1
高麗之先，出自夫餘。 夫余王嘗得河伯女，因閉於室內，爲日光隨而照之，感而遂孕，生一大卵，有一男子破殼而出，名曰硃蒙。 夫余之臣以硃蒙非人所生，鹹請殺之，王不聽。 及壯，因從獵，所獲居多，又請殺之。 其母以告硃蒙，硃蒙棄夫余東南走。 遇一大水，深不可越。 硃蒙曰：「我是河伯外孫，日之子也。 今有難，而追兵且及，如何得渡？」 於是魚鱉積而成橋，硃蒙遂渡，追騎不得濟而還。 硃蒙建國，自號高句麗，以高爲氏。 硃蒙死，子閭達嗣。 至其孫莫來興兵，遂並夫餘。 至裔孫位宮，以魏正始中入寇西安平，毌丘儉拒破之。 位宮玄孫之子曰昭列帝，爲慕容氏所破，遂入丸都，焚其宮室，大掠而還。 昭列帝后爲百濟所殺。 其曾孫璉，遣使後魏。 璉六世孫湯，在周遣使朝貢，武帝拜湯上開府、遼東郡公、遼東王。 高祖受禪，湯復遣使詣闕，進授大將軍，改封高麗王。 歲遣使朝貢不絕。
Goguryeo traced its origins to Buyeo. A Buyeo king once took the River Lord's daughter. He kept her shut in a room while sunlight streamed in upon her; stirred by the light, she conceived and laid a great egg. A boy broke from the shell and was named Jumong. Buyeo's ministers, believing Jumong was not humanly begotten, all urged that he be put to death, but the king refused. When he grew up and on the hunt took more game than anyone, they again demanded his death. His mother warned him, and Jumong abandoned Buyeo and fled southeast. He came to a great river, too deep to ford. Jumong said, "I am the River Lord's grandson, a child of the sun. I am in peril and the pursuers are nearly upon me—how am I to cross?" Fish and turtles then heaped themselves into a bridge. Jumong crossed over, while the pursuers could not follow and turned back. Jumong founded a kingdom, styled himself Goguryeo, and took Gao as his surname. After Jumong's death, his son Ludá succeeded him. His grandson Molai took up arms and annexed Buyeo. A later descendant, King Weigong, raided Xi'anping during Wei's Zhengshi reign; Guanqiu Jian drove him off and defeated him. Weigong's descendant, known as Emperor Zhaolie, was broken by the Murong. They entered Wandu, burned the palaces, and withdrew after extensive looting. Emperor Zhaolie was later killed by Baekje. His great-grandson Lian sent envoys to the Northern Wei. Lian's sixth-generation descendant Tang sent tribute missions during the Northern Zhou. Emperor Wu enfeoffed him as Superior Opening Office, Duke of Liaodong, and King of Liaodong. After Emperor Gaozu took the throne, Tang again sent envoys to court. He was promoted to Grand General and re-enfeoffed as King of Goguryeo. Tribute missions came every year without interruption.
2
其國東西二千里，南北千餘里。 都於平壤城，亦曰長安城，東西六里，隨山屈曲，南臨浿水。 復有國內城、漢城，並其都會之所，其國中呼爲「三京」。 與新羅每相侵奪，戰爭不息。 官有太大兄，次大兄，次小兄，次對盧，次意侯奢，次烏拙，次太大使者，次大使者，次小使者，次褥奢，次翳屬，次仙人，凡十二等。 復有內評、外評、五部褥薩。 人皆皮冠，使人加插鳥羽。 貴者冠用紫羅，飾以金銀。 服大袖衫，大口袴，素皮帶，黃革屨。 婦人裙襦加襈。 兵器與中國略同。 每春秋校獵，王親臨之。 人稅布五匹，谷五石。 遊人則三年一稅，十人共細布一匹，租戶一石，次七斗，下五斗。 反逆者縛之於柱，爇而斬之，籍沒其家。 盜則償十倍。 用刑既峻，罕有犯者。 樂有五弦、琴、箏、篳篥、橫吹、簫、鼓之屬，吹蘆以和曲。 每年初，聚戲于浿水之上，王乘腰輿，列羽儀以觀之。 事畢，王以衣服入水，分左右爲二部，以水石相濺擲，喧呼馳逐，再三而止。 俗好蹲踞。 潔淨自喜，以趨走爲敬，拜則曳一腳，立各反拱，行必搖手。 性多詭伏。 父子同川而浴，共室而寢。 婦人淫奔，俗多遊女。 有婚嫁者，取男女相悅，然即爲之，男家送豬酒而已，無財聘之禮。 或有受財者，人共恥之。 死者殯于屋內，經三年，擇吉日而葬。 居父母及夫之喪，服皆三年，兄弟三月。 初終哭泣，葬則鼓舞作樂以送之。 埋訖，悉取死者生時服玩車馬置於墓側，會葬者爭取而去。 敬鬼神，多淫祠。
The kingdom stretched two thousand li east to west and over a thousand li north to south. The capital stood at Pyongyang—also called Chang'an—six li across, hugging the hills as it curved southward toward the Yalu. The Inner City and Han City formed the metropolitan cluster, known domestically as the "Three Capitals." Goguryeo and Silla raided each other ceaselessly, and war never let up. Twelve official ranks ran from taedaegong down through daegong, sodeong, duilu, uihoushe, wuzhuo, the great, middle, and minor envoys, ruxie, yishu, and xianren. There were also inner and outer assessors and the rusa chiefs of the five divisions. Everyone wore leather caps, with attendants inserting bird feathers for them. The elite wore purple gauze caps trimmed with gold and silver. They dressed in wide-sleeved jackets, baggy trousers, plain leather belts, and yellow leather shoes. Women wore skirts and jackets with ornamental trim. Their arms were much the same as China's. Every spring and autumn the court held a grand hunt, with the king presiding in person. Each household paid five bolts of cloth and five shi of grain in tax. Travelers paid tax every three years—ten persons together one bolt of fine cloth. Tenant households owed one shi of grain, the middle grade seven dou, the lowest five dou. Rebels were bound to a stake, burned, and beheaded, and their families' property was confiscated. Thieves had to repay tenfold. Punishments were harsh, and crime was rare. Their music featured five-string lutes, qin, zheng, bili, transverse flutes, xiao, drums, and similar instruments, with reed pipes providing accompaniment. At the year's opening they gathered for games along the Yalu. The king rode in a palanquin with feathered banners to watch. When the games ended, the king waded into the river in his robes. The crowd split into two sides who splashed water and stones at one another, shouting and chasing until, after several rounds, they stopped. They commonly squatted rather than sat on chairs. They prized cleanliness, showed respect by trotting forward, bowed with one foot trailing, stood with hands reversed in archer's salute, and always swayed their arms when walking. They were prone to ambush and deception. Fathers and sons bathed in the same stream and slept in the same room. Women took lovers freely, and unattached women were common. Marriages were made when a couple took a mutual liking; the groom's family sent only pork and wine, with no bride-price ceremony. Anyone who accepted payment for a match was shamed by all. The dead lay in the house for three years before burial on an auspicious day. Mourning for parents or a husband lasted three years; for siblings, three months. They wept at the start and end of mourning, but at burial sent the dead off with drums, dance, and music. After burial they placed the deceased's clothes, toys, and carriages beside the tomb, and mourners scrambled to carry them off. They revered spirits and maintained many extravagant shrines.
3
開皇初，頻有使入朝。 及平陳之後，湯大懼，治兵積穀，爲守拒之策。 十七年，上賜湯璽書曰：
In the early Kaihuang era, envoys came frequently to court. After Chen fell, Tang was deeply alarmed. He drilled troops, stockpiled grain, and prepared to resist invasion. In the seventeenth year, the emperor sent Tang an imperial letter that read:
4
朕受天命，愛育率土，委王海隅，宣揚朝化，欲使圓首方足，各遂其心。 王每遣使人，歲常朝貢，雖稱籓附，誠節未盡。 王既人臣，須同朕德，而乃驅逼靺鞨，固禁契丹。 諸籓頓顙，爲我臣妾，忿善人之慕義，何毒害之情深乎？ 太府工人，其數不少，王必須之，自可聞奏。 昔年潛行財貨，利動小人，私將弩手，逃竄下國。 豈非修理兵器，意欲不臧，恐有外聞，故爲盜竊？ 時命使者，撫尉王籓，本欲問彼人情，教彼政術。 王乃坐之空館，嚴加防守，使其閉目塞耳，永無聞見。 有何陰惡，弗欲人知，禁制官司，畏其訪察？ 又數遣馬騎，殺害邊人，屢馳奸謀，動作邪說，心在不賓。 朕於蒼生，悉如赤子，賜王土宇，授王官爵，深恩殊澤，彰著遐邇。 王專懷不信，恆自猜疑，常遣使人，密覘消息，純臣之義，豈若是也？ 蓋當由朕訓導不明，王之愆違，一已寬恕，今日以後，必須改革。 守籓臣之節，奉朝正之典，自化爾籓，勿忤他國，則長享富貴，實稱朕心。 彼之一方，雖地狹人少，然普天之下，皆爲朕臣。 今若黜王，不可虛置，終須更選官屬，就彼安撫。 王若灑心易行，率由憲章，即是朕之良臣，何勞別遣才彥也？ 昔帝王作法，仁信爲先，有善必賞，有惡必罰，四海之內，具聞朕旨。 王若無罪，朕忽加兵，自余籓國，謂朕何也！ 王必虛心，納朕此意，慎勿疑惑，更懷異圖。 往者陳叔寶代在江陰，殘害人庶，驚動我烽候，抄掠我邊境。 朕前後誡敕，經歷十年，彼則恃長江之外，聚一隅之衆，昏狂驕傲，不從朕言。 故命將出師，除彼凶逆，來往不盈旬月，兵騎不過數千，歷代逋寇，一朝清蕩，遐邇乂安，人神胥悅。 聞王歎恨，獨致悲傷，黜陟幽明，有司是職，罪王不爲陳滅，賞王不爲陳存，樂禍好亂，何爲爾也？ 王謂遼水之廣，何如長江？ 高麗之人，多少陳國？ 朕若不存含育，責王前愆，命一將軍，何待多力！ 殷勤曉示，許王自新耳。 宜得朕懷，自求多福。
Having received Heaven's mandate, I cherish all within the four seas, entrust kings to the maritime frontiers, and spread the court's civilizing influence so that every subject may live as he wishes. You send envoys and tribute every year, yet though you call yourself my vassal, your loyalty falls short. As my subject you should share my virtue, yet you bully the Mohe and block the Khitan. Other frontier peoples bow their heads and become my subjects—why such venom toward those who wish to join my cause? The Imperial Storehouse has many skilled artisans. If you need them, you have only to ask. In years past you smuggled goods and bribed petty men to lure away crossbowmen who fled to your realm. Were you not secretly arming for mischief and stealing men lest word reach me? When I sent envoys to comfort your realm, it was to learn your people's needs and teach sound governance. You shut them in empty guesthouses under heavy guard, blind and deaf to everything around them. What wickedness do you hide that you bar my officials and dread their inquiries? You repeatedly sent raiders to kill my border people, spread treacherous plots and seditious talk—your heart is not loyal. I treat all living people as my own children. I granted you territory and titles—favors known far and wide. You cling to distrust, forever suspicious, constantly sending spies—is this how a loyal subject behaves? Perhaps my guidance was unclear. I have forgiven your past offenses once. From this day you must reform. Keep the duties of a vassal, follow the court's rites, civilize your own realm, and do not provoke other states—then you will enjoy lasting wealth and honor, as I wish. Your realm may be small and sparsely peopled, yet under Heaven all are my subjects. If I remove you, the throne cannot stand empty—I would have to send new officials to govern and pacify your land. If you open your heart and reform, following my laws, you will be my worthy subject—why should I send others? Emperors of old put benevolence and trust first in making law, rewarding good and punishing evil—let all within the four seas hear my intent. If you are innocent and I suddenly send troops, what will the other vassal states think of me! Open your heart to my words. Do not doubt me or harbor other designs. Formerly Chen Shubao ruled south of the Yangzi, oppressing the people, alarming my frontier beacons, and raiding my borders. For ten years I warned them again and again. They trusted the Yangzi's barrier, mustered a corner of the realm, and in arrogant folly refused my commands. I therefore sent generals to destroy those rebels. The campaign took less than a month, with only a few thousand cavalry—yet rebels of ages were swept away in a day, peace returned far and near, and men and spirits rejoiced alike. I hear you sighed in grief at Chen's fall. Promotion and demotion are the officials' duty—I neither blame you for Chen's destruction nor reward you for its survival. Why delight in calamity and love disorder? Do you think the Liao is as wide as the Yangzi? How many are the people of Goguryeo compared to Chen? If I were not merciful and wished to punish your past faults, one general would suffice—why would I need a great host! I speak earnestly only to allow you to reform. Understand my intent and secure your own good fortune.
5
湯得書惶恐，將奉表陳謝，會病卒。 子元嗣立。 高祖使使拜元爲上開府、儀同三司，襲爵遼東郡公，賜衣一襲。 元奉表謝恩，並賀祥瑞，因請封王。 高祖優冊元爲王。
Tang received the letter in terror and was preparing a memorial of apology when he fell ill and died. His son Yuan succeeded him. Emperor Gaozu sent envoys to appoint Yuan Superior Opening Office and Palace Attendant of the Third Rank, with succession to the dukedom of Liaodong, and granted him a suit of robes. Yuan submitted a memorial of thanks, congratulated the court on auspicious omens, and asked to be enfeoffed as king. Emperor Gaozu graciously made Yuan king.
6
明年，元率靺鞨之衆萬餘騎寇遼西，營州總管韋衝擊走之。 高祖聞而大怒，命漢王諒爲元帥，總水陸討之，下詔黜其爵位。 時饋運不繼，六軍乏食，師出臨渝關，復遇疾疫，王師不振。 及次遼水，元亦惶懼，遣使謝罪，上表稱「遼東糞土臣元」云云。 上於是罷兵，待之如初，元亦歲遣朝貢。 煬帝嗣位，天下全盛，高昌王、突厥啟人可汗並親詣闕貢獻，於是征元入朝。 元懼籓禮頗闕。 大業七年，帝將討元之罪，車駕渡遼水，上營於遼東城，分道出師，各頓兵於其城下。 高麗率兵出拒，戰多不利，於是皆嬰城固守。 帝令諸軍攻之，又敕諸將：「高麗若降者，即宜撫納，不得縱兵。」 城將陷，賊輒言請降，諸將奉旨不敢赴機，先令馳奏。 比報至，賊守禦亦備，隨出拒戰。 如此者再三，帝不悟。 由是食盡師老，轉輸不繼，諸軍多敗績，於是班師。 是行也，唯于遼水西拔賊武厲邏，置遼東郡及通定鎮而還。 九年，帝復親征之，乃敕諸軍以便宜從事。 諸將分道攻城，賊勢日蹙。 會楊玄感作亂，反書至，帝大懼，即日六軍並還。 兵部侍郎斛斯政亡入高麗，高麗具知事實，悉銳來追，殿軍多敗。 十年，又發天下兵，會盜賊蜂起，人多流亡，所在阻絕，軍多失期。 至遼水，高麗亦困弊，遣使乞降，囚送斛斯政以贖罪。 帝許之，頓於懷遠鎮，受其降款。 仍以俘囚軍實歸。 至京師，以高麗使者親告于太廟，因拘留之。 仍征元入朝，元竟不至。 帝敕諸軍嚴裝，更圖後舉，會天下大亂，遂不克復行。
The following year Yuan led more than ten thousand Mohe horsemen to raid Liaoxi. Wei Chong, area commander of Ying Province, repelled them. Emperor Gaozu was furious and appointed Prince Liang of Han commander-in-chief over land and naval forces to campaign against him, stripping Yuan of his titles by edict. Supplies failed, the armies went hungry, and after marching to Linyu Pass they were struck by epidemic—the imperial forces faltered. When the army reached the Liao, Yuan was terrified. He sent envoys to apologize and submitted a memorial calling himself "Yuan, the worthless soil-subject of Liaodong," and the like. The emperor then withdrew the army and treated him as before. Yuan again sent annual tribute. When Emperor Yang succeeded, the empire was at its height. The King of Gaochang and the Türk Qaghan Qiren both came in person to court with tribute, and the emperor then summoned Yuan to attend. Yuan feared he could not meet the full demands of vassal protocol. In Daye year 7 the emperor marched to punish Yuan. The imperial carriage crossed the Liao and encamped at Liaodong. Armies advanced by separate routes and camped before each walled town. Goguryeo marched out to resist but fared poorly in battle and thereafter held every walled town. The emperor ordered the armies to attack and commanded his generals: "If Goguryeo surrenders, accept them at once and do not let your troops run wild." Whenever a city was about to fall, the defenders would cry surrender. The generals, obeying orders, dared not act on the moment and sent riders to report first. By the time the report arrived, the defenders were ready and sallied out to fight. This happened repeatedly, yet the emperor never caught on. Supplies ran out, the armies grew weary, transport failed, many units were defeated, and the emperor ordered withdrawal. On this campaign the only gain west of the Liao was capturing Wuli, establishing Liaodong commandery and Tongding garrison, then returning. In year nine the emperor campaigned in person again and authorized the armies to act at discretion. Generals besieged towns by separate routes, and the enemy grew daily weaker. Yang Xuangan rebelled; when word reached the emperor he was terrified and ordered all six armies to withdraw the same day. Vice Minister Husizheng fled to Goguryeo, which knew the full situation and sent elite troops in pursuit; the rearguard suffered heavy losses. In year ten he mobilized the empire again, but bandits rose everywhere, people fled, routes were cut, and many units missed their rendezvous. At the Liao, Goguryeo was also exhausted. They sent envoys to surrender and delivered Husizheng bound as a prisoner to atone. The emperor agreed, halted at Huaiyuan, and accepted their surrender. He returned with captives and booty. At the capital he had Goguryeo envoys report victory at the ancestral temple, then detained them. He again summoned Yuan to court, but Yuan never came. The emperor ordered the armies to prepare for another campaign, but empire-wide chaos prevented it.
7
百濟之先，出自高麗國。 其國王有一侍婢，忽懷孕，王欲殺之，婢云：「有物狀如雞子，來感於我，故有娠也。」 王舍之。 後遂生一男，棄之廁溷，久而不死，以爲神，命養之，名曰東明。 及長，高麗王忌之，東明懼，逃至淹水，夫餘人共奉之。 東明之後，有仇台者，篤於仁信，始立其國于帶方故地。 漢遼東太守公孫度以女妻之，漸以昌盛，爲東夷強國。 初以百家濟海，因號百濟。 曆十餘代，代臣中國，前史載之詳矣。 開皇初，其王餘昌遣使貢方物，拜昌爲上開府、帶方郡公、百濟王。
Baekje traced its origins to Goguryeo. A king had a maid who suddenly became pregnant. The king meant to kill her, but she said, "Something like an egg came upon me and I conceived." The king spared her. She bore a boy who was left in the privy but did not die. They took him for divine, reared him, and named him Dongming. When he grew up the Goguryeo king envied him. Dongming fled to the Yanshui, and the Fuyu people acclaimed him. After Dongming came Qiutai, a man of benevolence and trust, who first founded the state on the old Daifang territory. Han Liaodong governor Gongsun Du gave him his daughter in marriage. The state grew prosperous and became a leading power among the Eastern Yi. A hundred families first crossed the sea, whence the name Baekje. For more than ten generations they served China in succession, as earlier histories relate in detail. In early Kaihuang their king Yuchang sent tribute. The court appointed him Superior Opening Office, Duke of Daifang, and King of Baekje.
8
其國東西四百五十里，南北九百余里，南接新羅，北拒高麗。 其都曰居拔城。 官有十六品：長曰左平，次大率，次恩率，次德率，次杆率，次奈率，次將德，服紫帶； 次施德，皁帶； 次固德，赤帶； 次李德，青帶； 次對德以下，皆黃帶； 次文督，次武督，次佐軍，次振武，次克虞，皆用白帶。 其冠制並同，唯奈率以上飾以銀花。 長史三年一交代。 畿內爲五部，部有五巷，士人倨焉。 五方各有方領一人，方佐貳之。 方有十郡，郡有將。 其人雜有新羅、高麗、倭等，亦有中國人。 其衣服與高麗略同。 婦人不加粉黛，女辮發垂後，已出嫁則分爲兩道，盤於頭上。 俗尚騎射，讀書史，能吏事，亦知醫藥、蓍龜、占相之術。 以兩手據地爲敬。 有僧尼，多寺塔。 有鼓角、箜篌、箏、竽、篪、笛之樂，投壺、圍棋、樗蒲、握槊、弄珠之戲。 行宋《元嘉曆》，以建寅月爲歲首。 國中大姓有八族，沙氏、燕氏、刀氏、解氏、貞氏、國氏、木氏、苗氏。 婚娶之禮，略同于華。 喪制如高麗。 有五穀、牛、豬、雞，多不火食。 厥田下濕，人皆山居。 有巨栗。 每以四仲之月，王祭天及五帝之神。 立其始祖仇台廟于國城，歲四祠之。 國西南人島居者十五所，皆有城邑。
The kingdom measured four hundred fifty li east to west and over nine hundred li north to south, bordering Silla to the south and Goguryeo to the north. The capital was Jubo. Sixteen official ranks began with Zuoping, then Dailü, Enlü, Delü, Ganlü, Nailü, and Jiangde, who wore purple belts; then Shide with black belts; then Gude with red belts; then Lide with green belts; from Duide downward, all wore yellow belts; then Wendu, Wudu, Zuojun, Zhenwu, and Keyu, all with white belts. Caps were uniform, but ranks from Nailü up bore silver floral ornaments. Chief clerks rotated every three years. The capital district had five divisions, each with five lanes where the gentry lived. Each of the five regions had one regional chief and two assistants. Each region had ten commanderies, each with a commander. The population mixed Silla, Goguryeo, Japanese, and others with Chinese settlers. Their dress resembled Goguryeo's. Women wore no cosmetics. Girls wore a single braid; married women parted their hair into two coils atop the head. They prized horsemanship and archery, read histories, handled administration, and knew medicine, divination, and physiognomy. They showed respect by placing both hands on the ground. Monks and nuns were numerous, with many temples and pagodas. Music featured drums, horns, konghou, zheng, yu, chi, and flutes; pastimes included pitch-pot, go, chupu, backgammon, and bead games. They followed the Song Yuanjia calendar, with the year beginning in the first month of spring. Eight great clans dominated the state: Sha, Yan, Dao, Xie, Zhen, Guo, Mu, and Miao. Marriage rites resembled China's. Mourning customs followed Goguryeo's. They raised grain, cattle, pigs, and chickens, and often ate without cooking over fire. The land was low and damp, and people lived mostly in the hills. Giant chestnuts grew there. In each of the four mid-season months the king sacrificed to Heaven and the Five Emperors. A temple to the founder Qiutai stood in the capital, with sacrifices four times yearly. Fifteen island settlements southwest of the capital each had walled towns.
9
平陳之歲，有一戰船漂至海東𨈭牟羅國，其船得還，經於百濟，昌資送之甚厚，並遣使奉表賀平陳。 高祖善之，下詔曰：「百濟王既聞平陳，遠令奉表，往復至難，若逢風浪，便致傷損。 百濟王心跡淳至，朕已委知。 相去雖遠，事同言面，何必數遣使來相體悉。 自今以後，不須年別入貢，朕亦不遣使往，王宜知之。」 使者舞蹈而去。 開皇十八年，昌使其長史王辯那來獻方物，屬興遼東之役，遣使奉表，請爲軍導。 帝下詔曰：「往歲爲高麗不供職貢，無人臣禮，故命將討之。 高元君臣恐懼，畏服歸罪，朕已赦之，不可致伐。」 厚其使而遣之。 高麗頗知其事，以兵侵掠其境。
When Chen fell, a warship drifted to eastern Dumuluo. On its return it passed Baekje; Yuchang lavishly supplied it and sent envoys congratulating the victory over Chen. Emperor Gaozu was pleased and decreed: "The King of Baekje, hearing of Chen's fall, sent a memorial from afar. The voyage is perilous—wind and waves may bring harm. The King of Baekje's sincerity is plain, and I am well aware of it. Though we are far apart, it is as if we spoke face to face—there is no need to send envoys so often. Henceforth you need not send annual tribute, nor will I send envoys to you. Know this well." The envoys performed the ritual dance of obeisance and departed. In Kaihuang year 18 Yuchang sent chief clerk Wang Biana with tribute. During the Liaodong campaign he offered to guide the army. The emperor decreed: "In former years Goguryeo failed in tribute and subject rites, so I ordered a campaign against them. King Gao Yuan and his court submitted in fear. I have pardoned them—you must not attack." He richly rewarded the envoys and sent them home. Goguryeo learned of this and raided Baekje's borders.
10
昌死，子余宣立，死，子餘璋立。 大業三年，璋遣使者燕文進朝貢。 其年，又遣使者王孝鄰入獻，請討高麗。 煬帝許之，令覘高麗動靜。 然璋內與高麗通和，挾詐以窺中國。 七年，帝親征高麗，璋使其臣國智牟來請軍期。 帝大悅，厚加賞錫，遣尚書起部郎席律詣百濟，與相知。 明年，六軍渡遼，璋亦嚴兵於境，聲言助軍，實持兩端。 尋與新羅有隙，每相戰爭。 十年，復遣使朝貢。 後天下亂，使命遂絕。
Yuchang died; his son Yuxuan succeeded, then died; his son Yuzhang succeeded. In Daye year 3 Zhang sent Yan Wenjin to court with tribute. That year he also sent Wang Xiaolin to offer tribute and request a campaign against Goguryeo. Emperor Yang agreed and ordered him to watch Goguryeo's movements. Yet Zhang secretly treated with Goguryeo and used deceit to probe China. In year 7 the emperor campaigned in person. Zhang sent minister Guo Zhimou to ask the army's schedule. The emperor was delighted, richly rewarded him, and sent Secretariat officer Xilü to Baekje to coordinate. The next year the six armies crossed the Liao. Zhang also mobilized on his border, claiming to aid the campaign while hedging between both sides. Soon he quarreled with Silla and they fought repeatedly. In year ten he again sent tribute missions. Later, as the empire fell into chaos, missions ceased entirely.
11
其南海行三月，有𨈭牟羅國，南北千餘里，東西數百里，土多麞鹿，附庸於百濟。 百濟自西行三日，至貊國云。
Three months' sail south lies Dumuluo, over a thousand li north to south and several hundred east to west, rich in roe deer and subordinate to Baekje. From Baekje, three days' travel west reaches the state of Mo, it is said.
12
新羅國，在高麗東南，居漢時樂浪之地，或稱斯羅。 魏將毌丘儉討高麗，破之，奔沃沮。 其後復歸故國，留者遂爲新羅焉。 故其人雜有華夏、高麗、百濟之屬，兼有沃沮、不耐、韓獩之地。 其王本百濟人，自海逃入新羅，遂王其國。 傳祚至金真平，開皇十四年，遣使貢方物。 高祖拜真平爲上開府、樂浪郡公、新羅王。 其先附庸於百濟，後因百濟征高麗，高麗人不堪戎役，相率歸之，遂致強盛，因襲百濟，附庸于迦羅國。
Silla lay southeast of Goguryeo on the old Han Lelang territory and was also called Sila. When Wei general Guanqiu Jian defeated Goguryeo, some fled to Woju. Later the refugees returned home, but those who stayed became Silla. The population mixed Chinese, Goguryeo, and Baekje peoples and held the territories of Woju, Bunaai, and the Han tribes. Their king was originally a Baekje man who fled by sea to Silla and became its ruler. The line reached Jin Zhenping, who in Kaihuang year 14 sent tribute. Emperor Gaozu appointed Zhenping Superior Opening Office, Duke of Lelang, and King of Silla. They were first Baekje's vassal. When Baekje campaigned against Goguryeo, Goguryeo subjects who could not bear military service flocked to Silla, which grew strong, raided Baekje, and became a vassal of Karak.
13
其官有十七等：其一曰伊罰幹，貴如相國； 次伊尺幹，次迎幹，次破彌幹，次大阿尺幹，次阿尺幹，次乙吉幹，次沙咄幹，次及伏幹，次大奈摩幹，次奈摩，次大舍，次小舍，次吉土，次大烏，次小烏，次造位。 外有郡縣。 其文字、甲兵同於中國。 選人壯健者悉入軍，烽、戍、邏俱有屯管部伍。 風俗、刑政、衣服，略與高麗、百濟同。 每正月旦相賀，王設宴會，班賚群官。 其日拜日月神。 至八月十五日，設樂，令官人射，賞以馬布。 其有大事，則聚群官詳議而定之。 服色尚素。 婦人辮發繞頭，以雜彩及珠爲飾。 婚嫁之禮，唯酒食而已，輕重隨貧富。 新婚之夕，女先拜舅姑，次即拜夫。 死有棺斂，葬起墳陵。 王及父母妻子喪，持服一年。 田甚良沃，水陸兼種。 其五穀、果菜、鳥獸物產，略與華同。 大業以來，歲遣朝貢。 新羅地多山險，雖與百濟構隙，百濟亦不能圖之。
Seventeen official ranks began with Yifagan, honored like a chief minister; followed by Yichigan, Yinggan, Pomigan, Daachigan, Achigan, Yijigan, Shazhugan, Jifugan, Danaimogan, Naimo, Dashe, Xiaoshe, Jitu, Dawu, Xiaowu, and Zaowei. Beyond the capital were commanderies and counties. Their script and arms matched China's. The able-bodied were drafted into the army; beacons, garrisons, and patrol posts each had stationed units. Customs, law, and dress resembled Goguryeo and Baekje. On New Year's Day they exchanged congratulations; the king held a feast and distributed gifts to officials. That day they worshipped the sun and moon. On the fifteenth day of the eighth month they held music and archery contests for officials, rewarding winners with horses and cloth. Major affairs were decided after full deliberation by assembled officials. They favored plain colors in dress. Women wound braided hair around the head, adorned with colored threads and pearls. Marriage required only food and wine, with scale depending on wealth. On the wedding night the bride first bowed to her parents-in-law, then to her husband. The dead were coffined and buried in raised tombs. Mourning for the king or for parents, spouse, or children lasted one year. The fields were fertile, with crops on dry land and in paddies. Their grains, produce, and game resembled China's. From the Daye era they sent annual tribute. Silla's mountainous terrain was defensible; though at odds with Baekje, Baekje could not conquer it.
14
靺鞨，在高麗之北，邑落俱有酋長，不相總一。 凡有七種：其一號粟末部，與高麗相接，勝兵數千，多驍武，每寇高麗中。 其二曰伯咄部，在粟末之北，勝兵七千。 其三曰安車骨部，在伯咄東北。 其四曰拂涅部，在伯咄東。 其五曰號室部，在拂涅東。 其六曰黑水部，在安車骨西北。 其七曰白山部，在粟末東南。 勝兵並不過三千，而黑水部尤爲勁健。 自拂涅以東，矢皆石鏃，即古之肅慎氏也。 所居多依山水，渠帥曰大莫弗瞞咄，東夷中爲強國。 有徒太山者，俗甚敬畏，上有熊羆豹狼，皆不害人，人亦不敢殺。 地卑濕，築土如堤，鑿穴以居，開口向上，以梯出入。 相與偶耕，土多粟麥穄。 水氣咸，生鹽于木皮之上。 其畜多豬。 嚼米爲酒，飲之亦醉。 婦人服布，男子衣豬狗皮。 俗以溺洗手面，于諸夷最爲不潔。 其俗淫而妒，其妻外淫，人有告其夫者，夫輒殺妻，殺而後悔，必殺告者，由是姦淫之事終不發揚。 人皆射獵爲業，角弓長三尺，箭長尺有二寸。 常以七八月造毒藥，傅矢以射禽獸，中者立死。
The Mohe lived north of Goguryeo, each settlement under its own chief, without unified rule. Seven divisions existed: the Sumo tribe bordered Goguryeo with several thousand warriors who often raided Goguryeo's heartland. Second was the Boduo tribe north of Sumo, with seven thousand warriors. Third was the Anchegu tribe northeast of Boduo. Fourth was the Funie tribe east of Boduo. Fifth was the Haoshi tribe east of Funie. Sixth was the Heishui tribe northwest of Anchegu. Seventh was the Baishan tribe southeast of Sumo. Each had at most three thousand warriors, but the Heishui were especially formidable. East of Funie all arrows had stone heads—they were the ancient Sushen people. They lived among mountains and rivers under leaders called Damofumanduo, a strong power among the Eastern Yi. Mount Tutaishan was sacred; bears, panthers, and wolves there harmed no one, and no one dared kill them. The land was low and wet. They built earthen embankments, dug pit-houses open at the top, and used ladders to enter and leave. They farmed in pairs; the soil yielded millet, wheat, and broomcorn. The damp air was salty; salt formed on tree bark. Pigs were their main livestock. They fermented chewed rice into wine that could intoxicate. Women wore cloth; men wore pig and dog skins. They washed hands and face with urine—the most unclean custom among the frontier peoples. They were licentious yet jealous. If a wife strayed and someone informed her husband, he killed her, then regretted it and killed the informer—so adultery was never reported. All lived by hunting; their horn bows were three feet long, their arrows fourteen inches. In the seventh and eighth months they made poison, coated arrows, and shot game—hits meant instant death.
15
開皇初，相率遣使貢獻。 高祖詔其使曰：「朕聞彼土人庶多能勇捷，今來相見，實副朕懷。 朕視爾等如子，爾等宜敬朕如父。」 對曰：「臣等僻處一方，道路悠遠，聞內國有聖人，故來朝拜。 既蒙勞賜，親奉聖顏，下情不勝歡喜，願得長爲奴僕也。」 其國西北與契丹相接，每相劫掠。 後因其使來，高祖誡之曰：「我憐念契丹與爾無異，宜各守土境，豈不安樂？ 何爲輒相攻擊，甚乖我意！」 使者謝罪。 高祖因厚勞之，令宴飲於前。 使者與其徒皆起舞，其曲折多戰鬥之容。 上顧謂侍臣曰：「天地間乃有此物，常作用兵意，何其甚也！」 然其國與隋懸隔，唯粟末、白山爲近。
In early Kaihuang they sent envoys with tribute in succession. Emperor Gaozu told their envoy: "I hear your people are brave and agile. Your visit truly pleases me. I regard you as sons; you should honor me as a father." They replied: "We live in a remote corner, far from the capital. Hearing of a sage within the realm, we came to pay homage. Having received your gracious gifts and seen your face, we are overjoyed and wish to be your servants forever." Their northwest bordered the Khitan, and the two peoples raided each other constantly. When their envoys came again, Emperor Gaozu warned them: "I cherish the Khitan as I do you. Guard your borders and live in peace—why not? Why attack each other so readily? This grieves me greatly!" The envoys apologized. The emperor richly rewarded them and feasted them at court. The envoys and their party danced, their movements full of martial gestures. The emperor said to his ministers: "Between Heaven and Earth there are such people—always bent on war. How extreme!" Yet their lands were far from Sui—only Sumo and Baishan were near.
16
煬帝初與高麗戰，頻敗其衆，渠帥度地稽率其部來降。 拜爲右光祿大夫，居之柳城，與邊人來往。 悅中國風俗，請被冠帶，帝嘉之，賜以錦綺而褒寵之。 及遼東之役，度地稽率其徒以從，每有戰功，賞賜優厚。 十三年，從帝幸江都，尋放歸柳城。 在途遇李密之亂，密遣兵邀之，前後十余戰，僅而得免。 至高陽，復沒于王須拔。 未幾，遁歸羅藝。
When Emperor Yang first fought Goguryeo and repeatedly defeated them, chieftain Dudiqi led his tribe to submit. He was appointed Right Grand Master of Splendid Happiness and lived at Liucheng, mingling with frontier peoples. He admired Chinese customs and asked to wear Chinese dress. The emperor approved, granted brocade, and honored him. During the Liaodong campaign he followed with his men and was richly rewarded for each exploit. In year thirteen he accompanied the emperor to Jiangdu and was soon sent back to Liucheng. On the road he met Li Mi's rebellion; Li Mi's troops intercepted him in more than ten fights before he barely escaped. At Gaoyang he was captured again by Wang Xuba. Soon he escaped to Luo Yi.
17
流求國
Liuqiu
18
流求國，居海島之中，當建安郡東，水行五日而至。 土多山洞。 其王姓歡斯氏，名渴剌兜，不知其由來有國代數也。 彼土人呼之爲可老羊，妻曰多拔荼。 所居曰波羅檀洞，塹柵三重，環以流水，樹棘爲籓。 王所居舍，其大一十六間，雕刻禽獸。 多鬥鏤樹，似橘而葉密，條纖如發然下垂。 國有四五帥，統諸洞，洞有小王。 往往有村，村有鳥了帥，並以善戰者爲之，自相樹立，理一村之事。 男女皆以白糸寧繩纏髮，從項後般繞至額。 其男子用鳥羽爲冠，裝以珠貝，飾以赤毛，形制不同。 婦人以羅紋白布爲帽，其形正方。 織鬥鏤皮並雜色糸甯及雜毛以爲衣，制裁不一。 綴毛垂螺爲飾，雜色相間，下垂小貝，其聲如佩，綴璫施釧，懸珠於頸。 織藤爲笠，飾以毛羽。 有刀、槊、弓、箭、劍、鈹之屬。 其處少鐵，刃皆薄小，多以骨角輔助之。 編糸寧爲甲，或用熊豹皮。 王乘木獸，令左右輿之而行，導從不過數十人。 小王乘機，鏤爲獸形。 國人好相攻擊，人皆驍健善走，難死而耐創。 諸洞各爲部隊，不相救助。 兩陣相當，勇者三五人出前跳噪，交言相罵，因相擊射。 如其不勝，一軍皆走，遣人致謝，即共和解。 收取鬥死者，共聚而食之，仍以髑髏將向王所。 王則賜之以冠，使爲隊帥。 無賦斂，有事則均稅。 用刑亦無常准，皆臨事科決。 犯罪皆斷于鳥了帥； 不伏，則上請于王，王令臣下共議定之。 獄無枷鎖，唯用繩縛。 決死刑以鐵錐，大如箸，長尺餘，鑽頂而殺之。 輕罪用杖。 俗無文字，望月虧盈以紀時節，候草藥枯以爲年歲。
Liuqiu lay on islands east of Jian'an Commandery, five days' sail away. The land had many caves. The king belonged to the Huanshi clan and was named Keladou; how many generations the kingdom had ruled was unknown. Locals called him Kelao'ang; his wife was Duobatu. He lived at Boluotan, triple moats and palisades ringed by water, with thorn hedges as walls. The royal hall had sixteen rooms carved with birds and beasts. Doulou trees grew there, citrus-like with dense foliage and hair-fine drooping branches. Four or five commanders ruled the districts, each district with a minor king. Villages each had a niaoliao chief chosen for martial skill, who governed village affairs. Men and women bound their hair with white cord wound from the nape to the forehead. Men wore caps of bird feathers adorned with shells, pearls, and red plumes in varied styles. Women wore square hats of patterned white cloth. Clothing was woven from carved leather, colored silk, and fur in varied styles. Ornaments of fur, shells, tinklers, bracelets, and neck pearls jingled as they moved. They wove rattan hats trimmed with feathers. They had knives, spears, bows, arrows, swords, and halberds. Iron was scarce; blades were small and often reinforced with bone or horn. Armor was woven silk cord or bear and leopard hide. The king rode a carved wooden beast borne by attendants, with a retinue of only a few dozen. Minor kings rode palanquins carved as beasts. The people loved fighting; all were hardy runners, hard to kill and slow to succumb to wounds. Each district fought as its own unit without mutual aid. When two sides met, three or five champions leaped forward shouting insults, then shot at one another. If one side lost, the whole force fled, sent an apology, and made peace. They collected the battle dead, ate them together, and brought skulls to the king. The king granted them caps and made them squad leaders. There was no regular taxation; levies were shared equally when needed. Punishment had no fixed code; each case was decided on the spot. Crimes were judged by the niaoliao chief; if the accused did not submit, the case went to the king for deliberation by his officers. Prisoners were bound with rope only, without stocks or shackles. Capital punishment was by iron awl through the crown of the head. Minor offenses were punished with beating. They had no writing, marked seasons by the moon's phases, and counted years by when herbs withered.
19
人深目長鼻，頗類于胡，亦有小慧。 無君臣上下之節、拜伏之禮。 父子同床而寢。 男子拔去髭鬢，身上有毛之處皆亦除去。 婦人以墨黥手，爲蟲蛇之文。 嫁娶以酒肴珠貝爲娉，或男女相悅，便相匹偶。 婦人產乳，必食子衣，產後以火自炙，令汗出，五日便平復。 以木槽中暴海水爲鹽，木汁爲酢，釀米麥爲酒，其味甚薄。 食皆用手。 偶得異味，先進尊者。 凡有宴會，執酒者必待呼名而後飲。 上王酒者，亦呼王名。 銜杯共飲，頗同突厥。 歌呼蹋蹄，一人唱，從皆和，音頗哀怨。 扶女子上膊，搖手而舞。 其死者氣將絕，舉至庭，親賓哭泣相吊。 浴其屍，以布帛纏之，裹以葦草，親土而殯，上不起墳。 子爲父者，數月不食肉。 南境風俗少異，人有死者，邑里共食之。
The people had deep-set eyes and long noses, somewhat Hu-like, with a measure of cleverness. They had no hierarchy of ruler and subject or rites of bowing and prostration. Fathers and sons slept in the same bed. Men plucked beard and body hair entirely. Women tattooed their hands with insect and serpent designs. Marriage gifts were food, wine, pearls, and shells, or couples paired when mutually pleased. Women ate the placenta at birth, then sweat themselves over fire for five days before resuming normal life. Salt came from evaporated seawater in troughs, vinegar from tree sap, and wine from rice and wheat— all rather weak in flavor. They ate with their hands. Choice morsels were offered first to the honored guest. At feasts each drinker waited until his name was called before drinking. Those offering wine to the king also called his name. They drank from shared cups mouth to mouth, much like the Türks. They sang and stamped rhythmically—one voice leading, all joining in plaintive harmony. Men lifted women onto their shoulders and danced, swaying their arms. When death was near, the body was brought to the courtyard while kin and guests wept and mourned. They washed the body, wrapped it in cloth, bound it in reeds, buried it shallowly, and raised no mound. Sons mourned fathers by abstaining from meat for months. In the south, when someone died the community ate the body together.
20
有熊羆豺狼，尤多豬雞，無牛羊驢馬。 厥田良沃，先以火燒而引水灌之。 持一插，以石爲刃，長尺餘，闊數寸，而墾之。 土宜稻、梁、沄、黍、麻、豆、赤豆、胡豆、黑豆等，木有楓、栝、樟、松、楩、楠、杉、梓、竹、藤、果、藥，同于江表，風土氣候與嶺南相類。
Bears, panthers, wolves, and jackals roamed there; pigs and chickens were plentiful, but there were no cattle, sheep, donkeys, or horses. Fields were fertile; they slash-burned, then irrigated. They farmed with stone-bladed spades a foot long and several inches wide. Crops included rice, millet, hemp, and many bean varieties; trees matched the lower Yangzi region, and climate resembled Lingnan.
21
俗事山海之神，祭以酒肴，鬥戰殺人，便將所殺人祭其神。 或依茂樹起小屋，或懸髑髏於樹上，以箭射之，或累石系幡以爲神主。 王之所居，壁下多聚髑髏以爲佳。 人間門戶上必安獸頭骨角。
They worshipped mountain and sea spirits with offerings; battle dead were sacrificed to the gods. Shrines were small houses by trees, skulls hung as targets, or stone cairns with banners. Skulls piled beneath the royal walls were considered auspicious. Every doorway bore animal skulls and horns.
22
俀國，在百濟、新羅東南，水陸三千里，于大海之中依山島而居。 魏時譯通中國。 三十余國，皆自稱王。 夷人不知里數，但計以日。 其國境東西五月行，南北三月行，各至於海。 其地勢東高西下。 都於邪靡堆，則《魏志》所謂邪馬台者也。 古云去樂浪郡境及帶方郡並一萬二千里，在會稽之東，與儋耳相近。 漢光武時，遣使入朝，自稱大夫。 安帝時，又遣使朝貢，謂之俀奴國。 桓、靈之間，其國大亂，遞相攻伐，歷年無主。 有女子名卑彌呼，能以鬼道惑衆，於是國人共立爲王。 有男弟，佐卑彌理國。 其王有侍婢千人，罕有見其面者，唯有男子二人給王飲食，通傳言語。 其王有宮室樓觀，城柵皆持兵守衛，爲法甚嚴。 自魏至於齊、梁，代與中國相通。
Wo lay southeast of Baekje and Silla, three thousand li across sea and land, on mountainous islands in the ocean. In Wei times they communicated with China through interpreters. Over thirty states each called itself a kingdom. They measured distance in days of travel, not in li. The realm stretched five months' travel east to west and three months north to south, bounded by sea. The land sloped from high east to low west. The capital was Yamadai—the Yamatai of the Wei Annals. Ancient texts placed it twelve thousand li from Lelang and Daifang, east of Kuaiji, near Dan'er. Under Emperor Guangwu they sent envoys calling themselves grandees. Under Emperor An they came again and were called the Wo slave state. During the reigns of Huan and Ling the realm fell into chaos and lacked a ruler for years. A woman named Himiko, said to command spirits, was made queen by the people. Her younger brother assisted her in governing. The queen had a thousand maids; few saw her face—only two men fed her and conveyed messages. Royal palaces and towers were strictly guarded by armed men. From Wei through Qi and Liang they maintained contact with China.
23
開皇二十年，俀王姓阿每，字多利思北孤，號阿輩雞彌，遣使詣闕。 上令所司訪其風俗。 使者言俀王以天爲兄，以日爲弟，天未明時出聽政，跏趺坐，日出便停理務，云委我弟。 高祖曰：「此太無義理。」 於是訓令改之。 王妻號雞彌，後宮有女六七百人。 名太子爲利歌彌多弗利。 無城郭。 內官有十二等：一曰大德，次小德，次大仁，次小仁，次大義，次小義，次大禮，次小禮，次大智，次小智，次大信，次小信，員無定數。 有軍尼一百二十人，猶中國牧宰。 八十戶置一伊尼翼，如今里長也。 十伊尼翼屬一軍尼。 其服飾，男子衣裙襦，其袖微小，履如屨形，漆其上，系之於腳。 人庶多跣足。 不得用金銀爲飾。 故時衣橫幅，結束相連而無縫。 頭亦無冠，但垂發於兩耳上。 至隋，其王始制冠，以錦彩爲之，以金銀鏤花爲飾。 婦人束髮於後，亦衣裙襦，裳皆有襈。 躭竹爲梳，編草爲薦，雜皮爲表，緣以文皮。 有弓、矢、刀、槊、弩、䂎、斧，漆皮爲甲，骨爲矢鏑。 雖有兵，無征戰。 其王朝會，必陳設儀仗，奏其國樂。 戶可十萬。
In Kaihuang year 20 the Wo king Ame Tarishihiko sent envoys to court. The emperor ordered an inquiry into their customs. The envoy said the king called Heaven his elder brother and the sun his younger brother: he judged cases at dawn, then stopped at sunrise, saying he left affairs to his 'younger brother.' Emperor Gaozu said, "This is utterly unreasonable. He ordered them to change the practice. The queen was titled Kimi; the inner palace held six or seven hundred women. The crown prince was named Shotoku. There were no walled cities. Twelve court ranks ran from Great Virtue down through Lesser Virtue, Benevolence, Righteousness, Rite, Wisdom, and Trust, with unfixed numbers of posts. One hundred twenty guni served like Chinese prefects. Every eighty households had an iniki, like a village head. Ten iniki answered to one guni. Men wore jackets with narrow sleeves and lacquered sandals tied to the feet. Most commoners went barefoot. Gold and silver ornaments were forbidden. Garments were bolted cloth tied together without seams. They wore no caps; hair hung beside the ears. By Sui times the king first wore brocade caps with gold and silver ornament. Women bound their hair behind and wore skirts with trim. They used bamboo combs, woven grass mats, and hide garments with patterned borders. Arms included bows, spears, crossbows, and axes; armor was lacquered hide, arrowheads bone. Though armed, they did not campaign. Court assemblies featured full insignia and native music. Households numbered about one hundred thousand.
24
其俗殺人強盜及奸皆死，盜者計贓酬物，無財者沒身爲奴。 自餘輕重，或流或杖。 每訊究獄訟，不承引者，以木壓膝，或張強弓，以弦鋸其項。 或置小石于沸湯中，令所競者探之，云理曲者即手爛。 或置蛇甕中，令取之，云曲者即螫手矣。 人頗恬靜，罕爭訟，少盜賊。 樂有五弦、琴、笛。 男女多黥臂點面文身，沒水捕魚。 無文字，唯刻木結繩。 敬佛法，於百濟求得佛經，始有文字。 知卜筮，尤信巫覡。 每至正月一日，必射戲飲酒，其餘節略與華同。 好棋博、握槊、樗蒲之戲。 氣候溫暖，草木冬青，土地膏腴，水多陸少。 以小環掛鷺鶿項，令入水捕魚，日得百餘頭。 俗無盤俎，藉以檞葉，食用手哺之。 性質直，有雅風。 女多男少，婚嫁不取同姓，男女相悅者即爲婚。 婦入夫家，必先跨犬，乃與夫相見。 婦人不淫妒。 死者斂以棺郭，親賓就屍歌舞，妻子兄弟以白布制服。 貴人三年殯于外，庶人卜日而瘞。 及葬，置屍船上，陸地牽之，或以小輿。 有阿蘇山，其石無故火起接天者，俗以爲異，因行禱祭。 有如意寶珠，其色青，大如雞卵，夜則有光，云魚眼精也。 新羅、百濟皆以俀爲大國，多珍物，並敬仰之，恆通使往來。
Murder, robbery, and adultery were capital crimes; thieves repaid the value or became slaves. Lesser offenses brought exile or beating. Suspects who would not confess had knees pressed with wood or necks sawed with bowstrings. Or they made disputants reach into boiling water for stones, saying the guilty hand would blister. Or they placed snakes in jars for the accused to grasp, saying the guilty would be bitten. The people were generally peaceful, with little litigation or theft. Music featured five-string lutes, qin, and flutes. Many tattooed arms and faces and dived to catch fish. They had no writing, only carved wood and knotted cords. They revered Buddhism; sutras from Baekje brought their first writing. They practiced divination and especially trusted shamans. New Year's Day featured archery contests and drinking; other festivals resembled China's. They loved chess, backgammon, and chupu. The climate was mild, vegetation green in winter, soil fertile, with more water than dry land. They ringed egrets' necks to fish, catching over a hundred fish daily. They ate from oak leaves without dishes, using their hands. They were straightforward people with refined manners. Women outnumbered men; marriage avoided same surnames and followed mutual affection. A bride stepped over a dog before meeting her husband. Women were neither promiscuous nor jealous. The dead were coffined while kin danced before the body and family wore white mourning. Nobles lay in state three years; commoners buried on auspicious days. Corpses were borne on boats dragged ashore or in small palanquins. Mount Aso's spontaneous fires were deemed miraculous and drew prayer and sacrifice. A green wish-fulfilling jewel the size of an egg glowed at night—said to be fish-eye essence. Silla and Baekje treated Wo as a great rich state, revered it, and exchanged envoys constantly.
25
大業三年，其王多利思北孤遣使朝貢。 使者曰：「聞海西菩薩天子重興佛法，故遣朝拜，兼沙門數十人來學佛法。」 其國書曰「日出處天子至書日沒處天子無恙」云云。 帝覽之不悅，謂鴻臚卿曰：「蠻夷書有無禮者，勿復以聞。」 明年，上遣文林郎裴清使於俀國。 度百濟，行至竹嶋，南望𨈭羅國，經都斯麻國，迥在大海中。 又東至一支國，又至竹斯國，又東至秦王國，其人同於華夏，以爲夷州，疑不能明也。 又經十餘國，達於海岸。 自竹斯國以東，皆附庸於俀。 俀王遣小德阿輩臺，従數百人，設儀仗，鳴鼓角來迎。 後十日，又遣大禮，哥多毗，従二百余騎郊勞。 既至彼都，其王與清相見，大悦，曰：「我聞海西有大隋，禮義之國，故遣朝貢。 我夷人僻在海隅，不聞禮義，是以稽留境内，不即相見。 今故清道飾館，以待大使，冀聞大國惟新之化。」 清答曰：「皇帝德並二儀，澤流四海，以王慕化，故遣行人來此宣諭。」 既而引清就館。 其後清遣人謂其王曰：「朝命既達，請即戒塗。」 於是設宴享以遣清，復令使者隨清來貢方物。 此後遂絕。
In Daye year 3 King Tarishihiko sent tribute envoys. The envoy said they heard the bodhisattva emperor had revived Buddhism and sent monks to study it. Their letter read, "The Son of Heaven where the sun rises greets the Son of Heaven where the sun sets in peace," and the like. The emperor was displeased and told the Director of Guests not to report such impolite barbarian letters again. The next year he sent Palace Gentleman Pei Qing to Wo. He passed Baekje, reached Zhudao, sighted Dumuluo southward, and passed distant Dusima in the open sea. He reached Ichigo, Zhusi, and Qinwang, whose people resembled the Chinese and were thought to be Yizhou, though this remained uncertain. After more than ten states he reached the coast. East of Zhusi all states were Wo's vassals. The Wo king sent Lesser Virtue Abetai with hundreds of men, drums and horns sounding, to welcome him. Ten days later Great Rite Kudari came with over two hundred horsemen to greet him in the suburbs. At the capital the king met Qing joyfully, saying he had heard of great Sui's propriety and sent tribute. We barbarians at the sea's edge, ignorant of propriety, delayed your reception. Now I have prepared the road and lodge to receive the envoy and learn of your empire's renewal. Qing replied that the emperor's virtue filled the world and he had come to proclaim the court's will. He then led Qing to the guesthouse. Qing then urged the king to prepare for departure now that the imperial command had arrived. They feasted Qing on his departure and sent envoys with tribute to follow him. Contact then ceased.
26
史臣曰：廣穀大川異制，人生其間異俗，嗜欲不同，言語不通，聖人因時設教，所以達其志而通其俗也。 九夷所居，與中夏懸隔，然天性柔順，無獷暴之風，雖綿邈山海，而易以道禦。 夏、殷之代，時或來王。 暨箕子避地朝鮮，始有八條之禁，疏而不漏，簡而可久，化之所感，千載不絕。 今遼東諸國，或衣服參冠冕之容，或飲食有俎豆之器，好尚經術，愛樂文史，遊學於京都者，往來繼路，或亡沒不歸。 非先哲之遺風，其孰能致於斯也？ 故孔子曰：「言忠信，行篤敬，雖蠻貊之邦行矣。」 誠哉斯言。 其俗之可采者，豈徒楛矢之貢而已乎？ 自高祖撫有周余，惠此中國，開皇之末，方事遼左，天時不利，師遂無功。 二代承基，志包宇宙，頻踐三韓之域，屢發千鈞之弩。 小國懼亡，敢同困獸，兵連不戢，四海騷然，遂以土崩，喪身滅國。 兵志有之曰：「務廣德者昌，務廣地者亡。」 然遼東之地，不列於郡縣久矣。 諸國朝正奉貢，無闕于歲時，二代震而矜之，以爲人莫若己，不能懷以文德，遽動干戈。 內恃富強，外思廣地，以驕取怨，以怒興師。 若此而不亡，自古未之聞也。 然則四夷之戒，安可不深念哉！
The historian writes: Great rivers and valleys breed different customs and tongues; sages teach according to the times to reach people's hearts and bridge their ways. The nine Yi lands lie far from China, yet their people are gentle by nature and yield easily to the Way despite vast seas and mountains. In Xia and Yin times they sometimes came to court as kings. When Jizi fled to Korea he established the Eight Prohibitions—broad yet sound, simple yet enduring—a civilizing influence that lasted a millennium. Today's Liaodong states wear courtly dress, use ritual vessels at meals, cherish the classics and literature, and send students to the capital in an endless stream—some never returning. Without the legacy of former sages, who could have brought them so far? Confucius said, "Speak with loyalty and trust, act with earnest respect—even in barbarian lands one may prevail. How true those words are. Their admirable customs amount to far more than tribute of hardwood arrows. From Gaozu's restoration through his favor to China, the late Kaihuang campaign in Liaodong failed when Heaven turned against the armies. The next two emperors inherited the throne with universal ambition, repeatedly campaigning in the Three Han lands and loosing the empire's might. Small states fought like cornered beasts; war never ceased, the realm convulsed, and the dynasty collapsed—emperor and empire both destroyed. Military texts say, "Those who expand virtue prosper; those who expand territory perish. Yet Liaodong had long lain outside the commandery system. Those states paid regular tribute. The two emperors, awed yet arrogant, thought none their equal, failed to win them with civil virtue, and rashly took up arms. Trusting in internal strength, they sought external conquest—arrogance bred resentment, anger launched armies. That such conduct did not bring ruin was unheard of in all history. The lesson of the four barbarian frontiers—how can it not be pondered deeply!