1
張恂鹿生張應[1]宋世景路邕閻慶胤明亮杜纂裴佗竇瑗羊敦蘇淑
Zhang Xun, Lu Sheng, Zhang Ying, Song Shijing, Lu Yong, Yan Qingyin, Ming Liang, Du Zuan, Pei Tuo, Dou Yuan, Yang Dun, and Su Shu
2
罷侯置守，歷年永久，統以方牧，仍世相循，所以寬猛為用，庇民調俗。 但廉平常迹，聲問難高； 適時應務，招響必速。 是故摶擊為侯，起不旋踵； 儒弱貽咎，錄用無時。 此則已然於前世矣。 後之為吏，與世沉浮，季叔澆漓，姦巧多緒，所以蒲、密無為之化，難見其人。 有魏初拓中州，兼并疆域，河南、關右，遺黎未純，擁節分符，多出豐沛。 政術治風，未能咸允，雖動貽大戮，而貪虐未悛，亦由網漏吞舟，時挂一目。 高祖肅明綱紀，賞罰必行，肇革舊軌，時多奉法。 世宗優遊而治，寬政遂往，太和之風，頗以陵替。 肅宗馭運，天下淆然，其於移風革俗之美，浮虎還珠之政，九州百郡，無所聞焉。 且書其為時所稱者，以著良吏云爾。
Once feudal lords were replaced by commandery administrators, power passed for generations through regional governors; governing meant balancing leniency and severity to protect the people and shape society. Quiet integrity, however, leaves little to notice, and a sterling reputation is hard to win. Those who seized the moment and met the needs of the age won fame overnight. Hence the bold could become marquises almost overnight; while the timid scholar was blamed and passed over for appointment after appointment. Such patterns were already plain in earlier times. Later officials rode the currents of their day; morals grew thin and trickery proliferated, so the effortless, people-centered rule of Pu and Mi became all but impossible to find. When Northern Wei first opened the central provinces and swallowed new lands, the people of the Yellow River region and the western passes were still not fully assimilated, and most governors bearing imperial authority came from the old northern homeland around Feng and Pei. Their governance often fell short; though some who overstepped paid with their lives, greed and cruelty persisted, for the law's mesh was loose enough to let great wrongdoers slip through while only an occasional offender was caught. Emperor Xiaowen clarified discipline, enforced rewards and punishments without fail, and at first swept away old abuses, so that for a time many officials kept within the law. Emperor Xuanwu ruled in leisurely fashion with ever looser policy, and the upright ethos of the Taihe reign faded markedly. Under Emperor Xiaoming the empire fell into disorder; nowhere among its provinces and commanderies could one hear of reforms that truly changed the people, or of the legendary probity symbolized by floating tigers and returned pearls. We therefore record those acclaimed in their day as exemplars of virtuous officialdom.
3
張恂，字洪讓，上谷沮陽人也。 隨兄袞歸國，參代王軍事。 恂言於太祖曰：「金運失御，劉石紛紜，慕容竊號山東，苻姚盜器秦隴，遂使三靈乏響，九域曠君。 大王樹基玄朔，重明積聖，自北而南，化被燕趙。 今中土遺民，望雲冀潤。 宜因斯會，以建大業。」 太祖深器異，厚加禮焉。 皇始初，拜中書侍郎，幃幄密謀，頗預參議。 從將軍奚牧略地晉川，拜鎮遠將軍，賜爵平臯子。 出為廣平太守。 恂招集離散，勸課農桑，民歸之者千戶。 遷常山太守。 恂開建學校，優顯儒士。 吏民歌詠之。 於時喪亂之後，罕能克厲，惟恂當官清白，仁恕臨下，百姓親愛之，其治為當時第一。 太祖聞而嘉歎。 太宗即位，賜帛三百匹，徵拜太中大夫。 神瑞三年卒，年六十九。 恂性清儉，不營產業，身死之日，家無餘財。 太宗悼惜之，贈征虜將軍、并州刺史、平臯侯，諡曰宣。
Zhang Xun, whose courtesy name was Hongrang, came from Juyang in Shanggu commandery. He followed his elder brother Gun home to Dai and served on the Prince of Dai's military staff. Xun said to Emperor Taizu: "The Jin dynasty has lost control of the realm; the Liu and Shi families war in chaos; Murong has seized the throne east of the mountains, and Fu and Yao have stolen imperial authority in Qin and Long, until Heaven, Earth, and Man no longer answer and the empire has no ruler. Your Highness has laid your foundation in the far north and renewed the accumulated virtue of sages; your civilizing influence spreads from north to south across Yan and Zhao. The remnant people of the central plains now look to your clouds and long for your nourishing rain. You should seize this moment to found the great enterprise." Emperor Taizu was deeply impressed by his talent and treated him with exceptional courtesy. At the start of the Huangshi era he was appointed Gentleman of the Secretariat and often joined the inner councils of state. He followed General Xi Mu in campaigning in Jinzhou, was appointed General Who Pacifies the Distance, and was enfeoffed as Baron of Pinggao. He was appointed Administrator of Guangping. Xun gathered refugees, urged farming and mulberry cultivation, and more than a thousand households came under his rule. He was transferred to Administrator of Changshan. Xun founded schools and honored Confucian scholars. Officials and commoners sang his praises. In the aftermath of war, few officials could discipline themselves; only Xun served with spotless integrity and governed his subordinates with benevolence and forbearance. The people loved him, and his administration was ranked first in the land. When Emperor Taizu heard of this, he praised him warmly. When Emperor Taizong came to the throne, he granted him three hundred bolts of silk and summoned him as Grand Master of Palace Counsel. He died in the third year of the Shenrui era, at the age of sixty-nine. Xun was by nature pure and frugal; he did not build up property, and when he died his family had no wealth left. Emperor Taizong mourned his loss and posthumously appointed him General Who Punishes the Barbarians, Inspector of Bing Province, and Marquis of Pinggao, with the posthumous title Xuan.
4
子純，字道尚，襲爵。 鎮遠將軍、平臯子。 坐事爵除。
His son Chun, courtesy name Daoshang, inherited the title. He held the rank of General Who Pacifies the Distance and Baron of Pinggao. For an offense his noble title was stripped away.
5
純弟代，字定燕。 陳留、北平二郡太守。 卒，贈冠軍將軍、營州刺史，諡曰惠侯。 代所歷著清稱，有父之遺風。
Chun's younger brother Dai, whose courtesy name was Dingyan. He served as Administrator of Chenliu and Beiping commanderies. When he died he was posthumously made General Who Conquers the Champions and Inspector of Ying Province, with the posthumous title Marquis Hui. In every post he held Dai earned a reputation for integrity, carrying on his father's ways.
6
代子長年，中書博士。 出為寧遠將軍、汝南太守。 有郡民劉崇之兄弟分析，家貧惟有一牛，爭之不決，訟於郡庭。 長年見之，悽然曰：「汝曹當以一牛，故致此競，脫有二牛，各應得一，豈有訟理。」 即以家牛一頭賜之。 於是郡境之中各相誡約，咸敦敬讓。 太和初，卒於家。
Dai's son Changnian served as Erudite of the Secretariat. He was appointed General of Pacifying the Distance and Administrator of Runan. Two brothers of the commandery, Liu Chongzhi and his kin, were dividing the family estate; they were so poor they owned only one ox, could not agree who should have it, and brought the dispute to the commandery court. Changnian saw them and said sadly: "You fight over one ox and come to court over it; if you had two oxen, each of you would take one—what reason would there be to sue?" He then gave them one ox from his own household. After that, people throughout the commandery admonished one another and all cultivated respect and forbearance. At the beginning of the Taihe era he died at home.
7
子琛，字寶貴，少有孝行。 歷武騎常侍、羽林監、太子翊軍校尉。 卒。
His son Chen, courtesy name Baogui, was known from youth for filial devotion. He served in turn as Cavalry Constant Attendant, Supervisor of the Feathered Forest, and Colonel Adjutant of the Crown Prince's Protecting Army. He died.
8
子略，武定中，左光祿大夫。
His son Lue, during the Wuding era, served as Left Grand Master of Splendid Happiness.
9
鹿生，濟陰乘氏人。 父壽興，沮渠牧犍庫部郎。 生再為濟南太守，有治稱。 顯祖嘉其能，特徵赴季秋馬射，賜以驄馬，加以青服，彰其廉潔。 前後在任十年。 時三齊始附，人懷苟且，蒲博終朝，頗廢農業。 生立制斷之，聞者嗟善。 後歷徐州任城王澄、廣陵侯元衍征東、安南二府長史，帶淮陽太守、郯城鎮將。 年七十四，正始中卒。 追贈龍驤將軍、兗州刺史。
Lu Sheng came from Chengshi in Jiyin commandery. His father Shouxing had been a clerk in the treasury department under Juqu Mujian. Sheng twice served as Administrator of Jinan and won renown for his administration. Emperor Xianzu admired his talent and specially summoned him to the autumn horse archery; he granted him a dappled horse and blue robes to honor his integrity and frugality. He held office for ten years in all. When the three Qi regions had just submitted, people took easy ways; they gambled all day and neglected farming on a wide scale. Sheng set rules forbidding this, and those who heard of it praised his good policy. Later he served as chief clerk on the eastern and southern campaign staffs of Prince Cheng of Xuzhou and the Marquis of Guangling, and concurrently as Administrator of Huaiyang and Commandant of Tangcheng. He died in the Zhengshi era at the age of seventy-four. He was posthumously appointed General of the Soaring Dragon and Inspector of Yan Province.
10
張應，不知何許人。 延興中，為魯郡太守。 應履行貞素，聲績著聞。 妻子樵采以自供。 高祖深嘉其能，遷京兆太守。 所在清白，得吏民之忻心焉。
Zhang Ying — his native place is unknown. During the Yanxing era he served as Administrator of Lu commandery. Ying's conduct was chaste and plain, and his reputation and achievements were widely known. His wife and children gathered firewood to provide for themselves. Emperor Gaozu greatly admired his ability and transferred him to Administrator of Jingzhao. Wherever he served he remained pure and upright, winning the wholehearted regard of officials and commoners.
11
宋世景，廣平人，河南尹翻之第三弟也。 少自修立，事親以孝聞。 與弟道璵下帷誦讀，博覽羣言，尤精經義。 族兄弁甚重之。 舉秀才，對策上第，拜國子助教，遷彭城王勰開府法曹行參軍。 勰愛其才學，雅相器敬。 高祖亦嘉之。 遷司徒法曹行參軍。
Song Shijing was a native of Guangping, the third younger brother of Henan Intendant Song Fan. From youth he cultivated himself, and in serving his parents he was known for filial piety. With his younger brother Daoqu he studied behind the curtain, reading widely among authors and especially mastering the meaning of the classics. His clansman Song Bian held him in high regard. Recommended as an Elevated Scholar, he ranked highest in the policy debate; he was appointed Assistant Instructor of the National University, then transferred as Acting Aide in the Law Section on Prince Xie of Pengcheng's staff. Prince Xie cherished his talent and learning and held him in high esteem. Emperor Gaozu also praised him. He was transferred to Acting Aide in the Law Section of the Secretariat.
12
世景明刑理，著律令，裁決疑獄，剖判如流。 轉尚書祠部郎。 彭城王勰每稱之曰：「宋世景精識，尚書僕射才也。」 臺中疑事，右僕射高肇常以委之。 世景既才長從政，加之夙勤不怠，兼領數曹，深著稱績。 頻為左僕射源懷引為行臺郎。 巡察州鎮十有餘所，黜陟賞罰莫不咸允。 遷徙七鎮，別置諸戍，明設亭候，以備北虜。 懷大相委重。 還而薦之於世宗曰：「宋世景文武才略，當今寡儔，清平忠直，亦少其比。 陛下若任之以機要，終不減李沖也。」 世宗曰：「朕亦聞之。」 尚書令、廣陽王嘉，右僕射高肇，吏部尚書、中山王英共薦世景為國子博士，尋薦為尚書右丞。 王顯與宋弁有隙，毀之於世宗，故事寢不報。
Shijing understood penal law, drafted statutes and ordinances, resolved doubtful cases, and adjudicated with the ease of flowing water. He was transferred to Gentleman of the Secretariat in the Sacrificial Section. Prince Xie of Pengcheng often said of him: "Song Shijing's insight is keen—he has the talent of a Vice Director of the Secretariat. When doubtful matters arose in the Secretariat, Vice Director Gao Zhao regularly entrusted them to him. Shijing was gifted in administration and had long been diligent and tireless; holding several bureaus at once, he achieved distinguished results. Vice Director Yuan Huai repeatedly took him on as Traveling Secretariat Attendant. He inspected more than ten provinces and garrisons; in dismissals, promotions, rewards, and punishments, none failed to be fitting. He relocated the seven garrisons, established separate posts, and clearly set sentry stations to guard against the northern barbarians. Yuan Huai greatly relied on and valued him. On returning he recommended him to Emperor Shizong, saying: "Song Shijing's civil and martial talent and strategy are rarely matched today; in clarity, impartiality, loyalty, and directness few can compare with him. If Your Majesty employs him in crucial posts, he will in the end prove no less than Li Chong. Emperor Shizong said: "I have heard of him as well." Secretariat Director Prince Guangyang Yuan Jia, Vice Director Gao Zhao, and Minister of Personnel Prince Zhongshan Yuan Ying jointly recommended Shijing as Erudite of the National University, and soon after as Deputy Director of the Secretariat. Wang Xian bore a grudge against Song Bian and slandered Shijing to Emperor Shizong; the recommendation lay dormant without response.
13
尋加伏波將軍，行滎陽太守。 鄭氏豪橫，號為難治。 濟州刺史鄭尚弟遠慶先為苑陵令，多所受納，百姓患之。 世景下車，召而謂之曰：「與卿親，宜假借。 吾未至之前，一不相問，今日之後，終不相捨。」 而遠慶行意自若。 世景繩之以法，遠慶懼，棄官亡走。 於是僚屬畏威，莫不改肅。 終日坐於廳事，未嘗寢息。 縣史、三正及諸細民，至即見之，無早晚之節。 來者無不盡其情抱，皆假之恩顏，屏人密語。 民間之事，巨細必知，發姦摘伏，有若神明。 嘗有一吏，休滿還郡，食人鷄[單斤]； 又有一幹，受人一帽，又食二鷄。 世景叱之曰，汝何敢食甲乙鷄[單斤]，取丙丁之帽！ 吏幹叩頭伏罪。 於是上下震悚，莫敢犯禁。 坐弟道璵事除名。
Soon he was given the additional title General Who Subdues the Waves and appointed Acting Administrator of Xingyang. The powerful Zheng clan was overbearing; the region was known as difficult to govern. Inspector of Ji Province Zheng Shangdi's younger brother Yuanqing had earlier been Magistrate of Yuanling and took many bribes, to the people's distress. When Shijing took office he summoned Yuanqing and said: "We are kin, and I ought to show you favor. Before I came I never questioned you; from today on we shall never be apart." Yet Yuanqing behaved as if unconcerned. Shijing restrained him by law; Yuanqing was afraid, abandoned his post, and fled. Then the staff feared his authority, and all reformed themselves in awe. All day he sat in the hall and never lay down to rest. County clerks, the three headmen, and commoners of every rank—he received them as soon as they came, with no distinction between early and late. None who came failed to speak their whole mind; he would show them a kindly face, send attendants away, and talk with them in private. He knew every matter among the people, great or small; in exposing crime and catching the concealed, he seemed almost divine. Once an official whose term of leave had ended was returning to the commandery and had eaten someone's chicken; There was also a clerk who had accepted a man's hat and had eaten two chickens. Shijing rebuked them: "How dare you eat the chickens of one man and take the hat of another!" The official and clerk kowtowed and confessed their guilt. From that time on, high and low were shaken with fear, and no one dared break the law. Because of his younger brother Daoqu's case he was struck from the rolls.
14
世景友于之性，過絕於人，及道璵死，哭之哀切，酸感行路，形容毀悴，見者莫不歎愍。 歲餘，母喪，遂不勝哀而卒。 世景嘗撰晉書，竟未得就。
Shijing's brotherly love exceeded that of ordinary men; when Daoqu died he wept so bitterly that passersby were moved to tears, his face wasted and haggard, and all who saw him sighed in pity. A year later his mother died, and he could not bear the grief and passed away. Shijing once undertook a History of Jin but never finished it.
15
子季儒，遺腹生。 弱冠，太守崔楷辟為功曹，起家太學博士、明威將軍。 曾至譙宋之間，為文弔嵇康，甚有理致。 後夜寢，室壞壓殞，年二十五，時人咸傷惜之。
His son Jiru was born after his death. At twenty he was recruited by Administrator Cui Kai as Registrar and entered service as Erudite of the Imperial University and General of Illustrious Might. He once traveled between Qiao and Song and composed a funeral elegy for Ji Kang that was most finely argued. Later, while he slept one night, the room collapsed and killed him. He was twenty-five, and all who knew of it grieved.
16
路邕，陽平清淵人。 世宗時，積功勞，除齊州東魏郡太守，有惠政。 靈太后詔曰：「邕莅政清勤，善綏民俗。 比經年儉，郡內饑饉，羣庶嗷嗷，將就溝壑，而邕自出家粟，賑賜貧窘，民以獲濟。 雖古之良守，何以尚茲。 宜見霑錫，以垂奬勸。 可賜龍厩馬一匹、衣一襲、被褥一具。 班宣州鎮，咸使聞知。」 邕以善治民，稍遷至南青州刺史而卒。
Lu Yong came from Qingyuan in Yangping commandery. During Emperor Xuanwu's reign, through accumulated service he was appointed Administrator of Dongwei in Qi Province and governed with benevolent policy. Empress Dowager Ling issued an edict: "Yong has governed with purity and diligence and has skillfully soothed the people's customs. In recent years there has been famine; hunger spread through the commandery and the people were on the verge of starvation, yet Yong brought grain from his own household to feed the poor, and the people were saved. Even the finest administrators of antiquity could hardly surpass this. He should receive favor and reward as an example to others. Grant him one horse from the imperial stables, one suit of clothes, and one set of bedding. Proclaim this throughout the provinces and garrisons so that all may hear of it." For his skill in governing the people he was gradually promoted to Inspector of Southern Yan Province, where he later died.
17
閻慶胤，不知何許人。 [2]為東秦州敷城太守。 在政五年，清勤厲俗。 頻年饑饉，慶胤歲常以家粟千石賑恤貧窮，民賴以濟。 其部民楊寶龍等一千餘人，申訟美政。 有司奏曰：「案慶胤自莅此郡，惠政有聞，又能自以己粟贍恤饑饉，乃有子愛百姓之義。 如不少加優賚，無以厲彼貪殘。 又案齊州東魏郡太守路邕，在郡治能與之相埒，語其分贍又亦不殊，而聖旨優隆賜以衣馬，求情即理，謂合同賞。」 靈太后卒無褒賞焉。
Yan Qingyin — his native place is unknown. [2] He served as Administrator of Fucheng in Eastern Qin Province. In five years of office he was pure, diligent, and strict in reforming local custom. In years of repeated famine Qingyin every year used a thousand piculs of his household grain to relieve the poor, on whom the people depended for survival. More than a thousand of his subjects, including Yang Baolong, submitted petitions praising his excellent governance. The relevant office memorialized: "Our investigation shows that since Qingyin took this commandery his benevolent rule has been widely noted, and he was able to use his own grain to relieve famine—truly the conduct of one who loves the people as his children. If he is not given additional favor and reward, there will be no way to restrain the greedy and cruel. We further find that Lu Yong, Administrator of Dongwei in Qi Province, governed with comparable ability and was no less generous in sharing provisions, yet the imperial edict specially honored Yong with clothes and horses. By reason, we hold that equal reward is fitting." In the end Empress Dowager Ling granted no reward or commendation.
18
明亮，字文德，平原人。 [3]性方厚，有識幹。 自給事中歷員外常侍。 延昌中，世宗臨朝堂，親自黜陟，授亮勇武將軍。 亮進曰：「臣本官常侍，是第三清。 今授臣勇武，其號至濁。 且文武又殊，請更改授。」 世宗曰：「今依勞行賞，不論清濁，卿何得乃復以清濁為辭！」 亮曰：「聖明在上，清濁故分。 臣既屬聖明，是以敢啟。」 世宗曰：「九流之內，人咸君子，雖文武號殊，佐治一也。 卿何得獨欲乖眾，妄相清濁。 所請未可，但依前授。」 亮曰：「今江左未賓，書軌宜一。 方為陛下授命前驅，拓定吳會。 官爵陛下之所輕，賤命微臣之所重，陛下方收所重，何惜所輕。」 世宗笑曰：「卿欲為朕拓定江表，揃平蕭衍，揃平拓定，非勇武莫可。 今之所授，是副卿言。 辭勇及武，自相矛盾。」 亮曰：「臣欲仰禀聖規，運籌而定，何假勇武，方乃成功。」 世宗曰：「謀勇二事，體本相須。 若勇而無謀，則勇不獨舉； 若謀而無勇，則謀不孤行。 必須兼兩，乃能制勝，何得云偏須運籌而不復假勇乎？」 亮曰：「請改授平遠將軍。」 世宗曰：「運籌用武，然後遠人始平，卿但用武平之，何患不得平遠也。」 亮乃陳謝而退。
Ming Liang, whose courtesy name was Wende, came from Pingyuan. [3] He was upright and generous by nature, with insight and administrative ability. He rose from Attendant within the Yellow Gates through Supernumerary Regular Attendant. During the Yanchang era Emperor Xuanwu held court in the main hall, personally promoted and demoted officials, and appointed Liang General of Martial Valor. Liang stepped forward and said: "My former office was Regular Attendant, which is of the third rank of purity. Now I am given General of Martial Valor, whose title is among the most impure. Moreover the civil and military ranks differ; I ask that another appointment be granted." Emperor Xuanwu said: "Rewards now follow merit and do not distinguish pure from impure—why do you again plead pure and impure!" Liang said: "With a sage emperor above, pure and impure are rightly distinguished. I now serve such a sage emperor, and therefore dare to speak." Emperor Xuanwu said: "Within the nine currents all are gentlemen; though civil and military titles differ, in assisting governance they are one. How can you alone wish to defy the multitude and falsely distinguish pure from impure. Your request cannot be granted; accept the appointment as given." Liang said: "The lands south of the Yangtze have not yet submitted; the empire's writing and roads ought to be unified. I am about to receive Your Majesty's commission as vanguard and open and settle Wu and Kuaiji. Titles are light in Your Majesty's eyes but heavy in mine; Your Majesty is now taking what I hold heavy—why spare what you hold light?" Emperor Xuanwu smiled and said: "You wish to open the south for me and level Xiao Yan—to level and settle, none but Martial Valor will do. What is granted now suits your own words. To decline Martial Valor yet speak of military service is self-contradictory." Liang said: "I wish to rely on your sage rule, plan strategy and thereby succeed—why need Martial Valor at all?" Emperor Xuanwu said: "Strategy and valor are two things that fundamentally depend on each other. Valor without strategy cannot stand alone; strategy without valor cannot go alone. Both must be joined to prevail—how can you say you need only strategy and need no valor?" Liang said: "I ask instead to be appointed General Who Pacifies the Distance." Emperor Xuanwu said: "Use strategy and martial force together—only then are distant peoples pacified. Use martial force to pacify them; why worry that you cannot pacify the distance?" Liang then expressed thanks and withdrew.
19
後除陽平太守，清白愛民，甚有惠政，聲績之美，顯著當時。 朝廷嘉其風化。 轉汲郡太守，為治如前，譽宣遠近。 二郡民吏，迄今追思之。 卒孝昌初，贈左將軍、南青州刺史。
Later he was appointed Administrator of Yangping, where he was pure andupright, loved the people, and carried out excellent benevolent policies; his reputation shone conspicuously in his day. The court praised his civilizing influence. Transferred to Administrator of Ji commandery, he governed as before, and his fame spread far and wide. Officials and people of both commanderies still remember him with longing. He died at the beginning of the Xiaochang era and was posthumously made Left General and Inspector of Southern Yan Province.
20
初，亮之在陽平，屬相州刺史、中山王熙起兵討元叉。 時并州刺史城陽王徽亦遣使詣亮，密同熙謀。 熙敗，亮詭其使辭，由是徽音獲免。 [4]二年，詔追前效，重贈平東將軍、濟州刺史，拜其子希遠奉朝請。
Earlier, while Liang was at Yangping, Prince Zhongshan Xi, Inspector of Xiang Province, raised troops to attack Yuan Cha. At the time Prince Chengyang Hui, Inspector of Bing Province, also sent an envoy to Liang to join Xi's plot in secret. When Xi was defeated, Liang falsified the envoy's testimony, and thereby Hui escaped blame. [4] In the second year an edict recalled his former service; he was again posthumously made General Who Pacifies the East and Inspector of Ji Province, and his son Xiyuan was appointed Attendant at Court.
21
亮從弟遠，儀同開府從事中郎。
Liang's younger cousin Yuan was Aide in the Opening Staff with Parallel Third Rank.
22
杜纂，字榮孫，常山九門人也。 少以清苦自立。 時縣令齊羅喪亡，無親屬收瘞，纂以私財殯葬。 由是郡縣標其門閭。 後居父喪盡禮。 郡舉孝廉，補豫州司士。
Du Zuan, whose courtesy name was Rongsun, came from Jiumen in Changshan commandery. From youth he made his way through purity and hardship. When Magistrate Qi Luo died with no kin to bury him, Zuan buried him at his own expense. The commandery and county thereupon marked his gate and lane in honor. Later, in mourning for his father, he fulfilled every rite. The commandery recommended him as Filial and Incorrupt, and he was appointed Clerk of the Ji Province Bureau.
23
稍除積弩將軍。 領眾詣淮，迎降民楊箱等。 修立楚鎮，超納山蠻李天保等五百戶。 從征新野，除騎都尉。 又從駕壽春，敕纂緣淮慰勞。 豫州刺史田益宗率戶歸國，[5]使纂詣廣陵安慰初附，賑給田廩。 從征新野，及南陽平，以功賜爵井陘男，賞帛五百匹。 數日之中，散之知友。 時人稱之。 又詣赭陽、武陰二郡，[6]課種公田，隨供軍費。 除南秦州武都太守。 正始中，遷漢陽太守，並以清白為名。 又隨都督楊椿等詣南秦軍前，招慰逆氐。 還，除虎賁中郎將，領太倉令。 遭母憂去職。 久之，除伏波將軍，復為太倉令。 尋除寧遠將軍、陰陵戍主。 延昌中，京師儉，敕纂監京倉賑給民廩。 肅宗初，拜征虜將軍、清河內史。 性儉約，尤愛貧老，至能問民疾苦，對之泣涕。 勸督農桑，親自檢視，勤者賞以物帛，惰者加以罪譴。 弔死問生，甚有恩紀。 還，以本將軍除東益州刺史。 無御邊威略，羣氐反叛。 以失民和徵還。 遷太府少卿，除平陽太守、後將軍、太中大夫。
He was gradually appointed General of Accumulated Crossbows. Leading troops he went to the Huai and welcomed surrendering people such as Yang Xiang. He established Chu garrison and received more than five hundred households of the mountain tribes under Li Tianbao and others. Following the campaign at Xinye, he was appointed Commandant of Cavalry. He again followed the emperor to Shouchun and was ordered to comfort the people along the Huai. When Inspector of Yu Province Tian Yizong led his households in submitting to the state,[5] Zuan was sent to Guangling to comfort the newly attached and distribute grain from the public fields. Following the campaigns at Xinye and the pacification of Nanyang, for merit he was enfeoffed Baron of Jingxing and rewarded with five hundred bolts of silk. Within a few days he had distributed it all among his friends. People of the time praised him for it. He again went to Zheyang and Wuyin commanderies[6] to assess planting on public fields and supply military expenses as needed. He was appointed Administrator of Wudu in Southern Qin Province. In the Zhengshi era he was transferred to Administrator of Hanyang; in both posts he was famed for integrity. He again followed Commander Yang Chun and others to the Southern Qin front to summon and comfort rebellious Di tribes. On returning he was appointed Commandant of the Tiger Guard and concurrently Director of the Imperial Granary. He left office to mourn his mother. After a long interval he was appointed General Who Subdues the Waves and again made Director of the Imperial Granary. Soon he was appointed General of Pacifying the Distance and Commandant of Yinling garrison. During the Yanchang era the capital suffered famine; Zuan was ordered to supervise the capital granary in distributing grain to the people. At the beginning of Emperor Xiaoming's reign he was appointed General Who Punishes the Barbarians and Interior Minister of Qinghe. He was frugal by nature and especially cared for the poor and elderly, even weeping when he heard of the people's hardships. He urged farming and sericulture, inspecting in person; the diligent he rewarded with goods and silk, the idle he punished. In condoling the dead and inquiring after the living he showed great kindness and care. On returning he was appointed Inspector of Eastern Yi Province with his former general's rank. He lacked strategy and prestige for governing the frontier, and the Di tribes rebelled en masse. He was recalled for having lost the support of the people. He was promoted to Vice Director of the Grand Treasury and appointed Administrator of Pingyang, General of the Rear, and Grand Master of Palace Counsel.
24
正光末，清河人房通等三百人頌纂德政，乞重臨郡。 詔許之。 孝昌中，為葛榮圍逼，纂以郡降榮。 榮令纂入信都慰喻，都督李瑾欲斬，刺史元孚德纂，還。 出，又勸榮以水灌城，榮遂以纂為常山太守。 至郡未幾，榮滅。 定州刺史薛曇尚以纂老舊，令護博陵、鉅鹿二郡，纂以疾辭。 少時卒於家。
Near the end of the Zhenguang era, Fang Tong of Qinghe and some three hundred others commended Zuan's benevolent administration and begged that he be sent back to govern the prefecture. The emperor approved the request. During the Xiaochang era, when the prefecture was besieged by Ge Rong, Zuan surrendered it to him. Rong sent Zuan into Xindu to offer reassurance and counsel. The commander Li Jin wanted to have him killed, but Prefect Yuan Fu, who held Zuan in high regard, sent him back. Upon his return, he again urged Rong to flood the city with water, whereupon Rong appointed him Administrator of Changshan. He had barely taken up his post when Ge Rong fell. Xue Tanshang, Inspector of Dingzhou, considering Zuan's age and experience, assigned him to oversee Boling and Julu prefectures, but Zuan declined, citing illness. He died at home a short time later.
25
纂所歷任，好行小惠，蔬食弊衣，多涉誣矯，而輕財潔己，終無受納，為百姓所思，號為良守。 永熙中，贈平北將軍、殷州刺史。 天平四年，重贈本將軍、定州刺史。
Throughout his career, Zuan was fond of small acts of kindness and lived on simple fare in threadbare clothes, often resorting to deception; yet he was generous with money but strict with himself and never accepted bribes. The people remembered him fondly and hailed him as a good magistrate. During the Yongxi era, he was posthumously enfeoffed as General Who Pacifies the North and Inspector of Yinzhou. In the fourth year of Tianping, he was again posthumously invested with his previous generalship and the post of Inspector of Dingzhou.
26
裴佗，字元化，河東聞喜人。 其先因晉亂避地涼州。 苻堅平河西，東歸桑梓，因居解縣焉。 父景，惠州別駕。
Pei Tuo, courtesy name Yuanhua, came from Wenxi in Hedong. His ancestors fled to Liangzhou during the turmoil of the Jin dynasty. When Fu Jian conquered Hexi, they returned east to their native place and settled in Jie County. His father Pei Jing served as Vice Prefect of Huizhou.
27
佗容貌魁偉，隤然有器望。 少治春秋杜氏、毛詩、周易，並舉其宗致。 舉秀才，以高第除中書博士，轉司徒參軍、司空記室、揚州任城王澄開府倉曹參軍。 入為尚書倉部郎中，行河東郡事。 所在有稱績。 還，拜尚書考功郎中、河東邑中正。 世宗親臨朝堂，拜員外散騎常侍，中正如故。 轉司州治中，以風聞為御史所彈，尋會赦免。 轉征虜將軍、中散大夫。 為趙郡太守，為治有方，威惠甚著，猾吏姦民莫不改肅。 所得俸祿，分恤貧窮。 轉前將軍、東荊州刺史，郡民戀仰，傾境餞送，至今追思之。 尋加平南將軍。 蠻酋田盤石、田敬宗等部落萬餘家，恃眾阻險，不賓王命，前後牧守雖屢征討，未能降款。 佗至州，單使宣慰，示以禍福。 敬宗等聞佗宿德，相率歸附。 於是闔境清晏，寇盜寢息，邊民懷之，襁負而至者千餘家。 尋加撫軍將軍，又遷中軍將軍。 在州數載，以疾乞還。 永安二年卒。 遺令不聽請贈，不受賻襚。 諸子皆遵行之。
Tuo was striking in appearance—tall and commanding—and bore an air of natural distinction. In his youth he studied the Du commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals, the Mao recension of the Book of Poetry, and the Book of Changes, mastering the essential principles of each. Having passed the provincial examination with top honors, he was appointed Doctor of the Palace Library, then served successively as staff officer to the Minister over the Masses, secretary to the Minister of Works, and treasury clerk on the staff of Prince Cheng of Ren's Yangzhou headquarters. He was appointed Director in the Granaries Section of the Ministry of Works and dispatched to administer Hedong Commandery. Wherever he served, his performance won acclaim. On returning to court, he was appointed Director of Merit Review in the Ministry of Works and Chief Clan Appraiser for Hedong. Emperor Xuanwu personally presided at court and appointed him Extraordinary Attendant Cavalier-in-Attendance while retaining his role as chief clan appraiser. He was transferred to Administrative Aide of Sizhou but was impeached by the censorate on the basis of rumor; he was soon excused by a general amnesty. He was then appointed General Who Subdues Barbarians and Grand Master of Diffusion. As Administrator of Zhao Commandery, he governed with skill; his firmness and kindness were widely felt, and corrupt officials and unscrupulous townspeople alike mended their ways. He divided his salary among the poor. He was promoted to General of the Front and Inspector of Eastern Jingzhou. The people of the prefecture adored him; the whole region turned out to bid him farewell, and they still remember him to this day. He was soon additionally appointed General Who Pacifies the South. The tribal chieftains Tian Panshi and Tian Jingzong commanded more than ten thousand households. Trusting in their numbers and the rugged terrain, they refused to submit to imperial authority; successive governors had launched repeated campaigns against them without securing their surrender. When Tuo took up his post, he sent envoys on their own to offer reassurance and show them the consequences of loyalty and rebellion. Upon hearing of Tuo's longstanding reputation for virtue, Jingzong and the others came forward in succession to submit. The whole province was soon at peace; brigandage died down, and more than a thousand border families arrived carrying their children on their backs, drawn by his reputation. He was soon further promoted to General Who Pacifies the Army, then to General of the Central Army. After several years in the province, he asked to retire, citing illness. He died in the second year of Yong'an. In his final testament he forbade his family from seeking posthumous honors and refused funeral gifts and burial vestments. His sons all obeyed these instructions.
28
佗性剛直，不好俗人交游，其投分者必當時名勝。 清白任真，不事家產，宅不過三十步，又無田園。 暑不張蓋，寒不衣裘，其貞儉若此。 六子。
Tuo was forthright by nature and shunned the company of common worldlings; those with whom he formed close bonds were always the leading figures of the day. Honest and unpretentious, he took no interest in building family wealth; his house measured no more than thirty paces across, and he owned neither farmland nor gardens. In summer he went without a parasol; in winter he wore no furs—such was his austerity. He had six sons.
29
讓之，字士禮。 武定末，中書侍郎。
His son Rangzhi, courtesy name Shili. At the end of the Wuding era, he served as Vice Director of the Palace Secretariat.
30
讓之弟諏之，字士正，早有才學。 司徒記室參軍。 天平末，入於關西。
Rangzhi's younger brother Suzhi, courtesy name Shizheng, showed literary talent from an early age. He served as Staff Secretary to the Minister over the Masses. At the end of the Tianping era, he went west to Guanzhong.
31
竇瑗，字世珍，遼西遼陽人。 [7]自言本扶風平陵人，漢大將軍竇武之曾孫崇為遼西太守，子孫遂家焉。 曾祖堪，慕容氏漁陽太守。 祖表，馮文通成周太守，入國。 父冏，舉秀才，早卒。 普泰初，瑗啟以身階級為父請贈，詔贈征虜將軍、平州刺史。
Dou Yuan, courtesy name Shizhen, was from Liaoyang in Liaoxi. [7] He claimed descent from Pingling in Fufeng: Chong, great-grandson of the Han general Dou Wu, served as Administrator of Liaoxi, and his descendants settled there. His great-grandfather Kan served as Administrator of Yuyang under the Murong clan. His grandfather Biao was Administrator of Chengzhou under Feng Wentong before entering imperial service. His father Jiong, a provincial graduate, died young. At the opening of the Putai era, Yuan petitioned to have his father's rank raised posthumously, drawing on his own status; an edict granted his father the titles General Who Subdues Barbarians and Inspector of Pingzhou.
32
瑗年十七，便荷帙從師。 遊學十載，始為御史。 轉奉朝請、兼太常博士，拜大將軍、太原王尒朱榮官，因是為榮所知，遂表留瑗為北道大行臺左丞。 以軍功賜爵陽洛男，除員外散騎常侍。 瑗以拜榮官，賞新昌男。 因從榮東討葛榮，事平，封容城縣開國伯，食邑五百戶。 後除征虜將軍、通直散騎常侍，仍左丞。 瑗乞以容城伯讓兄叔珍，詔聽以新昌男轉授之，叔珍由是位至太山太守。
At seventeen, Yuan was already carrying his books from teacher to teacher. After ten years of traveling in pursuit of learning, he took his first post as a censor. He became Court Gentleman for Attendance and concurrent Doctor of the Grand Chamberlain, then entered the service of the Great General and Prince of Taiyuan, Erzhu Rong. Rong took note of him and had him retained as Left Director on the Northern Circuit Great Office staff. For military merit he was ennobled as Baron of Yangluo. For entering Erzhu Rong's service, Yuan was rewarded with the title Baron of Xinchang. He accompanied Rong on the eastern campaign against Ge Rong and, once the rebellion was crushed, was enfeoffed as founding marquis of Rongcheng County with a fief of five hundred households. He was subsequently appointed General Who Subdues Barbarians and Regular Attendant Cavalier-in-Attendance while retaining his post as Left Director. Yuan asked to transfer his Rongcheng marquisate to his elder brother Shuzhen; the court allowed him to pass on his Xinchang barony instead, and Shuzhen eventually rose to Administrator of Taishan.
33
尒朱世隆等立長廣王曄為主，南赴洛陽。 至東郭外，世隆等遣瑗奏廢之。 瑗執鞭獨入禁內，奏曰：「天人之望，皆在廣陵，願行堯舜之事。」 曄遂禪焉。 由是除征南將軍、金紫光祿大夫。 敷奏侃然，前廢帝甚重之。 出帝時，為廷尉卿。 及釋奠開講，瑗與散騎常侍溫子昇、給事黃門侍郎魏季景、通直散騎常侍李業興，並為摘句。 天平中，除鎮東將軍、金紫光祿大夫。 尋除廣宗太守，治有清白之稱。 廣宗民情凶戾，前後累政咸見告訟。 惟瑗一人，終始全潔。 轉中山太守，加征東將軍。 聲譽甚美，為吏民所懷。 及齊獻武王班書州郡，誡約牧守令長，稱瑗政績，以為勸厲焉。 後授使持節、本將軍、平州刺史。 在州政如治郡。 又為齊獻武王丞相府右長史。 瑗無軍府斷割之才，不甚稱職。 又行晉州事。
Erzhu Shilong and his allies placed Prince Changguang Ye on the throne and marched south toward Luoyang. Upon reaching the suburbs east of the city, Shilong and the others sent Yuan to petition for Ye's removal. Yuan entered the inner precinct alone, whip in hand, and addressed the throne: "Heaven and the people alike look to Guangling. Let us do as Yao and Shun did." Ye then abdicated to Guangling. For this service he was appointed General Who Campaigns South and Grand Master with Golden Seal and Purple Ribbon. His memorials were candid and assured, and the Former Deposed Emperor held him in high regard. Under Emperor Xiaowu he served as Minister of Justice. At the sacrificial ceremony and inaugural lecture, Yuan joined Regular Attendant Cavalier-in-Attendance Wen Zisheng, Gentlemen-of-the-Palace Attendant Wei Jijing, and Regular Attendant Cavalier-in-Attendance Li Yexing in selecting passages for exposition. During the Tianping era he was appointed General Who Guards the East and Grand Master with Golden Seal and Purple Ribbon. He was soon appointed Administrator of Guangzong, where his administration won praise for its integrity. The people of Guangzong were fierce and unruly; every previous magistrate had been dragged into lawsuits. Yuan alone remained completely untainted from start to finish. He was transferred to Administrator of Zhongshan and additionally appointed General Who Campaigns East. His reputation was excellent, and both officials and commoners held him in affection. When Prince Xianwu of Qi circulated edicts to the provinces instructing governors and magistrates, he held up Yuan's record as an example for others to follow. He was later invested with full plenipotentiary authority as Inspector of Pingzhou, retaining his former generalship. He governed the province with the same care he had shown as a commandery administrator. He also served as Senior Clerk on the Right in the chancellery of Prince Xianwu of Qi. Yuan lacked a talent for the decisive affairs of a military headquarters and was not well suited to the role. He was additionally charged with administering Jizhou.
34
既還京師，上表曰：
Upon returning to the capital, he submitted a memorial that read:
35
臣在平州之日，蒙班麟趾新制，即依朝命宣示，所部士庶忻仰有若三章。 臣聞法象巍巍，乃大舜之事； 政道郁郁，亦隆周之軌。 故元首股肱，可否相濟。 聲教之聞，於此為證。 伏惟陛下應圖臨宇，握紀承天，克構洪基，會昌寶歷，式張琴瑟，且調宮羽，去甚刪泰，革弊遷澆，俾高祖之德不墜於地。 畫一既歌，萬國歡躍。
When I was in Pingzhou, I received the newly promulgated Linzhi code and immediately proclaimed it throughout my jurisdiction as the court had ordered. The people under my charge received it with joy, as though the Three Articles of Han had returned. I have heard that the majesty of law was the work of Great Shun; and that flourishing governance was the course of the ascendant Zhou. Ruler and ministers thus complement each other, each correcting and completing the other's judgment. The spread of your transforming influence is proof enough. I humbly reflect that Your Majesty, fulfilling the mandate and ruling the realm, holding fast to the cosmic order and receiving Heaven's charge, has laid a grand foundation and inaugurated a glorious age—harmonizing the realm as one tunes the strings of a zither, stripping away excess, reforming abuses, and reversing decadence, so that the virtue of the founding emperor may not be lost to the earth. Once uniformity of law is proclaimed, all the realms rejoice.
36
臣伏讀至三公曹第六十六條，母殺其父，子不得告，告者死。 再三返覆之，未得其門。 何者？ 案律，子孫告父母、祖父母者死。 又漢宣云：子匿父母，孫匿大父母，皆勿論。 蓋謂父母、祖父母，小者攘羊，甚者殺害之類，恩須相隱，律抑不言。 法理如是，足見其直。 未必指母殺父止子不言也。 若父殺母，乃是夫殺妻，母卑於父，此子不告是也。 而母殺父，不聽子告，臣誠下愚，輒以為惑。 昔楚康王欲殺令尹子南，其子棄疾為王御士而上告焉。 [8]對曰：「泄命重刑，臣不為也。」 王遂殺子南。 其徒曰：「行乎？」 「吾與殺吾父，行將焉入！」 曰：「臣乎？」 曰：「殺父事讎，吾不忍。」 乃縊而死。 注云：棄疾自謂不告父為與殺，謂王為讎，皆非禮，春秋譏焉。 斯蓋門外之治，以義斷恩，知君殺父而子不告，是也。 母之於父，同在門內，恩無可掩，義無斷割。 知母將殺，理應告父； 如其已殺，宜聽告官。 今母殺父而子不告，便是知母而不知父。 識比野人，義近禽獸。 且母之於父，作合移天，既殺己之天，復殺子之天，二天頓毀，豈容頓默！ 此母之罪，義在不赦。 下手之日，母恩即離，仍以母道不告，鄙臣所以致惑。
In reading through the code, I came to Article Sixty-six of the Three Ducal Offices Bureau: "If a mother kills the father, the son may not report it; whoever reports it shall die." I have turned it over again and again but cannot see my way into it. Why is this so? Under the statutes, any descendant who accuses a parent or grandparent is subject to death. Moreover, Emperor Xuandi of Han declared: "A son who conceals his parents, or a grandson who conceals his grandparents, shall not be punished." The intent was that toward parents and grandparents—even for petty offenses like stealing a sheep, or grave ones like homicide—familial duty requires mutual concealment, and the law forbids disclosure. The logic of the law is clear enough, and its justice is plain. This need not be read to mean that when a mother kills the father, the son alone is forbidden to speak. If the father kills the mother, that is a husband killing his wife; as the mother ranks below the father, it is fitting that the son not accuse him. Yet when the mother kills the father, the son is forbidden to report it—I am but a dull petitioner, yet I cannot help finding this perplexing. In olden times King Kang of Chu planned to kill the chief minister Zinan; Zinan's son Qiji, who served as the king's charioteer, reported the plot to his father. [8] He answered, "Disclosing such a command is a capital crime—I will not do it. The king then executed Zinan. His attendants said, "Shall we flee?" I helped kill my own father—where could I go if I fled! They asked, "Will you still serve as his minister? He replied, "To serve as minister to the man who killed my father—I cannot endure it. Then he hanged himself. The commentator states that Qiji regarded failure to warn his father as complicity in the killing and treating the king as an enemy as also unritual—the Spring and Autumn Annals rebuked him for this. That case belonged to the sphere outside the home, where duty overrides private bonds—knowing the ruler would kill one's father and the son not informing him was right. Mother and father both belong within the household; natural affection cannot be hidden, and moral obligation cannot be cut away. Knowing the mother intends to kill him, one ought to warn the father; if she has already done so, one should permit reporting it to officials. For the mother to kill the father while the son stays silent is to acknowledge the mother but not the father. Such understanding is on a par with a barbarian's, and such righteousness barely above that of beasts. Moreover, in marrying the father the mother became his partner in a bond likened to heaven; she has destroyed her own heaven and her child's heaven as well—two heavens overturned at once—how could one remain utterly silent! The mother's crime, by right, should not be pardoned. From the day she struck, the bond of motherly affection was severed; yet to refrain from reporting out of filial duty toward the mother—that is what puzzles this humble official.
37
今聖化淳洽，穆如韶夏，食椹懷音，梟鏡猶變，況承風禀教，識善知惡之民哉。 脫下愚不移，事在言外，如或有之，可臨時議罪，何用豫制斯條，用為訓誡。 誠恐千載之下，談者諠譁，以明明大朝，有尊母卑父之論。 以臣管見，實所不取。 如在淳風厚俗，必欲行之。 且君、父一也。 父者子之天，被殺事重，宜附「父謀反大逆子得告」之條。 父一而已，至情可見。 竊惟聖主有作，明賢贊成，光國寧民，厥用為大，非下走頑蔽所能上測。 但受恩深重，輒獻瞽言，儻蒙收察，乞付評議。
Today's enlightened rule is pure and harmonious, majestic as the music of Shao and Xia; even those who ate mulberries came to cherish music, and even fierce owls were transformed by the mirror—how much more the people who live under your instruction and can tell good from evil! If some remain stubbornly unimproved, that is another matter; should such cases occur, punishment can be determined when they arise—what need to prescribe this rule in advance as a general lesson? I truly fear that in ages to come people will cry out in alarm, saying this glorious dynasty upheld a doctrine that honored the mother above the father. In my humble opinion, that is unacceptable. If, amid pure customs and solid mores, you still insist on implementing it— moreover, the ruler and the father are one in principle. The father is the son's heaven; his murder is a grave matter and should be covered by the statute allowing a son to report a father who plots rebellion or treason. There is only one father—the depth of filial feeling speaks for itself. I know well that the sage sovereign acts with worthy ministers to support him, bringing glory to the state and peace to the people—matters far too great for a dull subordinate like me to presume to judge from below. Yet having received such deep kindness from you, I venture these ignorant remarks; if you will deign to consider them, I ask that they be submitted for collective review.
38
詔付尚書，三公郎封君義立判云：「身體髮膚，受之父母，生我勞悴，續莫大焉。 子於父母，同氣異息，終天靡報，在情一也。 今忽欲論其尊卑，辨其優劣，推心未忍，訪古無據。 母殺其父，子復告母，母由告死，便是子殺。 天下未有無母之國，不知此子將欲何之！ 案春秋，莊公元年，不稱即位，文姜出故。 服虔注云：『文姜通兄齊襄，與殺公而不反。 父殺母出，隱痛深諱。 期而中練，思慕少殺，念至於母。 故經書：三月夫人遜於齊。』 既有念母深諱之文，明無讎疾告列之理。 且聖人設法，所以防淫禁暴，極言善惡，使知而避之。 若臨事議刑，則陷罪多矣。 惡之甚者，殺父害君，著之律令，百王罔革。 此制何嫌，獨求削去。 既於法無違，於事非害，宣布有年，謂不宜改。」 瑗復難云：
The emperor ordered the case sent to the Ministry of State Affairs; Feng Junyi of the Three Excellencies' bureau delivered a ruling: "Our bodies, hair, and skin we receive from our parents; their bearing and raising us in weariness is the greatest of continuities. Toward both parents the child shares one vital breath, yet owes a debt that can never be repaid in a lifetime—in emotion they are one. Now suddenly to debate their rank and weigh one against the other—my heart cannot bear it, and antiquity offers no warrant. If the mother kills his father and the child then reports the mother, and the mother dies because of that report, the child has effectively killed her. There is no land under heaven without mothers—where would such a child turn! The Spring and Autumn Annals record that in Duke Zhuang's first year he is not said to have taken the throne, because Wen Jiang had been expelled for her crime. Fu Qian commented: 'Wen Jiang had an illicit affair with her brother Duke Xiang of Qi, took part in killing Duke Huan, and did not return home. Her father had been killed and her mother banished; in concealed grief he deeply hid the matter. At the midpoint of the second year of mourning, as his grief slightly eased, his thoughts turned to his mother. Hence the chronicle states: In the third month the lady departed for Qi. Where the text shows him yearning for his mother while keeping the matter hidden, it clearly disproves any right to pursue vengeance or bring formal accusation. Moreover, the sage instituted law to restrain excess and forbid violence, defining good and evil plainly so that people might know and shun wrong. To decide punishments only case by case would leave countless people entangled in guilt. The worst crimes—patricide and regicide—are fixed in the code, unchanged by any king across the ages. What fault is there in this rule that you alone seek its removal? It violates no statute, harms no interest, and has stood for years—I hold it should not be altered." Dou Yuan rebutted:
39
尋局判云：「子於父母，同氣異息，終天靡報，在情一也。 今欲論其尊卑，辨其優劣，推心未忍，訪古無據。」 瑗以為易曰：「天尊地卑，乾坤定矣。」 又曰：「乾天也，故稱父； 坤地也，故稱母。」 又曰：乾為天，為父； 坤為地，為母。 禮喪服經曰：為父斬衰三年，為母齊衰期。 尊卑優劣，顯在典章，何言訪古無據？
Reviewing the bureau's ruling: "Toward both parents the child shares one vital breath, yet owes a debt that can never be repaid in a lifetime—in emotion they are one. Now to debate their rank and weigh one against the other—my heart cannot bear it, and antiquity offers no warrant." Dou Yuan cited the Book of Changes: "Heaven is noble and earth is low—thus Qian and Kun are fixed. It also says: "Qian is heaven, and so is called father; Kun is earth, and so is called mother." It also states: Qian stands for heaven and for the father; Kun stands for earth and for the mother. The Classic of Mourning Garments prescribes three years of zhan mourning for a father and one year of qi mourning for a mother. Rank and precedence are explicit in the canonical texts—how can one say antiquity offers no warrant?
40
局判云：「母殺其父，子復告母，母由告死，便是子殺。 天下未有無母之國，不知此子將欲何之！」 瑗案典律，未聞母殺其父而子有隱母之義。 既不告母，便是與殺父，天下豈有無父之國，此子獨得有所之乎！
The bureau ruling states: "If the mother kills his father and the child then reports the mother, and the mother dies because of that report, the child has effectively killed her. There is no land under heaven without mothers—where would such a child turn!" Dou Yuan searched the code and found no provision granting a son the right to conceal his mother when she kills his father. If the son does not report her, he is complicit in his father's murder—is there any land without fathers, that this child alone would have a place to go!
41
局判又云：「案春秋，莊公元年，不稱即位，文姜出故。 服虔注云：『文姜通於兄齊襄，與殺公而不反。 父殺母出，隱痛深諱，期而中練，思慕少殺，念至於母。 故經書：三月夫人遜於齊。』 既有念母深諱之文，明無讎疾告列之理。」 瑗尋注義，隱痛深諱者，以父為齊所殺，而母與之。 隱痛父死，深諱母出，故不稱即位。 非為諱母與殺也。 是以下文以義絕，其罪不為與殺明矣。 [9]公羊傳曰：「君殺，子不言即位，隱之也。」 期而中練，父憂少衰，始念於母，略書「夫人遜於齊」。 是內諱出奔，猶為罪文。 傳曰：「不稱姜氏，絕不為親，禮也。」 注云：「夫人有與殺桓之罪，絕不為親，得尊父之義。 善莊公思大義，絕有罪，故曰禮也。」 以大義絕有罪，得禮之衷，明有讎疾告列之理。 但春秋桓、莊之際，齊為大國，通于文姜，魯公謫之。 文姜以告齊襄，使公子彭生殺之。 魯既弱小而懼於齊。 是時天子衰微，又無賢霸，故不敢讎之，又不敢告列，惟得告於齊曰：「無所歸咎，惡於諸侯，請以公子彭生除之。」 齊人殺公子彭生。 案郎此斷，雖有援引，即以情推理，尚未遣惑。
The bureau ruling also cites: "The Spring and Autumn Annals record that in Duke Zhuang's first year he is not said to have taken the throne, because Wen Jiang had been expelled. Fu Qian commented: 'Wen Jiang had an illicit affair with her brother Duke Xiang of Qi, took part in killing Duke Huan, and did not return home. Her father had been killed and her mother banished; in concealed grief he deeply hid the matter; at the midpoint of the second year of mourning, as his grief slightly eased, his thoughts turned to his mother. Hence the chronicle states: In the third month the lady departed for Qi. Where the text shows him yearning for his mother while keeping the matter hidden, it clearly disproves any right to pursue vengeance or bring formal accusation." Dou Yuan examined the commentary's meaning: the phrase "hidden grief, deeply concealed" refers to the fact that his father was killed by Qi and his mother was party to it. He hid his grief over his father's death and deeply concealed his mother's banishment, and therefore is not said to have taken the throne. This was not a matter of concealing the mother's complicity in the murder. Hence the passage below, severing ties by righteousness, makes clear that her crime was not treated as complicity in killing. [9] The Gongyang Commentary says: "When the ruler is killed, the son does not speak of taking the throne—this is concealment. At the midpoint of the second year of mourning, as grief for his father eased somewhat, he began to think of his mother, and the chronicle briefly notes that "the lady departed for Qi." This is an internal concealment of her flight abroad, yet it is still recorded as a mark of guilt. The commentary states: "She is not called Lady Jiang—cutting her off as kin is ritual propriety. The note explains: "The lady was guilty of complicity in Duke Huan's murder—severing her as kin upholds the principle of honoring the father. It praises Duke Zhuang for weighing great righteousness and cutting off the guilty party, and therefore calls this ritual propriety. Severing ties with the guilty by great righteousness, in accord with the heart of ritual—this clearly supports the right to pursue vengeance and bring formal accusation. But during the reigns of Duke Huan and Duke Zhuang, Qi was a great power; Wen Jiang's affair with Duke Xiang led Duke Huan of Lu to rebuke her. Wen Jiang reported this to Duke Xiang of Qi, who had Prince Peng Sheng kill him. Lu was weak and small and stood in fear of Qi. The Son of Heaven's authority had waned, and there was no worthy hegemon, so Lu dared neither seek vengeance nor lodge a formal accusation—they could only appeal to Qi, saying: "There is no one else to blame; he is despised by the feudal lords—please have Prince Peng Sheng executed. The people of Qi then killed Prince Peng Sheng. Examining this official's ruling, though it cited precedents, reasoning from the circumstances still left the issue unresolved.
42
事遂停寢。
The matter was then dropped and went no further.
43
除大宗正卿，尋加衞將軍。 宗室以其寒士，相與輕之。 瑗案法推治，無所顧避，甚見讎疾。 官雖通顯，貧窘如初，清尚之操，為時所重。 領本州大中正，以本官兼廷尉卿，卒官。 贈本將軍、太僕卿、濟州刺史，諡曰明。
He was removed from the post of Grand Director of the Imperial Clan, and soon afterward was made General of the Guard. Members of the imperial clan looked down on him because he was a man of humble birth. Dou Yuan prosecuted cases by the letter of the law, without favor or evasion, and incurred much enmity. Though his rank was high, he remained as poor as ever; his integrity and lofty character won great respect in his time. He served as Grand Assessor of his native province while also holding the post of Director of the Court of Judicial Review; he died in office. He was posthumously honored as General of the Guard, Director of the Imperial Stud, and Governor of Ji Province, with the posthumous name Ming.
44
羊敦，字元禮，太山鉅平人，梁州刺史祉弟子也。 性尚閑素，學涉書史。 以父靈引死王事，除給事中。 出為本州別駕。 公平正直，見有非法，敦終不判署。 後為尚書左侍郎、徐州撫軍長史。 永安中，轉廷尉司直，不拜。 拜洛陽令。 後為鎮南將軍、金紫光祿大夫，遷太府少卿，轉衞將軍、廣平太守。 治有能名，姦吏跼蹐，秋毫無犯。 雅性清儉，屬歲饑饉，家餽未至，使人外尋陂澤，採藕根而食之。 遇有疾苦，家人解衣質米以供之。 然其為治，亦尚威嚴。 朝廷以其清白，賜穀一千斛、絹一百匹。 興和初卒，年五十二。 吏民奔哭，莫不悲慟。 贈都督徐兗二州諸軍事、衞大將軍、吏部尚書、兗州刺史，諡曰貞。
Yang Dun, styled Yuanli, was a native of Juping in Taishan commandery and a nephew of Yang Zhi, Governor of Liang Province. He was by nature fond of quiet simplicity and was widely versed in the classics and histories. Because his father Ling died in the performance of official duty, he was appointed Attendant at the Palace Secretariat. He was sent out to serve as Vice Governor of his native province. Just and upright, whenever he encountered anything unlawful, Dun would never sign or approve it. He later served as Left Assistant Director in the Ministry of State Affairs and Chief Administrator to the Military Governor of Xu Province. During the Yong'an period he was transferred to Directing Censor of the Court of Judicial Review, but declined the post. He accepted appointment as Magistrate of Luoyang. He later served as General Who Guards the South and as Grand Master of the Gold Seal and Purple Ribbon, was transferred to Vice Director of the Imperial Treasury, and then became General of the Guard and Administrator of Guangping commandery. He gained a reputation for capable administration; corrupt officials trembled before him, and not the slightest infraction went unpunished. He was by nature pure and frugal; during a famine year, before household supplies arrived, he sent servants to search marshes and ponds and gathered lotus roots for food. When he met people in hardship, his family would pawn their clothing for rice to help them. Yet in governing he also emphasized stern authority. In recognition of his integrity, the court granted him one thousand hu of grain and one hundred bolts of silk. He died at the start of the Xinghe era, at the age of fifty-two. Officials and commoners flocked to mourn him, all deeply stricken with grief. He was posthumously honored as Commander-in-Chief of Military Affairs for Xu and Yan provinces, Grand General of the Guard, Minister of Personnel, and Governor of Yan Province, with the posthumous name Zhen.
45
武定初，齊獻武王以敦及中山太守蘇淑在官奉法，清約自居，宜見追褒，以厲天下，乃上言請加旌錄。 詔曰：「昔五袴興謠，兩歧致詠，皆由仁覃千里，化洽一邦。 故廣平太守羊敦、故中山太守蘇淑，並器業和隱，幹用貞濟，善政聞國，清譽在民。 方藉良才，遂登高秩，先後凋亡，朝野傷悼。 追旌清德，蓋惟舊章，可各賞帛一百匹、穀五百斛，班下郡國，咸使聞知。」
At the start of the Wuding era, Prince Xianwu of Qi submitted a memorial requesting special honors, arguing that Yang Dun and Zhongshan Prefect Su Shu had faithfully upheld the law and lived in frugal integrity while in office, and that their example should be celebrated to inspire officials throughout the realm. An edict read: "In former times the people sang of magistrates whose governance was so fair that even trousers were shared in twos, and the land so fertile it yielded double-headed grain—all because benevolence reached a thousand li and humane rule transformed an entire realm. The late Guangping Prefect Yang Dun and the late Zhongshan Prefect Su Shu were alike in talent and modest character, upright and capable in service, their good governance known throughout the realm and their reputation for integrity cherished by the people. Just as the court had come to rely on their talents and they had risen to high office, they died in quick succession, and officials and commoners alike grieved their loss. Posthumously honoring their integrity accords with established precedent. Let each be rewarded with one hundred bolts of silk and five hundred hu of grain, and let this be promulgated to every commandery and state so that all may know of it."
46
子隱，武定末，開府行參軍。
His son Yin served as a staff officer of the Opening Office at the end of the Wuding era.
47
蘇淑，字仲和，武邑人也。 立性敦謹，頗涉經傳。 兄壽興，坐事為閹官。 壽興後為河間太守，賜爵晉陽男。 及壽興將卒，遂冒養淑為子。 淑，熙平中襲其爵，除司空士曹參軍。 尋轉太學博士、厲威將軍、員外散騎侍郎。 轉奉車都尉，領殿中侍御史。 因使於冀州，會高乾邕執刺史元嶷據城起義，淑贊成其事。 乾邕以淑行武邑郡。 未幾，尒朱汝歸率兵將至，淑於郡逃還京師。 後除左將軍、太中大夫、行河陰令。 出除樂陵內史。 淑在郡綏撫，甚有民譽。 始逕二周，謝病乞解，有詔聽之，民吏老幼訴乞淑者甚眾。 後歷滎陽太守，亦有能名。 加中軍將軍、司徒從事中郎。 興和二年，拜中山太守。 三年，卒於郡。 淑清心愛下，所歷三郡，皆為吏民所思，當時稱為良二千石。 武定初，贈衞大將軍、都官尚書、瀛州刺史，諡曰懿。 齊獻武王追美清操，與羊敦同見優賞。
Su Shu, courtesy name Zhonghe, came from Wuyi. He was by nature earnest and prudent, and had gained a solid grounding in the classics and their commentaries. His elder brother Shouxing, having been condemned for an offense, was made a palace eunuch. Shouxing later served as Prefect of Hejian and was enfeoffed as Baron of Jinyang. When Shouxing was near death, he formally adopted Shu as his son, though Shu was not in fact his child. During the Xiping era, Shu inherited Shouxing's noble rank and was appointed staff officer in the Bureau of Works. He was soon promoted to Erudite of the Imperial Academy, given the rank of General Who Inspires Awe, and appointed Supernumerary Attendant Cavalier. He was transferred to Commandant of the Convoy and concurrently served as Palace Attendant Censor. While on a mission to Jizhou, he encountered Gao Ganqiu, who had seized Provincial Governor Yuan Yan and rebelled from the city; Shu gave his support to the cause. Gao Ganqiu appointed Shu acting administrator of Wuyi commandery. Before long Erzhu Rugui marched on the commandery with troops, and Shu fled back to the capital. He was later appointed Left General and Grand Master of Palace Counsel, and served as acting magistrate of Heyin. He was appointed Administrator of Leling and sent out to take up the post. In the commandery, Shu governed with a gentle hand and won a fine reputation among the people. After less than two years in office, he submitted his resignation on grounds of illness, and the emperor approved it—but vast numbers of officials and commoners, young and old alike, petitioned begging that he be kept on. He later served as Prefect of Xingyang, where he likewise earned a reputation for capable administration. He was further promoted to General of the Central Army and Attendant Gentleman on the staff of the Minister over the Masses. In the second year of Xinghe, he was appointed Prefect of Zhongshan. In the third year he died in office. Shu governed with an honest heart and genuine care for his people. In each of the three commanderies he served, officials and commoners alike missed him after he left, and contemporaries hailed him as an exemplary prefect. At the start of the Wuding era he was posthumously honored as Grand General of the Guard, Minister of the Bureau of Justice, and Governor of Yingzhou, with the posthumous name Yi. Prince Xianwu of Qi commended his integrity after his death, and he and Yang Dun alike received exceptional posthumous honors.
48
子子且，襲。 武定中，齊獻武王廟丞。
His son Ziqie inherited the family rank. During the Wuding era he served as Director of Prince Xianwu of Qi's ancestral shrine.
49
史臣曰。 〈闕〉
The historiographer says: 〈Missing.〉
50
校勘記
Collation notes
51
張應北史卷八六循吏傳目和傳文都作「張膺」。
Zhang Ying (ying, "respond"): Both the table of contents and biography text of the Biographies of Virtuous Officials in the History of the Northern Dynasties (juan 86) read Zhang Ying (ying, "breast").
52
閻慶胤不知何許人張森楷云：「按慶胤天水人，見裴叔業傳 〈卷七一〉 附載中。 此既重出，又云『不知何許人』，何其善忘！」
Yan Qingyin, of unknown origin: Zhang Senkai remarks: "According to the record, Qingyin was a native of Tianshui; see the biography of Pei Shuye 〈juan 71〉 in the supplementary section. This entry is duplicated here, yet it still says 'of unknown origin'—what a remarkable lapse of memory!"
53
平原人北史卷八六明亮傳「平原」下有「高昌」二字，冊府卷四三九 〈五二０八頁〉 有「亳」字。 按諸傳除不知何地人外，一般皆兼舉郡縣，冊府此條出本書而下有「亳」字，知傳本脫去。 然平原無「亳縣」或「高昌縣」。 據南齊書卷五四明僧紹傳、梁書卷二七明山賓傳並云「平原鬲人」。 卷一０六上地形志上冀州安德郡、齊州東平原郡並有鬲縣。 漢晉之鬲本屬冀州平原，劉宋於青州僑置冀州，亦有平原郡鬲縣 〈宋書卷三六州郡志〉。 魏取青州，分置齊州，以冀州自有平原 〈即地形志中之濟州平原郡〉 ，故加「東」字。 卷八九高遵傳稱其妻明氏家在齊州，則明氏實居於齊州東平原之鬲縣。 「亳」「高昌」皆「鬲」之訛，此傳脫「鬲」字。
A man of Pingyuan: In the biography of Ming Liang in Beishi (juan 86), the text after "Pingyuan" has the two characters "Gaochang"; Cefu (juan 439 〈page 5208〉 has the character Bo (a homophone for Ge). As a rule, the biographies give both commandery and county unless the person's origin is unknown. This Cefu entry comes from the present book and has "Bo" below, indicating that the transmitted text of the biography is missing a character. Yet Pingyuan had neither a "Bo County" nor a "Gaochang County". According to the biography of Ming Sengshao in Nanshi (juan 54) and the biography of Ming Shanbin in Liangshu (juan 27), both read "a man of Ge in Pingyuan". Juan 106 Part A, Geography Monograph, Part 1—both Ande Commandery in Jizhou and Eastern Pingyuan Commandery in Qizhou include Ge County. Ge in Han and Jin times originally belonged to Pingyuan in Jizhou; when the Liu Song provisionally established Jizhou in Qingzhou, Pingyuan Commandery there also had Ge County 〈Songshu juan 36, Treatise on Provinces and Commanderies〉 When Wei took Qingzhou, it separately established Qizhou; because Jizhou already had its own Pingyuan 〈namely Pingyuan Commandery of Ji prefecture in the Geography Monograph〉 , the prefix "East" was added. The biography of Gao Zun in juan 89 states that his wife, née Ming, came from a family in Qizhou; the Ming clan therefore actually lived in Ge County in Eastern Pingyuan of Qizhou. Both "Bo" and "Gaochang" are corrupt forms of "Ge"; this biography has dropped the character "Ge".
54
由是徽音獲免按「音」字不可通，當是「竟」之訛。
Whereby Hui Yin was spared: According to examination, the character "yin" makes no sense; it must be a corruption of "jing".
55
從征新野除騎都尉又從駕壽春敕纂緣淮慰勞豫州刺史田益宗率戶歸國按益宗歸魏事在太和十七年四月，上文元宏攻新野，在二十一年，所云「從駕壽春」，又在十九年二月。 均見卷七下高祖紀下。 此傳敍次先後顛倒，下文又重出「從征新野」。 疑有錯簡及衍脫。
"Having followed the campaign to Xinye, been appointed Commandant of Cavalry, again accompanied the emperor to Shouchun, ordered Zuan to go along the Huai to comfort and encourage the people, and Governor of Yuzhou Tian Yizong led households in returning to the state": On examination, Yizong's submission to Wei occurred in the fourth month of Taihe 17; Yuan Hong's attack on Xinye, mentioned above, was in Taihe 21, while "accompanying the emperor to Shouchun" belongs to the second month of Taihe 19. All of these dates appear in Gaozu Annals, Part B (juan 7 Part B). The chronology of this biography is out of order, and the phrase "having followed the campaign to Xinye" recurs below. The passage is suspected of dislocated text and of spurious additions or omissions.
56
又詣赭陽武陰二郡錢氏考異卷二八云：「武陰疑是舞陰之訛，地形志無此二郡，蓋後來省併。」 洪頤煊諸史考異卷一０云：「漢書地理志南陽郡有堵陽、舞陰二縣。 堵陽，水經淯水注 〈卷三一〉 引作『赭陽』 〈按戴校仍改作「堵陽」〉。 『武陰』即『舞陰』，古字通用。 地形志無此二郡名。 高祖紀 〈卷七下〉 太和二十二年見赭陽戍主成公期、舞陰戍主黃瑤起。 當是暫置為郡，故不言。」
And again went to the two commanderies of Zheyang and Wuyin: Qian's Textual Variants (juan 28) observes: "Wuyin is probably a corruption of Wuyin (the place name written with the 'dance' radical); the Geography Monograph lists neither commandery—they were likely later abolished and merged." Hong Yixuan, in Textual Variants among the Various Histories (juan 10), adds: "The Hanshu Geography Monograph records Duyang and Wuyin counties in Nanyang Commandery. Duyang—in the Shuijing commentary on the Yu River 〈juan 31〉 is cited as "Zheyang" 〈According to Dai's collation, it is still emended to "Duyang"〉 The form Wuyin written with 'martial' is the same place as Wuyin written with 'dance'; in antiquity the characters were used interchangeably. The Geography Monograph records neither of these commandery names. Gaozu Annals 〈juan 7 Part B〉 Taihe 22 records Zheyang garrison commander Cheng Gongqi and Wuyin garrison commander Huang Yaoqi. They were probably established as commanderies only temporarily, and therefore go unmentioned [in the Geography Monograph]."
57
遼西遼陽人殿本考證云：「『遼陽』北史 〈卷八六〉 作『陽洛』。 本書地形志 〈卷一０六上〉 遼西郡領縣三，有『陽樂』，無『遼陽』。 今以下文『以軍功賜爵陽洛男』證之，應從北史，但『陽樂』、『陽洛』不知孰是。」 按陽樂，漢書地理志屬遼東，續漢書郡國志屬玄菟。 當時地名常用同音字，本字自當作「陽樂」。
A man of Liaoyang in Liaoxi: The Dian edition's Verification notes: "'Liaoyang'—in Beishi 〈juan 86〉 reads "Yangluo". The Geography Monograph of the present book 〈juan 106 Part A〉 Liaoxi Commandery governs three counties; it has "Yangle" but not "Liaoyang". The passage below, "for military merit granted the noble rank of Baron of Yangluo," supports following Beishi; yet whether the correct form is "Yangle" or "Yangluo" remains uncertain." On further examination, Yangle in the Hanshu Geography Monograph belonged to Liaodong, while in the Xuhanshu Treatise on Commanderies and States it belonged to Xuantu. Place names of the period commonly employed homophonous characters; the original form should be "Yangle".
58
其子棄疾為王御士而上告焉按事見左傳襄二十二年，這裏不是引原文，但「上告」無義，疑「上」乃「王」之訛，指楚康王以欲殺子南告棄疾。
His son Qiji served as the king's attendant and reported upward: The incident appears in Zuozhuan, Duke Xiang, year 22; this is not a direct quotation, but "reported upward" (shanggao) is meaningless—it is suspected that shang is a corruption of wang, referring to King Kang of Chu informing Qiji of his intent to kill Zinan.
59
其罪不為與殺明矣按竇瑗認為服虔注「隱痛深諱」，乃是諱母出，「非為諱母與殺也」。 若作「其罪不為與殺」，則是說文姜本無參與殺桓公之罪，和他辯論的本題不合，且與下文引服注「夫人有與殺桓之罪」語相背。 這裏「罪」當是「諱」字之訛，言「其諱不為與殺」，和上下文相貫。
That the crime was not complicity in murder is clear: On examination, Dou Yuan understood Fu Qian's gloss "deeply concealing grief out of taboo" as concealing the mother's disgrace—"not concealing the mother's complicity in murder". If rendered as "the crime was not complicity in murder," it would mean Wen Jiang bore no part in Duke Huan's murder—which misses the point of Dou Yuan's argument and contradicts the Fu Qian gloss quoted below, "the lady had a part in murdering Huan". Here zui (crime) should be read as a corruption of hui (concealment, taboo), yielding "the concealment was not complicity in murder"—which fits the surrounding context.