1
【序】南蠻雜類，與華人錯居，曰蜒，曰獽，曰俚，曰獠，曰㐌，俱無君長，隨山洞而居，古先所謂百越是也。 其俗斷髮文身，好相攻討，浸以微弱，稍屬於中國，皆列為郡縣，同之齊人，不復詳載。 大業中，南荒朝貢者十餘國，其事迹多湮滅而無聞。 今所存錄，四國而已。 林邑林邑之先，因漢末交阯女子徵側之亂，內縣功曹子區連殺縣令，自號為王。 無子，其甥范熊代立，死，子逸立。 日南人范文因亂為逸僕隸，遂教之築宮室，造器械。 逸甚信任，使文將兵，極得眾心。 文因間其子弟，或奔或徙。 及逸死，國無嗣，文自立為王。 其後范佛為晉揚威將軍戴桓所破。 宋交州刺史檀和之將兵擊之，深入其境。 至梁、陳，亦通使往來。
[Preface] The miscellaneous peoples of the southern frontier live intermingled with the Chinese. They include the Yan, Xian, Li, Liao, and Yi. None of them have kings or chiefs; they take their dwellings in mountain caves. These are the peoples the ancients knew as the Hundred Yue. They cut their hair short and tattoo their bodies, and they relish raiding one another. As they grew weaker, they were gradually absorbed into the Chinese sphere; all were organized as commanderies and counties and governed like ordinary subjects of the central lands. They are no longer described in detail below. During the Daye reign period more than a dozen southern realms sent tribute missions, but most of their histories have perished and their names are forgotten. Only four countries survive in the records that follow. Linyi—The kingdom's origins lie in the turmoil at the end of the Han, when the Jiaozhi rebel Zheng Ce rose up. A clerk of the inner district named Qu Lian assassinated the magistrate and proclaimed himself king. Qu Lian left no son. His nephew Fan Xiong took the throne, and after Fan Xiong's death his son Yi became king. During the upheaval a Rinan native named Fan Wen entered Yi's service as a bondservant and taught him palace-building and the forging of arms. Yi relied on him completely, gave him command of the army, and Fan Wen won the wholehearted loyalty of the populace. Fan Wen meanwhile uprooted Yi's sons and younger relatives, sending some into exile and displacing others. When Yi died leaving no successor, Fan Wen seized the throne for himself. Later his descendant Fan Fo was broken by Dai Huan, Jin's general of manifest authority. Under the Song, Inspector of Jiaozhou Tan Hezhi marched against them and drove deep into their lands. Under the Liang and Chen dynasties too they continued to send missions back and forth.
2
其國延袤數千里，土多香木金寶，物產大抵與交阯同。 以塼為城，蜃灰塗之，東向戶。 尊官有二：其一曰西那婆帝，其二曰薩婆地歌。 其屬官三等：其一曰倫多姓，次歌倫致帝，次乙他伽蘭。 外官分為二百餘部。 其長官曰弗羅，次曰可輪，如牧宰之差也。 王戴金花冠，形如章甫，衣朝霞布，珠璣瓔珞，足躡革履，時復錦袍。 良家子侍衞者二百許人，皆執金裝刀。 有弓、箭、刀、槊，以竹為弩，傅毒於矢。 樂有琴、笛、琵琶、五絃，頗與中國同。 每擊鼓以警眾，吹蠡以即戎。
The realm extended for thousands of li. Its soil produced fragrant timber, gold, and gems, and its commodities were much the same as Jiaozhi's. City walls were built of brick and daubed with lime from shells; dwellings faced eastward. There were two highest offices: one titled Xina Podi, the other Sapadi Ge. Subordinate offices fell into three ranks: first Lun Duo Xing, next Ge Lun Zhi Di, next Yi Ta Galan. Field administration was split into more than two hundred bureaus. Local heads were titled Fuluo, with Kelun beneath them—roughly the distinction between a prefect and a district magistrate. The king wore a golden floral crown shaped like a formal cap, robes of dawn-glow silk hung with pearls and jade, leather sandals on his feet, and on occasion a brocade mantle. Some two hundred young men of distinguished houses formed his guard, each bearing a gilded blade. Their armament included bows, arrows, knives, and spears; crossbows were fashioned from bamboo and their bolt tips were smeared with poison. Musical instruments included the zither, flute, pipa, and five-string lute—largely the same as in China. Drums sounded to rally the people; conch horns blasted to call men to arms.
3
其人深目高鼻，髮拳色黑。 俗皆徒跣，以幅布纏身。 冬月衣袍。 婦人椎髻。 施椰葉席。 每有婚媾，令媒者齎金銀釧、酒二壺、魚數頭至女家。 於是擇日，夫家會親賓，歌儛相對。 女家請一婆羅門，送女至男家，壻盥手，因牽女授之。 王死七日而葬，有官者三日，庶人一日。 皆以函盛屍，鼓儛導從，輿至水次，積薪焚之。 收其餘骨，王則內金甖中，沉之於海； 有官者以銅甖，沉之於海口； 庶人以瓦，送之於江。 男女皆截髮，隨喪至水次，盡哀而止，歸則不哭。 每七日，然香散花，復哭，盡哀而止，盡七七而罷，至百日、三年，亦如之。 人皆奉佛，文字同於天竺。
Its people had deep-set eyes, prominent noses, and tight curls of black hair. By custom they went barefoot and wrapped their bodies in bolt cloth. In the cold season they wore gowns. Women dressed their hair in topknots. They laid out mats woven from coconut fronds. For each betrothal a go-between carried gold and silver bangles, two jars of wine, and several fish to the bride's family. On the appointed day the groom's household gathered kin and guests in reciprocal song and dance. The bride's people summoned a Brahmin to escort her to the groom's home, where the bridegroom washed his hands and took her hand in the wedding rite. Kings were interred seven days after death, officials after three days, commoners after one. Every corpse was placed in a chest, led to the waterside to the beat of drums and dancers, and burned on a pyre. After cremation the bones were collected: a king's remains went into a golden jar and were sunk in the sea; officials' into a bronze jar and lowered at the estuary; Commoners' remains were placed in earthenware vessels and committed to the river. Men and women alike cropped their hair and followed the funeral train to the water, mourning until they could mourn no more, and did not weep once they returned home. Every seventh day they burned incense, strewed flowers, and mourned anew until sorrow was spent—forty-nine days in all—with the same observances at the hundredth day and the third anniversary. The people were Buddhist devotees, and their script was the same as that of India.
4
高祖既平陳，乃遣使獻方物，其後朝貢遂絕。 時天下無事，羣臣言林邑多奇寶者。 仁壽末，上遣大將軍劉方為驩州道行軍總管，率欽州刺史甯長真、驩州刺史李暈、開府秦雄步騎萬餘及犯罪者數千人擊之。 其王梵志率其徒乘巨象而戰，方軍不利。 方於是多掘小坑，草覆其上，因以兵挑之。 梵志悉眾而陣，方與戰，偽北，梵志逐之，至坑所，其眾多陷，轉相驚駭，軍遂亂。 方縱兵擊之，大破之。 頻戰輒敗，遂棄城而走。 方入其都，獲其廟主十八枚，皆鑄金為之，蓋其有國十八葉矣。 方班師，梵志復其故地，遣使謝罪，於是朝貢不絕。 赤土赤土國，扶南之別種也。 在南海中，水行百餘日而達所都。 土色多赤，因以為號。 東波羅剌國，西婆羅娑國，南訶羅旦國，北拒大海，地方數千里。 其王姓瞿曇氏，名利富多塞，不知有國近遠。 稱其父釋王位出家為道，傳位於利富多塞，在位十六年矣。 有三妻，並鄰國王之女也。 居僧祗城，有門三重，相去各百許步。 每門圖畫飛仙、仙人、菩薩之像，縣金花鈴毦，婦女數十人，或奏樂，或捧金花。 又飾四婦人，容飾如佛塔邊金剛力士之狀，夾門而立。 門外者持兵仗，門內者執白佛。 夾道垂素網，綴花。 王宮諸屋悉是重閣，北戶，北面而坐。 坐三重之榻。 衣朝霞布，冠金花冠，垂雜寶瓔珞。 四女子立侍，左右兵衞百餘人。 王榻後作一木龕，以金銀五香木雜鈿之。 龕後懸一金光焰，夾榻又樹二金鏡，鏡前並陳金甕，甕前各有金香爐。 當前置一金伏牛，牛前樹壹寶蓋，蓋左右皆有寶扇。 婆羅門等數百人，東西重行，相向而坐。 其官有薩陀迦羅一人，陀拏達义二人，迦利蜜迦三人，共掌政事； 俱羅末帝一人，掌刑法。 每城置那邪迦一人，鉢帝十人。
After Emperor Gaozu conquered Chen, Linyi sent envoys bearing native products, but tributary missions soon ceased entirely. With the empire at peace, court officials declared that Linyi held countless exotic treasures. Near the close of the Renshou era the emperor appointed Grand General Liu Fang commander of the Huanzhou expeditionary force. Liu Fang marched with Prefect of Qinzhou Ning Changzhen, Prefect of Huanzhou Li Yun, colonel Qin Xiong, over ten thousand foot and horse soldiers, and several thousand penal conscripts to strike Linyi. King Fan Zhi arrayed his warriors atop great elephants, and Liu Fang's forces suffered at first. Liu Fang ordered countless shallow pits dug, masked with turf, and baited the enemy with skirmishers. Fan Zhi drew up his full army; Liu Fang fought, then feigned defeat. Fan Zhi gave chase; when his men reached the pits masses stumbled in, terror rippled through the ranks, and the host collapsed into chaos. Liu Fang unleashed his troops and routed them completely. Battle after battle ended in defeat until they abandoned their capital and fled. Liu Fang entered the capital and took eighteen ancestral spirit tablets, all cast in gold—proof that the dynasty had ruled for eighteen generations. When Liu Fang withdrew, Fan Zhi regained his old lands and dispatched envoys to sue for pardon; from then on tribute flowed without interruption. Chitu (Red Earth)—This realm was an offshoot of Funan. It stood amid the southern oceans; reaching its capital required more than a hundred days at sea. The earth was predominantly red, which gave the country its name. To the east lay Boluola, to the west Parasa, to the south Haradanta, and to the north the open ocean; the domain stretched several thousand li. The king belonged to the Gautama clan and was named Lifuduosai; he had no notion of other countries' proximity or distance. He explained that his father had abdicated to pursue the Buddhist path and passed the throne to Lifuduosai, who had already ruled sixteen years. He kept three wives, each a princess from a neighboring realm. His residence was the Sangha Capital, ringed by three gates spaced roughly a hundred paces apart. Every gate was painted with flying immortals, perfected beings, and bodhisattvas; golden floral bells and pennants hung overhead while dozens of women played music or carried golden blossoms. Four attendants were costumed like the diamond guardians at a pagoda's base and stood on either side of the gate. Outside the gate stood armed guards; inside, attendants bearing white Buddhist standards. The avenue was draped with white silk nets adorned with blossoms. Every structure in the royal quarter was multi-storied, its doors opening to the north, and the king sat facing northward. He occupied a couch stacked three tiers high. Dawn-glow silk clothed him; a golden floral crown crowned him; strings of assorted gems hung from his neck. Four women waited at his side while more than a hundred armed attendants guarded him. Behind the royal couch rose a wooden shrine inlaid with gold, silver, and fragrant hardwoods. A golden flame-banner hung behind the shrine; a pair of golden mirrors flanked the couch; golden vessels stood before the mirrors, each paired with a golden censer. Before him stood a golden recumbent ox; before the ox rose one jeweled canopy flanked by jeweled fans. Several hundred Brahmins sat in facing ranks, east and west. His chief ministers were one Saduogaluo, two Tanaodayi, and three Kalimijia, who jointly governed civil affairs; one Juluomodi who oversaw criminal law. Each city had one Nayage and ten Bodai officers.
5
其俗等皆穿耳剪髮，無跪拜之禮。 以香油塗身。 其俗敬佛，尤重婆羅門。 婦人作髻於項後。 男女通以朝霞、朝雲雜色布為衣。 豪富之室，恣意華靡，唯金鎖非王賜不得服用。 每婚嫁，擇吉日，女家先期五日，作樂飲酒，父執女手以授壻，七日乃配焉。 既娶則分財別居，唯幼子與父同居。 父母兄弟死則剔髮素服，就水上構竹木為棚，棚內積薪，以屍置上。 燒香建幡，吹蠡擊鼓以送之，縱火焚薪，遂落於水。 貴賤皆同。 唯國王燒訖，收灰貯以金瓶，藏於廟屋。 冬夏常溫，雨多霽少，種植無時，特宜稻、穄、白豆、黑麻，自餘物產多同於交阯。 以甘蔗作酒，雜以紫瓜根。 酒色黃赤，味亦香美。 亦名椰漿為酒。
Custom required everyone to pierce the ears and crop the hair; prostration and kneeling were unknown. They anointed their bodies with perfumed oil. They were devout Buddhists who held Brahmins in the highest esteem. Women dressed their hair in coils at the nape of the neck. Men and women alike dressed in dawn-glow and dawn-cloud silks of mixed colors. Wealthy households dressed as lavishly as they pleased, yet golden chains could be worn only when the king granted them. Weddings were timed to auspicious days. Five days before, the bride's family feasted with music and wine; the father placed his daughter's hand in the bridegroom's; only after seven days was the marriage completed. After marriage brothers divided the household estates and lived separately; only the youngest son stayed with his father. On the death of parents or siblings they shaved their heads, wore undyed mourning garb, built bamboo platforms on the water, piled fuel within, and laid the corpse on top. Incense burned, banners rose, conches and drums sounded for the send-off; the pyre was lit and the body fell into the water. Rich and poor observed the same rite. Only for the king were the ashes collected afterward into a golden flask and kept in the temple. The climate stayed warm year-round, with much rain and little sunshine. Crops could be planted at any season; rice, millet, white beans, and black sesame thrived especially, while other produce largely matched Jiaozhi's. They fermented liquor from sugarcane blended with purple gourd root. The brew ran yellow-red and tasted fragrant and fine. Coconut sap served as another kind of wine.
6
煬帝即位，募能通絕域者。 大業三年，屯田主事常駿、虞部主事王君政等請使赤土。 帝大悅，賜駿等帛各百匹，時服一襲而遣。 齎物五千段，以賜赤土王。 其年十月，駿等自南海郡乘舟，晝夜二旬，每值便風。 至焦石山而過，東南泊陵伽鉢拔多洲，西與林邑相對，上有神祠焉。 又南行，至師子石，自是島嶼連接。 又行二三日，西望見狼牙須國之山，於是南達雞籠島，至於赤土之界。 其王遣婆羅門鳩摩羅以舶三十艘來迎，吹蠡擊鼓，以樂隋使，進金鎖以纜駿船。 月餘，至其都，王遣其子那邪迦請與駿等禮見。 先遣人送金盤，貯香花并鏡鑷，金合二枚，貯香油，金瓶八枚，貯香水，白疊布四條，以擬供使者盥洗。 其日未時，那邪迦又將象二頭，持孔雀蓋以迎使人，并致金花、金盤以藉詔函。 男女百人奏蠡鼓，婆羅門二人導路，至王宮。 駿等奉詔書上閣，王以下皆坐。 宣詔訖，引駿等坐，奏天竺樂。 事畢，駿等還館，又遣婆羅門就館送食，以草葉為盤，其大方丈。 因謂駿曰：「今是大國中人，非復赤土國矣。 飲食疎薄，願為大國意而食之。」 後數日，請駿等入宴，儀衞導從如初見之禮。 王前設兩牀，牀上并設草葉盤，方一丈五尺，上有黃白紫赤四色之餅，牛、羊、魚、鼈、猪、蝳蝐之肉百餘品。 延駿升牀，從者坐於地席，各以金鍾置酒，女樂迭奏，禮遺甚厚。 尋遣那邪迦隨駿貢方物，并獻金芙蓉冠、龍腦香。 以鑄金為多羅葉，隱起成文以為表，金函封之，令婆羅門以香花奏蠡鼓而送之。 既入海，見綠魚羣飛水上。 浮海十餘日，至林邑東南，並山而行。 其海水闊千餘步，色黃氣腥，舟行一日不絕，云是大魚糞也。 循海北岸，達于交阯。 駿以六年春與那邪迦於弘農謁，帝大悅，賜駿等物二百段，俱授秉義尉，那邪迦等官賞各有差。 真臘真臘國，在林邑西南，本扶南之屬國也。 去日南郡舟行六十日，而南接車渠國，西有朱江國。 其王姓剎利氏，名質多斯那。 自其祖漸已強盛，至質多斯那，遂兼扶南而有之。 死，子伊奢那先代立。 居伊奢那城，郭下二萬餘家。 城中有一大堂，是王聽政之所。 總大城三十，城有數千家，各有部帥，官名與林邑同。 其王三日一聽朝，坐五香七寶牀，上施寶帳。 其帳以文木為竿，象牙、金鈿為壁，狀如小屋，懸金光焰，有同於赤土。 前有金香鑪，二人侍側。 王着朝霞古貝，瞞絡腰腹，下垂至脛，頭戴金寶花冠，被真珠瓔珞，足履革屣，耳懸金璫。 常服白疊，以象牙為屩。 若露髮，則不加瓔珞。 臣人服製，大抵相類。 有五大臣，一曰孤落支，二曰高相憑，三曰婆何多陵，四曰舍摩陵，五曰髯多婁，及諸小臣。 朝於王者，輒以階下三稽首。 王喚上階，則跪，以兩手抱膊，遶王環坐。 議政事訖，跪伏而去。 階庭門閣，侍衞有千餘人，被甲持仗。 其國與參半、朱江二國和親，數與林邑、陀桓二國戰爭。 其人行止皆持甲仗，若有征伐，因而用之。 其俗非王正妻子，不得為嗣。 王初立之日，所有兄弟並刑殘之，或去一指，或劓其鼻，別處供給，不得仕進。
After Emperor Yang took the throne he sought out men capable of crossing to the remotest lands. In Daye year 3, agricultural intendant Chang Jun and supplies officer Wang Junzheng petitioned to go to Chitu. The emperor was delighted, granted each of them a hundred bolts of silk and a suit of court robes, and dispatched them. They bore five thousand bolts of goods as gifts for the king of Red Earth. In the tenth month of that year they set sail from Nanhai Commandery and, with fair winds whenever they arose, made the passage in twenty days and nights. They passed Jiaoshi Mountain and anchored southeast at Lingjiaboduo Island, west of which lay Linyi and on which stood a spirit shrine. Continuing south they came to Lion Rock, beyond which islands stretched in an unbroken chain. Two or three days farther on they sighted westward the mountains of Langyaxu, then sailed south to Jilong Island and entered Red Earth's territory. The king sent the Brahmin Jumoluo with thirty ships to meet them. Conches blared and drums thundered in salute to the Sui mission, and golden chains were offered to berth Chang Jun's ship. After more than a month they arrived at the capital, where the king sent his son Nayage to invite Chang Jun and his party to an audience. Envoys went ahead with a golden tray of fragrant blossoms, mirror and tweezers, two golden boxes of scented oil, eight golden flasks of perfumed water, and four bolts of white gauze for the diplomats' ceremonial washing. That afternoon Nayage returned with two elephants and a peacock-feather canopy to greet the envoys, and sent golden blossoms and a golden tray to bear the imperial letter case. A hundred men and women beat conch drums while two Brahmins led the procession to the palace. Chang Jun and his party presented the edict in the upper hall; the king and his court were seated. After the edict was read they seated Chang Jun and his companions and performed music from India. When the ceremony ended the envoys returned to their quarters, where Brahmins brought food on leaf platters each about ten feet square. They told Chang Jun, "You are guests of a great empire now, no longer mere visitors from Red Earth. Our fare is humble; please accept it in the spirit of your great realm. A few days later they invited the envoys to a banquet with the same guard and ceremonial escort as at the first audience. Before the king stood two couches, each bearing leaf platters fifteen feet square piled with yellow, white, purple, and red cakes and more than a hundred dishes of beef, mutton, fish, turtle, pork, and shellfish. Chang Jun was invited onto the couch while his attendants sat on mats below, each with a golden cup of wine; female musicians played in succession, and the hospitality was lavish. Soon Nayage was sent to accompany Chang Jun home with tribute goods, including a golden lotus crown and dragon-brain camphor. They cast gold into bodhi-leaf plaques inscribed with raised text as a formal tribute document, sealed it in a golden casket, and sent Brahmins with flowers and conch drums to see the mission off. Once at sea they saw shoals of green fish skimming the surface. After more than ten days at sea they reached the southeast of Linyi and coasted along the mountains. The water stretched more than a thousand paces across, yellow and foul; a ship could sail a full day without leaving it, which they said was the droppings of enormous fish. They followed the northern coast until they reached Jiaozhi. In the spring of Daye year 6 Chang Jun and Nayage were received at Hongnong. The emperor was delighted, granted two hundred lengths of goods to the envoys, appointed them all Bearer of Righteousness Commandants, and rewarded Nayage and his party with offices of varying rank. Zhenla—This kingdom lay southwest of Linyi and had originally been a dependency of Funan. It lay sixty days' sail from Rinan Commandery; Chequ bordered it to the south and Zhujiang to the west. The king belonged to the Kshatriya clan and was named Zhiduosina. His line had grown steadily stronger since his forebears' day; under Zhiduosina they annexed Funan outright. At his death his son Yishena ascended the throne. He ruled from Yishena City, which held more than twenty thousand households within its outer walls. A great hall in the city served as the seat of royal government. The realm comprised thirty major cities of several thousand households each, each with its own commander; official titles matched those of Linyi. The king held audience every third day, seated on a couch of five aromatics and seven treasures beneath a jeweled canopy. The canopy's poles were carved hardwood, its walls ivory and gold inlay shaped like a small pavilion, with a golden flame-banner hanging above—much as in Red Earth. A golden censer stood before him with two attendants at his side. The king wore dawn-glow cotton, a wrap about waist and hips falling to the shins, a golden floral crown studded with gems, strings of pearls, leather sandals, and golden earrings. For everyday dress he wore white gauze and ivory sandals. When his hair was uncovered he wore no pearl necklaces. His subjects' dress followed much the same pattern. Five great ministers—Guluo Zhi, Gaoxiang Ping, Poheduo Ling, Shemo Ling, and Randuo Lou—headed a host of lesser officials. Ministers approaching the throne always kowtowed three times at the foot of the steps. When summoned up the steps they knelt, clasped their arms, and sat in a ring around the king. When business was finished they prostrated themselves and withdrew. More than a thousand armored guards with weapons stood on the steps, in the courtyard, and at the gates. Zhenla was allied by marriage with Canban and Zhujiang but fought repeatedly with Linyi and Tuohuan. Its people went about always armed; when war arose they were ready at once. By custom only a son of the king's principal wife could inherit the throne. On the day a new king was enthroned every brother was mutilated—one finger cut off or the nose severed—then settled elsewhere on an allowance and barred from office forever.
7
人形小而色黑。 婦人亦有白者。 悉拳髮垂耳，性氣捷勁。 居處器物頗類赤土。 以右手為淨，左手為穢。 每旦澡洗，以楊枝淨齒，讀誦經呪。 又澡洒乃食，食罷還用楊枝淨齒，又讀經呪。 飲食多蘇酪、沙糖、秔粟、米餅。 欲食之時，先取雜肉羹與餅相和，手擩而食。 娶妻者，唯送衣一具，擇日遣媒人迎婦。 男女二家各八日不出，晝夜燃燈不息。 男婚禮畢，即與父母分財別居。 父母死，小兒未婚者，以餘財與之。 若婚畢，財物入官。 其喪葬，兒女皆七日不食，剔髮而哭，僧尼、道士、親故皆來聚會，音樂送之。 以五香木燒屍，收灰以金銀瓶盛，送于大水之內。 貧者或用瓦，而以彩色畫之。 亦有不焚，送屍山中，任野獸食者。
The people were short and dark-skinned. Some women were fair-skinned as well. All wore their curly hair to the ears; they were quick-tempered and vigorous by nature. Their dwellings and furnishings resembled those of Red Earth. The right hand was pure, the left hand unclean. Each morning they bathed, cleaned their teeth with willow twigs, and chanted sutras and spells. They bathed again before eating; after the meal they once more cleaned their teeth with willow twigs and chanted sutras. Their diet consisted chiefly of butter, rock sugar, husked grain, and rice cakes. Before eating they mixed assorted meat broth with cakes and ate by hand, kneading the food together. A suitor sent only one suit of clothing; on an auspicious day a matchmaker was dispatched to bring home the bride. Both families kept to their houses for eight days while lamps burned day and night without rest. Once the wedding rites were complete the groom divided the family property and set up his own household. When parents died, any unmarried younger son received the remaining estate. If he was already married, the property reverted to the crown. At funerals sons and daughters fasted seven days, shaved their heads, and mourned while monks, nuns, Taoist priests, and kin gathered and music accompanied the procession. Corpses were burned on five-fragrance wood; the ashes were placed in gold or silver flasks and committed to the open sea. The poor used painted earthenware vessels instead. Some did not burn the body at all but left it in the hills for wild beasts.
8
其國北多山阜，南有水澤，地氣尤熱，無霜雪，饒瘴癘毒蠚。 土宜粱稻，少黍粟，果菜與日南、九真相類。 異者有婆那娑樹，無花，葉似柿，實似冬瓜； 菴羅樹，花葉似棗，實似李； 毗野樹，花似木瓜，葉似杏，實似楮； 婆田羅樹，花葉實並似棗而小異； 歌畢他樹，花似林檎，葉似榆而厚大，實似李，其大如升。 自餘多同九真。 海中有魚名建同，四足，無鱗，其鼻如象，吸水上噴，高五六十尺。 有浮胡魚，其形似䱉，嘴如鸚鵡，有八足。 多大魚，半身出水，望之如山。
The north was hilly, the south marshy; the climate was intensely hot, without frost or snow, and thick with malarial miasma and venomous insects. The soil favored millet and rice rather than broomcorn; fruits and vegetables resembled those of Rinan and Jiuzhen. Among unusual plants was the panasa tree, which bore no flowers, had leaves like persimmon, and fruit like winter melon; the amra tree, whose flowers and leaves resembled jujube and whose fruit resembled plums; the piye tree, with blossoms like papaya, leaves like apricot, and fruit like paper mulberry; the potianluo tree, whose flowers, leaves, and fruit all resembled jujube with slight differences; and the gebida tree, with blossoms like crab apple, thick elm-like leaves, and plum-sized fruit as large as a pint measure. Other produce largely matched that of Jiuzhen. The sea held a creature called Jiantong, four-legged and scaleless, with a trunk like an elephant's that sucked up water and spouted it fifty or sixty feet into the air. There was also a Fuhu fish shaped like a sturgeon, with a parrot-like beak and eight legs. Enormous fish often surfaced halfway out of the water, looming from a distance like hills.
9
每五六月中，毒氣流行，即以白猪、白牛、白羊於城西門外祠之。 不然者，五穀不登，六畜多死，人眾疾疫。 近都有陵伽鉢婆山，上有神祠，每以兵五千人守衞之。 城東有神名婆多利，祭用人肉。 其王年別殺人，以夜祀禱，亦有守衞者千人。 其敬鬼如此。 多奉佛法，尤信道士，佛及道士並立像於館。
In the fifth and sixth months, when miasma spread, they sacrificed white pigs, white cattle, and white sheep outside the west gate. Without these rites the harvest would fail, livestock would perish, and epidemics would ravage the people. Near the capital stood Mount Lingjiabopo with a spirit shrine guarded by five thousand soldiers. East of the city a spirit named Potuoli received sacrifices of human flesh. Each year the king executed victims for nocturnal rites, with a thousand guards posted at the shrine. Such was their devotion to spirits. They were devout Buddhists who also placed great faith in Taoist masters; images of both were installed in their halls.
10
大業十二年，遣使貢獻，帝禮之甚厚，其後亦絕。 婆利婆利國，自交阯浮海，南過赤土、丹丹，乃至其國。 國界東西四月行，南北四十五日行。 王姓剎利邪伽，名護濫那婆。 官曰獨訶邪挐，次曰獨訶氏挐。 國人善投輪刀，其大如鏡，中有竅，外鋒如鋸，遠以投人，無不中。 其餘兵器與中國略同。 俗類真臘，物產同於林邑。 其殺人及盜，截其手，姦者鎖其足，朞年而止。 祭祀必以月晦，盤貯酒肴，浮之流水。 每十一月，必設大祭。 海出珊瑚。 有鳥名舍利，解人語。
In Daye year 12 they sent tribute envoys whom the emperor received with great honor; afterward contact ceased as well. Bali—From Jiaozhi one sailed south past Red Earth and Dandan to reach this kingdom. The realm measured four months' travel east to west and forty-five days north to south. The king belonged to the Kshatriya clan and was named Hulannapo. Chief ministers were titled Duheyanie, with Duheshanie beneath them. Its people excelled at hurling disc-knives as large as mirrors, pierced at the center with saw-toothed rims that never missed their mark at a distance. Their other weapons were much the same as China's. Customs resembled Zhenla's and products matched Linyi's. Murderers and thieves had their hands cut off; adulterers were shackled by the feet for a year. Sacrifices were always held on the last day of the month, with platters of food and wine set adrift on the current. Every eleventh month they held a major festival. Coral came from their seas. A bird called Sheli could understand human speech.
11
大業十二年，遣使朝貢，後遂絕。 于時南荒有丹丹、盤盤二國，亦來貢方物，其風俗物產，大抵相類云。
In Daye year 12 they sent tribute envoys; contact ceased thereafter. At that time the southern realms of Dandan and Panpan also sent native goods; their customs and products were said to be much the same.
12
史臣曰：禮云：「南方曰蠻，有不火食者矣。」 書稱：「蠻夷猾夏。」 詩曰：「蠢爾蠻荊。」 種類實繁，代為紛梗。 自秦并二楚，漢平百越，地窮丹徼，景極日南，水陸可居，咸為郡縣。 暨乎境分吳、蜀，時經晉、宋，道有污隆，服叛不一。 高祖受命，克平九宇，煬帝纂業，威加八荒。 甘心遠夷，志求珍異，故師出於流求，兵加於林邑，威振殊俗，過於秦、漢遠矣。 雖有荒外之功，無救域中之敗。 傳曰：「非聖人，外寧必內憂。」 誠哉斯言也！
The historiographer remarks: The Book of Rites says, "The south is called the land of the Man, where some peoples do not cook their food with fire. The Book of Documents declares, "The barbarians of the four quarters harass the central lands." The Book of Odes says, "You foolish barbarians of Jing." Their tribes are indeed numerous, and age after age they have stirred disorder. From the Qin conquest of Chu and the Han pacification of the Hundred Yue, the frontier ran to the Vermilion March and the horizon to Rinan; every habitable coast and river valley was organized into commanderies and counties. When the land was split between Wu and Shu and through the Jin and Song eras, fortunes rose and fell and allegiance shifted without end. Emperor Gaozu received Heaven's mandate and pacified the nine realms; Emperor Yang succeeded him and extended imperial might to the eight directions. He bent his will toward distant peoples and coveted exotic treasures, dispatching armies to Liuqiu and troops against Linyi until foreign realms trembled at Sui might—a reach that far exceeded Qin and Han. For all their triumphs beyond the frontier, they could not stave off catastrophe at the heart of the empire. The Commentary says, "When the ruler is no sage, peace abroad is sure to breed trouble within. How true indeed that saying proves!