did as he had been told. Sheng was posthumously made Cavalry General-in-Chief; his other honors stood unchanged. Xuan died in the sixth month of the sixth year (429); his household gave him the posthumous title Filial and Illustrious King.
5
弟難當廢玄子保宗一名羌奴而自立，號使持節、都督雍涼諸軍事、秦州刺史、平羌校尉、武都王。 太祖以為冠軍將軍、秦州刺史、武都王。 九年，進號征西將軍，加持節、都督、校尉之號。 難當拜保宗為鎮南將軍，鎮宕昌，以次子順為鎮東將軍、秦州刺史，守上邽。 保宗謀襲難當，事泄，收繫之。 先是，四方流民有許穆之、郝恢之二人投難當，並改姓為司馬。 穆之自云名飛龍，恢之自云名康之，云是晉室近戚。 康之尋為人所殺。 十年，難當以益州刺史劉道濟失蜀土人情，以兵力資飛龍，使入蜀為寇，道濟擊斬之。 時梁州刺史甄法護刑法不理，太祖遣刺史蕭思話代任。 難當因思話未至，法護將下，[9]舉兵襲梁州，破白馬，獲晉昌太守張範。 法護遣參軍魯安期、沈法慧等拒之，並各奔退。 難當又遣建忠將軍趙進攻葭萌，獲晉壽太守范延朗。 其年十一月，法護委鎮奔洋川，難當遂有漢中之地。 以氐苻粟持為梁州刺史，又以其凶悍殺之，以司馬趙溫代為梁州。 十年正月，思話使司馬蕭承之先驅進討，所向剋捷，遂平梁州，事在思話傳。 四月，難當遣使奉表謝罪，曰：
His brother Nandang deposed Xuan's son Baozong (also called Qiangnu) and seized power as Bearer of the Staff, supervisor of Yong and Liang, Inspector of Qin, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, and King of Wudu. Taizu recognized him as Champion General, Inspector of Qin, and King of Wudu. In the ninth year he was promoted to General Who Pacifies the West, retaining Bearer of the Staff, supervisory command, and colonel titles. Nandang made Baozong General Who Guards the South at Dangchang and his second son Shun General Who Guards the East and Inspector of Qin at Shanggui. Baozong plotted against Nandang; the plot leaked and he was imprisoned. Earlier two refugees, Xu Muzhi and Hao Huizhi, had come to Nandang and both adopted the surname Sima. Muzhi called himself Feilong, Huizhi Kangzhi, and both claimed to be near kin of the Jin imperial house. Kangzhi was soon murdered. In the tenth year (433), seeing that Liu Daoji had lost the loyalty of Shu, Nandang armed Feilong and sent him to raid the province; Daoji defeated and executed him. Liang Inspector Zhen Fahu governed harshly and unjustly, so Taizu sent Xiao Sihua to replace him. While Sihua was still en route and Fahu about to leave office,[9] Nandang marched into Liang, took Baima, and captured Jinchang prefect Zhang Fan. Fahu sent staff officers Lu Anqi and Shen Fahui to resist, but they broke and fled. He also sent General Who Establishes Loyalty Zhao Jin against Jiameng and captured Jinshou prefect Fan Yanlang. That November Fahu abandoned his post for Yangchuan, and Nandang held Hanzhong. He installed the Di leader Fu Suchi as Liang inspector, then killed him for brutality and replaced him with the Sima clansman Zhao Wen. In the first month of the tenth year Sihua sent Xiao Chengzhi ahead; Chengzhi won every engagement and recovered Liang—as told in Sihua's biography. In the fourth month Nandang sent envoys with a memorial of apology, which read:
6
臣聞生成之德，含氣同係，而榮悴殊塗，遭遇異兆，至於恩降自然，誠無答謝。 夫以狂聖道隔，猶存克念之誠，況君親莫二，不期自感者哉。 每思自竭，奉遵光訓，丹誠未諒，大謗已臻。 梁州刺史甄法護誣臣遣司馬飛龍擾亂西蜀，諸所譖引，言非一事，長塗萬里，無路自明，風塵之聲，日有滋甚。 與其逆生，寧就清滅，文武同憤，制不自由。 遣參軍姚道賢齎書詣梁州刺史蕭思話，尋續又遣詣臺歸罪。 道賢至西城，為守兵所殺，行李蔽擁，日月莫照。 法護恇擾，望風奔逃，臣即回軍，秋毫無犯，權留少守，以俟會通。 其後數旬，官軍尋至，守兵單弱，懼不自免，續遣輕兵，共相迎接。 值秦流民，懷土及本，行將既旋，不容禁制，由臣約防無素，以致斯闕。
I have heard that the grace that gives life binds all living things, yet fortune and ruin take different roads and fate deals unequal lots; when favor descends unbidden, no thanks can ever suffice. Even madmen and sages are divided by the Way, yet restraint of heart may remain—how much more when sovereign and father are one, should gratitude not arise unbidden? Though I strive to obey your enlightened command, my loyal heart has not been believed and grave calumny has already fallen upon me. Liang Inspector Zhen Fahu accused me of sending the Sima Feilong to ravage western Shu; the charges multiplied, and across ten thousand li I had no means to clear my name while slander spread ever thicker. Rather than live in defiance of your will, we would accept destruction; my civil and military officers burned with the same anger and could not be held back. I sent Staff Officer Yao Daoxian with a letter to Xiao Sihua in Liang, and soon after another envoy to the capital to submit to judgment. Daoxian reached Xicheng and was killed by the garrison; his escort was seized and his plea never reached the light of day. Fahu panicked and fled at our approach; I withdrew without harming a thing, leaving only a small guard to await your orders. Weeks later imperial troops arrived; our thin garrison feared it could not survive and sent light units out to greet them. We met Qin refugees homesick for their native land; as our columns turned homeward they could not be restrained—through my lax discipline this breach occurred.
7
臣本歷代守蕃，世荷殊寵，王化始基，順天委命，要名期義，不在今日，豈可假託妖妄，毀敗成功，如此之形，灼然易見，仰恃聖明，必垂鑒察。 但臣微心不達，迹違忠順，至乃聲聞朝庭，勞煩師旅，負辱之深，罪當誅責。 遠隔遐荒，告謝無地，謹遣兼長史齊亮聽命有司，并奉送所授第十一符策，伏待天旨。
My house has guarded the frontier for generations under exceptional grace; when your rule first took root I submitted to Heaven's mandate—my quest for honor was never for this day alone. How could I cloak myself in false rebellion to ruin what we have built? The truth is obvious; I trust your sage discernment will see it. Yet my humble intent failed to reach you; my actions seemed disloyal until the court heard of them and armies were set in motion. The shame is overwhelming, and the fault deserves death. Cut off in distant borderlands, I have no means to plead in person; I send Acting Chief Clerk Qi Liang to await your officials' command and return the eleventh tally and patent you granted, bowing until your decree arrives.
8
太祖以其邊裔，下詔曰：「楊難當表如此，悔謝前愆，可特恕宥，并特還章節。」
Because he was a frontier vassal, Taizu issued an edict: "Nandang's memorial shows repentance for past offenses; he is specially pardoned, and his seals and insignia are to be returned."
9
十二年，難當釋保宗，遣鎮童亭，[10]保宗奔，[11]索虜主拓跋燾以為都督隴西諸軍事、征西大將軍、開府儀同三司、平羌校尉、南秦王，遣襲上邽，難當子順失守退，以為雍州刺史，守下辯。 十三年三月，難當自立為大秦王，號年曰建義，立妻為王后，世子為太子，置百官，具擬天朝，然猶奉朝庭，貢獻不絕。 十七年，其國大旱，多災異，降大秦王復為武都王。
In the twelfth year Nandang freed Baozong and posted him at Tongting;[10] Baozong defected;[11] the Northern Wei ruler Tuoba Tao made him commander of Longxi, General Who Conquers the West, with full ceremonial honors, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, and King of Southern Qin, and sent him against Shanggui. Nandang's son Shun abandoned his post; Tuoba made him Yong inspector at Xiabian. In the third month of the thirteenth year Nandang declared himself Great King of Qin, took the era name Jianyi, crowned his wife and heir, and staffed a full bureaucracy on the imperial model—yet he still paid homage to the Song court and kept sending tribute. In the seventeenth year drought and omens afflicted his realm, and he demoted himself from Great King of Qin to King of Wudu.
10
十八年十月，傾國南寇，規有蜀土，慮漢中軍出，遣建忠將軍苻沖出東洛以防之。 梁州刺史劉真道擊斬沖。 [12]十一月，難當剋葭萌，獲晉壽太守申坦，遂圍涪城，巴西太守劉道錫嬰城固守，[13]難當攻之十餘日，不剋，乃還。 十九年正月，太祖遣龍驤將軍裴方明、太子左積弩將軍劉康祖、後軍參軍梁坦甲士三千人，又發荊、雍二州兵討難當，受劉真道節度。 五月，方明等至漢中，長驅而進。 真道到武興，攻偽建忠將軍苻隆，剋之。 安西參軍韋俊、建武將軍姜道盛別向下辯，真道又遣司馬夏侯穆季西取白水，難當子雍州刺史順、建忠將軍楊亮拒之，並望風奔走。 閏月，方明至蘭臯，難當鎮北將軍苻義德、建節將軍苻弘祖萬餘人列陣拒戰，方明擊破之，斬弘祖，殺二千餘人，義德遁去。 天水任愈之率部曲歸順。 難當世子撫軍大將軍和據修城，方明又遣軍率愈之攻和，大破之。 於是難當將妻子奔索虜，死于虜中。 安西參軍魯尚期追難當出寒峽，[14]生禽建節將軍楊保熾、安昌侯楊虎頭。 初，難當遣第二子虎為鎮南將軍、益州刺史，守陰平。 聞父走，逃還，至下辯。 方明使子肅之要之，生禽虎，傳送京師，斬于建康市。 仇池平。
In the tenth month of the eighteenth year he hurled his entire kingdom south toward Shu, and sent General Who Establishes Loyalty Fu Chong from Dongluo to block any Hanzhong relief force. Liang Inspector Liu Zhendao attacked and killed Chong. [12]In the eleventh month Nandang took Jiameng and captured Jinshou prefect Shen Tan, then laid siege to Fucheng; Brazil prefect Liu Daoxi held the walls;[13] after ten days of assault Nandang withdrew. In the first month of the nineteenth year Taizu dispatched Pei Fangming as Dragon-Striking General, Liu Kangzu as the crown prince's Left Stacked-Bolt General, and Liang Tan as rear-army staff officer with three thousand armored men, plus armies from Jing and Yong, all under Liu Zhendao's orders against Nandang. In the fifth month Fangming reached Hanzhong and pressed forward without pause. Zhendao reached Wuxing and defeated the rebel General Who Establishes Loyalty Fu Long. Staff Officer Wei Jun and General Who Establishes Martial Might Jiang Daosheng marched on Xiabian while Zhendao sent Marshal Xiahou Mu west to Baishui; Nandang's son Shun, Yong inspector, and General Who Establishes Loyalty Yang Liang both fled without fighting. In the intercalary month at Lan'gao, Fu Yide and Fu Hongzu fielded over ten thousand men; Fangming routed them, killed Hongzu and two thousand soldiers, and Yide escaped. Ren Yuzhi of Tianshui led his followers in surrender. Nandang's heir He, General Who Assists the Army, held Xiucheng; Fangming sent Yuzhi against him and crushed his force. Nandang then fled with his family to the Northern Wei and died in their lands. Staff Officer Lu Shangqi pursued Nandang through Han Gorge[14] and took alive Commissioner-General Yang Baoju and Marquis of Anchang Yang Hutou. Earlier Nandang had posted his second son Hu as General Who Guards the South and Yi inspector at Yinping. Hearing of his father's flight, Hu fled back to Xiabian. Fangming sent his son Suzhi to cut him off, captured Hu, sent him to the capital, and had him beheaded in the Jiankang market. Chouchi was pacified.
11
以輔國司馬胡崇之為龍驤將軍、秦州刺史、平羌校尉，守仇池。 索虜拓跋燾遣安西大將軍吐奚弼、平北將軍拓跋齊等二萬人邀崇之。 二十年二月，崇之至濁水，去仇池八十里，遇齊等，戰敗沒，餘眾奔還漢中。
Hu Chongzhi, assistant-to-the-state marshal, was appointed Dragon-Striking General, Qin inspector, and Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang to hold Chouchi. Tuoba Tao of the Northern Wei sent Anxi Grand General Tuxi Bi and General Who Pacifies the North Tuoba Qi with twenty thousand men to ambush Chongzhi. In the second month of the twentieth year Chongzhi reached Zhuoshui, eighty li from Chouchi, met Qi, was defeated and killed, and the survivors fled to Hanzhong.
12
三月，前鎮東司馬苻達、征西從事中郎任朏等舉義，立保宗弟文德為主。 拓跋齊聞兵起遁走，達追擊斬齊，[15]因據白崖，分平諸戍。 文德自號使持節、都督秦河涼三州諸軍事、征西大將軍、秦河涼三州牧、平羌校尉、仇池公，遣露板馳告朝廷。 太祖詔曰：「近者校尉仇池公表虜縱逸，寇竊仇池，將士挫傷，民萌塗炭，眷言四顧，矜慨在懷。 楊文德世篤忠順，誠感家國，糾率義徒，奄殄凶醜，鋒旗所向，殲潰無遺，氛祲澄清，蕃境寧一，念功惟事，良有欣嘉。 便可遣使慰勞，宣示朝旨，并勑梁州刺史申坦隨宜應援。」 又詔曰：「顯錄勳効，蓋惟國典，施賞務速，無或踰時。 楊文德志氣果到，文武兼全，乘機潛奮，殊功仍集，告捷歸誠，獻俘萬里，朝無暫土，樹難自肅，休烈昭著，朕甚嘉焉。 楊氏世祖西勞，方忠累葉，[16]宜紹先緒，膺受寵榮。 可使持節、散騎常侍、都督北秦雍二州諸軍事、征西大將軍、平羌校尉、北秦州刺史，封武都王。」 任朏祖父岐，伯父祚，父綜，並仕楊氏，為諮議從事中郎。 朏有志幹，文德以為左司馬。
In the third month former eastern marshal Fu Da, staff officer Ren Fei, and others rebelled and set up Baozong's brother Wende as their leader. Tuoba Qi fled at news of the uprising; Da pursued and killed him;[15] they took Baiya and pacified the outlying garrisons. Wende took the titles Bearer of the Staff, commander of Qin, He, and Liang, General Who Conquers the West, governor of those three provinces, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, and Duke of Chouchi, and sent an open bulletin to the court. Taizu decreed: "The Duke of Chouchi recently reported that the barbarians ran amok, seized Chouchi, wounded our troops, and ravaged the people—my heart turns in grief and anger on every side. Yang Wende's house has long been steadfastly loyal; moved by devotion to the realm, he rallied righteous followers and swiftly destroyed the enemy; his banners left no foe standing, the frontier mists cleared, and the borderlands were pacified—his merit gives me true joy. Send envoys to comfort him, proclaim the court's will, and order Liang Inspector Shen Tan to aid him as needed." Another edict read: "Recording merit is the law of the state; rewards must be swift and never delayed. Yang Wende is resolute in spirit and master of both civil and military arts; seizing his chance he won signal victories, reported triumph, and offered captives from afar; without delay the court granted him domain and his enemies fell away—his splendid deeds shine forth, and I greatly commend them. The Yang house toiled on the western frontier through generations of loyalty;[16] he should inherit their line and receive imperial favor. He is appointed Bearer of the Staff, Regular Attendant, commander of Northern Qin and Yong, General Who Conquers the West, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, Northern Qin inspector, and enfeoffed as King of Wudu." Ren Fei's grandfather Qi, uncle Zuo, and father Zong had all served the Yang as advisory staff officers. Fei was capable and resolute; Wende appointed him Left Marshal.
13
文德既受朝命，進戍茄蘆城。 二十五年，為索虜所攻，奔于漢中。 時世祖鎮襄陽，執文德歸之于京師，以失守，免官，削爵土。 二十七年，王師北討，起文德為輔國將軍，率軍自漢中西入，搖動汧、隴。 文德宗人楊高率陰平、平武羣氐，據唐魯橋以距文德，文德水陸俱攻，大破之，眾並奔散。 高遁走奔羌，文德追之至黎卬嶺，高單身投羌仇阿弱家，追斬之，陰平、平武悉平。 又遣文德伐啖提氐，不剋，梁州刺史劉秀之執送荊州，使文德從祖兄頭戍茄蘆。 荊州刺史南郡王義宣反，文德不同見殺，世祖追贈征虜將軍、秦州刺史。
After receiving the court's commission, Wende advanced to garrison Qielu. In the twenty-fifth year the Northern Wei attacked him and he fled to Hanzhong. Shizu, then garrisoning Xiangyang, seized Wende and sent him to the capital; for losing his territory he was dismissed and stripped of rank and lands. In the twenty-seventh year, during the northern campaign, Wende was recalled as General Who Assists the State and led troops west from Hanzhong to stir unrest in Qian and Long. Wende's kinsman Yang Gao rallied the Di of Yinping and Pingwu at Tanglu Bridge; Wende attacked by land and river, routed them, and their followers scattered. Gao fled among the Qiang; Wende pursued him to Liyang Ridge, where Gao alone sought refuge with the Qiang leader Chou Arouo; Wende caught and killed him, and Yinping and Pingwu were fully pacified. Wende was sent against the Danti Di but failed; Liang Inspector Liu Xiuzhi arrested him and sent him to Jing, posting Wende's cousin Tou at Qielu. When Nanjun Prince Yixuan rebelled as Jing inspector, Wende refused to follow and was executed; Shizu posthumously granted him General Who Conquers the Barbarians and Qin inspector.
14
孝建二年，以保宗子元和為征虜將軍，以頭為輔國將軍。 元和既楊氏正統，羣氐欲相宗推，年小才弱，不能綏御所部，頭母妻子弟並為索虜所執，頭至誠奉順，無所顧懷。 朝廷既不正元和號位，部落未有定主，雍州刺史王玄謨上表曰：[17]「被勑令臣遣使與楊元和、楊頭相聞，并致信餉。 既遣中軍行參軍呂智宗齎書并信等，亦自遣使隨智宗。 及頭語智宗，頃破家為國，母妻子弟并墜沒虜中，不顧孝道，陳力邊捍，竭忠盡誠，未為朝廷所識。 若以元和承統，宜授王爵； 若以其年小未堪大任，則應別有所委。 頃來公私紛紜，華、戎交構，皆此之由。 臣伏尋頭元嘉以來，實有忠誠於國，棄親遺愛，誠在可嘉。 氐、羌負遠，又與虜咫尺，急之則反，緩之則怨。 觀頭使人言語，不敢便望仇池公，所希政在西秦州假節而已。 如臣愚見，蕃捍漢川，使無虜患，頭實有力，四千戶荒州，殆不足吝。 元和小弱，若未可專委，復數年之後，必堪嗣業，用之不難。 若才用不稱，則應歸頭。 若茄蘆不守，漢川亦無立理。」 上不許。 其後立元和為武都王，治白水，不能自立，復走奔索虜。
In the second year of Xiaojian, Baozong's son Yuanhe became General Who Conquers the Barbarians and Tou General Who Assists the State. As the legitimate Yang heir, Yuanhe was whom the Di wished to follow, but he was young and weak and could not govern his people; the Northern Wei had seized Tou's mother, wife, children, and brothers, yet Tou remained utterly loyal without thought for his family. The court had not yet confirmed Yuanhe's status, and the tribes lacked a settled leader; Yong Inspector Wang Xuanmo memorialized:[17] "I was ordered to send envoys to Yang Yuanhe and Yang Tou with letters and gifts. I sent Central Army staff officer Lü Zhizong with the letters and gifts, and dispatched my own envoy with him. Tou told Zhizong that he had lately ruined his family for the state: his mother, wife, children, and brothers were all captives of the barbarians; abandoning filial duty he served on the frontier with complete loyalty—yet the court had not acknowledged him. If Yuanhe is to inherit the line, he should receive a princely title; if he is too young for great responsibility, another should be appointed. The recent turmoil between Chinese and tribes stems entirely from this uncertainty. Upon reflection, since the Yuanjia era Tou has shown true loyalty to the state, forsaking family for duty—merit truly worthy of praise. The Di and Qiang hold remote strongholds yet stand a step from the enemy—press them and they rebel, neglect them and they grow resentful. From Tou's envoy's words, he does not presume to ask for Duke of Chouchi; he hopes only for provisional authority in Western Qin. In my humble view, Tou can truly guard Han River lands against the barbarians; a wilderness district of four thousand households is scarcely too much to grant. Yuanhe is young and weak; if he cannot yet bear sole authority, in a few years he will surely be fit to succeed—then employing him will be easy. If his talents prove inadequate, authority should pass to Tou. If Qielu cannot be held, the Han River frontier cannot stand." The emperor refused. Later Yuanhe was made King of Wudu and ruled from Baishui, but could not hold his own and again fled to the Northern Wei.
15
元和從弟僧嗣，復自立，還戍茄蘆，以為寧朔將軍、仇池太守。 太宗泰始二年，詔曰：「僧嗣遠守西疆，世篤忠款，宜加旌顯，以甄義概。 可冠軍將軍、北秦州刺史、武都王，太守如故。」 三年，加持節、都督北秦雍二州諸軍事，進號征西將軍、校尉，刺史如故。 僧嗣卒，從弟文度復自立。 泰豫元年，以為龍驤將軍、略陽太守，封武都王，又改龍驤為寧朔將軍。 後廢帝元徽四年，加督北秦州諸軍事、平羌校尉、北秦州刺史，將軍如故。 文度遣弟龍驤將軍文弘伐仇池，[18]破戍兵於蘭臯。 順帝昇明元年，詔曰：「茂賞有章，實昭國度，疇庸斯炳，載宣史冊。 督北秦州諸軍事、寧朔將軍、平羌校尉、北秦州刺史，武都王文度門乘輝寵，世榮邊邑，忠果既亮，才勁兼彰。 龍驤將軍楊文弘肅協成規，躬提桴鼓，申稜百頃，席卷蘭臯，功烈之美，並足嘉歎，宜膺爵授，以酬勳緒。 文度可使持節、都督北秦雍二州諸軍事、征西將軍，刺史、校尉悉如故。 文弘輔國將軍、略陽太守。」 其年，虜破茄蘆，文度見殺，追贈本官，加散騎常侍。 以文弘督北秦州諸軍事、平羌校尉、北秦州刺史，襲封武都王，將軍如故。 退治武興。
Yuanhe's cousin Sengsi declared himself leader again, returned to garrison Qielu, and was appointed General Who Pacifies the North and Chouchi administrator. In the second year of Taishi, Taizong decreed: "Sengsi holds the far western frontier; his house has long been steadfastly loyal—he should be honored to mark his righteous spirit. He is appointed Champion General, Northern Qin inspector, and King of Wudu, retaining his post as administrator." In the third year he received the staff, command of Northern Qin and Yong, and promotion to General Who Conquers the West and colonel, retaining his inspectorship. Sengsi died, and his cousin Wendu declared himself leader again. In the first year of Taiyu he became Dragon-Striking General and Lueyang administrator, was enfeoffed King of Wudu, and his title was changed from Dragon-Striking to General Who Pacifies the North. In the fourth year of Yuanhui under the Deposed Emperor he was additionally made commander of Northern Qin, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, and Northern Qin inspector, retaining his generalship. Wendu sent his brother Wenhong, Dragon-Striking General, against Chouchi;[18] he defeated the garrison at Lan'gao. In the first year of Shengming, Emperor Shun decreed: "Grand rewards follow clear law, manifesting the state's measure; merit thus shines and is recorded in history. Northern Qin commander, General Who Pacifies the North, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, Northern Qin inspector, King of Wudu Yang Wendu—his house has long enjoyed imperial favor on the frontier; his loyalty is proven and his talent manifest. Dragon-Striking General Yang Wenhong faithfully executed the plan, led the assault in person, swept a hundred qing of ground, and overran Lan'gao—their splendid achievements alike deserve praise; they should receive titles to reward their merit. Wendu is appointed Bearer of the Staff, commander of Northern Qin and Yong, and General Who Conquers the West, retaining his inspectorship and colonelcy. Wenhong: General Who Assists the State and Lueyang administrator." That year the barbarians seized Qielu and killed Wendu; he was posthumously granted his former rank plus Regular Attendant. Wenhong was made commander of Northern Qin, Colonel Who Pacifies the Qiang, Northern Qin inspector, and succeeded as King of Wudu, retaining his generalship. He withdrew to rule from Wuxing.
16
大且渠蒙遜，張掖臨松盧水胡人也。 匈奴有左且渠、右且渠之官，蒙遜之先為此職，羌之酋豪曰大，故且渠以位為氏，而以大冠之。 世居盧水為酋豪。 蒙遜高祖暉仲歸，曾祖遮，皆雄健有勇名。 祖祁復延，封狄地王。 [19]父法弘襲爵，苻氏以為中田護軍。
Juqu Mengxun, the Great Left Chieftain, was a Lushui Hu from Lin Song in Zhangye. The Xiongnu had Left and Right Chieftain offices; Mengxun's ancestors held them. Qiang chieftains were styled "great," so the clan took Chieftain-of-the-Left as its surname, prefixed with "great." For generations they lived at Lushui as tribal leaders. Mengxun's great-grandfather Huizhonggui and grandfather Zhe were both famed for strength and valor. His grandfather Qifu Yan was enfeoffed as King of the Di Lands. [19]His father Fahong inherited the title; the Former Qin appointed him Central Field Protector of the Army.
17
蒙遜代父領部曲，有勇略，多計數，為諸胡所推服。 呂光自王於涼州，使蒙遜自領營人配箱直，又以蒙遜叔父羅仇為西平太守。 [20]安帝隆安三年春，呂光遣子鎮東將軍纂率羅仇伐枹罕虜乞佛乾歸，為乾歸所敗，光委罪羅仇，殺之。 四月，蒙遜求還葬羅仇，因聚萬餘人叛光，殺臨松護軍，屯金山。 五月，光揮纂擊破蒙遜，蒙遜將六七人，逃山中，[21]家戶悉亡散。 時蒙遜兄男成將兵西守晉昌，聞蒙遜反，引軍還，殺酒泉太守疊滕，[22]推建康太守段業為主。 業自號龍驤大將軍、涼州牧、建康公，以男成為輔國將軍。 男成及晉昌太守王德圍張掖，剋之，業因據張掖。 蒙遜率部曲投業，業以蒙遜為鎮西將軍、臨池太守，[23]王德為酒泉太守。 尋又以蒙遜領張掖太守。 三年四月，業使蒙遜將萬人攻光弟子純於西郡，經旬不剋，乃引水灌城，窘急乞降，執之以歸。 時王德叛業，自稱河州刺史，業使蒙遜西討，德焚城，將部曲走投晉昌太守唐瑤，蒙遜追德至沙頭，大破之，虜其妻子部落而還。 轉西安太守，將軍如故。 四年五月，蒙遜與男成謀殺業，男成不許，蒙遜反譖男成於業，業殺男成。 蒙遜乃謂其部曲曰：「段公無道，枉殺輔國。 吾為輔國報讎。」 遂舉兵攻張掖，殺段業，自稱車騎大將軍，[24]建號永安元年。
Mengxun succeeded his father as leader of the tribal forces; bold and resourceful, full of stratagems, he won the allegiance of the frontier peoples. When Lü Guang declared himself king in Liang, he put Mengxun in charge of camp followers on baggage duty and appointed Mengxun's uncle Luochou Xiping administrator. [20]In the spring of the third year of Long'an (399), Lü Guang sent his son Zuan, General Who Guards the East, with Luochou against the Fuhan leader Qifu Gangui; Gangui defeated them, and Guang blamed Luochou and executed him. In the fourth month Mengxun asked permission to bury Luochou, then rallied more than ten thousand men in revolt against Guang, killed the Linsong garrison commander, and encamped at Jinshan. In the fifth month Guang sent Zuan to rout Mengxun, who escaped into the mountains with only six or seven followers;[21] his household and troops scattered. Mengxun's elder brother Nancheng was then garrisoning Jinchang in the west; hearing of the revolt, he marched back, killed Jiuquan prefect Dieteng,[22] and installed Jianchang prefect Duan Ye as their leader. Ye took the titles Dragon-Striking Grand General, Liang governor, and Duke of Jianchang, and made Nancheng General Who Assists the State. Nancheng and Jinchang prefect Wang De besieged and captured Zhangye, which Ye then made his base. Mengxun brought his followers to join Ye, who made him General Who Guards the West and Linchi administrator,[23] and Wang De Jiuquan administrator. Soon Mengxun was also made Zhangye administrator. In the fourth month of the third year Ye sent Mengxun with ten thousand men against Guang's nephew Chun at Xijun; after ten days without success Mengxun flooded the city; Chun surrendered in desperation and was taken captive. Wang De then rebelled, declaring himself He inspector; Ye sent Mengxun west; De burned his city and fled with his followers to Jinchang prefect Tang Yao; Mengxun pursued him to Shatou, routed him, and returned with his family and tribesmen as captives. He was transferred to Xi'an administrator while retaining his generalship. In the fifth month of the fourth year Mengxun plotted with Nancheng to kill Ye; Nancheng refused; Mengxun slandered Nancheng to Ye, and Ye executed Nancheng. Mengxun then told his followers: "Lord Duan is unjust and has wrongly killed the General Who Assists the State. I will avenge him." He then marched on Zhangye, killed Duan Ye, declared himself Grand General of Agile Cavalry,[24] and founded the era Yong'an (401).
18
義熙元年正月，李暠改稱大將軍、大都督、涼州牧、護羌校尉、涼公； 五月，移據酒泉。 姚興假傉檀涼州刺史，代王尚屯姑臧。 二年九月，蒙遜襲李暠，至安彌，去城六十里，暠乃覺。 引軍出戰，大敗，退還，閉城自守，蒙遜亦歸。 六年，蒙遜攻破傉檀，傉檀走屯樂都。 武威人焦朗入姑臧，自號驃騎大將軍，臣于李暠。 八年，蒙遜攻焦朗，殺之。 [25]據姑臧，自號大都督、大將軍、河西王，改稱玄始元年，立子正德為世子。
In the first month of the first year of Yixi (405), Li Gao took the titles Grand General, Grand Governor, Liang governor, Protector of the Qiang, and Duke of Liang; In the fifth month he shifted his seat to Jiuquan. Yao Xing appointed Rutan acting Liang governor while Wang Shang of Dai remained garrisoned at Guzang. In the ninth month of the second year Mengxun struck at Li Gao and reached Anmi, sixty li from the city, before Gao even knew he was coming. Gao marched out to give battle, was routed, fell back, and shut himself within the walls; Mengxun withdrew as well. In the sixth year Mengxun broke Rutan, who fled to make his stand at Ledu. Jiao Lang of Wuwei seized Guzang, took the title Grand General of Agile Cavalry, and declared himself Li Gao's vassal. In the eighth year Mengxun attacked Jiao Lang and put him to death. [25] He took Guzang, proclaimed himself Grand Governor, Grand General, and King of Hexi, adopted the reign title Xuanshi (412), and named his son Zhengde heir apparent.
19
十三年五月，李暠死，子歆立。 六月，歆伐蒙遜，至建康，蒙遜拒之，歆退走，追到西支澗，[26]蒙遜大敗，死者四千餘人，乃收餘眾，增築建康城，置兵戍而還。
In the fifth month of the thirteenth year Li Gao died and was succeeded by his son Xin. In the sixth month Xin marched against Mengxun as far as Jianchang; Mengxun held him off and Xin withdrew; pursued to Xizhi Stream,[26] Mengxun won a crushing victory with more than four thousand slain; he then rallied his survivors, strengthened Jianchang's walls, left a garrison, and returned.
20
十四年，蒙遜遣使詣晉，奉表稱蕃，以蒙遜為涼州刺史。 高祖踐阼，以歆為使持節、都督高昌敦煌晉昌酒泉西海玉門堪泉七郡諸軍事、護羌校尉、征西大將軍、酒泉公。
In the fourteenth year Mengxun sent envoys to Jin with a memorial of submission and was confirmed as Liang governor. When Emperor Gaozu took the throne, Xin was appointed bearer of the staff, commander of military affairs in the seven western commanderies, Protector of the Qiang, Grand General Who Pacifies the West, and Duke of Jiuquan.
21
高祖以蒙遜為使持節、散騎常侍、都督涼州諸軍事、鎮軍大將軍、開府儀同三司、涼州刺史、張掖公。
Emperor Gaozu invested Mengxun as bearer of the staff, palace attendant, Liang area commander, Grand General Who Guards the Army, holder of a Three Excellencies-grade office, Liang governor, and Duke of Zhangye.
22
八月，芮芮來抄，蒙遜遣正德距之，正德輕騎進戰，軍敗見殺。 乃以次子興國為世子。
In the eighth month the Rouran raided; Mengxun sent Zhengde to meet them; Zhengde charged with light horse, was routed, and killed in battle. He then named his second son Xingguo heir apparent.
23
是歲，進蒙遜侍中、都督涼秦河沙四州諸軍事、驃騎大將軍、領護匈奴中郎將、西夷校尉、涼州牧，河西王，開府、持節如故。
That year Mengxun was promoted to palace attendant, commander of the four provinces Liang, Qin, He, and Sha, Grand General of Agile Cavalry, chief protector of the Xiongnu, western commandant, Liang governor, and King of Hexi, retaining his open office and staff of authority.
24
太祖元嘉元年，枹罕虜乞佛熾槃出貂渠谷攻河西白草嶺，臨松郡皆沒，執蒙遜從弟成都、從子日蹄、頗羅等而去。 [28]
In Emperor Taizu's first Yuanjia year (424), the Fuhan Qifu Chipan issued from Diaoqu Valley against Baicao Ridge in Hexi, overran all of Linsong Commandery, and carried off Mengxun's cousin Chengdu, his nephews Riti and Peluo, and others. [28] (Editorial note.)
25
三年，改驃騎為車騎。 世子興國遣使奉表，請周易及子集諸書，太祖並賜之，合四百七十五卷。 蒙遜又就司徒王弘求搜神記，弘寫與之。
In the third year his title of Grand General of Agile Cavalry was changed to Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry. Heir Xingguo sent a memorial asking for the Book of Changes and other canonical and collected texts; Emperor Taizu granted them all—four hundred seventy-five volumes. Mengxun also requested the In Search of the Supernatural from Minister of Education Wang Hong, who copied it out for him.
26
六年，蒙遜征枹罕，時乞佛熾槃死矣，子茂蔓大破蒙遜，生禽興國，殺三千餘人。 蒙遜贖興國，送穀三十萬斛，竟不遣。 蒙遜乃立興國母弟菩提為世子，朝廷未知也。 七年，以興國為冠軍將軍、河西王世子。 其年夏四月，西虜赫連定為索虜拓跋燾所破，奔上邽。 十一月，茂蔓聞定敗，將家戶及興國東征，欲移居上邽。 八年正月至南安，定率眾禦茂蔓，大破之，殺茂蔓，執興國而還。 四月，定避拓跋燾，欲渡河西擊蒙遜。 五月，率部曲至治城峽口，渡河，濟未半，為吐谷渾慕璝所邀，見獲，興國被創數日死。
In the sixth year Mengxun marched on Fuhan; Chipan was already dead, and his son Mao Man routed Mengxun, captured Xingguo alive, and slew more than three thousand of his men. Mengxun offered ransom for Xingguo—three hundred thousand hu of grain—but his son was never returned. Mengxun then named Xingguo's uterine younger brother Puti heir apparent, of which the court was still unaware. In the seventh year the court still recognized Xingguo as General Who Establishes Might and heir of the King of Hexi. That summer, in the fourth month, the western ruler Helian Ding was broken by the Wei emperor Tuoba Tao and fled to Shanggui. In the eleventh month, hearing of Ding's defeat, Mao Man marched east with his clansmen and Xingguo, planning to settle at Shanggui. In the first month of the eighth year he reached Nan'an; Ding met Mao Man in force, destroyed him, killed Mao Man, took Xingguo captive, and withdrew. In the fourth month, evading Tuoba Tao, Ding planned to cross the river westward and attack Mengxun. In the fifth month he led his followers to Zhicheng Gorge and entered the river; halfway across he was ambushed by Murong Jun of Tuyuhun and taken; Xingguo, wounded in the fight, died within days.
27
九年，以菩提為冠軍將軍、河西王世子。 十年四月，蒙遜卒，時年六十六。 私諡曰武宣王。 菩提年幼，蒙遜第三子茂虔時為酒泉太守，[29]眾議推茂虔為主，襲蒙遜位號。 十一年，茂虔上表曰：「臣聞功以濟物為高，非竹帛無以述德，名以當實為美，非諡號無以休終。 先臣蒙遜西復涼城，澤憺崐裔，芟夷羣暴，清灑區夏。 暨運鍾有道，備大宋之宗臣，爵班九服，享惟永之丕祚，功名昭著，剋固貞節。 考終由正，而請名之路無階，懿跡雖弘，而述敍之美有缺。 臣子痛感，咸用不安。 謹案諡法，剋定禍亂曰武，善聞周達曰宣。 先臣廓清河外，勳光天府，標牓稱迹，實兼斯義。 輒上諡為武宣王。 若允天聽，垂之史筆，則幽顯荷榮，始終無恨。」 詔曰：「使持節、侍中、都督秦河沙涼四州諸軍事、車騎大將軍、開府儀同三司、領護匈奴中郎將、西夷校尉、涼州牧河西王蒙遜，才兼文武，勳濟西服，爰自萬里，款誠夙著，方仗忠果，翼宣遠略，奄至薨隕，悽悼于懷。 便遣使弔祭，并加顯諡。 嗣子茂虔，纂戎前軌，乃心彌彰，宜蒙寵授，紹茲蕃業。 可持節、散騎常侍、都督涼秦河沙四州諸軍事、征西大將軍、領護匈奴中郎將、西夷校尉、涼州刺史、河西王。」
In the ninth year Puti was recognized as General Who Establishes Might and heir of the King of Hexi. In the fourth month of the tenth year Mengxun died at the age of sixty-six. He was given the private posthumous title King Wu-Xuan. Puti was still a child; Mengxun's third son Maoqian was Jiuquan prefect;[29] the leaders acclaimed Maoqian and he inherited Mengxun's rank and titles. In the eleventh year Maoqian memorialized the throne: "I have learned that true merit lies in benefiting the world, and that virtue cannot be recorded without the written word; that a good name must fit the deed, and that only a posthumous title can properly crown a life's end. My late father Mengxun recovered the western Liang cities, brought peace to the far Kunlun marches, uprooted the lawless hosts, and cleared the heartland of turmoil. When a righteous age dawned he became a vassal prince of Great Song, ranked among the nine domains, blessed with enduring fortune; his fame was bright and his loyalty unshaken. He died as he had lived, yet there was no avenue by which to petition a posthumous name; though his noble deeds were great, their full commemoration remained incomplete. His sons and I are stricken with grief and cannot rest easy. According to the canon of posthumous titles, to overcome chaos is Wu, and to be known for wisdom reaching all quarters is Xuan. He cleared the country beyond the Yellow River; his merit lit the court; the record of his deeds truly fulfills both meanings. I therefore propose the posthumous title King Wu-Xuan. If Your Majesty grants this and it is inscribed by the historians, the living and the dead alike will share in glory, and his course will be complete without regret." The emperor replied: "Mengxun, King of Hexi—bearer of the staff, palace attendant, commander of Qin, He, Sha, and Liang, Grand General of Chariots and Cavalry, holder of a Three Excellencies-grade office, chief protector of the Xiongnu, western commandant, and Liang governor—combined civil and military gifts and served the western realm; though he dwelt ten thousand li away, his loyalty was long proven. We had counted on his steadfast heart to advance our distant strategy, and his sudden death fills us with sorrow. Envoys shall be sent to mourn and sacrifice on our behalf, and an official posthumous title shall be conferred. His heir Maoqian follows his father's martial course with redoubled loyalty and deserves imperial favor to carry on this border kingdom. Let him bear the staff, serve as palace attendant, command the four provinces Liang, Qin, He, and Sha, hold the title Grand General Who Pacifies the West, serve as chief protector of the Xiongnu and western commandant, govern Liang Province, and reign as King of Hexi."
28
河西人趙𢾺善歷算。 十四年，茂虔奉表獻方物，并獻周生子十三卷，時務論十二卷，三國總略二十卷，俗問十一卷，十三州志十卷，文檢六卷，四科傳四卷，燉煌實錄十卷，涼書十卷，漢皇德傳二十五卷，亡典七卷，魏駮九卷，謝艾集八卷，古今字二卷，乘丘先生三卷，[30]周髀一卷，皇帝王歷三合紀一卷，趙𢾺傳并甲寅元歷一卷，孔子讚一卷，合一百五十四卷。 茂虔又求晉、趙起居注諸雜書數十件，太祖賜之。
A man of Hexi named Zhao Fu was expert in astronomy and calendrics. In the fourteenth year Maoqian sent tribute and presented one hundred fifty-four scrolls of books, including the Zhou's Birth, Discourse on Current Affairs, Comprehensive Summary of the Three Kingdoms, Popular Questions, Gazetteer of the Thirteen Provinces, Literary Examination, Biographies of the Four Categories, Veritable Records of Dunhuang, Book of Liang, Chronicle of Han Imperial Virtue, Lost Canons, Wei Refutations, Collected Works of Xie Ai, Ancient and Modern Characters, Master of Chengqiu,[30] Zhou Bi, Chronicle of the Three Unions of Imperial Kings, the Biography of Zhao Fu with the Jiayin Origin Calendar, and Eulogy of Confucius. Maoqian also asked for several dozen court records and miscellanies from Jin and Zhao times, and Emperor Taizu granted them.
29
十六年閏八月，拓跋燾攻涼州，茂虔兄子萬年為虜內應，茂虔見執。 茂虔弟安彌縣侯無諱先為征西將軍、沙州刺史、都督建康以西諸軍事、酒泉太守，第六弟武興縣侯儀德為征東將軍、秦州刺史、都督丹嶺以西諸軍事、張掖太守。 [31]燾既獲茂虔，遣軍擊儀德，棄城奔無諱。 於是無諱、儀德擁家戶西就從弟敦煌太守唐兒。 燾使將守武威、酒泉、張掖而還。 十七年正月，無諱使唐兒守敦煌，自與儀德伐酒泉，三月，剋之。 攻張掖、臨松，得四萬餘戶，還據酒泉。 十八年五月，唐兒反，無諱留從弟天周守酒泉，復與儀德討唐兒。 唐兒將萬餘人出戰，大敗，執唐兒殺之，復據敦煌。 七月，拓跋燾遣軍圍酒泉。 十月，城中饑，萬餘口皆餓死，天周殺妻以食戰士，食盡，城乃陷，執天周至平城，殺之。 于時虜兵甚盛，無諱眾饑，懼不自立，欲引眾西行。 十一月，遣弟安周五千人伐鄯善，堅守不下。 十九年四月，無諱自率萬餘家棄敦煌，西就安周，未至而鄯善王比龍將四千餘家走，因據鄯善。 初，唐契自晉昌奔伊吾，是年攻高昌，高昌城主闞爽告急。 [32]八月，無諱留從子豐周守鄯善，自將家戶赴之。 未至，而芮芮遣軍救高昌，殺唐契，部曲奔無諱。 九月，無諱遣將衞尞夜襲高昌，[33]爽奔芮芮，無諱復據高昌。
In the intercalary eighth month of the sixteenth year Tuoba Tao invaded Liang Province; Maoqian's nephew Wannian betrayed him from within, and Maoqian was captured. Maoqian's brother Wuju, Marquis of Anmi, had been Grand General Who Pacifies the West, Sha inspector, commander west of Jianchang, and Jiuquan prefect; his sixth brother Yide, Marquis of Wuxing, was Grand General Who Pacifies the East, Qin inspector, commander west of Danling, and Zhangye prefect. [31] Once Tao held Maoqian prisoner, he sent forces against Yide, who abandoned his city and fled to Wuju. Wuju and Yide then moved west with their clansmen to join their cousin Tang Er, prefect of Dunhuang. Tao left garrisons at Wuwei, Jiuquan, and Zhangye and withdrew. In the first month of the seventeenth year Wuju left Tang Er to hold Dunhuang and marched with Yide on Jiuquan, which fell in the third month. They raided Zhangye and Linsong, seized more than forty thousand households, and withdrew to Jiuquan. In the fifth month of the eighteenth year Tang Er revolted; Wuju left his cousin Tianzhou at Jiuquan and marched again with Yide to suppress him. Tang Er marched out with ten thousand men, was routed, captured, and executed; Wuju then reoccupied Dunhuang. In the seventh month Tuoba Tao laid siege to Jiuquan. By the tenth month starvation had killed more than ten thousand in the city; Tianzhou slew his wife to feed his soldiers; when provisions ran out the city fell; he was taken to Pingcheng and executed. The Wei armies were overwhelming; Wuju's men were starving; fearing he could not hold out, he planned to lead his people west. In the eleventh month he sent his brother Anzhou with five thousand men against Shanshan, but the city held and would not fall. In the fourth month of the nineteenth year Wuju abandoned Dunhuang at the head of ten thousand-odd households to join Anzhou in the west; before he arrived, King Bilong of Shanshan fled with four thousand households and seized the kingdom for himself. Earlier Tang Qi had fled Jinchang for Yiwu; that year he attacked Gaochang, and the city's ruler Kan Shuang sent an urgent appeal for aid. [32] In the eighth month Wuju left his nephew Fengzhou at Shanshan and marched in person with his clansmen to relieve Gaochang. Before he arrived, the Rouran sent an army to save Gaochang, killed Tang Qi, and his followers fled to Wuju. In the ninth month Wuju sent Wei Liao to storm Gaochang by night;[33] Shuang fled to the Rouran, and Wuju reoccupied the city.
30
遣常侍氾儁奉表使京師，獻方物。 太祖詔曰：「往年狡虜縱逸，侵害涼土，西河王茂虔遂至不守，淪陷寇逆，累世著誠，以為矜悼。 次弟無諱克紹遺業，保據方隅，外結鄰國，內輯民庶，係心闕庭，踐修貢職，宜加朝命，以褒篤勳。 可持節、散騎常侍、都督涼河沙三州諸軍事、征西大將軍、領護匈奴中郎將、西夷校尉、涼州刺史、河西王。」
He dispatched Regular Attendant Fan Jun to the capital with a memorial and tribute. Emperor Taizu decreed: "In years past the northern invaders ravaged the western lands; King Maoqian of Hexi could not hold his realm and was overrun; yet his family's loyalty through generations stirs our pity. His younger brother Wuju has inherited the cause, held a distant corner of the empire, secured foreign allies and governed his people, kept faith with the throne, and fulfilled tribute obligations; he deserves imperial appointment in reward for his steadfast service. Let him bear the staff, serve as palace attendant, command Liang, He, and Sha, hold the title Grand General Who Pacifies the West, serve as chief protector of the Xiongnu and western commandant, govern Liang Province, and reign as King of Hexi."
31
無諱卒，弟安周立。 二十一年，詔曰：「故征西大將軍、河西王無諱弟安周，才略沈到，世篤忠欵，統承遺業，民眾歸懷。 雖亡士喪師，孤立異所，而能招率殘寡，攘寇自今，宜加榮授，垂軌先烈。 可使持節、散騎常侍、都督涼河沙三州諸軍事、領西域戊己校尉、涼州刺史、河西王。」 世祖大明三年，安周奉獻方物。
Wuju died and was succeeded by his brother Anzhou. In the twenty-first year the court decreed: "Anzhou, brother of the late King Wuju of Hexi, is gifted and resolute, his house loyal through generations; he has taken up his brother's legacy and won the people's hearts. Though he has lost men and stands isolated in a foreign land, he has rallied the survivors and beaten back the invaders; he deserves high honor that may stand beside his forefathers' fame. Let him bear the staff, serve as palace attendant, command Liang, He, and Sha, hold the western garrison command, govern Liang Province, and reign as King of Hexi." In Emperor Shizu's third Daming year (459), Anzhou sent tribute to the court.
32
史臣曰：氐藉世業之資，胡因倔起之眾，結根百頃，跨有河西，雖戎夷猾夏，自擅荒服，而財力雄富，頗尚禮文。 楊氏兵精地險，境接華漢，伺隙邊關，首鼠疆埸，遂西入白馬，東出黃金，乘晉壽之捷，構圍涪之釁，規吞黑水，志傾井絡，紀、郢之勢方危，樊、鄧之心屢駭。 天子聽朝不怡，有懷辛、李之將，而齊之宣皇，率偏旅數百，定命先驅，推鋒直指，勢踰風電，雲徹席卷，致屆南城，逐北追奔，全勝萬里，敵人皆裹骨輿屍，越至險而自竄，其餘皆膏身山野，委骸川澤。 既而裴、劉二將，藉其威聲，故使濁水靡旗，蘭臯失嶮，氐族轉徙奔亡，遺燼不滅者若綖，梁土獲乂，以迄于今。 由此而言，功烈可謂盛矣。
The historian writes: The Di drew on generations of accumulated strength; the Hu rose from a defiant tribal host; rooted at Baigeng, they held Hexi; though frontier peoples who troubled the heartland and ruled the outer wastes, they grew rich and powerful and cultivated ritual and learning. The Yang were fierce soldiers on treacherous ground, their lands touching the Chinese heartland; they probed the border passes and hedged along the frontier, thrust west into Baima and east from Huangjin, exploited the victory at Jinshou to provoke the siege of Fu, aimed to seize the Black River and overturn Shu, threatened Ji and Ying, and repeatedly terrified Fan and Deng. The emperor sat troubled at court, longing for generals like Xin and Li; then Qi's Illustrious Emperor led a few hundred men as destiny's vanguard, drove straight forward swifter than storm and lightning, swept the field like rolling clouds, reached Nan commandery, pursued the fleeing foe for ten thousand li to total victory; the enemy wrapped their dead and fled the steepest passes; the rest littered the mountains and rivers with their corpses. Then Generals Pei and Liu, riding that renown, broke the enemy at Zhuoshui and Langao; the Di were driven into exile, their last embers scattered like threads; the Liang realm was pacified, and peace has held to this day. By this measure, their achievements were truly magnificent.
33
校勘記
Collation Notes
34
晉武假征西將軍「征西將軍」魏書氐傳、通典邊防典作「平西將軍」。
On Jin Wu's appointment of an acting Grand General Who Pacifies the West: the Wei Shu Di biography and Tongdian Frontier Administration read Grand General Who Levels the West (Pingxi) instead.
35
名戊搜「戊搜」，魏書氐傳、通典邊防典作「茂搜」。
The name Wusou: the Wei Shu Di biography and Tongdian Frontier Administration have Maosou instead.
36
與堅頭分部曲據魏書氐傳，堅頭，難敵弟。
On dividing the troops with Jiantou: according to the Wei Shu Di biography, Jiantou was Nandi's younger brother.
37
初子國率左右誅式王及宋奴各本並脫「初」字，據魏書氐傳補。
On Zi Guo leading his men to kill the Prince of Shi and Songnu: all editions drop the word "first," restored from the Wei Shu Di biography.
38
自號隴西王各本並脫「隴」字，據魏書氐傳、晉書前秦載記補。
On his styling himself King of Longxi: all editions omit Long, restored from the Wei Shu Di biography and Jin Shu Former Qin annals.
39
興遣將王敏攻城因梁州別駕呂瑩求救於盛盛遣軍次濜口敏退據晉書姚興載記：「晉義熙二年，平北將軍、梁州督護苻宣入漢中，興梁州別駕呂瑩、漢中徐逸、席難起兵應宣，求救於楊盛。 盛遣軍臨濜口，南梁州刺史王敏退守武興。」 通鑑晉安帝義熙三年：「氐王楊盛以平北將軍苻宣為梁州督護，將兵入漢中，秦梁州別駕呂瑩等起兵應之。 刺史王敏攻之，瑩等求援於盛。 盛遣軍臨濜口，敏退屯武興。」 可證宋書氐傳此段文有脫譌。
On Yao Xing sending Wang Min to attack the city and Yang Sheng relieving Lü Ying at Jin Ford: the Jin Shu annals of Yao Xing read, "In Jin's second Yixi year (406), Fu Xuan, area protector of Liang, entered Hanzhong; Lü Ying, Xu Yi, and Xi Nan rose in support and appealed to Yang Sheng. Sheng marched to Jin Ford; Southern Liang inspector Wang Min fell back to Wuxing." The Comprehensive Mirror, Jin Emperor An's third Yixi year (407): "The Di king Yang Sheng installed Fu Xuan as Liang area protector and entered Hanzhong; Lü Ying and others of Liang rose to join him. Inspector Wang Min attacked them; Ying and his allies appealed to Yang Sheng. Sheng advanced to Jin Ford; Min withdrew to Wuxing." This confirms that the Song Shu Di biography passage is corrupt and incomplete.
40
宣乃還北監本、毛本作「宣」，三朝本、殿本、局本作「寧」。 按上文作「苻宣」，晉書姚興載記、通鑑亦作「苻宣」。 作「宣」是，今訂正。
On "Xuan then returned": the Northern Supervisor and Mao editions read Xuan; the Three-Reigns, Hall, and Bureau editions read Ning. The passage above has Fu Xuan, as do the Jin Shu annals of Yao Xing and the Comprehensive Mirror. Xuan is correct; the text is emended accordingly.
41
太祖即以玄為使持節征西將軍平羌校尉北秦州刺史武都王「太祖」各本並作「明帝」。 龔道耕蛛隱廬日箋云：「此段並述元嘉中事，明帝當作太祖。」 按龔說是，今改正。
On Emperor Taizu's appointment of Xuan as bearer of the staff, Grand General Who Pacifies the West, Qiang commandant, Northern Qin inspector, and King of Wudu: all editions read Emperor Ming instead of Emperor Taizu. Gong Daogeng's Zhuyinlu commentary notes: "This whole passage describes Yuanjia-era events; Emperor Ming should be Emperor Taizu." Gong's reading is accepted; the text is corrected accordingly.
42
法護將下「將」字下各本並衍「軍」字，據通鑑宋元嘉十年刪。
On the passage "Fa Hu jiang": below "jiang" every edition spuriously adds "jun," removed per the Comprehensive Mirror, the tenth year of Yuanjia.
43
難當釋保宗遣鎮童亭「童亭」魏書氐傳、通鑑作「董亭」。 水經渭水注：「涇谷水又東北歷董亭下。 楊難當使兄子保宗鎮董亭，即此亭也。」
On Nan Dang releasing Bao Zong to hold Tongting: the Wei Shu Di biography and Comprehensive Mirror read Dongting instead of Tongting. The Shuijing commentary on the Wei River reads: "The Jing Valley waters again ran northeast below Dongting. Yang Nan Dang stationed his nephew Bao Zong at Dongting — the very place named here."
44
保宗奔「奔」字下疑脫「索虜」二字。
On "Bao Zong fled": the words "the Northern Wei" are probably lost after "fled."
45
梁州刺史劉真道擊斬沖「劉真道」各本並作「劉道真」，據本書劉懷肅傳真道附傳乙正。 下出並改。
On Liang inspector Liu Zhendao slaying Chong: all editions read Liu Daozhen; restored from the Zhendao appendix in this book's Liu Huaisu biography. All following instances are emended the same way.
46
巴西太守劉道錫嬰城固守「劉道錫」各本並作「劉道銀」，據建康實錄、通鑑宋元嘉十八年改。 按劉道錫見本書卷六五劉道產傳。
On Baxi administrator Liu Daoxi defending the walled city: every edition reads Liu Daoyin; emended per the Jiankang Veritable Records and Comprehensive Mirror, the eighteenth year of Yuanjia. Liu Daoxi is attested in juan 65 of this work, the biography of Liu Daochan.
47
安西參軍魯尚期追難當出寒峽「寒峽」水經漾水注作「塞峽」。
On Anxi staff officer Lu Shangqi driving Nan Dang from Han Gorge: the Shuijing's Yang River commentary reads Sai Gorge.
48
達追擊斬齊通鑑考異云：「後魏河間公齊傳云：『文德求援於宋，宋遣房亮之、苻昭、啖龍等帥眾助文德，斬龍，禽亮之，氐遂平，以功拜內都大官，卒。』 然則宋書誤也。」
On Da pursuing and killing Qi: the Comprehensive Mirror's collation notes cite the Later Wei Hejian Duke Qi biography — Wende called on Song; Song sent Fang Liangzhi, Fu Zhao, and Dan Long; Long was killed, Liangzhi taken, the Di subdued, and Qi rose to Inner Metropolitan Grand Officer before his death. The Song Shu account is therefore mistaken."
49
楊氏世祖西勞方忠累葉張森楷校勘記云：「疑當作『楊氏世祖西方，勞忠累葉。』」
On "the Yang ancestral lord west labored in loyalty for generations": Zhang Senkai's note proposes punctuating it as "the Yang ancestral lord of the west, who toiled in loyalty through many generations."
50
雍州刺史王玄謨上表曰各本並脫「玄」字，據通鑑宋孝武帝孝建二年補。
On Yong inspector Wang Xuanmo's memorial: every edition drops Xuan, restored from the Comprehensive Mirror, Emperor Xiaowu's second Xiaojian year.
51
文度遣弟龍驤將軍文弘伐仇池「文弘」魏書本紀作「楊黽」，氐傳作「楊鼠」。 蓋魏獻文帝名弘，魏史臣避諱改之。
On Wendu dispatching his brother, Dragon-soaring General Wen Hong, against Chouchi: the Wei Shu annals read Yang Min, the Di biography Yang Shu. The Wei historians changed the name to avoid the taboo on Emperor Xianwen, whose personal name was Hong.
52
封狄地王晉書載記作「北地王」。
On his enfeoffment as King of Di: the Jin Shu annals call him King of the North.
53
又以蒙遜叔父羅仇為西平太守「叔父」晉書載記作「伯父」。
On Mengxun's appointing his uncle Luo Chou to Western Ping: the Jin Shu annals read "father's elder brother" rather than "father's younger brother."
54
殺酒泉太守疊滕「疊滕」晉書載記、通鑑作「壘澄」。
On the killing of Jiuquan administrator Die Teng: the Jin Shu annals and Comprehensive Mirror read Lei Cheng.
55
業以蒙遜為鎮西將軍臨池太守「臨池太守」晉書載記、通鑑晉安帝隆安二年作「臨池侯」。
On Ye appointing Mengxun Grand General Who Guards the West and Linchi administrator: the Jin Shu annals and Comprehensive Mirror (Jin Emperor An, Longan year 2) read Marquis of Linchi.
56
自稱車騎大將軍御覽一二四引十六國春秋北涼錄作「大將軍、涼州牧」。 晉書載記作「使持節、大都督、大將軍、涼州牧、張掖公」。 並無「車騎大將軍」之稱。
On his styling himself Grand Cavalry General: Imperial Readings 124, citing the Northern Liang Records, gives only Grand General and Governor of Liang. The Jin Shu annals list him as bearer of the staff, grand commander, grand general, governor of Liang, and duke of Zhangye. Neither source gives him the title Grand Cavalry General.
57
蒙遜攻焦朗殺之錢大昕廿二史考異云：「晉書云攻朗，克而宥之。 與此傳不同。」
On Mengxun attacking Jiao Lang and killing him: Qian Daxin's Investigations into the Twenty-two Histories notes that the Jin Shu says he took Lang and then spared him. That account disagrees with this biography."
58
追到西支澗「澗」各本並作「間」，據魏書盧水胡沮渠蒙遜傳、晉書載記改正。 「西支」魏書、晉書作「解支」，錢大昕廿二史考異云：「解當作鮮，鮮西聲相近也。」
On the pursuit to Xizhi Stream: every edition reads "interval" for "stream," emended per the Wei Shu Juqu Mengxun biography and Jin Shu annals. "Xizhi" appears as "Xiezhi" in the Wei and Jin histories; Qian Daxin argues Xie should be Xian — the sounds xian and xi are close.
59
恂武衞將軍宋承廣武將軍張弘舉城降各本並脫「張」字，據晉書涼武昭王傳補。
On Xun Martial Guard General Song Cheng and Broad Martial General Zhang Hong surrendering the city: all editions drop Zhang, restored from the Jin Shu biography of the Liang Martial and Illustrious King.
60
執蒙遜從弟成都從子日蹄頗羅等而去「日蹄」通鑑宋文帝元嘉二年作「白蹄」。
On taking Mengxun's cousin Chengdu, his nephews Riti and Peluo, and leaving: the Comprehensive Mirror (Song Emperor Wen, the second year of Yuanjia) reads Baiti for Riti.
61
蒙遜第三子茂虔時為酒泉太守「茂虔」御覽一二四引十六國春秋北涼錄、晉書載記同宋書。 魏書、通鑑作牧健。 錢大昕廿二史考異云：「茂虔，北史作牧犍。 茂牧聲相近，犍與虔同音。」
On Mengxun's third son Maoqian as Jiuquan administrator: Imperial Readings 124 (Northern Liang Records) and the Jin Shu annals match the Song Shu reading. The Wei Shu and Comprehensive Mirror read Mujian. Qian Daxin's Investigations into the Twenty-two Histories notes: "Maoqian — the Northern History has Mujian. Mao and mu sound alike; jian and qian are the same in pronunciation."
62
乘丘先生三卷「乘丘」元龜二三二作「桑丘」。 隋書經籍志雜家：「梁有桑丘先生書二卷，晉征南軍師楊偉撰，亡。」 章宗源考證云：「案宋書大且渠蒙遜傳『乘丘先生』，即此『桑丘先生』也。 生下當有書字。」
On the Master of Chengqiu in three juan: the Yuan Gui (juan 232) reads Sangqiu. The Suishu bibliography (Miscellaneous Schools) records: "Liang held the Master of Sangqiu in two juan, by Jin's staff officer of the Army Who Conquers the South, Yang Wei — now lost." Zhang Zongyuan's verification argues that the Song Shu's "Master of Chengqiu" in the Great Juqu Mengxun biography is this same "Master of Sangqiu. The character for "book" should follow "composed."
63
第六弟武興縣侯儀德為征東將軍秦州刺史都督丹嶺以西諸軍事張掖太守「儀德」魏書、通鑑作「宜得」。
On the sixth brother, Marquis of Wuxing Yide, as grand general who conquers the east, Qin inspector, commander west of Dan Ridge, and Zhangye administrator: the Wei Shu and Comprehensive Mirror write the name as Yide (a different character pair, same pronunciation).
64
高昌城主闞爽告急「闞」各本並作「闕」，據北史改。 北史西域傳：「太武時，有闞爽者，自為高昌太守。」 其後闞伯周為高昌王。
On Gaochang's lord Kan Shuang reporting distress: every edition reads Que for Kan, emended per the Northern History. The Northern History's Western Regions account says: "Under Emperor Taizu there was Kan Shuang, who installed himself as Gaochang administrator." Later Kan Bozhou became king of Gaochang.
65
無諱遣將衞尞夜襲高昌「衞尞」魏書作「衞興奴」。
On Wuhui sending general Wei Liao to raid Gaochang by night: the Wei Shu reads Wei Xingnu.