1
僭晉司馬叡賨李雄
The Usurping Jin: Sima Rui; Cong Li Xiong
2
司馬叡
Sima Rui
3
僭晉司馬叡，字景文，晉將牛金子也。 初晉宣帝生大將軍、琅邪武王伷，伷生冗從僕射、琅邪恭王覲。 覲妃譙國夏侯氏，字銅環，與金姦通，遂生叡，因冒姓司馬，仍為覲子。 由是自言河內溫人。 初為王世子，又襲爵，拜散騎常侍，頻遷射聲、越騎校尉，左、右軍將軍。 從晉惠帝幸臨漳，其叔繇為成都王穎所殺，叡懼禍，遂走至洛，迎其母俱歸陳國。 [1]
The usurping Jin ruler Sima Rui, styled Jingwen, was a son of the Jin general Niu Jin. The Jin Founder Emperor first begat the Grand General, Prince Wu of Langye, Sima Zhou; Zhou in turn begat the Supernumerary Attendant-in-Ordinary, Prince Gong of Langye, Sima Jin. Jin's consort was Lady Xiahou of Qiao, styled Tonghuan. She had an affair with Niu Jin and bore Rui, who therefore took the surname Sima falsely and was still accounted Jin's son. For this reason he claimed to be from Wen in Henei. He first served as heir to the princely house, then inherited the title and was appointed Cavalier Attendant-in-Ordinary. He was repeatedly promoted to Commandant of the Archers, Commandant of the Flying Cavalry, and General of the Left and Right Armies. When he accompanied Emperor Hui of Jin to Linzhang, his uncle Yao was killed by the Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying. Rui feared for his life, fled to Luoyang, and brought his mother back with him to Chen. The text is deficient.
4
東海王越收兵下邳，假叡輔國將軍。 越謀迎惠帝於長安，復假叡平東將軍、監徐州諸軍事，使鎮下邳。 尋加安東將軍、都督揚州諸軍事、假節，當鎮壽陽，[2]且留下邳。 及越西迎惠帝，留叡鎮後，平東府事。 [3]當遷鎮江東，屬陳敏作亂，叡以兵少因留下邳。
The Prince of Donghai, Wang Yue, gathered troops at Xiapi and appointed Rui Acting General Who Assists the State. Yue planned to welcome Emperor Hui from Chang'an and again appointed Rui Acting General Who Pacifies the East and Supervisor of Military Affairs in Xuzhou, ordering him to garrison Xiapi. He was soon further promoted to General Who Pacifies the East, Commander-in-Chief of Military Affairs in Yangzhou, with provisional credentials. He was to garrison Shouyang, [2] but remained at Xiapi for the time being. When Yue went west to welcome Emperor Hui, he left Rui behind to garrison the rear and handle the affairs of the Pacify-the-East headquarters. [3] He was due to transfer his garrison to the lands east of the Yangtze. Chen Min then rose in rebellion, and because Rui had too few troops he remained at Xiapi.
5
平文帝初，叡自稱晉王，改元建武，立宗廟、社稷，置百官，立子紹為太子。 叡以晉王而祀南郊。 其年，叡僭即大位，改為大興元年。 其朝廷之儀，都邑之制，皆準模王者，擬議中國。 遂都於丹陽，因孫權之舊所，即禹貢揚州之地，去洛二千七百里。 地多山水，陽鳥攸居，厥土惟塗泥，厥田惟下下，所謂「島夷卉服」者也。 周禮，職方氏掌天下之地，辨其邦國都鄙，四夷、八蠻、七閩、九貉、五戎、六狄之人民與其財用、九穀、六畜之數要，周知其利害。 東南曰揚州，其山鎮曰會稽，其藪澤曰具區，其川三江，其浸五湖，其利金錫竹箭，其民二男五女，其畜宜鳥獸，其穀宜稻。 春秋時為吳越之地。 吳越僭號稱王，僻遠一隅，不聞華土。 楚申公巫臣竊妻以奔，教其軍陣，然後乃知戰伐。 由是晚與中國交通。 俗氣輕急，不識禮教，盛飾子女以招遊客，此其土風也。 戰國時則并於楚。 故地遠恃險，世亂則先叛，世治則後服。 秦末，項羽起江南，故衡山王吳芮從百越之兵，越王無諸身率閩中之眾以從，滅秦。 漢初，封芮為長沙王，無諸為閩越王，又封吳王濞於朱方。 逆亂相尋，亟見夷滅。 漢末大亂，孫權遂與劉備分據吳蜀。 權阻長江，殆天地所以限內外也。 叡因擾亂，跨而有之。 中原冠帶呼江東之人，皆為貉子，若狐貉類云。 巴、蜀、蠻、獠、谿、俚、楚、越，鳥聲禽呼，言語不同，猴蛇魚鼈，嗜慾皆異。 江山遼闊將數千里，叡羈縻而已，未能制服其民。 有水田，少陸種，以罟網為業。 機巧趨利，恩義寡薄。 家無藏蓄，常守饑寒。 地既暑濕，多有腫泄之病，障氣毒霧，射工、沙蝨、蛇虺之害，無所不有。 叡割有揚、荊、梁三州之土，因其故地，分置十數州及諸郡縣，郡縣戶口至有不滿百者。
Early in the reign of Emperor Pingwen, Rui styled himself King of Jin, changed the era name to Jianwu, established ancestral temples and the altars of soil and grain, installed the full bureaucracy, and named his son Shao heir apparent. As King of Jin, Rui performed the southern suburban sacrifice. That same year Rui usurped the imperial throne and changed the era name to the first year of Daxing. The ceremonial of his court and the institutions of his capital all followed royal models and were patterned on those of the Central Domain. He then established his capital at Danyang, on the former seat of Sun Quan—the territory of Yangzhou in the Tribute of Yu—twenty-seven hundred li from Luoyang. The land is rich in mountains and rivers, where the yang-birds dwell. Its soil is mud, its fields of the lowest grade—the region called "island barbarians in flowery dress." According to the Rites of Zhou, the Director of the Regions oversees all lands under Heaven, distinguishes states, capitals, and districts, and keeps account of the peoples of the four Yi, eight Man, seven Min, nine He, five Rong, and six Di, together with their wealth, the tallies of the nine grains and six livestock, and knows thoroughly where advantage and harm lie. The southeast is called Yangzhou. Its guardian mountain is Kuaiji; its marshes and lakes are Juchu; its rivers are the Three Rivers; its great marshes are the Five Lakes. Its products are gold, tin, bamboo, and arrows; its people number two men to five women; its livestock suit birds and beasts; its grain suits rice. In the Spring and Autumn period it was the territory of Wu and Yue. Wu and Yue usurped royal titles in a remote corner of the realm, unknown to the Central Domain. When Wuchen, Grandee of Shen in Chu, fled there after stealing another man's wife, he taught them military formations—and only then did they learn the arts of war. For this reason they came into contact with the Central Domain only late. Their customs are restless and impulsive; they know little of ritual instruction; they lavish adornment on sons and daughters to attract visitors—such is the local character. In the Warring States period it was absorbed by Chu. The region is remote and relies on natural barriers: in troubled times it rebels first, in peaceful times it submits last. At the end of the Qin dynasty, Xiang Yu rose in Jiangnan. The former King of Hengshan, Wu Rui, followed with the armies of the Hundred Yue, and the King of Yue, Wuzhu, personally led the people of Minzhong in the campaign that overthrew Qin. Early in the Han dynasty, Rui was enfeoffed as King of Changsha, Wuzhu as King of Minyue, and Liu Pi as King of Wu at Zhufang. Rebellions followed one upon another, and they were soon destroyed. In the great disorder at the end of the Han, Sun Quan and Liu Bei divided and held Wu and Shu. Quan held the line of the Yangtze—almost the boundary Heaven and Earth set between inner and outer realms. Rui seized the region amid the turmoil and held it. The gentry of the Central Plain called everyone east of the Yangtze 'Hezi'—as though they were foxes and raccoon dogs. Ba, Shu, Man, Liao, Xi, Li, Chu, and Yue peoples cried like birds and beasts; their languages differed, and monkeys, snakes, fish, and turtles—each people's appetites were unlike the next. Rivers and mountains stretched across nearly a thousand li. Rui could only keep them on loose reins and could not truly subdue the people. There were paddy fields but little dry-land farming; net-fishing was their livelihood. They were clever and quick to pursue profit, but thin in kindness and righteousness. Households kept no stores and lived perpetually on the edge of hunger and cold. The land was hot and damp, and swelling and diarrhea were common. Barrier miasmas, poisonous fogs, and the harms of shooting insects, sand mites, snakes, and vipers were everywhere. Rui carved out the lands of Yang, Jing, and Liang provinces, and following the old boundaries divided them into more than ten provinces with their commanderies and counties—some districts had fewer than a hundred registered households.
6
遣使韓暢浮海來請通和。 平文皇帝以其僭立江表，拒不納之。
He sent the envoy Han Chang across the sea to request peaceful relations. Emperor Pingwen refused the overture, on the grounds that Rui had usurped power south of the Yangtze.
7
是時叡大將軍王敦宗族擅勢，權重於叡，迭為上下，了無君臣之分。 叡侍中劉隗言於叡曰：「王氏強大，宜漸抑損。」 敦聞而惡之。 惠帝時，叡改年曰永昌。 王敦先鎮武昌，乃表於叡曰：「劉隗前在門下，遂秉權寵。 今趣進軍，[4]指討姦孽，宜速斬隗首，以謝遠近。 朝梟隗首，諸軍夕退。 昔太甲不能遵明湯典，顛覆厥度，幸納伊尹之訓，殷道復昌，賢智故有先失後得者矣。」 敦又移告州郡，以沈充為大都督，護東吳諸軍。 叡乃下書曰：「王敦恃寵，敢肆狂逆，方朕於太甲，欲見囚于桐宮。 是可忍也，孰不可忍也！ 今當親帥六軍，以誅大逆。」 叡光祿勳王含率其子瑜以輕舟棄叡，歸于武昌。 叡以其司空王導為前鋒大都督，尚書陸曄為軍司； 以廣州刺史陶侃為江州，梁州刺史甘卓為荊州，使其率眾掎躡敦後； 以太子右率周莚率中軍三千人討沈充。 敦至洌州，表尚書令刁協黨附，宜加誅戮。 叡遣右將軍周札戍于石頭，札潛與敦書，許軍至為應。 敦使司馬楊朗等入于石頭。 札□見敦。 朗等既據石頭，叡征西將軍戴淵、鎮北將軍劉隗率眾攻之，戴淵親率士，鼓眾陵城。 俄而鼓止息，朗等乘之，叡軍敗績。 隗、協入見叡，叡遣其避禍，二人泣而出。 隗還淮陰，後奔石勒。 協奔江乘，為敦追兵所害。 叡師敗。
At this time Rui's Grand General Wang Dun and his clan monopolized power. Their authority outweighed the emperor's; they alternated as master and servant, with no trace of proper lord-and-minister relations. Rui's Palace Attendant Liu Wei said to him, 'The Wang clan is too powerful. They should be restrained step by step.' When Dun heard of this, he was enraged. In the reign of Emperor Hui, Rui changed the era name to Yongchang. Wang Dun, who had first garrisoned Wuchang, then memorialized Rui: 'Liu Wei, once a mere gate attendant, has seized power and imperial favor. I now press the army forward [4] to punish treacherous villains. You should swiftly behead Wei and present his head to satisfy both near and far. Display Wei's head at court in the morning, and the armies will withdraw by evening. In antiquity Taijia could not uphold the ordinances of Tang and overturned the established order; only by accepting Yi Yin's instruction did the Yin dynasty flourish again. The wise know that one may err first and recover later.' Dun also sent notices to the provinces and commanderies, appointing Shen Chong Grand Commander-in-Chief and Protector of all armies in Eastern Wu. Rui then issued an edict: 'Wang Dun, relying on imperial favor, dares to run riot in rebellion. He compares me to Taijia and wishes to imprison me in the Tong Palace. If this can be borne, what cannot be borne! I shall now personally lead the Six Armies to execute this arch-rebel.' Rui's Household Minister of the Left Wang Han took his son Yu aboard light boats, abandoned the emperor, and fled to Wuchang. Rui appointed his Minister of Works Wang Dao Vanguard Grand Commander-in-Chief and the Master of Writing Lu Ye army supervisor; he made the Inspector of Guangzhou Tao Kan commander of Jiang Province and the Inspector of Liangzhou Gan Zhuo commander of Jing Province, ordering them to lead their forces against Dun's rear; and he ordered the Right Leader of the Heir Apparent's Household Zhou Yan to lead three thousand Central Army troops against Shen Chong. When Dun reached Lizhou, he memorialized that the Master of Writing Diao Xie was a partisan and should be executed. Rui sent the General of the Right Zhou Zha to garrison Shitou. Zha secretly wrote to Dun, promising to act in concert when the army arrived. Dun sent his Major Yang Lang and others into Shitou. Zha saw Dun; the text is deficient. Once Lang and the others held Shitou, Rui's General Who Pacifies the West Dai Yuan and General Who Pacifies the North Liu Wei led troops to attack. Dai Yuan personally led his men and drummed the army forward to storm the walls. Soon the drums fell silent. Lang and his men seized the moment, and Rui's army was routed. Wei and Xie came before Rui, who urged them to flee for their lives. The two left in tears. Wei returned to Huaiyin and later fled to Shi Le. Xie fled toward Jiangcheng and was killed by Dun's pursuing troops. Rui's army was defeated.
8
敦自為丞相，武昌郡公，邑萬戶，朝事大小皆關諮之。 敦收戴淵及叡尚書左僕射周顗，並斬于石頭，皆叡朝之望也。 於是改易百官及諸州鎮，其餘轉徙黜免者過百數，或朝行暮改，或百日半年。 敦所寵沈充、錢鳳等所言必用，所譖必死。 敦將還武昌，其長史謝鯤曰：「公不朝，懼天下私議。」 敦曰：「君能保無變乎？」 對曰：「鯤近入覲，主上側席待公，遲得相見，宮省穆然，必無不虞之慮。 公若入朝，鯤請侍從。」 敦曰：「正復殺君等數百，何損朝廷！」 遂不朝而去。 敦召安南將軍甘卓，轉譙王承為軍司，並不從。 敦遣從母弟南蠻校尉魏乂率江夏太守李恒攻承於臨湘，旬日城陷，執承送于武昌。 敦從弟王廙使賊迎之，害于車中。 先是，王敦表疏，言旨不遜，叡以示承曰：「敦言如此，豈有厭哉？」 對曰：「陛下不早裁之，難將作矣。」 敦惡之。 襄陽太守周慮襲殺甘卓。
Dun made himself Chancellor and Duke of Wuchang Commandery with a fief of ten thousand households. Great and small matters of state all required his approval. Dun seized Dai Yuan and Rui's Left Vice Director of the Masters of Writing Zhou Yi and beheaded them at Shitou—men who had been pillars of the court. He then reshuffled the bureaucracy and provincial garrisons. More than a hundred officials were transferred, demoted, or dismissed—some overnight, others over the course of months. Whatever Shen Chong, Qian Feng, and Dun's other favorites recommended was adopted; whoever they slandered was doomed. When Dun was about to return to Wuchang, his Chief Clerk Xie Kun said, 'If you do not attend court, my lord, the realm will surely whisper against you.' Dun said, 'Can you guarantee nothing will go wrong?' Kun replied, 'When I recently attended court, His Majesty waited impatiently for you. Though the meeting was delayed, the palace was calm. There is surely no cause for alarm. If you enter court, my lord, I beg to attend you.' Dun said, 'Even if I kill several hundred of you, what harm would that do the court!' He then left without attending court. Dun summoned the General Who Pacifies the South Gan Zhuo and tried to transfer the Prince of Qiao Cheng to army supervisor; neither obeyed. Dun sent his maternal cousin, Commandant of the Southern Man Wei Yi, with the Administrator of Jiangxia Li Heng to attack Cheng at Linxiang. Within ten days the city fell; they seized Cheng and sent him to Wuchang. Dun's cousin Wang Yi sent assassins to intercept him and killed him in the carriage. Earlier, Wang Dun's memorials had been disrespectful in tone. Rui showed them to Cheng and said, 'Dun speaks like this—can he ever have enough?' Cheng replied, 'If Your Majesty does not restrain him soon, disaster will follow.' Dun hated him for this. The Administrator of Xiangyang Zhou Lü ambushed and killed Gan Zhuo.
9
叡畏迫於敦，居常憂戚，發病而死。
Rui, cowed by Dun, lived in constant anxiety and grief until illness carried him off.
10
子紹僭立，改年曰太寧。
His son Shao usurped the throne and changed the era name to Taining.
11
王敦將篡，諷紹徵己，乃為書曰：「孤子紹頓首。 天下事大，紹以眇身，弗克負荷，哀憂孔疚，如臨于谷，實賴冢宰，以濟艱難。 公邁德樹勳，遐邇歸懷，任社稷之託，居總己之統，然道里長遠，江川阻深，動有介石之機，而回旋之間，固以有所喪矣。 謂公宜入輔朝政，得旦夕詶諮，朝士亦僉以為然。 以公高亮忠肅，至心憂國，苟其宜然，便當以至公處之，期於靜國寧民，要之括囊無咎。 伏想闇同此志，願便速剋近期，以副翹企之懷。」 紹恭憚於敦若此。 復使兼太常應詹拜敦丞相、武昌郡公，奏事不名，入朝不趨，劍履上殿。 敦於是屯於蕪湖。 敦乃轉王導為司徒，自領揚州刺史，以兄含子應為武衞將軍，以自副貳。 敦無子，養應為後。 敦疾踰年，故召含還，欲屬以後事。 是時敦令紹宿衞之兵三番休二。 紹密欲襲敦，微行察敦營壘。 及敦疾，紹屢遣大臣訊問起居，遷含驃騎大將軍、儀同三司。
Wang Dun was plotting usurpation and prompted Shao to summon him. He drafted a letter: 'The orphan Shao bows his head. The affairs of the realm are weighty, and I, Shao, am too slight to bear them. My grief is piercing, as though I stood at the edge of a ravine. I truly rely on the chief minister to carry us through these hardships. Your far-reaching virtue and established merit draw allegiance from near and far. You bear the trust of the altars and hold overall governance. Yet the roads are long and the rivers deep; every move has its decisive moment, and in turning back and forth something is always lost. I believe you should enter court to assist in governance, so that we may consult morning and evening. The court gentlemen are unanimous in this view. Because you are lofty, loyal, and reverent, with the utmost concern for the state—if this is fitting, it should be handled with perfect fairness, in the hope of quieting the realm and pacifying the people. In the end, keep your counsel folded and you will be without blame. I trust you share this intent in secret. I beg you to set a near date at once, to satisfy our eager hopes.' Such was Shao's deference and fear of Dun. He again sent the Concurrent Grand Master of Ceremonies Ying Zhan to invest Dun as Chancellor and Duke of Wuchang Commandery, with the privileges of memorializing without using his name, entering court without hastening, and wearing sword and shoes in the hall. Dun then encamped at Wuhu. Dun then transferred Wang Dao to Minister of Education, took the post of Inspector of Yangzhou himself, and appointed his brother Han's son Ying General of the Martial Guard as his deputy. Dun had no sons and adopted Ying as his heir. Dun had been ill for more than a year, so he summoned Han back, intending to entrust him with affairs after his death. At this time Dun ordered that Shao's palace-guard troops rotate three shifts with two off. Shao secretly planned to strike Dun and went in disguise to inspect his camps. When Dun fell ill, Shao repeatedly sent high ministers to inquire after his health and promoted Han to General of Agile Cavalry with the privileges of the Three Excellencies.
12
敦疾甚，紹召其司徒王導、中書監庾亮、丹陽尹溫嶠、尚書卞壼密謀討之。 導、嶠及右將軍卞敦共據石頭，光祿勳應詹都督朱雀桁南諸軍事，尚書令郗鑒都督從駕諸軍事，紹出次于中堂。 敦聞兵起，怒，欲自將，困不能坐。 召其黨錢鳳、鄧岳、周撫等率眾三萬指造建業。 含謂敦曰：「此事吾便當行。」 於是以含為元帥。 鳳等問敦曰：「事克之日，天子云何？」 敦曰：「尚未南郊，何為天子！ 便盡卿兵勢，唯保護東海王及裴妃而已。」 初，紹謂敦已死，故敢發兵。 及下詔數日，敦猶能與王導書，後自手筆曰：「太真別來幾日，作如此事！」 太真，溫嶠字也。 紹朝見之，咸共駭懼。 含等兵至，溫嶠輒燒朱雀桁以挫其鋒。 紹使中軍司馬曹渾、左衞參軍陳嵩、段匹磾弟禿率壯士千人逆含等，戰于江寧，斬其前鋒將何康，殺數百人。 敦聞康死，軍不獲濟，怒曰：「我兄老婢耳！ 門戶衰微，群從中才兼文武者皆早死，今年事去矣。」 語參軍呂寶曰：「我當力行。」 因作勢而起，困乏，乃復臥。 使術士郭璞筮之，卦成，對曰：「不能佳。」 敦既疑璞勸亮、嶠等舉事，又聞卦惡，於是殺璞。
When Dun's illness grew severe, Shao secretly summoned his Minister of Education Wang Dao, Palace Secretariat Supervisor Yu Liang, Intendant of Danyang Wen Jiao, and Master of Writing Bian Huai to plot against him. Dao, Jiao, and General of the Right Bian Dun held Shitou together. Household Minister Ying Zhan commanded all troops south of the Vermilion Bird Bridge, Master of Writing Xi Jian commanded the imperial escort, and Shao encamped at the Central Hall. When Dun heard that troops had risen against him, he was furious and wished to lead in person, but was too weak even to sit up. He summoned his partisans Qian Feng, Deng Yue, Zhou Fu, and others to lead thirty thousand men straight toward Jianye. Han said to Dun, "I shall handle this matter myself." Han was then made supreme commander. Feng and the others asked Dun, "When the affair succeeds, what shall be done with the Son of Heaven?" Dun said, "He has not yet performed the southern suburban sacrifice—what makes him Son of Heaven! Deploy all your military strength, but protect only the Prince of Donghai and Consort Pei." Earlier Shao had believed Dun was already dead, and therefore dared to raise troops. Several days after the edict was issued, Dun could still write to Wang Dao. Later he added in his own hand, "Taizhen, how many days since we parted, and you do such a thing!" Taizhen was Wen Jiao's style name. When Shao saw it at court, everyone was shocked and afraid. When Han's troops arrived, Wen Jiao immediately burned the Vermilion Bird Bridge to blunt their advance. Shao sent Central Army Major Cao Hun, Left Guard Adjutant Chen Song, and Duan Pidi's brother Tu with a thousand stalwart men against Han's forces. They fought at Jiangning, beheaded the vanguard general He Kang, and killed several hundred men. When Dun heard that Kang was dead and the army could not cross, he raged, "My elder brother is a feeble old woman! Our house is in decline. Every kinsman with both civil and military talent is already dead. This year's affair is lost." He said to Adjutant Lü Bao, "I shall force myself to go." He made as if to rise, but exhaustion overcame him and he lay down again. He had the diviner Guo Pu cast the hexagrams. When the reading was complete, Guo replied, "It cannot be favorable." Dun already suspected that Pu had urged Liang, Jiao, and the others to act. When he heard the ominous reading, he had Pu killed.
13
敦疾轉困，語其舅羊鑒及子應曰：「我亡後，應便即位，先立朝廷百官，然後營葬。」 初敦敗叡之後，夢白犬自天而下，噬之。 及疾甚，見刁協、甘卓為祟，遂死。 王應祕不發喪，裹屍以席，埋於齋中，與其將諸葛瑤等縱酒淫逸。 沈充將萬餘人來會含等。 充臨行，顧謂其妻曰：「男兒不建豹尾，不能歸也。」 紹平西將軍祖約率眾至于淮南，[5]逐敦所置淮南太守任台。 紹將劉遐、蘇峻濟自滿洲，含相率渡兵，應詹逆擊，大破之。 周撫斬錢鳳，沈充將吳儒斬充。 紹遣御史劉彝發敦瘞，斬屍，梟首朱雀桁。
As Dun's illness grew critical, he told his uncle Yang Jian and his son Ying, "After I die, Ying shall take power at once. First install the court officials, then arrange my burial." Earlier, after Dun had defeated Rui, he dreamed that a white dog descended from Heaven and bit him. When his illness grew severe, he saw Diao Xie and Gan Zhuo as vengeful spirits and died. Wang Ying kept the death secret, wrapped the corpse in matting, buried it in the study, and with his generals Zhuge Yao and others gave themselves to wine and dissipation. Shen Chong brought more than ten thousand men to join Han's forces. As Chong was about to depart, he turned to his wife and said, "A man who does not win the leopard-tail banner of command cannot return." Shao's General Who Pacifies the West Zu Yue led his troops to Huainan [5] and expelled Dun's appointed Administrator of Huainan, Ren Tai. Shao's generals Liu Xia and Su Jun crossed from Manzhou. Han led his troops across in turn, but Ying Zhan counterattacked and routed them. Zhou Fu beheaded Qian Feng, and Shen Chong's general Wu Ru beheaded Chong. Shao sent Censor Liu Yi to exhume Dun's body, behead the corpse, and display the head at the Vermilion Bird Bridge.
14
紹死，子衍僭立，號年曰咸和。
When Shao died, his son Yan usurped the throne and styled the era Xianhe.
15
衍歷陽太守蘇峻不順於衍，衍護軍庾亮曰：「蘇峻豺狼，終為禍亂，晁錯所謂削之亦反，不削亦反，削之反速而禍小，不削反遲而禍大。」 乃以大司農徵之，令峻弟逸領峻部曲。 徵書至，峻怒曰：「庾亮專擅，欲誘殺我也。」 阜陵令匡術、樂安人任讓並為峻謀主，勸峻誅亮。 乃使使推崇祖約，共討亮，約大喜。 於是約命兄逖子沛國內史渙、女壻淮南太守許柳將兵會峻。 峻使其黨韓光，光名犯恭宗廟諱，入姑熟，殺于湖令陶馥，殘掠而還。 衍假庾亮節為征討都督，使其右衞將軍趙胤、左將軍司馬流率眾次于慈湖。 韓光晨襲流，殺之。 衍以其驍騎將軍鍾雅為前鋒監軍，假節，率舟軍拒峻。 宣城內史桓彝統吏士次于蕪湖，韓光敗之，大掠宣城諸縣而還。 江州刺史溫嶠使督護王愆期、西陽太守鄧岱、鄱陽太守紀睦等以舟軍赴于建業。 愆期、岱次直瀆，峻督眾二萬濟自橫江，登牛渚山。 愆期等邀擊不制。 峻至于蔣山，衍假領軍卞壼節，率諸將陳兵。 衍之將怯兵弱，為峻所敗，卞壼及其二子、丹陽尹羊曼、黃門侍郎周導、廬江太守陶瞻、散騎侍郎任台等皆死，死者三千餘人。 庾亮兵敗，與三弟奔于柴桑。 峻遂焚衍宮，羣賊突掠，百僚奔散，唯有米數石而已，無以自供。 峻逼衍大赦，庾亮兄弟不在赦限。 峻以祖約為太尉、尚書令，加侍中，自為驃騎將軍、領軍將軍、錄尚書事。 於是建業荒毀，奔投吳會者十八九。
Yan's Administrator of Liyang, Su Jun, defied him. Yan's Protector of the Army Yu Liang said, "Su Jun is a wolf who will surely bring disaster. As Chao Cuo said: cut him down and he rebels anyway; leave him and he rebels anyway—but cutting him down brings swift rebellion and small harm, while leaving him brings slow rebellion and great harm." He therefore summoned Jun to court as Grand Minister of Agriculture and ordered Jun's younger brother Yi to command his troops. When the summons arrived, Jun raged, "Yu Liang monopolizes power and means to lure me to my death." Fuling Magistrate Kuang Shu and a man of Le'an, Ren Rang, were Jun's chief advisers and urged him to kill Liang. Jun then sent envoys to honor Zu Yue and join him in attacking Liang. Yue was delighted. Yue then ordered his elder brother Di's son, Interior Minister of Peiguo Huan, and his son-in-law, Administrator of Huainan Xu Liu, to lead troops to join Jun. Jun sent his partisan Han Guang—whose name violated the taboo of Emperor Gongzong's temple name—into Gushu, killed Yuhu Magistrate Tao Fu, plundered the region, and returned. Yan gave Yu Liang credentials as punitive expedition commander and ordered his General of the Right Guard Zhao Yin and General of the Left Sima Liu to encamp at Cihu. Han Guang raided Liu at dawn and killed him. Yan appointed his General of Valiant Cavalry Zhong Ya vanguard supervising general with provisional credentials and ordered him to lead the river fleet against Jun. Interior Minister of Xuancheng Huan Yi encamped at Wuhu with his officials and troops. Han Guang defeated him, plundered the counties of Xuancheng, and withdrew. Inspector of Jiangzhou Wen Jiao sent Protector Wang Yanqi, Administrator of Xiyang Deng Dai, Administrator of Poyang Ji Mu, and others with a river fleet toward Jianye. Yanqi and Dai encamped at Zhidu. Jun led twenty thousand men across from Hengjiang and ascended Niuzhu Mountain. Yanqi and the others intercepted them but could not stop the advance. When Jun reached Jiangshan, Yan gave Leader of the Army Bian Huai credentials and ordered the generals to deploy their troops. Yan's generals were timid and his troops weak. Jun defeated them. Bian Huai and his two sons, Intendant of Danyang Yang Man, Gentleman Attendant at the Yellow Gates Zhou Dao, Administrator of Lujiang Tao Zhan, Gentleman Cavalier Attendant Ren Tai, and others were killed—more than three thousand dead in all. Yu Liang's army was defeated, and he fled with his three younger brothers to Chaisang. Jun then burned Yan's palace. The rebel bands looted everywhere, and the officials scattered. Only a few piculs of rice remained—nothing with which to sustain themselves. Jun forced Yan to issue a general amnesty, but Yu Liang and his brothers were excluded. Jun made Zu Yue Grand Commandant and Master of Writing with the added title of Palace Attendant. He himself took the posts of General of Agile Cavalry, Leader of the Army, and Recorder of the Masters of Writing. Jianye was left desolate and ruined; eight or nine households in ten fled toward Wu and Kuaiji.
16
溫嶠聞之，移告征鎮州郡。 庾亮至盆口，嶠分兵配給。 又招衍荊州刺史陶侃欲共討峻。 侃不從，曰：「吾疆埸外將，本非顧命大臣，今日之事，所不敢當。」 時侃子為峻所害，嶠復喻侃曰：「蘇峻遂得志，四海雖廣，公寧有容足地乎？ 賢子越騎酷沒，天下為公痛心，況慈父之情哉！」 侃乃許之。
When Wen Jiao heard of it, he sent notices to the expeditionary garrisons and provincial commanderies. When Yu Liang reached Penkou, Jiao allotted him a share of the troops. He also tried to recruit Yan's Inspector of Jingzhou Tao Kan for a joint campaign against Jun. Kan refused, saying, "I am a frontier general beyond the borders, not a deathbed entrusted minister. I dare not take on today's affair." By then Jun had killed Kan's son. Jiao urged him again, "If Su Jun has his way, though the four seas are vast, will you still have room to set foot anywhere? Your worthy son of the Flying Cavalry suffered a cruel death. The realm grieves for you—how much more must a father's heart!" Kan then agreed.
17
蘇峻屯於于湖。 衍母庾氏憂怖而死。 蘇峻聞兵起，自姑熟還建業，屯于石頭。 使其黨張瑾、管商率眾拒諸軍，逼遷衍於石頭。 衍哀泣升車，宮人盡哭，隨從衍者，莫不流涕。 峻以倉屋為宮，使鄉人許方為司馬，督將兵守衞。 陶侃、庾亮、溫嶠率舟軍二萬至于石頭，俄引還，次于蔡洲沙門浦。 庾亮守白石壘，詰朝，峻將萬餘人攻之。 亮等逆擊，峻退。 吳國內史庾冰率三吳之眾驟戰，不勝。 瑾、商等破庾冰前軍於無錫，焚掠肆意。 韓光攻宣城內史桓彝，彝率吏民力戰不勝，為光所殺。 祖約為潁川人陳光率其屬攻之，約乃奔於歷陽。 長樂人賈寧勸峻殺王導，盡誅諸大臣，峻不從，乃改計叛峻。 王導使袁耽潛誘納之，謀奉衍出奔溫嶠。
Su Jun encamped at Yuhu. Yan's mother, Lady Yu, died of grief and fear. When Su Jun heard that troops had risen against him, he returned from Gushu to Jianye and encamped at Shitou. He sent his partisans Zhang Jin and Guan Shang to resist the allied armies and forced Yan to move to Shitou. Yan wept as he mounted the carriage. The palace women all wept, and none of those who followed him could hold back tears. Jun made granary buildings his palace, appointed his fellow townsman Xu Fang Major, and set him to command the guard troops. Tao Kan, Yu Liang, and Wen Jiao led a fleet of twenty thousand to Shitou, then withdrew and encamped at Shamen Ford on Cai Isle. Yu Liang held the White Stone rampart. At dawn the next day Jun attacked with more than ten thousand men. Liang and the others counterattacked, and Jun withdrew. Interior Minister of Wu Yu Bing led the armies of the Three Wu in a sudden battle but could not prevail. Jin, Shang, and the others defeated Yu Bing's vanguard at Wuxi and burned and plundered at will. Han Guang attacked Interior Minister of Xuancheng Huan Yi. Yi led officials and commoners in a desperate fight but was defeated and killed by Guang. Zu Yue was attacked by Chen Guang of Yingchuan leading his followers, and fled to Liyang. Jia Ning of Changle urged Jun to kill Wang Dao and execute all the great ministers. Jun refused, so Ning changed his plan and turned against Jun. Wang Dao sent Yuan Dan to win him over in secret, plotting to escort Yan out to join Wen Jiao.
18
嶠食盡，貸于陶侃。 侃怒曰：「使君前云不憂無士眾及糧食也，唯欲得老民為主耳。 今比戰皆北，良將安在？ 今若無食，民便欲西歸。」 先是嶠慮侃不赴，故以甘言招侃。 嶠乃卑辭謝之，且曰：「今者，騎虎之勢可得下乎？ 賊垂滅，願公留思。」 侃怒少止。 其將李陽說曰：「今事若不捷，雖有粟，焉得而食之。 公宜割見儲，以卒大事。」 乃以米五萬石供軍。
Jiao's provisions ran out, and he borrowed grain from Tao Kan. Kan raged, "You said earlier that you had no worry about troops or grain—you only wanted this old man as your leader. Now battle after battle ends in defeat—where are your good generals? If there is no food now, the people will want to march west and go home." Earlier Jiao had feared Kan would not come, and had therefore wooed him with flattering words. Jiao then apologized humbly and said, "Can one now climb down from a tiger's back? The rebels are nearly destroyed. I beg you to consider that." Kan's anger subsided somewhat. His general Li Yang urged, "If today's campaign fails, grain will do us no good. You should draw on your stores now to finish the great affair." He then supplied the army with fifty thousand piculs of rice.
19
祖渙襲湓口，欲以沮溫嶠之兵。 渙過晥，攻譙國內史桓雲，不克，乃還。 蘇峻并兵攻大業，大業水竭，皆飲糞汁。 諸將謀救之，慮不能當，且欲水陸攻峻。 陶侃以舟師攻石頭，溫嶠、庾亮陳于白石。 峻子碩以數十騎出戰，峻見碩騎，乃捨其眾，自以四馬北下突陳，[6]陳堅乃還。 軍士彭世、李千投之以矛，峻墜馬，遂梟首，臠割之，焚其骸骨。 任讓及諸賊帥復立峻弟逸，求峻屍弗獲，乃發衍父母冢，[7]剖棺焚屍。 匡術率其徒據苑城以降，韓光、蘇碩等率眾攻苑，苑中飢，穀石四萬。 諸將攻石頭。 蘇碩及章武王世子休率勁賊孔盧、張偏等數十人擊李陽於柤浦，退走，碩等追之，庾冰司馬滕含以銳卒自後擊之，碩、逸等震潰，奔于曲阿。 含入抱衍，始得出奔溫嶠之舟。
Zu Huan raided Penkou, hoping to obstruct Wen Jiao's army. Huan passed through Wan, attacked Interior Minister of Qiao Huan Yun, failed to take him, and withdrew. Su Jun concentrated his forces against Daye. When Daye's water ran out, the defenders drank filthy water. The generals planned a rescue but feared they could not hold Jun off, and also considered a combined land-and-water attack. Tao Kan attacked Shitou with the fleet while Wen Jiao and Yu Liang deployed at White Stone. Jun's son Shuo rode out with several dozen horsemen. When Jun saw Shuo's riders, he abandoned his main force and charged the enemy line with four horses. [6] The line held firm, and he withdrew. Soldiers Peng Shi and Li Qian hurled spears at him. Jun fell from his horse. They displayed his head, carved up his flesh, and burned his bones. Ren Rang and the rebel chiefs installed Jun's younger brother Yi. Unable to find Jun's body, they opened Yan's parents' tomb [7] and burned the corpses. Kuang Shu held Yuan city with his followers and surrendered. Han Guang, Su Shuo, and others attacked Yuan. The city was starving, though grain was priced at forty thousand per picul. The generals attacked Shitou. Su Shuo and the Heir of Prince Zhangwu Xiu led fierce rebels Kong Lu, Zhang Pian, and several dozen men against Li Yang at Zhapu. They retreated, but Shuo pursued them. Yu Bing's Major Teng Han struck from the rear with elite troops, routing Shuo, Yi, and the others, who fled to Qu'a. Han entered the palace, embraced Yan, and only then was able to flee to Wen Jiao's boats.
20
是時，兵破之後，宮室灰燼，議欲遷移，王導不從乃止。 衍改年咸康。
After the armies were broken, the palaces lay in ashes. Some debated moving the capital, but Wang Dao opposed it and the plan was abandoned. Yan changed the era name to Xiankang.
21
建國中，衍死。 中書監庾冰廢衍子千齡，立其弟岳，改年曰建元。 初岳之立，當改元，庾冰立號，而晉初已有，改作，又如之，乃為建元。 頃之，或告冰曰：「子作年號，乃不視讖也。 讖云：『建元之末丘山崩。』 丘山，岳也。」 冰瞿然，久而歎曰：「如有吉凶，豈改易所能救乎？」 遂不復改。
During the Jianguo period, Yan died. Palace Secretariat Supervisor Yu Bing deposed Yan's son Qianling and installed his younger brother Yue, changing the era name to Jianyuan. When Yue first took the throne, the era name was due to be changed. Yu Bing proposed a title, but Jinyuan had already been used early in the Jin dynasty. He revised it once, then again, and settled on Jianyuan. Soon someone told Bing, "You chose an era name without heeding the prophecy. The prophecy says, "At the end of Jianyuan the hill-mountain collapses." Hill-mountain" means Yue." Bing was startled. After a long pause he sighed, "If fortune or misfortune is fated, how could changing the name save us?" He did not change it again.
22
岳死，庾冰欲立司馬昱。 驃騎將軍何充立岳子聃，號年曰永和。 聃安西將軍桓溫率所統七千餘人伐蜀，拜表輒行。 聃威力微弱，不能控制也。 及石虎死，聃征北將軍褚裒以舟軍至下邳，西中郎將陳逵進據淮南。 石遵聞裒至下邳，使其司空李農領萬餘騎逆圍督護王龕於薛，執龕送于鄴，又殺李邁。 龕，裒之驍將，三軍喪氣，乃引還。 陳逵聞之，震懼，焚淮南而走。
When Yue died, Yu Bing wished to install Sima Yu. General of Agile Cavalry He Chong installed Yue's son Dan and styled the era Yonghe. Dan's General Who Pacifies the West Huan Wen led more than seven thousand of his troops to attack Shu and marched as soon as his memorial was sent. Dan's authority was too weak to control him. When Shi Hu died, Dan's General Who Campaigns North Chu Pou led a river fleet to Xiapi, and Western Central Commander Chen Kui advanced into Huainan. Shi Zun heard Pou had reached Xiapi and sent his Minister of Works Li Nong with more than ten thousand horsemen to besiege Protector Wang Kan at Xue. Kan was seized and sent to Ye, and Li Mai was also killed. Kan was Pou's best general. The army lost heart and withdrew. When Chen Kui heard of it, he was terrified, burned Huainan, and fled.
23
桓溫表廢聃揚州刺史殷浩，聃憚溫，乃除其名。 溫遂率所統諸軍步騎四萬自郢越關中至灞上。 苻健與五千餘人守長安小城。 是歲大儉，溫軍人懸磐，健深溝堅壁，清野待溫。 溫軍食盡，乃退，苻健遣子萇頻擊敗之。 初，溫次灞上，其部將振武將軍、順陽太守薛珍勸溫徑進逼城，溫弗從，珍以偏師獨濟，頗有所獲。 溫退，珍乃還，放言於眾，且矜其銳而咎溫之持重。 溫慚忿，殺之。 聃又改年曰升平。
Huan Wen memorialized to depose Dan's Inspector of Yangzhou Yin Hao. Dan feared Wen and removed Hao from office. Wen then led forty thousand foot and horse from his command out of Ying, across the Guanzhong passes to Bashang. Fu Jian defended the small city of Chang'an with more than five thousand men. That year brought great famine. Wen's troops were starving. Jian dug deep moats, strengthened his walls, cleared the countryside, and waited for Wen. When Wen's provisions ran out, he withdrew. Fu Jian sent his son Chang repeatedly to strike and defeat him. Earlier, when Wen halted at Bashang, his subordinate General Who Quells Martial Ferocity, Administrator of Shunyang Xue Zhen urged him to press straight against the city. Wen refused. Zhen crossed with a detached force on his own and gained some booty. When Wen withdrew, Zhen returned and boasted among the troops of his boldness while blaming Wen's caution. Wen, ashamed and furious, had him killed. Dan again changed the era name to Shengping.
24
聃死，無子，立衍子丕，號年隆和。 時謠曰：「升平不滿斗，隆和那得久。」 改為興寧，又謠曰：「雖復改興寧，亦自無聊生。」
Dan died without sons. They installed Yan's son Pi and styled the era Longhe. A rhyme of the time said, "Shengping does not fill a dipper; Longhe—how could it last long?" The era was changed to Xingning, and another rhyme said, "Though you change again to Xingning, still there is no way to live."
25
丕死，弟弈立，號年曰太和。
When Pi died, his younger brother Yi was installed and the era styled Taihe.
26
桓溫率眾北討慕容暐，至金鄉，鑿鉅野三百餘里以通舟軍，自清水入河。 慕容垂逆擊破之，獲其資仗。 溫之北引也，先命西中郎將袁真及趙悅開石門，而袁真等停於梁宋，石門不通，糧竭。 溫自枋頭回軍，垂以步騎數萬追及襄邑，大敗溫軍。
Huan Wen led his army north against Murong Wei. At Jinxiang he cut a channel more than three hundred li through Juye to open a water route for his fleet, entering the river from Qingshui. Murong Chui counterattacked and defeated him, seizing his supplies and weapons. When Wen marched north, he first ordered Western Central Commander Yuan Zhen and Zhao Yue to open Shimen. Yuan Zhen halted in Liang and Song, Shimen never opened, and the army's grain ran out. Wen withdrew from Fangtou. Chui pursued with tens of thousands of foot and horse to Xiangyi and routed Wen's army.
27
溫遂歸罪袁真，除名削爵，收節傳。 真子雙之等殺梁國內史朱憲，真據壽陽以叛，真諸子兄弟阻兵自守，招誘陸城戍將陳郡太守朱輔數千人。 遣參軍爨亮通慕容暐，又遣使西降苻堅。 真病死，輔立其嫡子瑾為使持節、建威將軍、豫州刺史。 瑾弟四五人皆領兵。 暐令陳文報爨亮，且以觀變。 桓溫遣督護竺瑤以軍泝淮伐瑾，瑤次于肥口，屢戰。 慕容暐假瑾征南將軍、揚州刺史、宣城公，瑾弟泓等皆郡守、四品將軍，朱輔亦如之。 溫乃伐瑾，瑾等拒戰，於是築長圍守之，城中震潰，遂平瑾。
Wen then blamed Yuan Zhen, stripped his name and title, and seized his credentials and commission. Zhen's son Shuangzhi and others killed Interior Minister of Liang Zhu Xian. Zhen held Shouyang in rebellion. His sons and brothers took up arms in defense and won over the garrison commander of Lucheng, Administrator of Chen Zhu Fu, with several thousand men. He sent Adjutant Cuan Liang to communicate with Murong Wei and also sent envoys west to submit to Fu Jian. When Zhen died of illness, Fu installed his legitimate son Jin as Bearer of Staff and Credentials, General Who Establishes Might, and Inspector of Yuzhou. Jin's four or five younger brothers all commanded troops. Wei ordered Chen Wen to reply to Cuan Liang and to watch how affairs developed. Huan Wen sent Protector Zhu Yao up the Huai to attack Jin. Yao encamped at Feikou and fought repeatedly. Murong Wei appointed Jin Acting General Who Campaigns South, Inspector of Yangzhou, and Duke of Xuancheng. Jin's younger brothers Hong and others became commandery administrators and fourth-rank generals, and Zhu Fu received similar honors. Wen then attacked Jin. Jin resisted, but Wen built a long encirclement and besieged the city until it collapsed in panic. Jin was pacified.
28
初溫任兼將相，其不臣之心，形于音氣，曾臥對親僚，撫枕而起曰：「為爾寂寂，將為文、景所笑。」 眾莫敢對。 後悉眾北討，冀成陵奪之勢。 及枋頭奔敗，知民望之去己，既平瑾，問中書郎郗超曰：「足以雪枋頭之耻乎？」 超曰：「此未厭有識之情也。 公六十之年，敗於大舉，不建不世之勳，不足以鎮愜民望。」 因說溫以廢立之事。 溫既宿有此謀，深納超言。 溫自廣陵將旋鎮姑孰。 至于白石，及言其主弈少同閹人之疾，初在東海、琅邪國，親近嬖人相龍、朱靈寶等並侍臥內，而美人田氏、孟氏遂生三男。 眾致疑惑，然莫能審其虛實。 至是，將建儲立王，溫因之以定廢立之計。 遂率百僚並還朝堂。 溫率眾入，屯兵宮門，進坐殿庭，使督謢竺瑤、散騎侍郎劉亨取弈璽綬。 弈著白袷單衣，步下西堂，登犢車。 羣臣拜辭，皆殞涕。 侍御史將百餘人，送出神虎門，入東海第。 於是迎司馬昱而立之。
Earlier, when Wen held both military and civil power, his disloyal intent showed in voice and bearing. Once, lying among close colleagues, he stroked his pillow and rose, saying, "For your sake I remain obscure—Emperors Wen and Jing would laugh at me." No one dared reply. Later he led all his forces on the northern campaign, hoping to achieve the momentum of usurping imperial power. After his defeat at Fangtou, he knew popular expectation had turned from him. After pacifying Jin, he asked Palace Attendant Xi Chao, "Is this enough to wash away the shame of Fangtou?" Chao said, "This does not yet satisfy men of discernment. At sixty, after defeat in a great campaign, you must establish an unworldly achievement if you are to satisfy popular expectation." He then urged Wen toward deposing and installing the emperor. Wen had long harbored this design and deeply accepted Chao's counsel. Wen was returning from Guangling to garrison Guniu. At Baishi he spoke of how his lord Yi in youth had shared the afflictions of eunuchs. In Donghai and Langye he had kept favorites Xiang Long, Zhu Lingbao, and others in his bedchamber, while Ladies Tian and Meng bore three sons. The court raised doubts, but none could determine the truth. As the court was about to establish an heir, Wen used the occasion to fix his plan of deposition and installation. He then led the officials back to the court hall. Wen led his troops in, encamped at the palace gates, entered and sat in the hall courtyard, and sent Protector Zhu Yao and Gentleman Cavalier Attendant Liu Heng to take Yi's seal and cord. Yi wore a white lined single garment, walked down from the western hall, and mounted an ox-cart. The ministers bowed in farewell, all in tears. More than a hundred attending censors escorted him out through the Divine Tiger Gate to the Donghai residence. They then welcomed Sima Yu and installed him.
29
昱，叡子也。 昱東向流涕，拜受璽綬。 昱既僭立，改年曰咸安，以溫依諸葛亮故事，甲仗入殿，進丞相，其大司馬等皆如故，留鎮建業。 以弈為海西縣公。
Yu was a son of Rui. Yu faced east in tears and bowed to receive the seal and cord. Once Yu had usurped the throne, he changed the era to Xian'an. Following the precedent of Zhuge Liang, he allowed Wen arms and armor in the hall and promoted him to Chancellor while leaving his other posts unchanged. Wen remained to garrison Jianye. Yi was made Duke of Haixi County.
30
溫常有大志，昱心不自安，謂中書郎郗超曰：「命之修短，本所不計，故當無復近日事邪？」 超父愔為會稽太守，超假還東，昱謂之曰：「致意尊公，家國之事，遂至於此。 由吾不能以道匡衞，思患豫防，愧歎之深，言何能喻！」 又誦庾闡詩云：「志士痛朝危，忠臣哀主辱。」 因泣下。 昱疾，與溫書曰：「吾遂委篤，足下便入，冀得相見，不謂疾患，遂至於此。 今者惙然，勢不復久，且雖有詔，豈復相及。 慨恨兼深，如何可言！ 天下艱難，而昌明幼冲眇然，非阿衡輔導之訓，當何以寧濟也？ 國事家計，一託於公。」
Wen constantly harbored great ambitions, and Yu was uneasy. He said to Palace Attendant Xi Chao, "I do not reckon the length of my life—but surely there will be no more recent troubles?" Chao's father Yin was Administrator of Kuaiji. When Chao took leave to return east, Yu said to him, "Convey my regard to your honored father. The affairs of house and state have come to this. Because I could not uphold the Way and guard against disaster beforehand, my shame and grief are beyond words." He also recited Yu Chan's lines: "Men of resolve grieve when the court is endangered; loyal ministers mourn when the lord is shamed." And he wept. When Yu fell ill, he wrote to Wen: "I am now utterly prostrate. Come at once—I hoped we might meet, but did not expect my illness to reach this point. I am feeble now and will not last long. Even if an edict is sent, how could we still meet? My regret and resentment are too deep for words! The realm is in hardship, and Changming is young and slight. Without an Ah Heng to assist and guide him, how can there be peace? The affairs of state and household I entrust entirely to you."
31
昱死，子昌明僭立。 徐州小吏盧悚與其妖眾男女二百，向晨攻廣莫門，詐言海西公還，由萬春、雲龍門入殿，略取三廂及武庫甲仗。 時門下軍校並假兼，在直吏士駭愕不知所為。 游擊將軍毛安之先入雲龍門討悚，中領軍桓祕、將軍殷康止車門入，會兵攻之，斬五十六級，捕獲餘黨，死者數百人。 前殿中監許龍與悚皆遣人至吳，詐迎弈，弈不從。
When Yu died, his son Changming usurped the throne. A petty clerk of Xuzhou, Lu Song, with two hundred men and women of his demonic band attacked the Guangmo Gate at dawn, falsely claiming the Duke of Haixi had returned. They entered the hall through the Wanchun and Yunlong gates and plundered the three wings of the palace and the armory. The gate guards were all provisional appointees, and the clerks on duty were too shocked to act. Mobile General Mao Anzhi entered Yunlong Gate first to attack Song. Central Leader of the Army Huan Mi and General Yin Kang entered at the carriage gate. Together they attacked, beheaded fifty-six men, captured the remaining rebels, and left several hundred dead. Former Palace Director Xu Long and Song both sent men to Wu under false pretenses to welcome Yi, but Yi refused.
32
昌明改年曰寧康，[8]徵溫入朝，又詔溫無拜。 尚書謝安等於新亭見溫，皆敬。 溫拜昱墓，得病還姑熟。 溫自歸寢疾，諷求備物九錫。 謝安已令吏部郎袁彥伯撰策文，文成，安輒勾點，令更治改。 既屢引日，乃謀於尚書僕射王彪之，彪之云：「聞彼病日增，亦當不復支久，自可小遲回其事。」 安從之。 溫死。
Changming changed the era to Ningkang, [8] summoned Wen to court, and also ordered that Wen need not bow. Master of Writing Xie An and others met Wen at Xinting with full respect. Wen paid his respects at Yu's tomb, fell ill, and returned to Guniu. After returning to nurse his illness, Wen hinted that he sought the nine bestowals. Xie An had already ordered Ministry of Personnel Attendant Yuan Yanbo to draft the investiture text. When it was finished, An marked corrections and ordered it revised again. After repeatedly drawing out the days, he consulted Vice Director of the Masters of Writing Wang Biaozhi. Biaozhi said, "I hear his illness grows daily. He surely cannot last long. We may safely delay the matter a little." An agreed. Wen died.
33
是時，昌明年長，嗜酒好內，而昌明弟會稽王道子任居宰相，昏醟尤甚，狎昵諂邪。 于時尼娼構扇內外，風俗頹薄，人無廉耻。 左僕射王珣兒婚，門客車數百乘，會聞王雅為太子少傅，回以詣雅者半焉。 雅素有寵，人情去就若此。 皇始元年，昌明死，子德宗僭立。
By then Changming had grown up, addicted to wine and fond of women. His younger brother, the Prince of Kuaiji Daozi, held the chancellorship, was deeply muddled by drink, and kept company with flatterers and the wicked. Nuns and prostitutes stirred faction throughout the court. Customs decayed, and people lost all sense of shame. When Left Vice Director Wang Xun's son married, several hundred client carriages attended. Word came that Wang Ya had been made Junior Tutor to the Heir Apparent, and half the carriages turned back to visit him instead. Ya had long enjoyed favor, and human sentiment shifted as swiftly as this. In the first year of Huangshi, Changming died and his son Dezong usurped the throne.
34
初，昌明耽於酒色，末年，殆為長夜之飲，醒治既少，外人罕得接見，故多居內殿，流連於樽俎之間。 以嬖姬張氏為貴人，寵冠後宮，威行閫內。 於時年幾三十，昌明妙列妓樂，陪侍嬪少，乃笑而戲之云：「汝以年當廢，吾已屬諸姝少矣。」 張氏潛怒，昌明不覺而戲逾甚。 向夕，昌明稍醉，張氏乃多潛飲宦者內侍而分遣焉。 至暮，昌明沉醉臥，張氏遂令其婢蒙之以被，既絕而懼，貨左右云以魘死。 時道子昏廢，子元顯專政，遂不窮張氏之罪。
Earlier, Changming had been addicted to wine and women. In his later years he drank almost through the night, governed little when sober, and rarely received outsiders. He spent most of his time in the inner halls, lingering over wine and meat. He made his favorite Lady Zhang a Noble Lady. Her favor crowned the rear palace, and her authority ruled within the inner quarters. She was then nearly thirty. Changming had courtesans and musicians finely arrayed, while few consorts attended him. He laughed and teased her, "By your age you ought to be dismissed. I have already assigned you to the younger beauties." Lady Zhang secretly grew angry, but Changming did not notice and teased her ever more. Toward evening, when Changming was slightly drunk, Lady Zhang secretly plied the eunuch attendants with wine and sent them away in groups. By dusk Changming lay in drunken sleep. Lady Zhang ordered her maid to smother him with a quilt. When he was dead she feared exposure and bribed those around to say he had died of a nightmare. Daozi was muddled and useless, and his son Yuanxian monopolized government. Lady Zhang's crime was never fully pursued.
35
德宗既立，改年為隆安。 以道子為太傅、揚州牧、中書監，加殊禮，黃鉞、羽葆、鼓吹，又增甲仗百人入殿。 既而內外眾事必先關於道子。 尚書僕射王國寶輕薄無行，為道子所親，權震建業，擅取東宮兵以配己府。 道子以王緒為輔國將軍、琅邪內史，又輒并石頭之兵，屯于建業。 緒猶領其從事中郎，居中用事，寵幸當政。
Once Dezong was installed, he changed the era name to Long'an. Daozi was made Grand Tutor, Governor of Yangzhou, and Palace Secretariat Supervisor, with special honors including the yellow battle-axe, feather canopy, and ceremonial music, and a further hundred armed guards were allowed into the hall. Soon all matters within and without the court had first to pass through Daozi. Vice Director of the Masters of Writing Wang Guobao was frivolous and dissolute, favored by Daozi. His authority dominated Jianye, and he seized Eastern Palace troops for his own headquarters. Daozi made Wang Xu General Who Assists the State and Interior Minister of Langye, and on his own authority merged the Shitou garrison and encamped the troops at Jianye. Xu still held his Attendant-in-Ordinary post, managed affairs from the center, and ruled through favor.
36
德宗兗州刺史王恭惡國寶、王緒之亂政也，乃要荊州刺史殷仲堪剋期同舉。 王恭表德宗曰：「國寶身負莫大之罪，謹陳其狀。 前荊州刺史王悅，國寶同產弟也。 受任西藩，不幸致喪。 國寶求假奔彼，遂不即路，慮臺糾察，懼於黜免，乃毀冠改服，變為婦人，與婢同載，入請相王。 又先帝暴崩，莫不驚號，而國寶靦然，了無哀容，方犯閤叩扉，求行姦計，欲詐為遺詔，矯弄神器。 彰暴于外，莫不聞知。 讒疾二昆，過於讎敵； 樹立私黨，遍於府朝。 兵食資儲，斂為私積； 販官鬻爵，威恣百城。 收聚不逞，招集亡命。 輔國將軍王緒頑凶狂狡，人理不齒，同惡相成，共竊名器。 自知禍惡已盈，怨集人鬼，規為大逆，蕩覆天下。 昔趙鞅興晉陽之甲，夷君側之惡，臣雖駑劣，敢忘斯義。」 恭表至，道子密欲討恭，以元顯為征虜將軍，內外諸軍潛加嚴備。 而國寶惶懼，不知所為，乃遣數百人戍竹里，夜遇風雨，各散而歸。 緒勸國寶殺王珣，然後南征北伐，弗聽，反問計於珣。 既而懼懾，遂上表解職。 尋復悔懼，詐稱德宗復其本官。 道子既不能拒恭等之兵，亦欲因以委罪，乃收國寶付廷尉殺之，斬王緒於市，以悅恭等。 司徒左長史王廞遭母喪居吳，恭板行吳國內史。 廞乃徵發吳興諸郡兵。 國寶既死，王恭使廞反於喪。 廞謂因緣事際，可大得志，乃據吳郡，遣子弟率眾擊恭。 以女為真烈將軍，亦置官屬，領兵自衞。 恭遣司馬劉牢之討平之。
Dezong's Inspector of Yanzhou Wang Gong hated the disorder wrought by Guobao and Xu. He invited Inspector of Jingzhou Yin Zhongkan to rise on a fixed date. Wang Gong memorialized Dezong: "Guobao bears a crime of the utmost magnitude. I respectfully set forth the facts. Former Inspector of Jingzhou Wang Yue was Guobao's younger brother by the same mother. Appointed to the western frontier, he met an untimely death. Guobao sought leave to rush there but never set out, fearing court investigation and dismissal. He destroyed his cap, changed into women's dress, rode with a maid in the same carriage, and entered to request audience of the Prince of Xiang. When the former emperor died suddenly, all were shocked, yet Guobao was calm and showed no grief. He forced his way in, scheming treachery, wishing to forge a deathbed edict and seize the imperial regalia. His crimes were exposed for all to hear. He slandered his two elder brothers with hatred exceeding that of enemies; he built private factions throughout the headquarters and court; he hoarded troops, grain, and stores as private wealth; he sold offices and peddled ranks, wielding power wantonly over a hundred cities; he gathered the unbridled and recruited fugitives. General Who Assists the State Wang Xu was stubborn, fierce, and cunning, beneath human regard. Together in evil they usurped titles and regalia. Knowing their crimes were full, with resentment gathering from men and spirits alike, they plotted great rebellion to overturn the realm. Formerly Zhao Yang raised the armies of Jinyang and extinguished evil at the ruler's side. Though I am dull and inferior, how dare I forget this duty." When Gong's memorial arrived, Daozi secretly planned to attack him. He made Yuanxian General Who Campaigns Against Barbarians and secretly strengthened all armies within and without. Guobao was terrified and sent several hundred men to garrison Zhuli. That night wind and rain scattered them, and they returned home. Xu urged Guobao to kill Wang Xun and then campaign south and north. Guobao refused and instead asked Xun for counsel. Soon, afraid and cowed, he memorialized to resign. Soon he regretted and feared again, and falsely claimed Dezong had restored his original office. Unable to refuse Gong's armies and wishing to shift blame, Daozi seized Guobao and handed him to the Court of Justice for execution, beheaded Xu in the market, and thus pleased Gong and his allies. Left Chief Clerk of the Minister of Education Wang Yin, mourning his mother, dwelt in Wu. Gong appointed him acting Interior Minister of Wu. Yin then mobilized the troops of the Wuxing commanderies. After Guobao's death, Wang Gong ordered Yin to return from mourning. Yin thought the occasion offered great ambition. He seized Wu Commandery and sent his kinsmen to attack Gong. He made his daughter General of True Valor, installed officials, and led troops in his own defense. Gong sent Major Liu Laozhi to attack and pacify him.
37
德宗譙王尚之兄弟復說道子，以為藩伯強盛，宰相權弱，宜密樹置，以自藩衞。 道子然之，分遣腹心，跨據形要，由是內外騷動。 王恭深慮禍難，復密要殷仲堪、西中郎將庾楷、廣州刺史桓玄同會建業。 玄等響應。 恭抗表傳檄，以江州刺史王愉、司馬尚之為事端。 仲堪遣龍驤將軍、南郡相楊佺期舟師五千發江陵，桓玄借兵於仲堪，亦給五千人。 於是德宗戒嚴：加道子黃鉞； 遣右將軍謝琰拒恭等； 元顯為征討都督，眾軍繼進； 前軍王珣領中軍府眾次于北郊； 以尚之為豫州刺史，率弟恢之、允之西討楷等。 皆執白虎幡居前。 王恭遣劉牢之為前鋒，次于竹里。 初，道子之謀恭也，啗牢之以重賞，牢之斬恭別帥顏延、延弟強，送二級於謝琰。 琰與牢之俱進襲恭，恭奔于曲阿，為湖浦尉所執，送建業。 尚之與庾楷子鴻戰于牛渚，斬鴻前鋒將殷萬，鴻遁還歷陽。 尚之猶不敢濟。 桓玄、佺期奄至橫江，尚之等退，恢之所領外軍皆沒。 玄等徑造石頭，仲堪繼在蕪湖，建業震駭。 道子殺恭於倪塘。 桓玄等於是走還尋陽。
Dezong's Prince of Qiao Shangzhi and his brothers urged Daozi again, saying frontier lords were strong while the chancellor was weak. He should secretly plant appointees as his own guard. Daozi agreed and sent trusted men to hold strategic points throughout the realm. The court was thrown into turmoil. Wang Gong deeply feared disaster and again secretly invited Yin Zhongkan, Western Central Commander Yu Kai, and Inspector of Guangzhou Huan Xuan to meet at Jianye. Xuan and the others responded. Gong submitted a defiant memorial and circulated a proclamation, citing Inspector of Jiangzhou Wang Yu and Major Shangzhi as the pretext. Zhongkan sent General of Dragon Valor, Chancellor of Nan Commandery Yang Quanqi with five thousand river troops from Jiangling. Huan Xuan borrowed troops from Zhongkan and received five thousand men as well. Dezong then declared martial law. Daozi was given the yellow battle-axe; General of the Right Xie Yan was sent to resist Gong and the others; Yuanxian was made punitive expedition commander, and the armies advanced in succession; Vanguard Wang Xun led the Central Army headquarters troops and encamped at the northern suburb; Shangzhi was made Inspector of Yuzhou and led his younger brothers Huizhi and Yunzhi west against Kai and the others. All bore white tiger banners at the fore. Wang Gong sent Liu Laozhi as vanguard to encamp at Zhuli. Earlier, in Daozi's plot against Gong, he tempted Laozhi with heavy rewards. Laozhi beheaded Gong's detached commander Yan Yan and Yan's younger brother Qiang and sent their heads to Xie Yan. Yan and Laozhi advanced together against Gong. Gong fled to Qu'a, was seized by the Lake Ford Commandant, and sent to Jianye. Shangzhi fought Yu Kai's son Hong at Niuzhu, beheaded Hong's vanguard general Yin Wan, and Hong fled back to Liyang. Shangzhi still did not dare cross the river. Huan Xuan and Quanqi suddenly reached Hengjiang. Shangzhi and the others withdrew, and Huizhi's outer armies were destroyed. Xuan and the others went straight to Shitou while Zhongkan followed at Wuhu. Jianye was shaken with terror. Daozi killed Gong at Nitang. Huan Xuan and the others then fled back to Xunyang.
38
是年冬，德宗遣使朝貢，并乞師請討姚興。 二年夏，德宗又遣使朝貢。
That winter Dezong sent envoys with tribute and also requested troops to campaign against Yao Xing. In the summer of the second year, Dezong again sent envoys with tribute.
39
以元顯為揚州刺史。 道子有疾，元顯懼己弗得襲位，故矯以自授，而道子弗知。 既瘳，乃大怒，以元顯已拜，故弗復改，於是內外政事一決元顯。 道子少而耽酒，治日甚希，至是無事，俾晝作夜。 時謂道子為東錄，元顯為西錄，西府千兩輻湊，東第門設雀羅矣。 元顯年少，頓居權重，驕奢淫暴，於是遠近譏之。
Yuanxian was made Inspector of Yangzhou. When Daozi fell ill, Yuanxian feared he could not inherit the post and forged his own appointment without Daozi's knowledge. When he recovered he was furious, but because Yuanxian had already been appointed he did not change it. Thereafter all affairs were decided solely by Yuanxian. Daozi had been addicted to wine from youth and governed ever less. Now with nothing to do, he turned day into night. People called Daozi the Eastern Office and Yuanxian the Western Office. A thousand carts converged on the western headquarters, while birds could be netted at the deserted eastern gate. Yuanxian was young and suddenly held great power. Proud, extravagant, dissolute, and violent, he was mocked throughout the realm.
40
初，德宗新安太守孫泰以左道惑眾被戮，其兄子恩竄于海嶼，妖黨從之，至是轉眾，攻上虞，殺縣令，眾百許人徑向山陰。 會稽內史王凝之事五斗米道，恩之來也，弗先遣軍，乃稽顙于道室，跪而呪說，指麾空中，若有處分者。 官屬勸其討恩，凝之曰：「我已請大道出兵，凡諸津要各有數萬人矣。」 恩漸近，乃聽遣軍。 比兵出，恩已至矣。 戰敗，凝之奔走，再宿執之。 旬日，恩眾數萬，自號平東將軍，逼人士為官屬。 於是諸郡妖惑，並殺守令而應之，眾皆雲集。 吳國內史桓謙出奔，吳興太守謝邈被害。
Earlier, Dezong's Administrator of Xin'an Sun Tai was executed for deluding the masses with heterodox teachings. His nephew En fled to the sea isles, and demonic partisans followed him. By now his following had grown. He attacked Shangyu, killed the magistrate, and a band of about a hundred marched straight toward Shanyin. Interior Minister of Kuaiji Wang Ningzhi practiced the Five-Pecks-of-Rice Way. When En came, he did not send troops first but kowtowed in the Way chamber, knelt and chanted spells, and gestured in the air as if commanding an army. His officials urged him to attack En. Ningzhi said, "I have already requested the Great Way to send troops. At every ford and pass there are already tens of thousands." Only when En drew near did he allow troops to be sent. By the time the troops went out, En had already arrived. Defeated in battle, Ningzhi fled and was seized after two nights. Within ten days En's following numbered tens of thousands. He styled himself General Who Pacifies the East and compelled gentlemen to serve as his officials. Commanderies throughout the region were deluded. They killed their administrators and magistrates and joined him, and the masses gathered like clouds. Interior Minister of Wu Huan Qian fled. Administrator of Wuxing Xie Miao was killed.
41
自德宗以來，內外乖貳，石頭以外，皆專之於荊、江，自江以西則受命於豫州，京口暨于江北皆兗州刺史劉牢之等所制，德宗政令所行，唯三吳而已。 恩既作亂，八郡盡為賊場，及丹陽諸縣處處蜂起，建業轉成蹙弱。 且妖惑之徒，多潛都邑，人情危懼，恒慮大兵竊發。 於是眾軍戒嚴，劉牢之共衞將軍謝琰討之。 賊等禁令不行，肆意殺戮，士庶死者不可勝計，或醢諸縣令以食其妻子，不肯者輒支解之，其虐如此。 驃騎長史王平之死未葬，恩剖棺焚屍，以其頭為穢器。 牢之率軍討破之。 琰將至吳興，賊徒遁走，驅逼士庶，奔于山陰。 諸妖亂之家，婦女尤甚，未得去者，皆盛飾嬰兒投之于水而告之曰：「賀汝先登仙堂，我尋復就汝也。」 賊既走散，邑屋焚毀，郛郭之中，時見人跡，經月乃漸有歸者。 謝琰留屯烏程，遣其將高素助牢之。 牢之率眾軍濟江。 初，孫恩聞八郡響應也，告諸官屬曰：「天下無復事矣，當與諸君朝服而至建業。」 既聞牢之臨江，復曰：「我割據浙江，不失作勾踐也。」 尋知牢之已濟，乃曰：「孤不耻走。」 於是乃走。 緣道多遺珍寶，牢之將士爭取之，不得窮追。 恩復入於海。 初，三吳困於虐亂，皆企望牢之、高素等。 既至，放肆抄暴，百姓咸怨毒失望焉。
Since Dezong's reign, court and provinces had fallen apart. Beyond Shitou, Jing and Jiang monopolized power; west of the river, Yuzhou held sway; Jingkou and the lands north of the river were controlled by Inspector of Yanzhou Liu Laozhi and others. Dezong's orders reached only the Three Wu. Once En rebelled, eight commanderies became bandit territory, counties throughout Danyang rose everywhere, and Jianye grew ever more desperate. Demon-deluded followers lurked in the capital. The people lived in fear, constantly dreading a sudden uprising. The armies declared martial law. Liu Laozhi and Co-Guardian General Xie Yan campaigned against them. The rebels enforced no discipline and killed at will. The dead among gentry and commoners were beyond counting. Some pickled magistrates to feed their wives and children; those who refused were dismembered. Such was their cruelty. Agile Cavalry Chief Clerk Wang Pingzhi had died and was not yet buried. En opened the coffin, burned the corpse, and used his head as a filthy vessel. Laozhi led the army and defeated them. As Yan was about to reach Wuxing, the rebels fled, driving gentry and commoners before them toward Shanyin. Among the households caught in the demonic turmoil, women suffered most. Those who could not flee lavishly adorned their infants and cast them into the water, saying, "Congratulations—you ascend the immortal hall first. I shall soon follow you." Once the rebels scattered, towns and houses lay burned. Human traces appeared within the outer walls only after a month, when people gradually began to return. Xie Yan remained encamped at Wucheng and sent his general Gao Su to assist Laozhi. Laozhi led the armies across the river. Earlier, when Sun En heard that eight commanderies had responded, he told his officials, "Under Heaven there is nothing left to do—we shall come to Jianye in court dress." When he heard Laozhi was approaching the river, he said, "If I hold Zhejiang, I can still be Goujian." Soon learning Laozhi had crossed, he said, "I am not ashamed to flee." And he fled. Along the road he dropped many treasures. Laozhi's soldiers scrambled for them and could not pursue to the end. En again fled to the sea. Earlier the Three Wu, afflicted by savage disorder, had all looked to Laozhi, Gao Su, and the others in hope. When they arrived, they plundered without restraint. The people resented them bitterly and lost all hope.
42
孫恩在海，妖眾轉復從之。 既破永嘉、臨海，復入山陰。 謝琰戰歿。 於是建業大震，遣冠軍將軍、東海太守桓不才，輔國將軍孫無終，廣陵相高雅之等東討恩。 吳興太守庾恒慮妖黨復發，大行誅戮，殺男女數千人。 孫恩復破高雅之於餘姚，雅之走還山陰。 元顯自為後將軍、開府儀同三司、都督十六州，本官悉如故； 封子彥章為東海王，食吳興四萬餘戶，清選文學臣僚，吏兵一同宗國。 孫恩浮海奄至京口，戰士十萬，劉牢之隔在山陰，眾軍懼不敢旋，恩遂徑向建業。 德宗惶駭，遽召豫州刺史司馬尚之。 于時中外驚擾，而元顯置酒高會，道子唯日祈于鍾山。 恩來漸近，百姓忷懼。 尚之率精銳馳至，徑屯積弩堂。 恩時泝風，不得疾行，數日乃至白石。 恩本以諸軍分散，欲掩不備，知尚之尚在建業，復聞牢之不還，不敢上，乃走向郁洲。 恩別帥盧循攻沒廣陵，虜掠而去。
Sun En was at sea, and demonic followers again gathered to him. Having overrun Yongjia and Linhai, he again entered Shanyin. Xie Yan died in battle. Jianye was shaken. They sent Champion General, Administrator of Donghai Huan Bucai, General Who Assists the State Sun Wuzhong, Chancellor of Guangling Gao Yazhi, and others east against En. Administrator of Wuxing Yu Heng feared the demonic faction would rise again and carried out mass executions, killing several thousand men and women. Sun En again defeated Gao Yazhi at Yuyao, and Yazhi fled back to Shanyin. Yuanxian made himself Rear General, Equal in Three Offices with an opened headquarters, and Commander-in-Chief of sixteen provinces, while retaining his original offices; he enfeoffed his son Yanzhang as King of Donghai with a fief of more than forty thousand households in Wuxing, selected literary officials, and gave him clerks and soldiers like a royal state. Sun En crossed the sea and suddenly reached Jingkou with a hundred thousand warriors. Liu Laozhi was blocked at Shanyin, the armies feared to turn back, and En marched straight on Jianye. Dezong was terrified and hastily summoned Inspector of Yuzhou Sima Shangzhi. The realm was in alarm, yet Yuanxian held high feasts while Daozi prayed daily at Zhongshan. As En drew nearer, the people were seized with fear. Shangzhi led elite troops to the city and encamped at the Accumulated Crossbows Hall. En faced a contrary wind and could not travel swiftly. Several days passed before he reached Baishi. En had thought the armies were scattered and wished to strike unprepared. Learning Shangzhi was still at Jianye and that Laozhi would not return, he dared not advance and turned toward Yuzhou. En's detached commander Lu Xun overran Guangling, plundered it, and withdrew.
43
桓玄聞孫恩之逼也，乃建牙戒嚴，表求征討。 時恩去未遠，玄表復至，元顯等大懼，急遣止玄。 庾楷密使自結於元顯，說玄大失人情，眾不為用，若朝廷遣軍，己當內應。 元顯得書大喜，遣張法順謀于劉牢之，牢之同許焉。 於是徵兵裝艦，將謀西討。 德宗改年曰元興，以元顯為大都督討玄。 玄軍至，元顯不戰而敗，父子並為玄所殺。 後改年為大亨。
When Huan Xuan heard of Sun En's threat, he raised his command banner, declared martial law, and memorialized requesting a punitive campaign. En had not gone far when Xuan's memorial arrived again. Yuanxian and the others were terrified and urgently ordered him to stop. Yu Kai secretly allied with Yuanxian, saying Xuan had lost all popular support and that if the court sent troops, he would respond from within. Yuanxian was delighted by the letter and sent Zhang Fashun to plot with Liu Laozhi, who agreed. They mobilized troops, fitted out ships, and planned a western campaign. Dezong changed the era to Yuanxing and made Yuanxian Grand Commander-in-Chief to attack Xuan. When Xuan's army arrived, Yuanxian was defeated without a fight. Father and son were both killed by Xuan. Later the era was changed to Daheng.
44
天興六年十月，德宗遣使朝京師。
In the tenth month of the sixth year of Tianxing, Dezong sent envoys to court at the Northern Wei capital.
45
時盧循執德宗廣州刺史吳隱之，自號平南將軍、廣州刺史，令其黨徐道覆據始興，餘郡皆以親黨居之。
Lu Xun held Dezong's Inspector of Guangzhou Wu Yinshi, styled himself General Who Pacifies the South and Inspector of Guangzhou, placed his partisan Xu Daofu at Shixing, and installed kinsmen in the remaining commanderies.
46
德宗復僭立於江陵，改年義熙。 尚書陶夔迎德宗，達于板橋，大風暴起，龍舟沉沒，死者十餘人。 德宗發江陵至尋陽，其益州刺史毛璩、參軍譙縱反，攻涪城，克之，遂以益州叛德宗。 德宗發姑熟，還建業。 六月，太祖遣軍攻德宗鉅鹿太守賀申，申舉城降。
Dezong again usurped the throne at Jiangling and changed the era to Yixi. Master of Writing Tao Kui welcomed Dezong to Banqiao. A great storm arose, the dragon boat sank, and more than ten men died. Dezong set out from Jiangling to Xunyang. His Inspector of Yizhou Mao Qu and Adjutant Qiao Zong rebelled, took Fucheng, and rebelled with Yizhou against Dezong. Dezong set out from Guniu and returned to Jianye. In the sixth month the Founder Emperor sent troops against Dezong's Administrator of Julu He Shen, who surrendered the city.
47
永興二年，盧循復起於嶺南，殺德宗江州刺史何無忌於石城。 咸欲以德宗北走，知循未下乃止。 裕令撫軍劉毅討循，敗於桑落洲，步走而還。 裕黨孟昶、諸葛長民等勸裕擁德宗過江，裕不從。
In the second year of Yongxing, Lu Xun again rose in Lingnan and killed Dezong's Inspector of Jiangzhou He Wuji at Shicheng. All wished Dezong to flee north, but when they learned Xun had not yet been subdued, they stopped. Yu ordered Pacification General Liu Yi against Xun. Yi was defeated at Sangluo Isle and returned on foot. Yu's partisans Meng Chang, Zhuge Changmin, and others urged him to escort Dezong across the river, but Yu refused.
48
神瑞二年，德宗遣廣武將軍玄文、石齊朝貢。 [9]泰常初，劉裕征姚泓。 [10]二年，太宗遣長孫道生、娥清破其將朱超石於石河，[11]擒騎將楊豐，斬首千七百餘級。
In the second year of Shenrui, Dezong sent General of Broad Martial Might Xuan Wen and Shi Qi with tribute to court. [9] At the beginning of Taichang, Liu Yu campaigned against Yao Hong. [10] In the second year, Emperor Taizong sent Zhangsun Daosheng and E Qing to defeat his general Zhu Chaoshi at Shihe. [11] They captured Cavalry General Yang Feng and took more than seventeen hundred heads.
49
三年，德宗死，弟德文僭立。 四年，改年曰元熙五年，德文禪位於裕，裕封德文為零陵王。 德文后河南褚氏，兄季之、弟淡之雖德文姻戚，而盡心於裕。 德文每生男，輒令方便殺焉。 或誘內人，密加毒害，前後非一。 及德文被廢，囚於秣陵宮，常懼見禍，與褚氏共止一室，慮有鴆毒，自煮食於前。 六年，劉裕將殺之，不欲遣人入內，令淡之兄弟視褚氏，褚氏出別宮，於是兵乃踰垣而入，進藥於德文。 德文不肯飲，曰：「佛教，自殺者不復人身。」 乃以被掩殺之。
In the third year Dezong died and his younger brother Dewen usurped the throne. In the fourth year the era was changed to the fifth year of Yuanxi. Dewen abdicated to Liu Yu, who enfeoffed him as King of Lingling. Dewen's consort was Lady Chu of Henan. Her elder brother Jizhi and younger brother Danzhi, though Dewen's kin by marriage, devoted themselves wholly to Liu Yu. Whenever Dewen bore a son, they found means to kill him. Sometimes they enticed inner attendants to poison the infants secretly—more than once. When Dewen was deposed and imprisoned in the Moling Palace, he lived in constant fear. He and Lady Chu shared one room, and fearing poisoned food, he cooked for himself. In the sixth year Liu Yu planned to kill him and did not wish to send men inside. He ordered Danzhi and his brothers to visit Lady Chu, who was taken to a separate palace. Soldiers then scaled the wall, entered, and presented poison to Dewen. Dewen refused to drink, saying, "In Buddhism, one who kills himself does not regain human form." They smothered him with a quilt instead.
50
自叡之僭江南，至於德文之死，君弱臣強，不相羈制，賞罰號令，皆出權寵，危亡廢奪，釁故相尋，所謂夷狄之有君，不若諸夏之亡也。
From Rui's usurpation south of the Yangtze to Dewen's death, the ruler was weak and ministers strong, unrestrained by one another. Rewards, punishments, and orders all issued from favored power. Peril, ruin, deposition, and usurpation followed in endless succession—the proverb says barbarians may have a lord, yet it is not like the Central States without one.
51
賨李雄，字仲儁，蓋廩君之苗裔也。 其先居於巴西宕渠。 秦并天下，為黔中郡，薄賦其民，口出錢三十，[12]巴人謂賦為「賨」，因為名焉。 後徙櫟陽。 [13]祖慕，魏東羌獵將。 慕有五子，輔、特、庠、流、驤。
Cong Li Xiong, styled Zhongjun, was probably a descendant of Lord Lin. His ancestors dwelt in Dangqu in Baxi. When Qin united the realm the region became Qianzhong Commandery, with light taxation of thirty cash per person. [12] The Ba people called tax "cong," and from this came the name. Later they moved to Liyang. [13] His grandfather Mu was a hunting general of the Eastern Qiang in Wei. Mu had five sons: Fu, Te, Xiang, Liu, and Xiang.
52
晉惠時，關西擾亂，頻歲大飢，特兄弟率流民數萬家就穀漢中，遂入巴蜀。 時晉益州刺史趙廞反叛，特兄弟起兵誅之，晉拜特宣威將軍、長樂鄉侯，流奮威將軍、武陽侯。 流民閻式等推特行鎮北大將軍，承制封拜，流行鎮東將軍。 後與晉益州刺史羅尚相攻。 昭帝七年，特自稱大將軍、大都督，號年建初。 戰敗，為尚所殺，流代統兵事。 流字玄通，自稱大都督、大將軍。 流病將死，以後事屬雄，雄，特少子也。
In the time of Emperor Hui of Jin, Guanxi was in turmoil and famine struck year after year. The Te brothers led tens of thousands of refugee households seeking grain to Hanzhong, then entered Ba and Shu. Jin's Inspector of Yizhou Zhao Xin rebelled. The Te brothers raised troops to execute him. Jin appointed Te General Who Proclaims Might and Marquis of Changle Township, and Liu General Who Exerts Might and Marquis of Wuyang. Refugee leader Yan Shi and others urged Te to act as General Who Pacifies the North with commission to enfeoff and appoint officials. Liu acted as General Who Pacifies the East. Later they fought Jin's Inspector of Yizhou Luo Shang. In the seventh year of Emperor Zhao, Te styled himself Grand General and Grand Commander-in-Chief and named the era Jianchu. Defeated in battle, he was killed by Shang. Liu succeeded to command of the armies. Liu, styled Xuantong, styled himself Grand Commander-in-Chief and Grand General. As Liu lay dying, he entrusted affairs to Xiong, Te's youngest son.
53
雄自稱大都督、大將軍。 十年，僭稱成都王，號年建興，置百官。 時涪陵人范長生頗有術數，雄篤信之，勸雄即真。 十二年，僭稱皇帝，號大成，改年為晏平，拜長生為天地太師，領丞相，西山王。 又改年為玉衡。 雄以中原喪亂，乃頻遣使朝貢，與穆帝請分天下。 雄捨其子，而立兄盪第四子班為太子。
Xiong styled himself Grand Commander-in-Chief and Grand General. In the tenth year he usurped the title King of Chengdu, styled the era Jianxing, and installed the full bureaucracy. Fuling man Fan Changsheng was skilled in occult arts. Xiong deeply trusted him and urged him to take the imperial throne. In the twelfth year he usurped the imperial title, named his state Dacheng, changed the era to Yanping, and appointed Changsheng Grand Master of Heaven and Earth, Chancellor, and King of Xishan. He again changed the era to Yuheng. Because the Central Plain was in disorder, Xiong frequently sent envoys with tribute and asked Emperor Mu to divide the realm. Xiong set aside his own son and installed his elder brother Dang's fourth son Ban as heir apparent.
54
烈帝六年，雄死，班代統任。 雄子期，殺班而自立。
In the sixth year of Emperor Lie, Xiong died and Ban succeeded him. Xiong's son Qi killed Ban and installed himself.
55
期，字世運，雄第四子也。 改年為玉恒。 驤子壽自涪城襲克成都，廢期為卭都公，期自殺。
Qi, styled Shiyun, was Xiong's fourth son. He changed the era to Yuheng. Xiang's son Shou raided from Fucheng and took Chengdu, deposed Qi as Duke of Qiongdu, and Qi killed himself.
56
壽，字武考。 初為雄大將軍，封建寧王，以南中十二郡為建寧國，至期，徙封漢王。 既廢期自立，改年為漢興，又改號曰漢，時建國元年也。 壽廣漢太守李乾與大臣謀欲廢壽，壽懼，令子廣與大臣盟於殿前。 壽聞鄴中殷實，宮觀美麗，石虎以殺罰御下，控制邦域城鎮，深用欣慕。 吏民有小過，輒殺之以立威名。 又以郊甸未實，城邑空虛，工匠器械，事用不足，乃徙民三丁已上於成都，興尚方、御府，發州郡工巧以充之。 [14]廣修宮室，引水入城，務於奢侈，百姓疲於使役，民多嗟怨，思亂者十室而九。 其尚書左僕射蔡興直言切諫，壽以為謗訕，誅之。 其臣龔壯作詩七首，託言應璩以諷壽。 壽報曰：「省詩知意。 若今人所作，賢哲之話言； 古人所作，死鬼之常辭耳。」 動慕漢武、魏明政法，耻聞父兄時事。 上書者不得言先世政化，自以勝之也。 及壽疾病，見李期、蔡興為祟，遂死。 子勢統任。
Shou, styled Wukao. At first he was Xiong's Grand General and enfeoffed as King of Jianning, with the twelve commanderies of Nanzhong as his kingdom. Under Qi he was transferred and enfeoffed as King of Han. Having deposed Qi and installed himself, he changed the era to Hanxing and the state title to Han—the first year of Jianguo. Shou's Administrator of Guanghan Li Qian plotted with ministers to depose him. Shou feared this and had his son Guang swear alliance with the ministers before the hall. Shou heard that Ye was rich, its palaces beautiful, and that Shi Hu controlled subordinates through killing and punishment and held the realm's cities in his grip. He deeply admired this. Officials and commoners with small faults were at once killed to establish his reputation for terror. Because the suburbs were empty, cities deserted, and craftsmen and tools insufficient, he moved households with three adult males or more to Chengdu, established the Imperial Workshop and Palace Storehouse, and mobilized skilled artisans from the provinces to fill them. [14] He broadly repaired palaces, led water into the city, and pursued extravagance. The people were exhausted by corvée, sighed in resentment, and nine households in ten thought of rebellion. His Left Vice Director of the Masters of Writing Cai Xing remonstrated bluntly. Shou deemed it slander and executed him. His minister Gong Zhuang composed seven poems under the name of Ying Qu to satirize Shou. Shou replied, "I have read the poems and know your intent. If composed by men of today, they are the words of sages; if composed by men of antiquity, they are merely the usual phrases of dead ghosts." He admired the government methods of Emperor Wu of Han and Emperor Ming of Wei and was ashamed to hear of his father and elder brothers' affairs. Memorializers were forbidden to speak of former generations' governance, for he considered himself superior. When Shou fell ill, he saw Li Qi and Cai Xing as vengeful spirits and died. His son Shi succeeded him.
57
勢，字子仁。 既立，改年為太和。 遣使朝貢。 又改為嘉寧。 勢弟漢王廣以勢無子，請為太弟，勢不許。 廣欲襲勢，勢使其太保李弈擊廣於涪城，克之，貶為臨卭侯，廣尋自殺。 勢既驕吝，荒於酒色，至殺人而取其妻，又納李弈女為后。 耽於淫樂，不恤國事，夷獠叛亂，境土減削，累年荒儉。 性多忌害，誅殘大臣，刑罰酷濫。 斥外父祖舊臣，親任近習，左右小人因行威福。 修飾室宇，羣臣諫諍，一無所納。 又常居內，少見公卿。 史官屢陳災譴，乃加相國董皎大都督，以名位優之，實望與分災眚。 建國十年，司馬聃將桓溫伐之，勢降於溫。 先是頻有怪異。 成都北鄉有人望見女子避入草中，往視，見物如人，有身形頭目，無手足，能動搖，不能言。 廣漢馬生角，各長寸半。 有馬駒，一頭、二身、六耳、無目、二陰，一牝一牡。 又有驢，無皮毛，飲食數日而死。 江南雨血，地生毛。 江源又生草，高七八尺，華葉皆赤，子青如牛角。 涪陵民藥氏婦頭上生角，長三寸，凡三截之。 李漢家舂米，米自臼中跳出，斂舉箕中，又跳出，寫置簟中。 童謠曰：「江橋頭，闕下市，成都北門十八子。」 又曰：「有客有客，來侵門陌，其氣欲索。」 譙周云：「我死後三十年，當有異人入蜀，由之而亡。」 蜀亡之歲，去周亡三十二年。 周又著讖曰：「廣漢城北，有大賊，曰流特，攻難得，歲在玄宮自相克。」 卒如其言。
Shi, styled Ziren. Once installed, he changed the era to Taihe. He sent envoys with tribute. He again changed the era to Jianing. Shi's younger brother the King of Han Guang, because Shi had no son, requested to be Grand Heir, but Shi refused. Guang plotted to strike Shi. Shi sent his Grand Mentor Li Yi against him at Fucheng, defeated him, demoted him to Marquis of Linqiong, and Guang soon killed himself. Shi was proud and stingy, dissolute in wine and women, even killing men and taking their wives. He also took Li Yi's daughter as empress. Indulging in licentious pleasure, he neglected state affairs. Yi and Liao peoples rebelled, territory shrank, and famine struck year after year. Jealous and harmful by nature, he executed great ministers and imposed cruel, excessive punishments. He expelled his father's and grandfather's old ministers, trusted only close attendants, and petty men at his side wielded power. He adorned palaces and chambers and accepted none of his ministers' remonstrances. He constantly dwelt within the palace and rarely saw the great ministers. Historiographers repeatedly reported calamities. He then made Chancellor Dong Jiao Grand Commander-in-Chief, honoring him in name while hoping to share the blame for disasters. In the tenth year of Jianguo, Sima Dan led Huan Wen against him, and Shi surrendered to Wen. Before this there had been frequent strange occurrences. In a northern village of Chengdu someone saw a woman flee into the grass. Going to look, he found a humanlike thing with body, head, and eyes but no hands or feet. It could sway but could not speak. In Guanghan horses grew horns, each an inch and a half long. A colt appeared with one head, two bodies, six ears, no eyes, and two genitals—one female, one male. A donkey appeared without skin or fur and died after eating and drinking for several days. In Jiangnan it rained blood, and hair grew from the ground. At the river's source grass grew seven or eight feet tall, with red flowers and leaves and seeds green like ox horns. A woman of the Yao clan in Fuling grew a horn on her head three inches long. It was cut off three times in all. In Li Han's household they pounded rice. The rice leaped from the mortar into the winnowing basket, leaped out again, and was swept onto a mat. A children's rhyme said, "At the head of the river bridge, below the tower market, at Chengdu's north gate—eighteen sons." Another rhyme said, "There is a guest, there is a guest, coming to invade the gate and lane; his breath seeks to seize." Qiao Zhou said, "Thirty years after I die, an extraordinary man will enter Shu, and through him the state will perish." The year Shu perished was thirty-two years after Zhou's death. Zhou also composed a prophecy: "North of Guanghan city there is a great bandit called Liu Te, hard to attack and overcome. In the year of the Dark Palace they will destroy each other." In the end it came to pass as he had said.
58
【評】
Commentary
59
史臣曰：司馬叡之竄江表，竊魁帥之名，無君長之實，跼天蹐地，畏首畏尾，對之李雄，各一方小盜，其孫皓之不若矣。
The historians say: Sima Rui's flight south of the Yangtze stole the title of a chief commander without the substance of a true ruler. Cramped and fearful, he was but a petty robber in one corner—compared with Li Xiong, and not even the equal of his grandson Sun Hao.
60
校勘記
Collation Notes
61
迎其母俱歸陳國按晉書卷五元帝紀云：「迎太妃俱歸國。」 「歸國」指歸司馬叡受封的瑯邪國。 這時陳郡沒有王，不是國，且和司馬叡無關，不得云「歸」。 「陳」字當衍，或字訛。
"Welcoming his mother to return together to the State of Chen": According to the Basic Annals of Emperor Yuan in Jin Shu, volume 5: "Welcoming the Grand Consort to return together to the state." Return to the state" refers to returning to the state of Langye, where Sima Rui had been enfeoffed. At this time Chen Commandery had no prince, was not a feudal state, and had no connection to Sima Rui. One cannot say "return." The character "Chen" is probably superfluous, or the character is corrupt.
62
當鎮壽陽按壽陽即壽春，東晉司馬昱 〈簡文帝〉 母鄭太后名「阿春」，始改「壽陽」 〈見太平寰宇記卷一二九壽州條〉 ，這時應作「壽春」。
"Was to garrison Shouyang": Note that Shouyang is Shouchun. Eastern Jin's Sima Yu 〈Emperor Jianwen〉 whose mother Empress Dowager Zheng was named "Achun" first changed the name to "Shouyang" 〈see Taiping Imperial Reader, juan 129, Shouzhou entry〉 At this time it should read "Shouchun."
63
平東府事按此四字不可解，「東府」或指東中郎府，然不見晉書卷六元帝紀，疑有誤。
"Affairs of the Pacify-the-East headquarters": These four characters are inexplicable. "Eastern headquarters" may refer to the Eastern Central Commander headquarters, yet it does not appear in Jin Shu, juan 6, Basic Annals of Emperor Yuan. There is probably an error.
64
今趣進軍晉書卷九八王敦傳「趣」作「輒」。 按文義當作「輒」，「趣」乃形近而訛。
"Now urge the army forward": In Jin Shu, juan 98, Biography of Wang Dun, "urge" is written as "at once." According to the sense of the text it should read "at once"; "urge" is a corruption through similar form.
65
紹平西將軍祖約率眾至于淮南諸本脫「將」字，據晉書卷六明帝紀太寧二年五月及七月條、卷一００祖約傳補。
"Shao's General Who Pacifies the West Zu Yue led masses to Huainan": Various editions omit the character "general," supplemented according to Jin Shu, juan 6, Basic Annals of Emperor Ming, fifth and seventh month entries of the second year of Taining, and juan 100, Biography of Zu Yue.
66
自以四馬北下突陳晉書卷一００蘇峻傳「四馬」作「數騎」。 疑「四馬」當是「匹馬」或「四騎」之訛。
"Himself with four horses charged north into the formation": In Jin Shu, juan 100, Biography of Su Jun, "four horses" is written as "several horsemen." It is suspected that "four horses" should be "one horse" or "four riders"—a corruption.
67
乃發衍父母冢晉書卷一００蘇峻傳作「發庾亮父母墓」。 按衍父即晉明帝司馬紹，不聞其墓被發，「衍」疑當作「亮」。
"Then opened Yan's parents' tomb": In Jin Shu, juan 100, Biography of Su Jun, it reads "opened Yu Liang's parents' tomb." Note that Yan's father was Emperor Ming of Jin, Sima Shao. There is no record of his tomb being opened. "Yan" is suspected to be "Liang."
68
德宗遣廣武將軍玄文石齊朝貢按「玄文石齊」疑有誤，卷三太宗紀不記晉使姓名，無可參證。 今姑作二人標。
"Dezong sent General of Broad Martial Might Xuan Wen Shi Qi with tribute": "Xuan Wen Shi Qi" is suspected to be in error. Juan 3, Basic Annals of Emperor Taizong, does not record the Jin envoy's name, and there is nothing for comparison. For now they are tentatively marked as two persons.
69
二年太宗遣長孫道生娥清破其將朱超石於石河諸本「二年」作「三年」。 按卷三太宗紀泰常二年二月記：「詔司徒長孫嵩率諸軍邀擊劉裕，戰於畔城。」 據卷九七劉裕傳云：「始裕入河西上，太宗遣將軍娥清、長孫嵩等屯於河畔。 裕遣朱超石、劉榮祖等渡河，長孫道生破之，擒斬其將楊豐等。」 卷三０娥青傳記此事作「朱超石寇平原，至畔城遁還」。 紀所記即此事，也即此傳所載破朱超石事。 其事實在泰常二年劉裕北伐時。 這裏「三年」乃「二年」之訛，致與下文「三年，德宗死」重出，今改正。
"In the second year Emperor Taizong sent Zhangsun Daosheng and E Qing to defeat his general Zhu Chaoshi at Shihe": Various editions read "third year" for "second year." According to juan 3, Basic Annals of Emperor Taizong, second month of the second year of Taichang: "An edict ordered Minister of Education Zhangsun Song to lead the armies to intercept Liu Yu. They fought at Pancheng." According to juan 97, Biography of Liu Yu: "When Yu first entered Hexi, Emperor Taizong sent Generals E Qing, Zhangsun Song, and others to encamp on the riverbank. Yu sent Zhu Chaoshi, Liu Rongzu, and others across the river. Zhangsun Daosheng defeated them and captured and beheaded his general Yang Feng and others." Juan 30, Biography of E Qing, records this affair as "Zhu Chaoshi raided Pingyuan, reached Pancheng, and fled back." What the annals record is this affair, and it is also the defeat of Zhu Chaoshi recorded in this biography. The affair in fact occurred during Liu Yu's northern campaign in the second year of Taichang. Here "third year" is a corruption of "second year," causing duplication with the following "In the third year Dezong died." It is now corrected.
70
口出錢三十晉書卷一二０李特載記、華陽國志卷九李特志「三十」並作「四十」。 疑這裏「三」字訛。
"Thirty cash per mouth": In Jin Shu, juan 120, Account of Li Te, and Huayang Guozhi, juan 9, Account of Li Te, both read "forty" for "thirty." It is suspected the character "three" here is corrupt.
71
後徙櫟陽晉書卷一二０李特載記、華陽國志卷九李特志「櫟陽」作「略陽」。 按當時六郡流民入蜀，略陽是六郡之一。 櫟陽遠在長安東北 〈今陝西富平〉 ，李特若徙居在此，距六郡 〈今甘肅天水一帶至陝西鳳翔一帶〉 遙遠，與情勢不合。 「櫟陽」乃「略陽」之訛。
"Later moved to Liyang": In Jin Shu, juan 120, Account of Li Te, and Huayang Guozhi, juan 9, Account of Li Te, "Liyang" is written as "Lueyang." Note that at the time the refugee masses of the Six Commanderies entered Shu. Lueyang was one of the Six Commanderies. Liyang lies far to the northeast of Chang'an 〈present-day Fuping, Shaanxi〉 If Li Te had moved to dwell here, the distance from the Six Commanderies 〈present-day Tianshui region in Gansu to Fengxiang region in Shaanxi〉 would be too remote and does not match the situation. "Liyang" is a corruption of "Lueyang."
72
發州郡工巧以充之諸本「郡」訛「都」，今據晉書卷一二一李壽載記改。
"Mobilized skilled artisans from provinces and commanderies to fill them": Various editions corrupt "commandery" as "capital." Now corrected according to Jin Shu, juan 121, Account of Li Shou.