Volume 97: Huan Xuan of the Daoyi People, Feng Ba of the Haiyi, Liu Yu of the Daoyi

島夷桓玄海夷馮跋島夷劉裕

Huan Xuan of the Daoyi, Feng Ba of the Haiyi, and Liu Yu of the Daoyi.

島夷桓玄，字敬道，本譙國龍亢楚也。僭晉大司馬溫之子，溫愛之，臨終命以為後。年七歲，襲封南郡公。登國五年，為司馬昌明太子洗馬。玄志氣不倫，欲以雄豪自許。朝議以溫有陵虐之迹，故抑玄兄弟，出為義興太守，不得志。少時去職。

Huan Xuan of the Daoyi, whose courtesy name was Jingdao, was originally from Longkang in Qiao commandery in the state of Chu. He was the son of Huan Wen, Grand Marshal of the usurping Jin regime. Wen favored him and on his deathbed named him his successor. At the age of seven he inherited the title Duke of Nan commandery. In the fifth year of Dengguo, he was appointed attendant to the crown prince of Emperor Xiaowu, Sima Changming. Xuan's temperament was unconventional, and he aspired to make a name for himself as a bold champion. Because the court believed Wen had shown signs of tyrannical ambition, Xuan and his brothers were deliberately sidelined. Xuan was posted out as Administrator of Yixing, where he could not advance his ambitions. Before long he resigned his office.

皇始初，司馬德宗立，其會稽王道子擅權，信任尚書僕射王國寶，為時所疾。玄說荊州刺史殷仲堪，令推德宗兗州刺史王恭為盟主，以討國寶，仲堪從之。會恭使亦上，相逢於中路，約同大舉，並抗表起兵。尋平王國寶等。天興初，德宗以玄為使持節、督交廣二州諸軍事、建威將軍、平越中郎將、廣州刺史。

At the beginning of Huangshi, Sima Dezong, Emperor An, took the throne. The Prince of Kuaiji, Sima Daozi, seized power and placed his trust in the Vice Minister of Works Wang Guobao, who was widely hated. Xuan persuaded Yin Zhongkan, Inspector of Jing province, to propose Wang Gong, Inspector of Yan province under Dezong, as leader of the alliance to move against Guobao. Zhongkan agreed. Wang Gong's envoy was traveling the same route; the parties met on the road, agreed to launch a joint campaign, and both submitted memorials calling for armed rebellion. Before long they had defeated Wang Guobao and his faction. At the beginning of Tianxing, Dezong appointed Xuan Bearer of the Staff of Authority, supervisor of military affairs in Jiao and Guang provinces, General Who Establishes Might, Central Commander Who Pacifies the Yue, and Inspector of Guang province.

後王恭復與德宗豫州刺史庾楷共起兵，以討其江州刺史王愉、司馬尚之兄弟。玄及龍驤將軍揚佺期、荊州刺史殷仲堪等率軍應恭。玄等造於石頭。於時德宗征虜將軍司馬元顯一軍仍守石頭，列舟艦斷淮口。道子出軍，將屯中堂，忽有馬驚，軍中擾亂，人馬赴江者甚眾，良久乃定。玄等不知建業危弱，且王恭尋敗，玄甚惶懼，乃回軍于蔡洲。王恭司馬劉牢之率北府軍來次新亭。於是德宗以桓脩為荊州，仲堪為廣州，玄為江州，佺期為雍州，刺史郗恢為尚書。仲堪回師南旋，乃使人徇于玄等軍曰：「若不各散歸，大軍至江陵，當悉戮餘口。」仲堪偏將劉系先領兵二千隸于佺期，輒率眾而歸，玄等大懼，乃狼狽而走。庾楷亦棄眾奔于南軍。玄並趣輕舟追仲堪，至尋陽，而推玄為盟主，鎮於夏口。德宗加玄都督荊州四郡，以玄兄西昌公偉為輔國將軍、南蠻校尉。寵玄兄弟，欲以侵削荊雍。

Later Wang Gong again joined forces with Yu Kai, Inspector of Yu province under Dezong, to raise troops against Wang Yu, Inspector of Jiang province, and the brothers Sima Shangzhi. Xuan, General of the Flying Dragon Yang Quanqi, Yin Zhongkan the Inspector of Jing province, and others led their armies to support Gong. Xuan and his allies advanced on Stone City. At that time Sima Yuanxian, Dezong's General Who Conquers the Barbarians, still held Stone City with his army and lined up warships to block the mouth of the Huai River. Daozi marched out with his army and was about to encamp at the Central Hall when horses suddenly stampeded. The troops fell into chaos, and a great many men and horses plunged into the river. Order was not restored for some time. Xuan and his allies did not realize how weak the capital at Jianye was, and when Wang Gong was soon defeated Xuan grew deeply alarmed and withdrew his army to Cai Isle. Liu Laozhi, Wang Gong's chief of staff, led the Northern Headquarters army and encamped at Xinting. Dezong then appointed Huan Xiu Inspector of Jing province, Zhongkan Inspector of Guang, Xuan Inspector of Jiang, Quanqi Inspector of Yong, and the former inspector Xi Hui Minister of Works. As Zhongkan marched his army south, he sent messengers through Xuan's camp proclaiming: "Unless you disperse and return home, when our main force reaches Jiangling we will slaughter every last one of you." Zhongkan's subordinate general Liu Xixian, who commanded two thousand men under Quanqi, abruptly led his troops away. Xuan and his allies were seized with panic and fled in disarray. Yu Kai likewise abandoned his forces and fled to Zhongkan's southern army. Xuan pressed forward in light boats to pursue Zhongkan. At Xunyang his allies named him leader of the alliance, and he took up position at Xiakou. Dezong further appointed Xuan commander over four commanderies in Jing province and made Xuan's elder brother Huan Wei, Duke of Xichang, General Who Assists the State and Colonel of the Southern Man. By favoring the Huan brothers, he hoped to weaken the hold of the Jing and Yong regions on power.

先是荊州大水，仲堪倉廩空竭，玄乘其虛而伐之，先遣軍襲巴陵。梁州刺史郭銓當之鎮，路逢玄，玄遣銓為前驅。玄發夏口，與仲堪書云：「今當入沔，討除佺期，頓兵江口。若相與無貳，可殺楊廣，若其不爾，便當率軍入江。」別與桓偉書，令剋期為內應，偉惶遽，以書示仲堪，仲堪慰喻遣歸，夜乃執之。仲堪遣龍驤將軍殷邁、振威將軍劉山民等統眾七千至西江口。 [1]玄聞邁至，復與其黨苻永道領帳下擊之，邁等敗走。玄頓巴陵，收其兵而館其穀，復破楊廣於夏口。仲堪既失巴陵之積，又諸將皆敗，江陵駭震，城內大飢，皆以胡麻為廩。初，仲堪之得玄書也，急召佺期，佺期曰：「江陵無食，何以待敵？可來見就，共守襄陽。」仲堪猶以全軍，無緣棄城迸走，甚憂佺期弗來，乃紿之曰：「比來收集，[2]已有儲矣，可有數萬人百日糧。」佺期信之，乃率步騎八千，既至，仲堪惟以飯餉其軍。佺期大怒曰：「今茲敗矣！」不過見仲堪，使人於艦上橫射玄，玄軍亦射之，佺期乃退。玄乃渡軍於馬頭，命其諸軍進，破殺仲堪，殺楊廣、佺期、殷道護及仲堪參軍羅企生等。

Earlier Jing province had been ravaged by floods, and Zhongkan's granaries were empty. Xuan exploited this weakness to attack him, first dispatching troops to strike Baling. Guo Quan, Inspector of Liang province, was traveling to his post when he met Xuan on the road. Xuan pressed him into service as vanguard. Setting out from Xiakou, Xuan wrote to Zhongkan: "I am about to advance up the Mian River to destroy Quanqi and will halt my army at the river mouth. If you remain loyal to me, kill Yang Guang. If you do not, I will lead my army down the Yangtze." He also wrote separately to Huan Wei, instructing him to act as an inside contact on a set date. Wei panicked and showed the letter to Zhongkan. Zhongkan reassured him and sent him back, but that night had him arrested. Zhongkan dispatched Yin Mai, General of the Flying Dragon, Liu Shanmin, General Who Quells Might, and others at the head of seven thousand troops to the West River mouth. [1] When Xuan learned that Mai had arrived, he again led his personal guard with his partisan Fu Yongdao to attack. Mai and his forces were defeated and fled. Xuan halted at Baling, absorbed their troops, and took over their grain stores. He then defeated Yang Guang at Xiakou. Having lost the stores at Baling and with all his generals defeated, Zhongkan found Jiangling in turmoil. Famine gripped the city, and even sesame seeds were pressed into service as provisions. When Zhongkan first received Xuan's letter, he urgently summoned Quanqi. Quanqi replied: "Jiangling has no food. How can we stand against the enemy? Come join me, and together we will hold Xiangyang." Zhongkan still commanded a full army and could not simply abandon the city and flee. Fearing that Quanqi would not come, he deceived him: "We have been gathering supplies lately; [2] we already have enough grain to feed tens of thousands for a hundred days." Quanqi believed him and led eight thousand infantry and cavalry to Jiangling. When they arrived, Zhongkan could offer his army nothing but plain cooked rice. Quanqi flew into a rage and cried: "We are ruined!" Without even meeting Zhongkan, he had his men fire across at Xuan from the ships. Xuan's army returned fire, and Quanqi then withdrew. Xuan then crossed his army at Matou and ordered his forces forward. He defeated and killed Zhongkan, along with Yang Guang, Quanqi, Yin Daohu, and Zhongkan's staff officer Luo Qisheng and others.

德宗以玄為持節、都督荊司雍秦梁益寧江八州及揚豫并八郡諸軍事、[3]後將軍、荊江二州刺史。玄大論功賞，以長史卞範之領南郡相，委以心膂之任。乃斷上流，禁商旅。德宗下書曰：「豎子桓玄，故大司馬不腆之息，少懷狡惡，長而不悛，遂與王恭協同姦謀，阻兵內侮，三方雲集，志在問鼎，窺擬神器。賴祖宗威靈，宰傅神略，忠義奮發，罪人斯殞。玄等猖狂失圖，回舟鳥逝。便宜乘會，殲除姦源，于時同異之論，用惑廟策，遂使王憲廢撓，寵授非所。猶冀玄當洗濯胸腑，小懲大誡，而狼心弗革，悖慢愈甚，割據江湘，擅威荊郢，矯命稱制，與奪在手。又對侍中王謐放肆醜言，欲縱凶毒，陵陷上京。無君之心，形於音翰；不臣之迹，日月彌著。是可忍也，孰不可懷！宜明九伐，以寧西夏。尚書令、後將軍元顯可為征討大都督、督十八州諸軍事、驃騎大將軍、儀同三司。」以劉牢之為前鋒，行征西將軍，權領江州；命司馬尚之入沔水。

Dezong appointed Xuan Bearer of the Staff, commander of military affairs in the eight provinces of Jing, Si, Yong, Qin, Liang, Yi, Ning, and Jiang plus eight commanderies in Yang and Yu, [3] General of the Rear, and Inspector of both Jing and Jiang provinces. Xuan handsomely rewarded his followers, appointing his chief clerk Bian Fanzhi Administrator of Nan commandery and entrusting him with his most confidential responsibilities. He then blockaded the upper Yangtze and barred merchant traffic. Dezong issued an edict: "The stripling Huan Xuan, unworthy son of the late Grand Marshal, was treacherous from youth and unrepentant in manhood. He conspired with Wang Gong, raised troops against the court, and gathered forces from three directions with the aim of seizing the imperial throne. Thanks to the august power of our ancestors and the wise strategy of the chief ministers, the loyal rose up and the guilty were destroyed. Xuan and his allies, reckless and bereft of strategy, turned their boats and fled like startled birds. The court should have seized the moment to destroy the source of treachery. Conflicting opinions at the time confused imperial policy, royal authority was undermined, and rewards were granted to the wrong men. The court still hoped Xuan would repent and accept correction, but his wolfish heart never changed and his insolence only grew. He carved out the Jiang and Xiang regions, wielded unchecked power over Jing and Ying, forged imperial orders, and held the power of life and death in his own hands. He even spoke vilely and without restraint to the Attendant-in-Ordinary Wang Mi, plotting vicious harm and an assault on the capital. His disloyalty was plain in his written words; and his treasonous conduct grew more evident by the day. If this can be tolerated, what outrage cannot?! Let the nine punishments be proclaimed to restore order to the realm. Yuanxian, Minister of Works and General of the Rear, is appointed Grand Commander of the punitive expedition, commander of military affairs in eighteen provinces, General of Agile Cavalry, with ritual honors equal to the Three Excellencies." Liu Laozhi was appointed vanguard, acting General Who Conquers the West with provisional authority over Jiang province; and Sima Shangzhi was ordered to advance up the Mian River.

玄聞元顯處分，甚駭懼，欲保江陵。長史卞範之說玄東下，玄甚狐疑，範之苦勸，玄乃留桓偉守江陵，率軍東下。至夏口，乃建牙傳檄曰：

When Xuan heard of Yuanxian's deployments, he was deeply alarmed and considered holding Jiangling. His chief clerk Bian Fanzhi urged him to march east. Xuan hesitated, but Fanzhi pressed him insistently. Xuan left Huan Wei to guard Jiangling and led his army eastward. Reaching Xiakou, he raised his standard and issued a proclamation:

案揚州刺史元顯：凶暴之性，自幼加長；犯禮毀教，發蒙如備。居喪無一日之哀，衰絰為宵征之服，絃觴於殷憂之時，窮色於罔極之日，劫略王國寶妓妾一朝空房，此基惡之始，駭愕視聽者矣。

We charge Sima Yuanxian, Inspector of Yang province: his violent and cruel nature has grown since childhood; he has violated ritual and destroyed moral instruction, and from his earliest years he has been steeped in wickedness. During mourning he showed not a day of grief. He wore mourning garb on night expeditions, played music and drank wine in the midst of bereavement, pursued pleasures on the day of greatest mourning, and plundered Wang Guobao's concubines so that the palace stood empty overnight. This was the beginning of his accumulated evil, shocking to all who witnessed it.

相王有疾，情無悚懼，幸災擅命，揚州篡授，遂乃父子同錄，比肩連案。既專權重，多行險暴，恐相王知之，杜絕視聽。惡聲無聞，佞譽日至。萬機之重，委之厮孽，國典朝政，紛紜淆亂。又諷旨尚書，使普敬錄公。錄公之位，非盡敬之所。苟自尊貴，遂悖朝禮。又妖賊陵縱，破軍殄民之後，己為都督，親則刺史，於宜降之日，輒加崇進。弱冠之年，古今莫比。宰相懲惡，己獨解錄，推禍委罰，歸之有在，自古僭逆未有若斯之甚者。

When the Prince Regent fell ill, he felt no fear. Rejoicing in disaster, he seized power, forcibly took Yang province, and father and son were implicated together in the same charges. Once he held sole power, he often acted with dangerous violence. Fearing the Prince Regent would learn of his conduct, he cut off his access to information. Reports of wrongdoing never reached him, while flatterers' praise arrived daily. He entrusted the weight of state affairs to base minions, and national statutes and court governance fell into chaos. He also instructed the Minister of Works to have everyone pay full ceremonial respect to the Duke who Records Affairs. The position of Duke who Records Affairs does not warrant such full ceremonial respect. Merely to aggrandize himself, he violated court ritual. When rebel bandits ran rampant and armies were destroyed and people slaughtered, he made himself Commander and his intimates Inspectors. On days when demotion was called for, he promoted them instead. At such a young age, his conduct was unmatched in history. When the chief minister punished wrongdoing, Yuanxian alone was removed from the Record. He pushed blame and shifted punishment onto others; from antiquity onward, no usurpation or rebellion had ever been so extreme.

取妾之僭，殆同六禮，及使尚書僕射為媒人，長史為迎客，嬖媵饕餮，賀同長秋，所謂無君之心，觸事而發。八日觀佛，略人子女，至人家宿，唐突婦妾。慶封迄今，甫見易室之飲；晉靈以來，忽有支解之刑。喜怒輕戮，人士割裂，治城之暴，一睡而斬。又以四歲孽子，興東海之封。吳興殘暴之後，橫復若斯之調。妖賊之興，實由此竪。居喪極味，孫泰供其膳；在夜思遊，亦孫泰延其駕。泰承其勢，得行威福，雖加誅戮，所染既多。加之以苦發樂屬，枉濫者眾，驅逐徙撥，死叛殆盡。改號元興，以為己瑞，莽之符命，於斯尤著。否極必亨，天盈其毒，不義不昵，勢必崩喪，取亂侮亡，實在斯會。三軍文武，憤踊即路。

His taking of concubines nearly followed the full six rites of marriage. He made the Vice Minister of Works his matchmaker and his chief clerk his guest-receiver. His favorites feasted gluttonously and were congratulated as if they were the empress. This is what is meant by a disloyal heart that reveals itself in every act. On the eighth-day Buddha-viewing festival he seized people's sons and daughters, lodged in private homes, and assaulted wives and concubines. Since the days of Qing Feng, only now has such drinking in another man's house been seen; and since Emperor Ling of Jin, there has suddenly been the punishment of dismemberment. He executed on whim, tore gentlemen apart, and at Zhicheng men were beheaded after he merely took a nap. He enfeoffed a four-year-old bastard son as lord of Donghai. After the cruelty at Wuxing, he imposed levies such as these once more. The rise of rebel bandits stems in truth from this stripling. During mourning he sought the finest foods; Sun Tai supplied his meals; and when he wished to roam at night, Sun Tai provided his carriage as well. Tai relied on Yuanxian's power to wield authority and favor. Though he was eventually executed, many had already been corrupted by him. He imposed harsh levies of musician households, wrongly condemned many, and through forced relocation and exile left the region nearly depopulated by death and desertion. He changed the era name to Yuanxing, taking it as his own auspicious sign. Wang Mang's usurpation was never more clearly echoed than in this. When obstruction reaches its limit, prosperity must follow. Heaven has filled him with poison. What is unrighteous cannot endure. To seize disorder and overthrow the doomed—truly the moment is now. The civil and military officers of the three armies, indignant and eager, march forth.

玄亦失荊楚人情，而師出不順，其兵雖強，慮弗為用，恒有回師之計。既過尋陽，不見東軍，玄意乃定。於是遂鼓行而進，徑至姑熟，又克歷陽。劉牢之遣子敬宣詣玄請降，玄大喜，與敬宣置酒宴集。玄至新亭，元顯棄船，退入國子堂，列陳宣陽門前。元顯欲挾德宗出戰，而軍中相驚，言玄已及南桁，乃回軍赴宮。既至中堂，一時崩散。元顯奔東府，惟張法順一騎隨之。玄乃為侍中、都督中外諸軍、丞相、錄尚書事、揚州牧、領徐州刺史，持節、荊江二州、公如故；假黃鉞、羽葆、鼓吹、班劍二十人；置左右長史，從事中郎四人；甲仗二百人入殿。於是收道子付廷尉，免為庶人，徙于安城郡；殺元顯并其子，及豫州刺史司馬尚之、吏部郎袁遵、張法順等。又滅庾楷於豫章。徙尚之弟丹楊尹恢之、輔國將軍允之，及國寶、王緒諸子于交、廣州。以劉牢之為會稽內史，將欲解其兵也。初，敬宣既降，隨入東府，至是求歸。玄冀牢之受命，乃遣之。敬宣既至，牢之知將不免，欲襲玄，眾皆離散，乃於班瀆北走，縊於新洲。傳首建鄴。敬宣奔於江北。

Xuan had also lost the loyalty of the people of Jing and Chu, and his campaign lacked popular support. Though his army was strong, he feared his troops would not fight willingly and constantly considered turning back. After he passed Xunyang without encountering the eastern army, his resolve steadied. He then beat the drums and advanced, marching straight to Gushu and capturing Liyang. Liu Laozhi sent his son Jingxuan to Xuan to offer surrender. Xuan was delighted and held a banquet with Jingxuan. When Xuan reached Xinting, Yuanxian abandoned his boats, withdrew into the Hall of the National University, and drew up his formations before the Xuanyang Gate. Yuanxian wished to take Dezong out to battle, but panic spread through the army with reports that Xuan had already reached the southern bridge. The troops turned back toward the palace. When they reached the Central Hall, the army collapsed and scattered. Yuanxian fled to the Eastern Palace with only Zhang Fashun on a single horse following him. Xuan was then appointed Attendant-in-Ordinary, commander of all armies at home and abroad, Chancellor, Recorder of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing, Governor of Yang province, and concurrent Inspector of Xu province, with his titles in Jing and Jiang provinces and his dukedom unchanged; and granted provisional use of the yellow axe, feather canopy, drums and pipes, and twenty guards bearing patterned swords. He appointed left and right Chief Secretaries and four Attendants of the Masters of Writing; Two hundred armored guards were authorized to enter the audience hall. Thereupon he arrested Sima Daozi and handed him over to the Court of Judicial Review, stripped him of rank, and banished him to Ancheng commandery; He killed Yuanxian and his sons, as well as Sima Shangzhi, Inspector of Yu province, Yuan Zun, Gentleman of the Ministry of Personnel, Zhang Fashun, and others. He also eliminated Yu Kai at Yuzhang. He banished Shangzhi's brothers—Huizhi, Governor of Danyang, and Yunzhi, General Who Supports the State—as well as the sons of Guobao and Wang Xu, to Jiao and Guang provinces. He appointed Liu Laozhi Administrator of Kuaiji, intending thereby to strip him of his military command. Earlier, after Jingxuan had surrendered, he had accompanied Xuan into the Eastern Palace; at this time he asked to return home. Xuan hoped Laozhi would accept the appointment, and so allowed him to depart. When Jingxuan arrived, Laozhi knew he could not escape. He planned a surprise attack on Xuan, but his followers deserted him. He fled north of Banpu and hanged himself on Xinzhou. His severed head was sent to Jiankang. Jingxuan fled across the Yangzi to the north bank.

玄白德宗，大赦，改年為大亨。玄讓丞相、荊江徐三州及錄尚書事。乃改授太尉、都督中外、揚州牧、領平西將軍、豫州刺史；綠綟綬，加袞冕之服，劍履之禮，入朝不趨，讚拜不名，增班劍六十人，甲仗二百人入殿。玄乃鎮姑熟。既而大築府第，田遊無度，政令屢改，驕侈肆欲，朋黨翕習，沮亂內外。朝政皆諮焉，小事則決於左僕射桓謙及丹陽尹卞範之。玄大賦三吳富室，以賑飢民，猶不能濟也。東郡既由兵掠，因以飢饉，死者甚眾。三吳戶口減半，會稽則十三四，臨海、永嘉死散殆盡。諸舊富室皆衣羅縠，佩金玉，相守閉門而死。

Xuan reported to Dezong, proclaimed a general amnesty, and changed the era name to Dading. Xuan resigned the chancellorship, his jurisdictions over Jing, Jiang, and Xu provinces, and the post of Recorder of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing. He was then reassigned as Grand Marshal, commander-in-chief at home and abroad, Governor of Yang province, concurrent General Who Pacifies the West, and Inspector of Yu province; with a green ribbon bearing red tassels, along with the imperial robe and cap, the privilege of wearing sword and shoes in the emperor's presence, exemption from quickening pace when entering court and from having his name called in formal addresses, sixty additional guards bearing patterned swords, and authorization for two hundred armored guards to enter the audience hall. Xuan then established his base at Gushu. Before long he built enormous estates and indulged in reckless hunting, issuing and revoking edicts at whim. Arrogant, extravagant, and driven by every appetite, his cliques grew entrenched and threw the court and realm into chaos. All matters of state were referred to him; minor affairs were decided by Huan Qian, Left Vice Director, and Bian Fanzhi, Governor of Danyang. Xuan levied crushing taxes on the wealthy households of the Three Wu region to feed the starving populace, yet still could not staunch the famine. The eastern commanderies, having been plundered by armies, suffered famine afterward, and vast numbers perished. The registered population of the Three Wu region was cut in half; in Kuaiji only thirty or forty percent remained; in Linhai and Yongjia the dead and displaced nearly wiped out the populace entirely. The old wealthy families dressed in silks and adorned themselves with gold and jade, then barred their gates and died together within.

玄自封豫章郡公，食安成七千五百戶；後封桂陽郡公，邑二千五百戶；本封南郡如故。既而鴆殺道子。玄削奪德宗供奉之具，務盡約陋，殆至飢寒。雖殺逆未至，君臣之體盡矣。進位大將軍，加前後部羽葆鼓吹，奏事不名。又表請自率諸軍，命諸蕃方兵掃平關洛，德宗不許之。玄本無資力，但好為大言，既不辦行，乃云奉詔故止。玄既無他處分，先作征行服玩，并制裝書畫之具。或諫曰：「今日之行，必有征無戰，輜重自足相運，不煩復有制造。」玄曰：「書畫服玩，宜恒在左右，且兵凶戰危，脫有意外，當使輕而易運。」眾咸笑之。

Xuan enfeoffed himself as Duke of Yuzhang commandery, with a fief of seven thousand five hundred households in Ancheng; and later as Duke of Guiyang commandery, with an estate of two thousand five hundred households; while his original title as Duke of Nan commandery remained unchanged. Before long he poisoned Sima Daozi to death. Xuan stripped away Dezong's provisions for imperial maintenance, reducing everything to the barest and shabbiest, nearly leaving him in hunger and cold. Although he had not yet committed regicide, the norms of ruler and subject had been utterly destroyed. He was promoted to Grand General, granted drums, pipes, and feather canopy before and behind his carriage, and exempted from having his name called when presenting memorials. He also petitioned to lead the armies in person and order regional forces from all directions to reconquer Guanzhong and Luoyang; Dezong refused. Xuan in fact had neither the resources nor the ability for such a campaign and loved nothing but grand rhetoric. Unable to act, he claimed he stopped because the emperor had so ordered. Having no other plan, Xuan had campaign garments and curios made in advance, along with traveling kits for his books and paintings. Someone remonstrated: "This campaign will surely meet no resistance; supply trains can carry everything needed—there is no need to manufacture more." Xuan replied: "My books, paintings, garments, and curios should always stay close at hand. War is perilous—if mishap strikes, they must be light enough to move quickly." The crowd all laughed at him.

玄所親仗，惟桓偉而已，先欲徵還，以自副貳。偉既死，玄甚恇懼。初，玄常以其父王業垂成，以己弱年，不昌前構，常懷恨憤。及昌明死，便有四方之計，既克建業，無復居下之心。及偉死，慮一己單危，益欲速成大業。卞範之之徒，既慮事變，且幸其利，咸共催促，於是殷仲文等並已撰集策命矣。德宗加玄相國，總百揆，封南郡、南平、宜都、天門、零陵、桂陽、營陽、衡陽、義陽、建平十郡為楚王，備九錫之禮，揚州牧、領平西將軍、豫州刺史如故。遣司徒王謐授相國印綬，光祿大夫武陵王司馬遵授楚王璽策。德宗先遣百僚固請，又云當親幸敦喻。十二月，德宗禪位於玄，大赦所部，稱永始元年。初欲改年為建始，左丞王納之曰：「建始者，晉趙王倫之號也。」於是易為永始，復同王莽始貴之年。

Of those Xuan truly relied upon, only Huan Wei remained. He had earlier planned to recall Wei to serve as his second-in-command. When Wei died, Xuan grew deeply fearful and apprehensive. For years Xuan had brooded that his father's imperial enterprise was nearly complete, yet he himself, still young, had failed to carry forward what had been begun, and he harbored constant resentment. When Emperor Xiaowu died, he already plotted to seize power across the realm. Having taken Jiankang, he no longer had any intention of remaining subordinate. When Wei died, fearful that he stood alone and exposed, he grew all the more eager to complete his usurpation quickly. Bian Fanzhi and his circle, fearing a turn of events yet eager for their own gain, all urged him forward. By then Yin Zhongwen and others had already drafted the investiture documents. Dezong advanced Xuan to Chancellor of State with authority over all government affairs, enfeoffing him as Prince of Chu over ten commanderies—Nan, Nanping, Yidu, Tianmen, Lingling, Guiyang, Yingyang, Hengyang, Yiyang, and Jianping—with the full ritual of the nine bestowments, while his titles as Governor of Yang, General Who Pacifies the West, and Inspector of Yu remained unchanged. He dispatched Wang Mi, Minister of Works, to present the seals and cords of Chancellor of State, and Sima Zun, Household Minister of the Principality of Wuling, to deliver the Prince of Chu's seal and investiture charter. Dezong had earlier sent the entire bureaucracy to press their petitions, and also announced that he would come in person to urge acceptance. In the twelfth month Dezong abdicated in Xuan's favor, proclaimed a general amnesty within his domain, and adopted the era name Yongshi. At first he wished to adopt the era name Jianshi. The Left Assistant Director Wang Nazhi said: "Jianshi was the era name of Sima Lun, Prince of Zhao under Jin." It was therefore changed to Yongshi, coinciding again with the year when Wang Mang first rose to prominence.

玄入建鄴宮，逆風迅激，旌旗、服章、儀飾一皆傾偃。是月酷寒，此日尤甚。多行苛政而時施小惠。迎溫神主進于太廟。玄遊行無度，至此不出。殿上施金額流蘇絳帳，頗類轜車、王莽仙蓋。太廟、郊齋皆二日而已。又其廟祭不及於祖，以玄曾祖已上名位不顯，故不列序。且以王莽立九廟，見譏前史，遂以一廟矯之。又毀僭晉小廟，以崇臺榭。其庶母蒸嘗，未有定所。慢祖忘親，時人知其不永。是月，玄出遊水南，飄風飛其儀蓋。又欲造大輦，使容三十人坐，以二百人輿之。玄驕逸荒縱，不恤時事，奏案停積，了不省覽；或親細事，手注直官，自用令史，制度亂出，主司奉答不暇。晨夜遊獵，文武因乏。直侍之官，皆繫馬省中；休下之吏，留供土木之役。朝士勞瘁，百姓力盡，民之思亂，十室而八。

When Xuan entered the Jiankang palace, a headwind blew fierce and swift, and banners, regalia, and ceremonial ornaments all toppled flat. That month was bitterly cold; that day was especially severe. He imposed harsh policies while occasionally granting petty favors. He welcomed Huan Wen's spirit tablet and installed it in the Imperial Ancestral Temple. Xuan had always traveled without restraint; for once he did not go out. In the hall he hung a crimson canopy with gold bands and hanging tassels, closely resembling Wang Mang's carriage canopy. Rites at the Imperial Ancestral Temple and suburban altar each lasted only two days. Moreover, his temple sacrifices did not honor his remote ancestors, because the names and ranks of his forebears above his great-grandfather were obscure, and so they were not installed in the temple. Because Wang Mang had been ridiculed in earlier histories for establishing nine temples, Xuan countered with a single temple only. He also demolished the minor Jin ancestral shrines to make way for new terraces and towers. The seasonal offerings for his concubine mother had no fixed place of worship. In slighting his ancestors and neglecting his kin, contemporaries knew he would not endure. That month, while Xuan was traveling south of the water, a whirlwind tore away his ceremonial canopy. He also planned to build a great palanquin seating thirty people, carried by two hundred bearers. Xuan grew arrogant, dissolute, and recklessly indulgent, heedless of affairs of state. Memorials piled up unread; or he micromanaged petty matters himself, annotating attendants in his own hand and appointing clerks at whim, issuing regulations without order until responsible officials could not keep pace. He hunted day and night, leaving civil and military officers exhausted. Attendants on immediate duty tethered their horses inside the palace compound; and officials supposedly off duty were kept behind for construction labor. Court officials were worn to exhaustion, the common people drained of strength, and rebellion stirred in eight out of every ten households.

德宗彭城內史劉裕因是斬徐州刺史桓脩於京口，與沛國劉毅、東海何無忌收眾濟江。玄加桓謙征討都督，召侍官皆入止省中。玄移還上宮，百僚步從。赦揚、豫、徐、兗、青、冀六州。遣頓丘太守吳甫之、右衞將軍皇甫敷北拒劉裕於江乘。裕斬甫之，進至羅落橋，又梟敷首。玄外粗猛，內恇怯，及聞二將已沒，志慮荒窘，計無所出，日與巫術道士為厭勝之法。乃謂眾曰：「朕其敗乎？」黃門郎曹靖對曰：「神怒民怨，臣實憂懼。」玄曰：「民怨可然，神何為怒？」對曰：「移晉宗廟，飄泊無所；大楚之祭，不及於祖。此其所以怒也。」玄曰：「卿何不諫？」對曰：「輦上諸君子皆以為堯舜之世，臣何敢諫。」玄使桓謙、何澹之屯于東掖門，[4]卞範之屯覆舟山西，眾合二萬。又遣武衞庾賾之配以精卒利器，援助謙等。謙等大敗，玄聲云赴戰，將子姪出南掖門，西至石頭。先使殷仲文具船於津，遂相與南走。經日不得食，左右進以粗粥，咽不能下。玄子昇五六歲，抱玄胸而撫之，玄悲不自勝。玄挾德宗發尋陽，至江陵，西中郎將桓石康納之。張幔屋，止城南，署置百官，以卞範之為尚書僕射，殷仲文為徐州，其餘各顯用。玄謂諸侍臣曰：「卿等並升清塗，翼從朕躬，都下竊位者方應謝罪軍門，其見卿等入石頭，無異雲霄中人也。」玄以奔敗之後，懼法令不肅，遂輕怒妄殺，逾甚暴虐。殷仲文諫之，玄大怒曰：「漢高、魏武幾遇敗，但諸將失利耳。以天文惡，故還都舊楚，而羣小愚惑，妄生是非，方當糾之以猛，未宜施之以恩也。」荊、江郡守，以玄播越，咸遣使通表，有匪寧之辭，玄悉不受，乃更令所在表賀遷都。玄在道自作起居注，敍其拒劉裕事，自謂算略無失，諸將違節度，以至於敗。不暇謀議軍事，惟誦述寫傳之。

Liu Yu, Administrator of Pengcheng, seized the moment to behead Huan Xiu, Inspector of Xu province, at Jingkou. Together with Liu Yi of Pei and He Wuji of Donghai, he gathered troops and crossed the Yangzi. Xuan appointed Huan Qian commander of the punitive campaign and summoned all palace attendants to remain within the inner quarters. Xuan moved back to the Upper Palace, with all officials following on foot. He proclaimed an amnesty in Yang, Yu, Xu, Yan, Qing, and Ji provinces. He sent Wu Fuzhi, Administrator of Dunqiu, and Huangfu Fu, General of the Right Guard, north to block Liu Yu at Jiangcheng. Liu Yu beheaded Wu Fuzhi, advanced to Luoluo Bridge, and displayed Huangfu Fu's severed head. Outwardly fierce, inwardly timid, when Xuan heard both generals had fallen, his mind went blank and his plans collapsed. He spent his days with shamans and Daoist priests performing occult rites of suppression. He then asked the assembly: "Am I about to be defeated?" Cao Jing, Gentleman of the Yellow Gates, replied: "The spirits are angry and the people resentful—I am truly afraid." Xuan said: "Popular resentment I understand—but why should the spirits be angry?" He replied: "You displaced the Jin ancestral temples, leaving them adrift without a home; and the Great Chu's sacrifices do not honor its ancestors. That is why they are angry." Xuan said: "Why did you not remonstrate with me?" He replied: "The gentlemen on your carriage all thought this an age of Yao and Shun—how could I dare remonstrate?" Xuan stationed Huan Qian and He Tanzhi at the Eastern Side Gate [4] and Bian Fanzhi west of Fuzhou Mountain, with combined forces of twenty thousand. He also sent Yu Zhenzhi of the Martial Guard with elite troops and fine weapons to reinforce them. Qian and the others suffered a crushing defeat. Xuan loudly announced he was going to battle, led his sons and nephews out through the Southern Side Gate, and fled west to Stone City. He had earlier ordered Yin Zhongwen to prepare boats at the crossing; they then fled south together. For a full day they had nothing to eat. When attendants brought coarse porridge, he could not swallow it. Xuan's son Sheng, five or six years old, clutched his father's chest and patted him; Xuan was overcome with grief. Xuan took Dezong with him from Xunyang to Jiangling, where Huan Shikang, General of the West, received them. He pitched canopy tents south of the city, installed a full bureaucracy, appointed Bian Fanzhi Vice Director of the Masters of Writing and Yin Zhongwen Inspector of Xu, and assigned the rest to prominent posts. Xuan told his attendant ministers: "You have all risen to high office and attend my person. The usurpers in the capital will soon be begging forgiveness at the army gates. When they see you enter Stone City again, it will be like meeting people descended from the clouds." After his flight and defeat, fearing lax discipline, Xuan killed on whim and without cause, growing even more brutal than before. When Yin Zhongwen remonstrated, Xuan flew into a rage: "Emperor Gao of Han and Emperor Wu of Wei nearly met defeat—it was only their generals who lost. The heavens were ill-omened, so I moved the capital back to old Chu—yet petty men in their folly stir up troubles without cause. I must now correct them with severity; it is not yet time for leniency." The prefects of Jing and Jiang provinces, seeing Xuan adrift in defeat, all sent memorials expressing unrest. Xuan rejected them all and instead ordered each locality to submit congratulations on the move of the capital. On the road Xuan composed his own imperial diary of his resistance to Liu Yu, claiming his strategy had been flawless and blaming his generals' disobedience for the defeat. He had no time to discuss military affairs, devoting himself only to reciting and copying the text for posterity.

劉裕遣其冠軍將軍劉毅發建鄴，追之。玄軍屢敗。玄常裝輕舸於舫側，故其兵人莫有鬬志。玄乃棄眾而走，餘軍以次崩散，遂與德宗還江陵。初，玄留德宗妻子巴陵，殷仲文與玄同舟，乃說玄求別舫收集散軍，遂以德宗妻歸于建鄴。玄入江陵城，南平太守馮該勸玄更戰。玄欲出漢中，投梁州刺史桓希，夜中處分將發，城內已亂，禁令不行，將親近腹心百許人出城北。至城門，左右即於闇中斫玄面，前後相殺，交橫盈路。玄僅得至船。德宗入南郡府。玄既下船，猶欲走漢中。玄屯騎校尉毛脩之誘以入蜀，遂與石康等泝江而上。達枚回洲，為益州參軍費恬等迎射之，箭如雨下。玄中流矢，子昇輒拔之。益州督護馮遷抽刃而登玄艦，玄曰：「是何人也，敢殺天子！」遷曰：「我自欲殺天子之賊耳。」遂斬玄首并石康等，斬昇于江陵市，傳送玄首，梟于朱雀門。

Liu Yu dispatched Liu Yi, General Who Conquers Champions, from Jiankang in pursuit. Xuan's army suffered repeated defeats. Xuan kept light boats rigged along the side of his flagship, so his troops had no will to fight. Xuan abandoned his army and fled; the rest broke and scattered in turn, and he returned to Jiangling with Dezong. Earlier Xuan had left Dezong's wife and children at Baling. Yin Zhongwen, aboard the same vessel, urged Xuan to take another ship to rally the scattered forces, then escorted Dezong's wife back to Jiankang. When Xuan entered Jiangling, Feng Gai, Administrator of Nanping, urged him to renew the fight. Xuan planned to flee to Hanzhong and seek refuge with Huan Xi, Inspector of Liang. He made ready to depart at night, but the city was already in chaos and his orders went unheeded; he took some hundred trusted followers out the north gate. At the gate his own men hacked at his face in the dark; they turned on one another, and the dead filled the road. Xuan barely made it to his ship. Dezong entered the seat of Nan Commandery. Even after boarding, Xuan still meant to flee to Hanzhong. Mao Xiuzhi, Colonel of the Garrison Cavalry, persuaded him to flee into Shu, and he sailed upriver with Shi Kang and others. At Meihui Isle, Fei Tian and other officers of Yizhou ambushed him with a hail of arrows. Xuan was hit by arrows; his son Sheng pulled each one out as it struck. Feng Qian, Protector of Yizhou, drew his sword and boarded Xuan's vessel. Xuan cried: "Who are you to dare kill the Son of Heaven!" Qian replied: "I mean only to kill the usurper who stole the throne." He beheaded Xuan and Shi Kang and the rest, executed Sheng in the Jiangling market, sent Xuan's head to the capital, and had it displayed at the Vermilion Bird Gate.

玄既敗，桓謙匿於沮中。桓振逃于華容之浦，陰聚黨數千人，晨襲江陵，克之。桓謙亦聚眾而出。振既至，問玄子昇所在，知昇已死，欲殺德宗，謙苦禁之。於是為玄舉哀，諡為武悼皇帝。謙率羣官復立德宗，振自為都督八州、鎮軍將軍、荊州刺史，[5]謙復本職，又加江豫二州刺史。後德宗益州刺史毛璩殺桓希漢中。桓振寇江陵，為唐興所斬。其餘親從，或當時擒獲，或奔散外境，數年之間，並敗滅之。

After Xuan's defeat, Huan Qian went into hiding in Ju. Huan Zhen fled to the Huarong shore, secretly rallied several thousand followers, and at dawn stormed and seized Jiangling. Huan Qian likewise rallied his forces and marched out. When Zhen arrived he asked after Xuan's son Sheng; told that Sheng was dead, he wanted to kill Dezong, but Qian held him back with all his strength. They then held mourning for Xuan and gave him the posthumous title Martial Lament Emperor. Qian led the officials in restoring Dezong. Zhen appointed himself Commander-in-Chief of Eight Provinces, General Who Pacifies the Army, and Inspector of Jing;[5] Qian resumed his former office and was also made Inspector of Jiang and Yu. Later Mao Qi, Inspector of Yizhou under Dezong, killed Huan Xi in Hanzhong. Huan Zhen attacked Jiangling and was slain by Tang Xing. The rest of his kin and followers were either captured on the spot or fled beyond the borders; within a few years they were all wiped out.

海夷馮跋，字文起，小名乞直伐，本出長樂信都。慕容永僭號長子，以跋父安為將。永為垂所滅，安東徙昌黎，家于長谷。跋飲酒至一石不亂。母弟素弗，次丕，次洪，皆任俠放逸，不修行業，跋恭慎勤稼穡。既家昌黎，遂同夷俗。

Feng Ba of the Haiyi, courtesy name Wenqi, childhood name Qizhifa, was originally from Xindu in Changle. Murong Yong declared himself at Changzi and appointed Ba's father An as a general. When Yong was destroyed by Murong Chui, An moved east to Changli and settled at Changgu. Ba could drink a full dan of wine without losing his composure. His younger brothers Sufu, Pi, and Hong were all swaggering ruffians who cared nothing for propriety; Ba alone was respectful, cautious, and diligent in the fields. Once they had settled in Changli, they adopted the local barbarian ways.

後慕容熙僭號，以跋為殿中左監，稍遷衞中郎將。後坐事逃亡。既而熙政殘虐，民不堪命，跋乃與從兄萬泥等二十三人結謀，跋與二弟乘車，使婦人御，潛入龍城，匿於孫護之室以誅熙。乃立夕陽公高雲為主，以跋為侍中、征北大將軍、開府儀同三司，封武邑公，事皆決跋兄弟。太宗初，雲為左右所殺，跋乃自立為燕王，置百官，號年太平，于時永興元年也。跋撫納契丹等諸落，頗來附之。

Later Murong Xi usurped the title, appointed Ba Left Supervisor in the Palace, and gradually promoted him to General of the Guards Gentlemen of the Household. Later he was implicated in an affair and fled. Before long, Xi's rule became cruel and the people could not endure it. Ba plotted with his elder cousin Wanni and twenty-three others; he and his two younger brothers rode in a carriage driven by a woman, slipped into Longcheng, and hid in Sun Hu's room to kill Xi. They then set up Gao Yun, Duke of Xiyang, as ruler. Ba became Palace Attendant, General-in-Chief Who Campaigns North, Opening Office with the Same Ceremonies as the Three Excellencies, and Duke of Wuyi; all affairs were decided by Ba and his brothers. At the beginning of Taizong's reign, Yun was killed by his attendants. Ba then set himself up as Prince of Yan, established the offices, and named his era Taiping; this was Yongxing 1. Ba conciliated and accepted the Khitan and other tribes, and many came over to him.

太宗遣謁者于什門喻之，為跋所留，語在什門傳。泰常三年，和龍城有赤氣蔽日，自寅至申，跋太史令張穆以為兵氣，言於跋曰：「大魏威制六合而聘使隔絕，自古鄰國未有不通之理，違義致忿，取敗之道，恐大軍卒至，必致吞滅，宜還魏使，奉修職貢。」跋不從。太宗詔征東大將軍長孫道生率眾二萬討之，跋嬰城固守，不克而還。

Emperor Taizong sent the envoy Yu Shimmen to address him; Ba detained him—the full account appears in Shimmen's biography. In the third year of Taichang, a red mist at Helong blotted out the sun from dawn to mid-afternoon. Ba's Grand Astrologer Zhang Mu read it as a martial omen and warned Ba: "Great Wei rules all under heaven, yet our envoys are cut off. Neighboring states have always kept channels open. To defy righteousness and invite wrath is the road to ruin. A great army may come at any moment and swallow us whole. Return the Wei envoy and resume tribute." Ba refused. Emperor Taizong ordered Zhangsun Daosheng, General Who Conquers the East, to march against him with twenty thousand men. Ba barred the gates and held out; the Wei army failed to take the city and withdrew.

神䴥二年，跋有疾。其長子永先死，立次子翼為世子，攝國事，勒兵以備非常。跋妾宋氏規立其子受居，深忌翼，謂之曰：「主上疾將瘳，奈何代父臨國乎？」翼遂還。宋氏矯絕內外，遣閹人傳問，翼及跋諸子、大臣並不得省疾，惟中給事胡福獨得出入，專掌禁衞。跋疾甚，福慮宋氏將成其計，乃言於跋弟文通，勒兵而入。跋驚怖而死，文通襲位。翼勒兵出戰，不利，遂死。跋有男百餘人，悉為文通所殺。

In the second year of Shenjue, Ba fell ill. His eldest son Yong had already died; he named his second son Yi heir apparent, gave him charge of state affairs, and mobilized troops against any emergency. Ba's concubine Lady Song plotted to put her son Shouju on the throne and deeply resented Yi. She told him: "The lord's illness is nearly cured—why are you ruling in his place?" Yi withdrew. Lady Song cut off contact between inside and outside, using eunuchs to relay messages. Yi, Ba's other sons, and the great ministers were not allowed to visit the sickroom; only Hu Fu, Palace Attendant, could enter and leave, and he alone controlled the palace guard. As Ba's illness worsened, Fu feared Lady Song would succeed in her plot and appealed to Ba's younger brother Wentong, who marched his troops into the palace. Ba died of fright; Wentong seized the throne. Yi led his forces into battle, was defeated, and died. Ba had more than a hundred sons; Wentong killed them all.

弟文通

Younger Brother Wentong

文通，跋之少弟也，本名犯顯祖廟諱。高雲僭號，以為征東大將軍，領中領軍，封汲郡公。跋立，為尚書左僕射，改封中山，仍為領軍，內掌禁衞，外總朝政，歷位司徒。及自立，乃與劉義隆交通。

Wentong was Ba's youngest brother; his birth name violated the taboo of Emperor Xianzu's temple name. When Gao Yun declared himself, he appointed Wentong General Who Conquers the East and Central Army Commander, with the title Duke of Ji. When Ba took the throne, Wentong became Left Vice Director of the Masters of Writing, was re-enfeoffed as Duke of Zhongshan, retained command of the guards, held sway over court and camp alike, and rose to Minister of Education. Once he had seized power, he opened relations with Liu Yilong of Song.

延和元年，世祖親討之，文通嬰城固守。文通營丘、遼東、成周、樂浪、帶方、玄菟六郡皆降，世祖徙其三萬餘戶于幽州。文通尚書郭淵勸其歸誠進女，乞為附庸，保守宗廟。文通曰：「負釁在前，忿形已露，降附取死，不如守志，更圖所適也。」

In the first year of Yanhe, Emperor Shizu marched against him in person; Wentong barred the gates and held out. The six commanderies of Yingqiu, Liaodong, Chengzhou, Lelang, Daifang, and Xuantu all surrendered; Emperor Shizu relocated more than thirty thousand households to Youzhou. Guo Yuan, Master of Writing under Wentong, urged him to submit, send a daughter as tribute, accept vassal status, and preserve the ancestral shrine. Wentong replied: "I am already guilty in their eyes, and their anger is plain. Submission means death. Better to hold our ground and seek another way out."

先是，文通廢其元妻王氏，黜世子崇，令鎮肥如，以後妻慕容氏子王仁為世子。崇母弟廣平公朗、樂陵公邈相謂曰：「大運有在，家國已亡，又慕容之譖，禍將至矣。」於是遂出奔遼西，勸崇來降，崇納之。會世祖使給事中王德陳示成敗，崇遣邈入朝。世祖遣兼鴻臚李繼持節拜崇假節、侍中、都督幽平二州東夷諸軍事、車騎大將軍、領護東夷校尉、幽平二州牧，封遼西王，錄其國尚書事，食遼西十郡；承制，假授文官尚書、刺史，武官征虜已下。文通遣其將封羽率眾圍崇，世祖詔永昌王健督諸軍救之。封羽又以凡城降，徙其三千餘家而還。

Earlier Wentong had deposed his first wife Lady Wang, removed the heir Chong to garrison Feiru, and named Wang Ren, son of his later Murong wife, as heir. Chong's younger brothers Lang, Duke of Guangping, and Miao, Duke of Leling, said to each other: "The Mandate belongs elsewhere; our house is ruined, and Murong intrigue will bring disaster upon us." They fled to Liaoxi and urged Chong to surrender; Chong agreed. At that time Emperor Shizu sent the Palace Attendant Wang De to explain the stakes; Chong sent Miao to court. Emperor Shizu sent Acting Grand Herald Li Ji with credentials to appoint Chong Acting Credential Holder, Palace Attendant, Commander-in-Chief of Eastern Yi forces in You and Ping, General of Chariots and Cavalry, Chief Protector of the Eastern Yi, and Governor of You and Ping, enfeoffing him as King of Liaoxi with charge of his state's Masters of Writing and the revenues of ten Liaoxi commanderies. By imperial commission he could provisionally appoint civil officials as Masters of Writing and inspectors, and military officers down to General Who Conquers the Barbarians. Wentong sent his general Feng Yu to besiege Chong; Emperor Shizu ordered Prince Jian of Yongchang to lead the relief forces. Feng Yu also surrendered Fancheng; more than three thousand households were relocated, and the army withdrew.

文通遣其尚書高顒請罪，乞以季女充掖庭。世祖許之，徵其子王仁入朝，文通不遣。其散騎常侍劉訓言於文通曰：「雖結婚和通，而未遣侍子，魏若大舉，將有危亡之慮。夫以重山之隘，劉禪銜璧；長江之難，孫皓歸命。況魏強於晉氏，燕弱于吳蜀，願時遣世子，以恭大國之命。然後收離集散，厚布恩澤，分賑倉廩以濟民乏，勸督農桑以邀秋稔，庶大業危而更安，社稷可以永保。」文通大怒，殺之。世祖又詔樂平王丕等討之，日就蹙削，上下危懼。文通太常陽㟭復勸文通請罪乞降，速令王仁入侍。文通曰：「吾未忍為此，若事不幸，且欲東次高麗，以圖後舉。」㟭曰：「魏以天下之眾擊一隅之地，以臣愚見，勢必土崩。且高麗夷狄，難以信期，始雖相親，終恐為變。若不早裁，悔無及也。」文通不聽，乃密求迎於高麗。太延二年，高麗遣將葛盧等率眾迎之，入和龍城，脫其弊褐，取文通精仗以賦其眾。文通乃擁其城內士女入于高麗。先是，其國有狼夜繞城羣嘷，如是終歲；又有鼠集於城西，闐滿數里，西行至水，則在前者銜馬矢，迭相齧尾而渡；宿軍地燃，一旬而滅，觸地生蛆，月餘乃止；和龍城生白毛，長一尺二寸。

Wentong sent his Master of Writing Gao Yang to beg pardon and offer his youngest daughter for the imperial harem. Emperor Shizu agreed and summoned his son Wang Ren to court, but Wentong refused to send him. His Regular Palace Attendant Liu Xun warned Wentong: "We have sealed a marriage alliance, yet sent no hostage prince. If Wei mounts a full campaign, we face destruction. Behind the barrier of towering mountains, Liu Shan still surrendered with jade seal in hand; across the barrier of the Yangzi, Sun Hao still bowed to fate. How much more when Wei is stronger than Jin ever was and Yan weaker than Wu or Shu—send the heir now to honor the great power's command. Then rally the scattered, show generous mercy, open the granaries to feed the hungry, and urge farming to secure the autumn harvest—so the realm, though imperiled, may yet be saved and the dynasty preserved." Wentong flew into a rage and had him executed. Emperor Shizu again ordered Prince Pi of Leping and others to attack; their position shrank daily, and court and camp alike were gripped by fear. Wentong's Minister of Ceremonies Yang Yan again urged him to beg pardon and submit, and send Wang Ren to court at once. Wentong said: "I cannot bring myself to that. If all fails, I will move east to Goguryeo and plan our next move." Yan replied: "Wei brings the hosts of all under heaven against this one corner—in my view, we are bound to collapse. Besides, Goguryeo are barbarians whose word cannot be trusted; they may seem friendly at first, but in the end they will betray us. If you do not act now, it will be too late for regret." Wentong would not listen and secretly asked Goguryeo to receive him. In the second year of Taiyan, Goguryeo sent Generals Gelu and others to escort him. Entering Helong, they stripped off their rags and seized Wentong's fine arms to equip their men. Wentong then took the city's men and women with him into Goguryeo. Earlier wolves had circled the city howling by night for a full year; rats had massed west of the city for miles; marching to the water, those in front carried horse dung in their mouths, each biting the tail ahead to cross; the army camp burned for ten days; wherever one touched the ground maggots swarmed for more than a month; and at Helong white hair sprouted a foot and two inches long.

文通至遼東，高麗遣使勞之曰：「龍城王馮君爰適野次，士馬勞乎？」文通慚怒，稱制答讓之，高麗乃處之於平郭，尋徙北豐。文通素侮高麗，政刑賞罰，猶如其國。高麗乃奪其侍人，質任王仁。文通忿怨之，謀將南奔。世祖又徵文通於高麗，高麗乃殺之於北豐，子孫同時死者十餘人。文通子朗、邈。朗子熙，在外戚傳。

When Wentong reached Liaodong, Goguryeo sent an envoy to greet him: "Lord Feng of Longcheng, come to this wilderness—are your men and horses weary?" Wentong, shamed and furious, answered as a sovereign and rebuked them; Goguryeo lodged him at Pingguo, then moved him to Beifeng. Wentong had always despised Goguryeo; he still governed, punished, and rewarded as if in his own realm. Goguryeo seized his attendants and held Wang Ren hostage. Wentong brooded on his grievance and plotted to flee south. Emperor Shizu again demanded Wentong from Goguryeo; Goguryeo killed him at Beifeng, and more than ten of his sons and grandsons died with him. Wentong's sons Lang and Miao. Lang's son Xi is treated in the biography of the empress's kin.

島夷劉裕，字德輿，晉陵丹徒人也。其先不知所出，自云本彭城彭城人，或云本姓項，改為劉氏，然亦莫可尋也，故其與叢亭、安上諸劉了無宗次。裕家本寒微，住在京口，恒以賣履為業。意氣楚剌，僅識文字，樗蒲傾產，為時賤薄。嘗負驃騎諮議刁逵社錢三萬，經時不還。逵以其無行，錄而徵責，驃騎長史王謐以錢代還，事方得了。落魄不修廉隅。

Liu Yu of the Daoyi, courtesy name Deyu, was from Dantu in Jinling. His ancestry is unknown; he claimed descent from Pengcheng, or else that his family name was originally Xiang and was changed to Liu—none of which can be verified, so he bore no genealogical tie to the Liu clans of Congting and Anshang. Yu's family was poor; he lived at Jingkou and made his living selling straw sandals. He was rough and fierce, barely literate, ruined himself at dice, and was held in contempt. He once owed thirty thousand in community funds to Diao Kui, consultant to the Rapid Cavalry general, and for a long time failed to repay. Kui, disgusted by his conduct, recorded the debt and pressed for payment; Wang Mi, chief clerk to the Rapid Cavalry general, paid it for him, and only then was the matter closed. He was a drifter without a shred of propriety.

天興二年，僭晉司馬德宗遣其輔國將軍劉牢之東討孫恩，裕應募，始為牢之參軍。恩北寇海鹽，裕追勝之，以功稍遷建武將軍、下邳太守。劉牢之討桓玄，裕參其軍事。牢之降，裕為玄從兄桓脩中兵參軍。孫恩死，餘眾推恩妹夫盧循為主，玄遣裕征之，裕破循于東陽、永嘉，循浮海奔逸。加裕彭城內史。

In the second year of Tianxing, the Jin usurper Sima Dezong sent Liu Laozhi, General Who Assists the State, east against Sun En; Yu enlisted and became Laozhi's staff officer. When En raided Haiyan in the north, Yu pursued and defeated him; for this he was promoted to General Who Establishes Might and Administrator of Xiapi. When Liu Laozhi marched against Huan Xuan, Yu served on his staff. When Laozhi surrendered, Yu became staff officer under Huan Xiu, Xuan's cousin and Central Army commander. When Sun En died, his followers made En's brother-in-law Lu Xun their leader. Xuan sent Yu against him; Yu defeated Xun at Dongyang and Yongjia, and Xun fled by sea. Yu was appointed Administrator of Pengcheng.

及桓玄廢德宗而自立，裕與弟道規、劉毅、何無忌潛謀舉兵。桓脩弟思祖鎮廣陵，道規劉毅先為之佐。天賜初，裕與何無忌等旦候城門開，率眾斬玄徐州刺史桓脩於京口，其日，劉毅、道規等亦斬思祖，因收眾濟江。河內太守辛扈興、恒農太守王元德、振威將軍童厚之亦與裕剋是日取玄。毅兄邁時在建業，毅遣周安要之，邁懼而告玄，玄遣頓丘太守吳甫之、右衞將軍皇甫敷北拒。裕率眾宿于竹里，遇甫之於江乘，裕執長刀直入其陳，斬甫之，進至羅落橋，又斬敷首。玄使桓謙屯東陵，卞範之屯覆舟山西，裕又破之。玄大懼，乃攜子姪浮江南走。裕入鎮石頭，以德宗司徒王謐為錄尚書，領揚州刺史，立留臺，總百官，裕為使持節、都督揚徐兗豫青冀幽并八州、鎮軍將軍、徐州刺史。令道規等率眾追玄。裕因是相署名位，遣尚書王嘏等迎德宗，燔桓溫神主于宣陽門外。尋殺尚書左僕射王愉及其子綏、納等。裕以司馬遵為大將軍，承制，入居東宮，公卿以下莫不畢拜。乃大赦，惟玄等不在例。是夜，司徒王謐逃走。劉毅以其手解德宗璽綬，宜誅之。裕以其償錢之惠，固請免之，乃遣丹楊尹孟昶迎焉。

When Huan Xuan deposed Dezong and seized the throne, Yu secretly plotted rebellion with his brother Daogui, Liu Yi, and He Wuji. Huan Xiu's younger brother Sinzu held Guangling; Daogui and Liu Yi had already served on his staff. At the start of Tiansi, Yu and He Wuji waited at dawn for the gates to open, led their men, and killed Huan Xiu, Xuan's Inspector of Xu, at Jingkou. That same day Liu Yi and Daogui killed Sinzu, rallied their forces, and crossed the Yangzi. Xin Huxing, Administrator of Henei, Wang Yuande, Administrator of Hengnong, and Tong Houzhi, General Who Quells Might, also rose against Xuan that same day. Yi's elder brother Mai was in Jianye; Yi sent Zhou An to fetch him, but Mai, afraid, informed Xuan. Xuan sent Wu Fuzhi, Administrator of Dunqiu, and Huangfu Fu, General of the Right Guard, north to resist. Yu camped at Zhuli and met Fuzhi at Jiangcheng. Grasping a long blade, he charged into the enemy line and killed Fuzhi, then advanced to Luoluo Bridge and killed Fu as well. Xuan posted Huan Qian at Dongling and Bian Fanzhi west of Fuzhou Mountain; Yu defeated them both. Terrified, Xuan fled south across the Yangzi with his sons and nephews. Yu seized Stone City, appointed Wang Mi Director of the Masters of Writing and Governor of Yang, set up a rear capital, and took control of the bureaucracy. Yu became Bearer of the Staff of Authority, commander of eight provinces, General Who Pacifies the Army, and Inspector of Xu. He ordered Daogui and others to pursue Xuan. Yu had his allies sign a roster of ranks, sent Wang Gu and other Masters of Writing to welcome Dezong, and burned Huan Wen's spirit tablet outside the Xuanyang Gate. He soon executed Wang Yu, Left Vice Director of the Masters of Writing, along with his sons Sui, Na, and others. Yu installed Sima Zun as Grand General with imperial commission and lodged him in the Eastern Palace; every official from the highest rank down bowed before him. He proclaimed a general amnesty, excluding Xuan and his followers. That night Wang Mi fled. Liu Yi argued that because Mi had personally removed Dezong's seal and cord, he deserved death. Yu, remembering that Mi had once repaid his debt, pleaded for his life and sent Meng Chang, Governor of Danyang, to fetch him.

無忌、道規至于桑落洲，破桓玄。諸將進據尋陽，加裕都督江州。劉毅復敗桓玄於崢嶸洲，玄乃棄眾單舸奔走，挾德宗奔于江陵。裕領青州刺史，甲仗百人入殿。毅等平巴陵，德宗復位於江陵，改年曰義熙。及還建業，裕進侍中、車騎將軍、都督中外諸軍事，飾讓不受；加錄尚書事，又詐不受。乃出鎮丹徒，改授都督十六州，餘如故，又領兗州，乃解青州。

Wuji and Daogui reached Sangluo Isle and defeated Huan Xuan. The generals advanced and took Xunyang; Yu was made Commander-in-Chief of Jiang province. Liu Yi defeated Xuan again at Zhengrong Isle; Xuan abandoned his army and fled alone by boat, dragging Dezong with him to Jiangling. Yu took office as Inspector of Qing and sent a hundred armed men into the palace hall. Yi and the others pacified Baling; Dezong was restored at Jiangling and the era name changed to Yixi. On returning to Jianye, Yu was offered Palace Attendant, General of Chariots and Cavalry, and command of all armies; he declined with feigned modesty. He was also offered the directorship of the Masters of Writing and again pretended to refuse. He then withdrew to garrison Dantu, was made commander of sixteen provinces, took charge of Yan as well, and gave up Qing.

盧循破廣州，裕仍以循為廣州刺史，其黨琅邪人徐道覆為始興相。

Lu Xun seized Guangzhou; Yu nonetheless appointed him Inspector of Guang, with his lieutenant Xu Daofu of Langya as Chancellor of Shixing.

裕又都督交廣二州。又封裕豫章郡公，邑萬戶，絹三萬匹。加侍中，進號驃騎將軍、儀同三司。又進裕揚州刺史，錄尚書事，居於東府。裕遣劉敬宣伐蜀，為譙道福所敗，乃免敬宣官，裕自降為中軍將軍，開府如故。

Yu was also made commander of Jiao and Guang provinces. He was enfeoffed as Duke of Yuzhang with ten thousand households and thirty thousand bolts of silk. [7] He was made Palace Attendant and promoted to Rapid Cavalry General [8] with the ceremonial rank of the Three Excellencies. Yu was further promoted to Governor of Yang and Director of the Masters of Writing, with his seat in the Eastern Headquarters. Yu sent Liu Jingxuan against Shu; defeated by Qiao Daofu, Jingxuan was dismissed and Yu demoted himself to Central Army General while keeping his headquarters.

永興初，慕容超大掠淮北，執德宗陽平太守劉千載、濟南太守趙元，驅掠千餘家而歸。裕乃伐超，遂屠廣固，執超，斬其王公以下三千人，納口萬餘、馬二千匹，夷其城隍。送超于建業，斬之。

At the start of Yongxing, Murong Chao raided north of the Huai, captured Liu Qianzai, Administrator of Yangping, and Zhao Yuan, Administrator of Jinan, and carried off more than a thousand households. Yu marched against Chao, sacked Guanggu, captured him, executed three thousand nobles and officials, took more than ten thousand captives and two thousand horses, and razed the walls. Chao was sent to Jianye and executed.

裕是行也，徐道覆勸盧循令乘虛而出，循從之，於是南康、廬陵、豫章諸郡守皆奔走。江州刺史何無忌率軍至豫章，戰歿。于時羣議欲令德宗北徙渡江。循遂寇湘中，破劉道規於長沙，敗劉毅於桑落洲，席卷而下。裕將孟昶、諸葛長民勸裕擁德宗過江，裕不從。昶謂事必不濟，乃自殺。裕發居人治石頭城。道覆等至，即欲於新亭白石渚焚舟而上。盧循曰：「大軍未至，孟昶便逆自殺，以此而推，建業尋應有變，但按甲守之，不憂不濟也。」乃屯軍於蔡洲。循乃率眾數萬上南岸，至于丹陽郡，遂遣焚京口、金城、姑熟，寇掠塗中及江寧、蕪湖。循以阮賜為豫州刺史，裕中軍參軍尚靖、宣城內史毛脩之破賜於姑熟，獲其輜重，賜乃退。又加裕太尉、中書監、黃鉞，裕受黃鉞。盧循既不戰，乃告道覆曰：「師老矣，可還據尋陽，并力取荊州，徐以三分有二之勢與下流爭衡，猶可以濟也。」乃自蔡洲南退。裕遣輔國將軍王仲德等追之。裕又遣建威將軍孫季高率眾自海道襲番禺。裕自以舟師南伐。季高乘海兼行，奄至番禺。循不以海道為防，既至而覺，眾乃大驚。季高悉力而上，四面攻之，仍屠其城。盧循父嘏及長史孫建之並以輕舟奔始興。

While Yu was on campaign, Xu Daofu urged Lu Xun to strike at the opening; Xun agreed, and the prefects of Nankang, Luling, Yuzhang, and other commanderies all fled. He Wuji, Inspector of Jiang, marched to Yuzhang and was killed in battle. The court debated moving Dezong north across the Yangzi. Xun raided Hunan, defeated Liu Daogui at Changsha and Liu Yi at Sangluo Isle, and swept down the river. Meng Chang and Zhuge Changmin urged Yu to escort Dezong across the Yangzi; Yu refused. Chang, convinced all was lost, killed himself. Yu mobilized the populace to fortify Stone City. When Daofu arrived, he wanted to burn the boats at White Stone Ford near Xinting and press upstream at once. Lu Xun said: "The main army has not yet arrived, yet Meng Chang has already killed himself in despair. Jianye must be near collapse. We need only hold our ground and wait—victory is assured." He encamped at Cai Isle. Xun led tens of thousands up the south bank to Danyang, burned Jingkou, Jincheng, and Guniu, and raided Tuzhong, Jiangning, and Wuhu. Xun appointed Ruan Ci Inspector of Yu; Shang Jing and Mao Xiuzhi, Administrator of Xuancheng, defeated him at Guniu, captured his baggage train, and Ci retreated. Yu was made Grand Marshal, Director of the Secretariat, and bearer of the imperial axe; he accepted the axe. Lu Xun, refusing battle, told Daofu: "Our army is exhausted. Let us fall back on Xunyang, seize Jing together, and with two-thirds of the realm contest the lower Yangzi—we may yet prevail." He withdrew south from Cai Isle. Yu sent Wang Zhongde, General Who Assists the State, and others in pursuit. Yu also sent Sun Jigao, General Who Establishes Might, by sea to strike Panyu. Yu himself led the fleet south. Jigao sailed day and night and suddenly appeared at Panyu. Xun had not guarded the sea route; when the fleet appeared, his men panicked. Jigao attacked from all sides with full force and sacked the city. Lu Xun's father Gu and Chief Clerk Sun Jianzhi fled by light boat to Shixing.

循與道覆率眾而下，裕眾軍擊之，循等還尋陽。循欲遁於豫章，乃悉力柵斷左里。裕諸軍乘勝而擊之，循單舸徑還廣州，道覆還始興。裕還，為大將軍、揚州牧、班劍二十人，本官如故。徐道覆至始興，猶據山澗，劉蕃等攻之，道覆先鴆妻子，然後自殺。盧循至番禺，收眾攻季高，劉蕃遣沈田子討之，循奔走。餘眾從嶺道襲合浦，克之。進攻交阯，交州刺史杜惠度屢戰克捷，循投水而死。

Xun and Daofu marched downriver; Yu's armies attacked and drove them back to Xunyang. Xun meant to flee to Yuzhang and threw up barricades at Zuoli. Yu's armies pressed the attack; Xun fled alone by boat to Guangzhou, and Daofu retreated to Shixing. On his return Yu was made Grand General and Governor of Yang with twenty ceremonial guards, his other offices unchanged. Daofu held the mountain ravines at Shixing; Liu Fan and others attacked. Daofu poisoned his wife and children, then killed himself. At Panyu Xun rallied troops against Jigao; Liu Fan sent Shen Tianzi against him, and Xun fled. The remnants took the mountain route, seized Hepu, and held it. Advancing on Jiaozhi, they met Du Huidu, Inspector of Jiao, who defeated them repeatedly; Xun drowned himself.

裕自為太尉、中書監。裕殺尚書左僕射謝混、兗州刺史劉蕃。裕既權重，便懷異志，以荊州刺史劉毅頗有勇略，又據上流之所，心畏惡之，遂自討毅，遣參軍王鎮惡等襲江陵。鎮惡至豫章口，焚毅舟艦。毅兵逆戰不能抗，鎮惡馳入外城。于時毅病，乃阻內城。鎮惡焚諸門攻之，其徒乃潰。毅自北門出走，縊于道側，斬屍於市，誅其子姪。裕至江陵，誅南蠻校尉郗僧施、衞軍諮議謝邵等。裕本寒微，不參士伍，及擅時政，便肆意殺戮，以威懼下。初以刁逵縛之之怨，誅其兄弟；又以王愉、謝混、郗僧施之徒並皆時望，遂悉害之。分荊州為湘州，裕自總督。裕還於東府，召諸葛長民屏人閑語，密令壯士丁旿等出自幔後，於座拉之，長民墜地，死於牀側。亦以才雄見忌也。

Yu appointed himself Grand Marshal and Director of the Secretariat. Yu executed Xie Hun, Left Vice Director of the Masters of Writing, and Liu Fan, Inspector of Yan. With power consolidated, Yu turned against his allies. Liu Yi, Inspector of Jing, was bold and held the upper Yangzi; Yu feared him and marched against him, sending Wang Zhen'e to strike Jiangling. Zhen'e reached the Yuzhang mouth and burned Yi's fleet. Yi's troops could not hold; Zhen'e galloped into the outer city. Yi was ill and barred himself in the inner city. Zhen'e burned the gates and attacked; Yi's men broke and fled. Yi fled out the north gate and hanged himself by the road; his body was displayed in the market and his sons and nephews executed. At Jiangling Yu executed Xi Sheng, Colonel of the Southern Man, Xie Shao, consultant to the Guard Army, and others. Born humble and outside the gentry, once Yu seized power he killed at will to terrify his subordinates. First, remembering Diao Kui's humiliation, he executed Kui's brothers; then because Wang Yu, Xie Hun, Xi Sheng, and others enjoyed great renown, he killed them all. He split Jing to create Xiang province and took overall command himself. Back at the Eastern Headquarters, Yu summoned Zhuge Changmin for a private talk, then had stalwarts emerge from behind the curtain, seize him at his seat, and strike him dead beside the couch. He too was killed because his talent aroused Yu's jealousy.

荊州刺史司馬休之頗得眾心，裕內懷忌憚，神䴥二年，率眾討之，遣龍驤將軍蒯恩等為前軍。裕進領荊州刺史，加黃鉞。雍州刺史魯宗之率其子軌會休之于江陵。軌等軍敗，乃與休之俱奔襄陽。裕自領南蠻校尉。休之等奔姚興。裕為太傅、揚州牧；劍履上殿，入朝不趨，讚拜不名；置左右長史、司馬，從事中郎四人；餘如故。裕又領平北將軍、徐兗二州刺史，增督南秦州，尋督中外諸軍事。

Sima Xiuzhi, Inspector of Jing province, had won considerable popular support, and Liu Yu feared him inwardly. In the second year of Shenjue, Yu led troops against him, sending the Dragon Cavalry General Kuai En and others as the vanguard. Yu took office as Inspector of Jing and received the imperial axe. Lu Zongzhi, Inspector of Yong, led his son Gui to join Xiuzhi at Jiangling. Gui's army was defeated; he fled with Xiuzhi to Xiangyang. Yu took the post of Colonel of the Southern Man himself. Xiuzhi and his followers fled to Yao Xing of Later Qin. Yu was made Grand Tutor and Governor of Yang; he might wear sword and shoes in the hall, enter court without hastening, and be addressed without his personal name in memorials; he was given left and right chief clerks, marshals, and four attendant gentlemen; his other privileges remained unchanged. Yu also became General Who Pacifies the North and Inspector of Xu and Yan, gained oversight of Southern Qin, and soon command of all armies.

裕志傾僭晉，若不外立功名，恐人望不許，乃西伐姚泓。自領征西將軍、司豫二州刺史，尋領北雍州刺史，加前後部羽葆鼓吹，增班劍為四十人。子義符為中軍將軍，監太尉留府事，給鼓吹一部。右僕射劉穆之為左僕射，領軍、中軍二府軍司，[9]入居東府，總攝內外。穆之謂龍驤將軍王鎮惡曰：「公今委卿以關中，卿其勉之。」鎮惡曰：「吾今不克咸陽，誓不濟江，而公九錫不至者，亦卿之責矣。」裕率眾軍至彭城，加鎮北將軍、徐州刺史。遣中兵參軍沈林子自汴入河，冠軍檀道濟與王鎮惡步出淮肥，裕將王仲德汎濟入河。德宗封裕十郡為宋公，加相國、九錫，僭擬魏晉故事。王鎮惡進至宜陽，獨取潼關，沈林子自襄邑屯于陝城，姚泓諸將不能抗。始裕入河西上，太宗遣將軍娥清、長孫嵩等屯於河畔。裕遣朱超石、劉榮祖等渡河，長孫道生破之，擒斬其將楊豐等。裕遣將軍王仲德、趙倫之率沈田子等入武關，屯軍青泥。沈林子由秦嶺會田子於堯柳城。姚泓率眾數萬，不戰而還。裕至關頭。鎮惡至渭橋，破泓軍於橫門。裕至長安，執姚泓以歸，斬于建業市。裕以其子義真為雍州刺史，鎮咸陽。進裕為宋王，增十郡，置百官，一擬舊制。裕還彭城。

Yu meant to overthrow the Jin usurpers; fearing he lacked public support without foreign glory, he marched west against Yao Hong. He took office as General Who Campaigns West and Inspector of Si and Yu, soon also Northern Yong, gained imperial banners and drums, and forty ceremonial guards. His son Yifu became Central Army General, supervised affairs at headquarters, and received a band of drums and pipes. Liu Muzhi was moved from Right to Left Vice Director and made army secretary of the Guard and Central Army headquarters;[9] he entered the Eastern Headquarters and took charge of court and camp. Muzhi told Wang Zhen'e, Dragon Cavalry General: "The lord entrusts Guanzhong to you—do not fail him." Zhen'e replied: "If I do not take Xianyang, I swear never to cross the Yangzi again—and if the nine bestowals do not come, that will be your fault as well." Yu led his armies to Pengcheng and was made General Who Pacifies the North and Inspector of Xu. He sent Shen Linzi from Bian into the Yellow River; Tan Daoji and Wang Zhen'e marched from the Huai-Fei region, and Wang Zhongde crossed by boat into the river. Dezong enfeoffed Yu as Duke of Song with ten commanderies, made him Chancellor, and bestowed the nine imperial gifts, following the usurpers' precedent of Wei and Jin. Wang Zhen'e advanced to Yiyang and seized Tong Pass alone; Shen Linzi encamped at Shancheng from Xiangyi, and Yao Hong's generals could not hold. When Yu marched west up the Yellow River, Emperor Taizong sent Generals E Qing and Zhangsun Song to encamp on the bank. Yu sent Zhu Chaoshi and Liu Rongzu across the river; Zhangsun Daosheng defeated them and killed their general Yang Feng. Yu sent Wang Zhongde and Zhao Lunzhi with Shen Tianzi through Wu Pass to camp at Qingni. Shen Linzi crossed the Qin Mountains and joined Tianzi at Yao Willow City. Yao Hong led tens of thousands but withdrew without a fight. Yu reached Tong Pass. Zhen'e reached Wei Bridge and defeated Hong's army at Heng Gate. Yu entered Chang'an, took Yao Hong captive, and executed him in the Jianye market. Yu appointed his son Yizhen Inspector of Yong and garrisoned him at Xianyang. Yu was promoted to Prince of Song with ten more commanderies, a full bureaucracy installed on the old model. Yu returned to Pengcheng.

赫連屈丐掠渭陽，義真遣沈田子率軍討之。田子退軍陘上，鎮惡往就田子議之，田子斬鎮惡於幕下，又殺其兄弟羣從七人。田子馳還，云「鎮惡有異志」，義真長史王脩執而斬之。義真與左右多為不法，王脩每裁割之，左右咸怨，白義真曰：「王脩以關中阻險，兵食又足，欲謀反叛，宜早圖之。」義真遂遣左右殺脩。裕聞之，以朱齡石為雍州刺史。義真發自長安，將走江東，諸將競收財貨，次於灞上。赫連昌率眾追之，既至青泥，義真大敗，蒯恩與安西司馬毛脩之並被擒獲，參軍段橫，名犯高祖廟諱，單馬負義真走歸。朱齡石亦棄長安，奔就龍驤將軍王敬先于曹公故壘，既而城陷，被執見殺。

Helian Qubug raided north of the Wei; Yizhen sent Shen Tianzi against him. Tianzi withdrew to the heights; Zhen'e came to consult, and Tianzi killed him in the tent, then executed seven of his brothers and kin. Tianzi galloped back and said, "Zhen'e harbors rebellious intent"; Wang Xiu, Yizhen's Chief Clerk, seized and beheaded him. Yizhen and his attendants broke the law constantly; Wang Xiu restrained them. They resented him and told Yizhen: "With Guanzhong's defenses and ample supplies, Xiu means to rebel—you must act first." Yizhen sent his attendants to kill Xiu. Hearing this, Yu appointed Zhu Lingshi Inspector of Yong. Yizhen left Chang'an for the east; his generals plundered greedily and camped at Bashang. Helian Chang pursued them; at Qingni Yizhen was routed. Kuai En and Mao Xiuzhi were captured; Duan Heng, whose name violated Gaozu's taboo, fled alone on horseback with Yizhen. Zhu Lingshi abandoned Chang'an and fled to Wang Jingxian at Cao Cao's old fort; the city fell, and he was captured and killed.

德宗死，裕立德宗弟德文，裕又自增十郡。裕遣司馬傅亮赴建業，令徵己入輔。德文禪其位，遂自號為宋，改年為永初，時泰常五年也。裕既僭立，頻請和通，太宗許之。六年，裕遣其中軍將軍沈範、索季孫等朝貢。七年五月裕死。

When Dezong died, Yu installed his brother Dewen and added ten commanderies to his own domain. Yu sent Fu Liang to Jianye to summon him to court. Dewen abdicated; Yu declared the Song dynasty and changed the era to Yongchu, in the fifth year of Taichang. Once Yu had usurped the throne he repeatedly sought peace; Emperor Taizong agreed. In the sixth year Yu sent Shen Fan, Suo Jisun, and others to court with tribute. In the fifth month of the seventh year Yu died.

子義符僭立。太宗以其禮敬不足，遣山陽公奚斤等率步騎二萬於滑臺渡河南討。義符司州刺史毛德祖遣司馬翟廣領步騎三千來拒。司空奚斤以千餘騎徇陳留，太守嚴稜率眾降。仍攻滑臺，其東郡太守王景度奔走，斬其司馬陽瓚。德祖又遣其將竇應明攻輜重于石濟。奚斤於土樓大破廣等，乘勝徑至虎牢。義符遣其將杜垣等與徐州刺史王仲德次湖陸。太宗詔安平公叔孫建等軍於泗瀆口，義符兗州刺史徐琰委尹卯城奔退，於是泰山諸郡悉棄戍而走。太宗詔蒼梧子公孫表等復攻虎牢，義符遣將檀道濟率師赴救。八年，義符改年為景平。奚斤進攻金墉，義符河南太守王涓之出奔。太宗南巡至鄴。奚斤自金墉還圍虎牢。太宗又詔安平公叔孫建等東擊青州，其刺史竺夔守東陽城，濟南太守垣苗自梁鄒奔夔。奚斤分軍攻潁川，太守李元德奔還項城。斤又遣騎破高平郡所統五縣，略居人二千餘家。叔孫建以時暑班師。檀道濟、王仲德向青州，遂不敢進。太宗至虎牢，因幸洛陽，乃北渡河。斤克虎牢，擒德祖及其滎陽太守翟廣、廣武將軍竇霸等，義符豫州刺史劉粹屯項城，不敢進。斤遣步騎至許昌，潁川太守索元德奔項城；遂圍汝陽，太守王公度突圍而出；仍破邵陵，掠萬餘口而還。

His son Yifu seized the throne. Finding his courtesy lacking, Emperor Taizong sent Duke Xi Jin of Shanyang with twenty thousand troops across the Yellow River at Huatai. Mao Dezu, Yifu's Inspector of Si, sent Zhai Guang with three thousand troops to resist. Xi Jin raided Chenliu with a thousand cavalry; Administrator Yan Ling surrendered. He attacked Huatai; Wang Jingdu, Administrator of Dong, fled, and his marshal Yang Zan was killed. Dezu sent Dou Yingming to attack the baggage train at Shiji. Xi Jin routed Guang at Tulu and pressed on to Hulao. Yifu sent Du Yuan and Wang Zhongde, Inspector of Xu, to camp at Hulu. Emperor Taizong ordered Duke Sunjian of Ping'an to camp at the Si mouth; Xu Yan, Inspector of Yan, abandoned Yincheng and fled, and the Taishan commanderies abandoned their garrisons. Emperor Taizong ordered Gongsun Biao to attack Hulao again; Yifu sent Tan Daoji to relieve it. In the eighth year Yifu changed the era name to Jingping. Xi Jin attacked Jinyong; Wang Juanzhi, Administrator of Henan, fled. Emperor Taizong toured south to Ye. Xi Jin returned from Jinyong to besiege Hulao. Emperor Taizong ordered Sunjian east against Qing; Zhu Kui held Dongyang, and Yuan Miao, Administrator of Jinan, fled from Liangzou to join him. Xi Jin attacked Yingchuan; Li Yuande, the administrator, fled to Xiangcheng. Jin sent cavalry against five Gaoping counties and carried off more than two thousand households. Sunjian withdrew because of the summer heat. Tan Daoji and Wang Zhongde moved toward Qing but dared not advance. Emperor Taizong reached Hulao, visited Luoyang, and crossed north of the river. Jin took Hulao and captured Dezu, Zhai Guang, Dou Ba, and others; Liu Cui, Inspector of Yu, held Xiangcheng and dared not advance. Jin sent troops to Xuchang; Suo Yuande, Administrator of Yingchuan, fled to Xiangcheng; then besieged Ruyang; Wang Gongdu, the administrator, broke out and fled; then took Shaoling and carried off more than ten thousand people.

始光初，義符司空徐羨之、尚書令傅亮、領軍謝晦等專其朝政，收其廬陵王義真，徙于新安郡，殺之。義符昏暴失德，羨之等勒兵入殿，時義符在華林舟中，兵士競進，殺其侍者，扶義符出東閤，廢為營陽王。遂徙于吳郡，於金昌亭殺之。

At the start of Shiguang, Xu Xianzhi, Fu Liang, and Xie Hui monopolized the court, seized Prince Yizhen of Luling, exiled him to Xin'an, and killed him. Yifu was brutal and lost the Mandate; Xianzhi's troops entered the palace while Yifu was boating at Hualin. They killed his attendants, dragged him out, and deposed him as Prince of Yingyang. He was exiled to Wu and killed at Jinchang Pavilion.

亮等立義符弟荊州刺史義隆，號年元嘉。遣使趙道生朝貢。二年，徐羨之、傅亮等歸政於義隆，不許。三年，義隆信其侍中王華之言，誅羨之、傅亮，遣其將檀道濟等討荊州刺史謝晦。晦率眾東下，謀廢義隆，以討王華為辭，破義隆將到彥之。及聞道濟將至，晦眾崩散。晦走江陵，乃攜其弟遁等北走，至安陸延頭，為戍主光順之所執，斬于建業。八月，義隆使其殿中將軍吉恒朝貢。神䴥二年，又遣殿中將軍孫橫之朝貢。三年，又遣殿中將軍田奇朝貢。

They installed Yifu's younger brother Yilong, Inspector of Jing, and proclaimed the era Yuanjia. He sent Zhao Daosheng to court with tribute. In the second year Xu Xianzhi and Fu Liang tried to return power to Yilong; he refused. In the third year Yilong believed Wang Hua and executed Xianzhi and Fu Liang, then sent Tan Daoji against Xie Hui, Inspector of Jing. Hui marched east to depose Yilong, claiming to punish Wang Hua, and defeated Dao Yanzhi. When he heard Daoji was coming, Hui's army collapsed. Hui fled to Jiangling, then north with his brother Dun; at Yantou in Anlu he was captured by Guang Shunzhi and executed at Jianye. In the eighth month Yilong sent Ji Heng to court with tribute. In the second year of Shenjue he sent Sun Hengzhi to court with tribute. In the third year he sent Tian Qi to court with tribute.

尋遣其右將軍到彥之、安北將軍王仲德、兗州刺史竺靈秀舟師入河，驍騎將軍段橫寇虎牢；又遣其豫州刺史劉德武、後將軍、長沙王義欣至彭城為後繼。到彥之寇碻磝，分軍向虎牢及洛陽。世祖詔河南諸軍收眾北渡以驕之。尋詔冠軍將軍安頡等率眾自盟津渡，攻金墉，義隆建武將軍杜驥出奔，遂乘勝進攻虎牢，陷之，斬其司州刺史尹沖。叔孫建大破竺靈秀，追至湖陸。四年，頡攻滑臺，彥之與王仲德等焚舟棄甲，走歸彭城。義隆又遣檀道濟救滑臺，叔孫建、長孫道生擊之。道濟至高梁山，頡等攻克滑臺，擒其司徒從事中郎朱脩之等，道濟走奔歷城，夜乃遁還。義隆青州刺史蕭思話亦棄鎮奔于平昌，其東陽積粟為百姓所焚。延和元年五月，義隆又遣趙道生朝貢。二年二月，詔兼散騎常侍宋宣使於義隆，且為皇太子結親。九月，義隆遣趙道生貢馴象一。太延二年三月，義隆遣使會元紹朝貢。義隆忌其司空檀道濟，遂誅之。道濟臨死，脫幘投地曰：「乃復壞汝萬里長城。」三年三月，義隆遣其散騎常侍劉熙伯朝貢，且論納幣。六月，義隆女死，不果為婚。五年十一月，義隆遣黃延年獻馴象。真君初，義隆徙其弟大將軍義康於豫章。二年，其龍驤參軍巴東扶令育詣義隆理義康，義隆大怒，收育殺之。四月，義隆遣使黃延年朝貢。十二月，義隆又遣黃延年朝貢。

Soon he sent his General of the Right Dao Yanzhi, General Who Pacifies the North Wang Zhongde, and Zhu Lingxiu, Inspector of Yan, with a naval force into the river, while the Rapid Cavalry General Duan Heng raided Hulao. he sent Liu Dewu, Inspector of Yu, and Prince Yixin of Changsha to Pengcheng as reinforcements. Dao Yanzhi attacked Que'ao and sent detachments toward Hulao and Luoyang. Emperor Shizu ordered the Henan armies to withdraw north of the river to lure them on. Soon An Pi crossed at Meng Ford and attacked Jinyong; Du Ji fled; they took Hulao and killed Yin Chong, Inspector of Si. Sunjian routed Zhu Lingxiu and pursued to Hulu. In the fourth year Pi attacked Huatai; Yanzhi and Wang Zhongde burned their boats, abandoned their armor, and fled to Pengcheng. Yilong sent Tan Daoji to relieve Huatai; Sunjian and Zhangsun Daosheng attacked. Daoji reached Gaoliang Mountain; Pi took Huatai and captured Zhu Xiuzhi; Daoji fled to Licheng and escaped by night. Xiao Sihua, Inspector of Qing, abandoned his post and fled to Pingchang; the people burned the grain at Dongyang. In the fifth month of Yanhe 1, Yilong again sent Zhao Daosheng to present tribute. In the second month of the second year, an edict ordered Song Xuan, Acting Regular Attendant of Scattered Cavalry, to go as envoy to Yilong and also to arrange a marriage for the imperial crown prince. In the ninth month, Yilong sent Zhao Daosheng to present one trained elephant as tribute. In the third month of Taiyan 2, Yilong sent envoys together with Yuan Shao to present tribute. Yilong feared his Minister of Works Tan Daoji, and so executed him. As Daoji was about to die, he took off his headcloth, threw it to the ground, and said, “You have destroyed your Great Wall of ten thousand li.” In the third month of the third year, Yilong sent his Regular Attendant of Scattered Cavalry Liu Xibo to court with tribute and also to discuss presenting betrothal gifts. In the sixth month, Yilong’s daughter died, so the marriage did not take place. In the eleventh month of the fifth year, Yilong sent Huang Yannian to present a trained elephant. At the beginning of the Zhenjun era, Yilong moved his younger brother Yikang, General-in-Chief, to Yuzhang. In the second year, Fu Lingyu of Badong, a Consulting Officer of the Dragon-Surging command, went to Yilong to plead Yikang’s case. Yilong was furious, arrested Lingyu, and killed him. In the fourth month, Yilong sent the envoy Huang Yannian to court with tribute. In the twelfth month, Yilong again sent Huang Yannian to court with tribute.

是歲，義隆梁州刺史劉真道將裴方明攻擊楊難當，難當捨仇池，將妻子來奔。三年，世祖詔琅邪王司馬楚之等討之。安西將軍古弼、[11]平西將軍元濟等邀義隆秦州刺史胡崇之於濁水，破擒之，餘眾奔漢中。義隆立難當兄子文德為秦州刺史、武都王，戍茄蘆，弼等討平之。義隆遂殺真道、方明。

That year, Liu Zhendao, Yilong's Inspector of Liang province, and his general Pei Fangming attacked Yang Nandang; Nandang abandoned Chouchi and fled with his wife and children. In the third year Emperor Shizu ordered Prince Sima Chuzhi of Langya against him. Gu Bi, General Who Pacifies the West,[11] and Yuan Ji ambushed Hu Chongzhi, Inspector of Qin, at Zhuoshui, captured him, and the remnants fled to Hanzhong. Yilong installed Wendé as Inspector of Qin and King of Wudu at Jialu; Bi pacified them. Yilong then executed Zhendao and Fangming.

五年，義隆復遣使朝貢。六年，其員外散騎侍郎孔熙先以才學而不見用，太子詹事范曄以家門淫汙，為世所薄，與熙先及外生謝綜謀殺義隆，立其弟前大將軍義康。丹陽尹徐湛之告之，乃誅曄等，徙義康於安成郡，御史監守。七年，詔諸軍掠濟陰、金鄉等七縣，并驅其青冀二州民戶而還。北地人蓋吳聚眾反，義隆以吳為安西將軍、雍州刺史，封北地公，規亂雍州，詔諸軍討平之。義隆好行小計，扇動邊民，內起山苑，窮侈極麗，役使百姓，江南苦之。九年正月，義隆遣使獻孔雀。

In the fifth year Yilong sent tribute envoys again. In the sixth year Kong Xixian, talented but unemployed, and Fan Ye, Grand Tutor of the Heir, despised for his family's debauchery, plotted with Xixian and Xie Zong to kill Yilong and install his brother Yikang. Xu Chenzhi, Governor of Danyang, informed; they executed Ye and exiled Yikang to Ancheng under guard. In the seventh year the armies raided seven counties including Jiyin and Jinxiang and drove off the people of Qing and Ji. Gai Wu of Beidi rebelled; Yilong made him General Who Pacifies the West and Inspector of Yong, Duke of Beidi, to stir trouble in Yong; the armies crushed him. Yilong loved petty schemes, stirred the borders, built lavish mountain parks, and oppressed the people—the south suffered bitterly. In the first month of the ninth year Yilong sent peacocks as tribute.

十一年二月，世祖欲獵於雲夢，發使告義隆，勿相猜阻，義隆請奉詔。世祖南巡，義隆邊城閉門拒守，世祖忿之，乃攻懸瓠。分遣使者安慰降民，其不服者誅戮之。義隆汝南、南頓、汝陽、潁川太守，並棄城奔走。義隆安北將軍、武陵王駿遣參軍劉泰之、臧肇之，殿中將軍尹懷義、程天祚等以千餘騎至汝陽，永昌王仁擊破之，[12]斬泰之、肇之，執天祚等。

In the second month of the eleventh year Emperor Shizu planned to hunt at Yunmeng and asked Yilong not to interfere; Yilong agreed. On his southern tour, Yilong's border cities barred their gates; enraged, Emperor Shizu attacked Xuancheng. He sent envoys to comfort those who submitted; those who resisted were killed. The administrators of Runan, Nandun, Ruyang, and Yingchuan all fled. Prince Jun of Wuling sent Liu Taizhi, Zang Zhaozhi, and others with a thousand cavalry to Ruyang; Prince Ren of Yongchang defeated them,[12] killed Taizhi and Zhaozhi, and captured Tianzuo.

義隆又遣寧朔將軍王玄謨率其太子步兵校尉沈慶之、鎮軍諮議參軍申坦等入河，青冀二州刺史蕭斌及駿水陸並進，太子左衞率臧質統驍騎將軍王方回、安蠻司馬劉康祖、右軍參軍梁坦造許、洛，右將軍豫州刺史南平王鑠。 [13]太尉江夏王義恭為諸軍節度，梁、南秦二州刺史劉秀之統輔國將軍楊文德、宣威將軍劉洪宗向汧隴，護軍將軍蕭思話部龍驤將軍杜坦、竟陵太守劉德願向武關。義隆令王公妃主及其朝士牧守下逮富人通出私財，以助軍費，士庶怨之。南兗及青、冀、兗、豫三五簡發，以配戎行；揚、南徐、兗、江州富民並四分之一。 [15]建威司馬申元吉趣泗瀆，蕭斌至碻磝，王玄謨遣軍主王寶惠攻滑臺，右軍蕭鑠遣中兵參軍梁坦等進軍小索。世祖詔諸軍援滑臺，大敗王寶惠等，王玄謨走還碻磝。蕭斌遣申坦與梁坦、垣護之據兩當城，斌退還歷下。及車駕渡河，梁坦退走，棄甲山積。車駕發滑臺，過碻磝，義隆又遣雍州刺史、竟陵王誕率其將薛安都、柳元景等入盧氏，進攻弘農。詔洛州刺史張提率眾度崤，蒲城鎮將何難於風陵堆濟河，秦州刺史杜道生至閿鄉。元景退走。

Yilong sent Wang Xuemo with Shen Qingzhi and Shen Tan up the river; Xiao Bin and Jun advanced by land and sea; Zang Zhi led Wang Fanghui, Liu Kangzu, and Liang Tan against Xu and Luo; Prince Shuo of Nanping held Yu. [13] Prince Yigong of Jiangxia commanded all armies; Liu Xiuzhi led Yang Wende and Liu Hongzong toward Qian-Long; Xiao Sihua sent Du Tan and Liu Deyuan toward Wu Pass. Yilong forced princes, officials, and the wealthy to fund the war from private wealth; the people resented it. From Southern Yan, Qing, Ji, Yan, and Yu, three to five men per household were drafted;[14] they were assigned to the ranks; from Yang, Southern Xu, Yan, and Jiang, one quarter of wealthy households as well. [15] Shen Yuanji hastened to the Si mouth; Xiao Bin reached Que'ao; Wang Xuemo sent Wang Baohui against Huatai; Xiao Shuo sent Liang Tan against Xiaosuo. Emperor Shizu relieved Huatai, routed Wang Baohui, and Xuemo fled to Que'ao. Xiao Bin posted Shen Tan, Liang Tan, and Yuan Huzhi at Liangdang and withdrew to Lixia. When the emperor crossed the river, Liang Tan fled, leaving armor heaped like hills. The emperor left Huatai, passed Que'ao; Yilong sent Prince Dan of Jingling with Xue Andu and Liu Yuanjing through Lushi against Hongnong. An edict ordered Zhang Ti, Inspector of Luo, to lead troops across Xiao; He Nan, garrison commander of Pucheng, crossed the river at Fenglingdui; and Du Daosheng, Inspector of Qin, reached Wenxiang. Yuanjing fled.

十一月，車駕從東安山出下邳，義隆鄒山戍主、魯陽陽平二郡太守崔邪利降。楚王建、南康侯杜道儁進軍清西，至留城。義隆鎮軍劉駿參軍馬文恭至蕭城，軍主嵇玄敬至留城，並為覘候，見官軍俱時退走。永昌王仁攻懸瓠，拔之，獲義隆守將趙淮，過定項城，破尉武戍，執其戍主。進攻壽陽，屯兵於孫叔敖冢，[16]掠馬頭、鍾離二郡。義隆遣左軍將軍劉康祖赴壽陽，與仁相遇，仁大破之，盡坑其眾，斬康祖，傳首示壽春，獲其將胡盛之、王羅漢等。以所斬首使軍士曳之，遶城三匝，積之城西，高與城齊。劉鑠乃焚四郭廬舍，嬰城固守。車駕至盱眙、淮、泗。義隆遣輔國將軍臧質率師至盱眙，頓軍城北。六軍於上流濟淮，質遣司馬胡崇之等率所領於山上立營，建威將軍毛熙祚據城前大浦。詔攻二軍，斬崇之、熙祚等及他首數千級，眾悉赴水死。淮南之民皆詣軍降。高梁王那出山陽，永昌王仁於壽陽出橫江，凡所經過，莫不風靡。車駕登於瓜步，伐葦結筏，示欲渡江。義隆大懼，欲走吳會。建業士女咸荷擔而立。義隆遣黃延年朝於行宮，獻百牢，貢其方物，并請和，求進女於皇孫。世祖以師婚非禮，許和而不許婚。

In the eleventh month the emperor came from Dong'an Mountain to Xiapi; Cui Xieli, garrison commander of Zou Mountain, surrendered. Prince Jian of Chu and Marquis Du Daojun of Nankang advanced to Liucheng. Ma Wengong reached Xiaocheng and Ji Xuanjing Liucheng as scouts; seeing the imperial armies, both withdrew. Prince Ren of Yongchang took Xuancheng, captured Zhao Huai, pacified Xiangcheng, and seized the Wei Wu garrison. He attacked Shouyang, camped at Sun Shu'ao's tomb,[16] and raided Matou and Zhongli. Liu Kangzu marched to Shouyang, met Ren, and was routed; Ren buried his army alive, killed Kangzu, displayed his head at Shouchun, and captured Hu Shengzhi and Wang Luohan. Soldiers dragged the heads around the city three times and heaped them west of the wall as high as the ramparts. Liu Shuo burned the outer wards and barred the gates. The emperor reached Xuyi and the Huai-Si region. Yilong sent Zang Zhi to Xuyi, camping north of the city. The six armies crossed upstream; Hu Chongzhi camped on the heights; Mao Xizuo held the ford before the city. The armies attacked both forces, killed Chongzhi and Xizuo and thousands more; the rest drowned. The people of Huainan surrendered en masse. Prince Na of Gaoliang marched from Shanyang; Prince Ren from Hengjiang at Shouyang; all before them collapsed. The emperor climbed Guabu, built reed rafts, and feigned crossing the Yangzi. Terrified, Yilong planned to flee to the southeast. The people of Jianye stood ready to flee with packs on their shoulders. Yilong sent Huang Yannian to the camp with tribute and a peace offer, proposing a marriage alliance. Emperor Shizu deemed forced marriage improper; he accepted peace but refused the bride.

初，義隆欲遣軍侵境，其臣江湛、徐湛之贊成其事，而義隆太子劭與蕭思話、沈慶之謂義隆曰：「昔檀道濟、到彥之無利而反，今將帥士眾不及於前，不可輕動兵甲。」時湛等在坐，義隆使與慶之謀議。慶之曰：「治國如治家，耕當問奴，織當問婢，今欲伐國，而與白面書生輩謀之，事何由濟。」義隆大笑，遂不納慶之言。至是，登石頭城樓而望，甚有憂色，歎曰：「若檀道濟在，豈應至此！」邵乃委罪於江、徐。義隆曰：「此自吾意，不關二人也。」

When Yilong planned invasion, Jiang Zhan and Xu Chenzhi approved, but the heir Shao, Xiao Sihua, and Shen Qingzhi warned: "Tan Daoji and Dao Yanzhi returned empty-handed; today's forces are weaker—do not move rashly." Zhan and the others were present; Yilong had them debate with Qingzhi. Qingzhi said: "Governing a state is like running a household—ask the farmer about plowing, the weaver about weaving. You plan war with pale scholars—how can it succeed?" Yilong laughed and ignored Qingzhi. He climbed Stone City tower, worried, and sighed: "If only Tan Daoji were alive!" Shao blamed Jiang and Xu. Yilong said: "This was my decision—not theirs."

正平元年正月，世祖饗會於瓜步，既許和好，詔班師。其江北之民歸降者數十萬計。凡克南兗、豫、徐、兗、青、冀六州，其軍鋒殺掠不可勝算。時義隆江北蕭條，境內搔擾。義隆慮義康為亂，遣使殺之，葬以侯禮。義隆慚恚，歸罪於下，降義恭為儀同三司，蕭斌、王玄謨並免所居職。十月，義隆遣其將軍孫蓋等朝貢。

In the first month of Zhengping, Emperor Shizu feasted at Guabu and ordered withdrawal. Hundreds of thousands north of the river submitted. They took six provinces; the slaughter and plunder were beyond counting. The north was devastated and the realm in turmoil. Fearing Yikang, Yilong had him killed and buried as a marquis. Ashamed, Yilong blamed his generals, demoted Yigong, and dismissed Xiao Bin and Wang Xuemo. In the tenth month Yilong sent Sun Gai with tribute.

興安元年，[17]義隆遣撫軍將軍蕭思話率其將張永等攻碻磝，詔諸軍擊破之，永等退走。思話遣建武將軍垣護之至梁山逆軍，尚書韓茂率騎逆擊之，思話退還麋溝。義隆又遣雍州刺史臧質向崤陝，梁州刺史劉秀之、輔國將軍楊文德出子午。豫州刺史長孫蘭遣騎破之，秀之等僅以身免。臧質、柳元景、薛安都等至關城，並相繼敗走。

In Xing'an,[17] Xiao Sihua and Zhang Yong attacked Que'ao; the Wei armies routed them. Sihua sent Yuan Huzhi, General Who Establishes Might, to Liang Mountain to meet the army; Han Mao, Master of Writing, led cavalry to counterattack them, and Sihua withdrew to Migou. Yilong sent Zang Zhi toward Xiao-Shan and Liu Xiuzhi and Yang Wende through Ziwu Pass. Zhangsun Lan routed them; Xiuzhi barely escaped. Zhi, Yuanjing, and Andu reached Guancheng and were routed in turn.

是年，義隆太子劭及始興王休明令女巫嚴道育呪詛義隆，事發，義隆憤愧自失，廢於政事。乃議黜劭殺休明，屢召尚書僕射徐湛之、吏部尚書江湛、侍中王僧綽等謀議。僧綽曰：「當斷不斷，反受其亂，惟願以義割恩，略小不忍。不爾，便應坦懷如初，無煩疑論，不可使難生慮表，取笑千載。」義隆曰：「卿可謂能斷大事，此不可不殷勤三思。義康始死，人謂我無復慈愛之道。」僧綽又云：「臣恐千載之後，言陛下易於裁弟，難於廢子。」義隆默然。

That year Shao and Prince Xiuming of Shixing had a witch curse Yilong; exposed, Yilong was devastated and neglected government. He debated deposing Shao and killing Xiuming, summoning Xu Chenzhi, Jiang Zhan, and Wang Sengchuo repeatedly. Sengchuo said: "Hesitation breeds chaos—cut ties by duty, not petty tenderness. Or be open as before—do not invite trouble and mockery for ages to come." Yilong said: "You speak boldly—but this demands careful thought. When I killed Yikang, people said I had no mercy left." Sengchuo added: "Posterity will say you could kill a brother but not a son." Yilong fell silent.

休明母潘有寵於義隆，義隆以廢立之謀告之。潘請赦，弗許，遂告休明。休明馳報劭，劭知己當廢，遂夜召左右隊主陳叔兒、詹叔兒，[18]齋帥張超之、任建之等總二千餘人被甲自衞。又召左衞率袁淑、中舍人殷仲素、左積弩將軍王正見，又呼左軍長史蕭斌。劭曰：「朝廷信讒，當見罪廢，內省無過，不能受枉，明當入殿，卿等必不得異。」乃遍拜告哀。眾皆驚，不得答。袁淑良久曰：「自古無此類，願加善思。」劭怒變色，於左右咸云伏聽令旨。明晨斬淑。劭守萬春門，乃告門者曰：「我受敕入，有所收，可助我督後隊令速。」劭又詐義隆敕云：「魯秀謀反，汝明可守關，將兵入討也。」故士卒信之。超之等率十餘人走入雲龍門，拔刃徑登含章殿。義隆夜與徐湛之屏人閑語，時猶未訖，門戶並無侍衞。義隆迫急，以几自鄣，兵刃交下，五指俱落。超之斬義隆，徐湛之為亂兵所害。劭分遣掩江湛之，斬之。休明時在西州，來屯中堂。劭又使兵殺休明母。是日，劭登殿受璽綬，下書曰：「徐湛之、江湛殺逆無狀，吾勒兵入殿，已無所及，號惋崩衂，心肝破裂。今罪人斯得，元凶克殄，卜世靈祚，永享無窮，思與億兆覃茲更始，可大赦天下，改元嘉三十年為太初元年。」劭弟駿，時為江州刺史。先以西陽蠻反，義隆令東宮步兵校尉沈慶之、襄陽太守柳元景、司空中兵參軍宗慤並討之。駿出次五洲，斬劭使於軍門。司徒義宣、雍州刺史臧質、司州刺史魯爽同舉兵。駿以沈慶之、柳元景、宗慤為前軍。駿諮議參軍顏竣專主軍謀。劭葬義隆，託疾不出。臧質子敦逃走，劭乃悉聚諸王及大臣徙入城內，移南岸百姓渡淮，貴賤皆被驅逼，建業淆亂。駿等發尋陽，檄至，劭乃移駿數子於侍中省，義宣諸男於大倉屋，以兵守之；使其將魯秀、王羅漢等為水陸之備，休明及蕭斌為之謀主；焚除淮中船舫。駿至南洲，頓漂洲，令柳元景等擊劭，劭眾崩潰，奔走還宮。義恭單馬奔駿，勸即位。劭大怒，遣休明就西省殺義恭子南豐王朗等十二人。

Xiuming's mother Pan was favored; Yilong told her the plot. Pan begged mercy; refused, she told Xiuming. Xiuming warned Shao; knowing he would be deposed, Shao summoned Chen and Zhan Shu'er[18] and Zhang Chaozhi and more than two thousand armored men. He summoned Yuan Shu, Yin Zhongsu, Wang Zhengjian, and Xiao Bin. Shao said: "The court believes slander and will depose me. I am innocent and will not accept this. Tomorrow I enter the hall—you must follow." He bowed to each in turn. All were stunned into silence. Yuan Shu said at last: "Nothing like this in history—think again." Shao's face darkened; his men were told to obey. The next morning he killed Shu. At Wanchun Gate Shao told the guards: "I have imperial orders—help hurry the rear ranks." He forged an edict: "Lu Xiu rebels—hold the gate and march in to punish him." The soldiers believed him. Chaozhi and a dozen men entered the Cloud Dragon Gate and rushed to Hanzhang Hall with drawn swords. Yilong was speaking privately with Xu Chenzhi at night; no guards stood at the doors. Yilong shielded himself with a couch; blades struck and severed all five fingers. Chaozhi killed Yilong; Xu Chenzhi died in the melee. Shao sent men to seize and kill Jiang Zhan. Xiuming was in the Western Quarter and marched to the Central Hall. Shao had Xiuming's mother killed. That day Shao took the throne and issued an edict: "Xu and Jiang murdered the emperor; I marched too late—my heart is broken. The villains are punished, the realm secured. Let all under heaven be renewed—proclaim amnesty and change the thirtieth year of Yuanjia to the first year of Taichu." Shao’s younger brother Jun was then Inspector of Jiang province. Earlier, because the Man of Xiyang had rebelled, Yilong had ordered Shen Qingzhi, Infantry Commandant of the Eastern Palace; Liu Yuanjing, Governor of Xiangyang; and Zong Que, Consulting Officer of the Minister of Works’ Central Troops, all to campaign against them. Jun went out and halted at Wuzhou, where he beheaded Shao’s envoy at the army gate. Situ Yixuan, Zang Zhi, Inspector of Yong province, and Lu Shuang, Inspector of Si province, raised troops together. Jun made Shen Qingzhi, Liu Yuanjing, and Zong Que the vanguard. Jun’s Consulting Officer Yan Jun was put solely in charge of military planning. When Shao buried Yilong, he claimed illness and did not go out. When Zang Zhi’s son Dun fled, Shao gathered all the princes and great ministers and moved them inside the city, shifted the people of the south bank across the Huai, and drove nobles and commoners alike under compulsion, throwing Jianye into confusion. Jun and the others set out from Xunyang. When their proclamation arrived, Shao moved several of Jun’s sons to the Attendant-in-Ordinary office and Yixuan’s sons to the Great Granary building, guarding them with soldiers; he had his generals Lu Xiu, Wang Luohan, and others make preparations by water and land, while Xiuming and Xiao Bin served as his chief planners; and he burned and cleared away the boats in the Huai. Jun reached Nanzhou and halted at Piaozhou. He ordered Liu Yuanjing and the others to attack Shao; Shao’s forces collapsed, and he fled back to the palace. Yigong rode alone to Jun and urged him to take the throne. Shao was furious and sent Xiuming to the western offices to kill Yigong’s son Lang, Prince of Nanfeng, and twelve others.

駿乃僭即大位于新亭。於是擒劭、休明，並梟首大桁，暴屍於市，經日壞爛，投之水中，男女妃妾一皆從戮。時人為之語曰：「遙望建康城，小江逆流縈，前見子殺父，後見弟殺兄。」興光元年，駿改年曰孝建。其中軍府錄事參軍周朗啟駿曰：[20]「今士大夫父母在而兄弟異計，十家而七；庶人父子殊產，八家而五。凡甚者乃危亡不相知，飢寒不相恤，又疾讒害其間，[21]不可稱數。宜明其禁，以易其風。」俗弊如此，駿不能革。

Jun seized the throne at Xinting. They captured Shao and Xiuming, displayed their heads, exposed their corpses in the market, then cast them in the water; wives and concubines were executed with them. A popular rhyme ran: "Gazing at Jianye—the little river runs backward; first a son kills his father, then a brother kills his brother." In Xingguang, Jun changed the era to Xiaojian. Zhou Lang memorialized Jun:[20] "Among officials today, seven in ten households divide property while parents still live; among commoners, five in eight divide estates between father and son. At worst they ignore one another in danger and cold, and slander runs rife[21] beyond counting. The prohibitions should be made clear to change this custom." Customs were so corrupt, but Jun could not reform them.

臧質遣使說荊州刺史南郡王義宣曰：「有大才，負大功，挾震主威，自古尠有全者。宜在人前，早有處分。」義宣使要豫州刺史魯爽、兗州刺史徐遺寶、司州刺史魯秀等，剋秋起兵。爽時昏醉，即日便戴黃標，稱建平元年，板義宣為天子，遣信至建業迎弟瑜。由是駿知爽反，惶懼，欲遣迎義宣，其竟陵王誕執議不許，乃遣左衞將軍王玄謨率眾討爽，領軍將軍柳元景、鎮軍將軍沈慶之討義宣。臧質下戍大雷，馳報義宣，抗表以誅元景為名。遣軍就質，使爽與質會于江上。玄謨屯兵梁山。義宣率眾至尋陽，與質俱下。雍州刺史朱脩之不從義宣。臧質進計曰：「今萬人取南州，則梁山中絕；萬人守梁山，玄謨必不敢動。下官浮舟外江，直向石頭，此上策也。」義宣將從之，其諮議劉諶之曰：「質不求前驅，[23]凶志難測，不如盡銳攻梁山，事克，然後長驅，萬安之計也。」義宣乃止。義宣遣劉諶之就質，步攻東壘。義宣進自蕪湖，赴梁山，屯兵西岸。玄謨拒質，駿將軍垣護之、薛安都又摧破之。義宣眾潰，因風放火，焚其舟艦。義宣閉船大泣，因而迸逸。走至江陵，荊州司馬竺超民具儀服迎之，左右相率潰叛，超民送付刺姦。朱脩之於獄殺之。

Zang Zhi urged Prince Yixuan of Nan Commandery: "Great talent and merit that terrify the throne—few in history survive intact. Act before others, while you still can." Yixuan summoned Lu Shuang, Xu Yibao, and Lu Xiu to rise by autumn. Shuang, drunk, proclaimed Jianping, named Yixuan emperor, and sent for his brother Yu at Jianye. Jun learned from this that Shuang had rebelled. Alarmed, he wanted to send for Yixuan, but Prince Dan of Jingling argued firmly against it. He then sent Wang Xuemo, Left Guard General, to lead troops against Shuang, and Liu Yuanjing, Army Commander, and Shen Qingzhi, Pacifying Army General, against Yixuan. Zhi garrisoned Dalei, warned Yixuan, and submitted a memorial to punish Yuanjing. He sent troops to Zhi[22] and ordered Shuang to join him on the river. Xuemo camped at Liang Mountain. Yixuan marched to Xunyang and descended with Zhi. Zhu Xiuzhi, Inspector of Yong, refused to join Yixuan. Zang Zhi proposed, "If ten thousand men seize Southern Province, Liang Mountain will be cut off in the middle; ten thousand to hold Liang Mountain, and Xuemo will not dare move. I will sail the outer river straight to Stone City—that is the best plan." Yixuan nearly agreed; Liu Chenzhi said: "Zhi won't take the vanguard[23]—his intent is suspect. Strike Liang Mountain with full force first—that is the safe course." Yixuan held back. Yixuan sent Chenzhi to Zhi to attack the eastern rampart. Yixuan advanced from Wuhu to Liang Mountain and camped on the west bank. Xuemo held against Zhi; Yuan Huzhi[24] and Xue Andu routed them again. Yixuan's army collapsed; they burned their fleet with the wind. Yixuan shut his ships and wept, then fled. At Jiangling Zhu Chaomin welcomed him in state dress, but his men deserted; Chaomin handed him to the executioners. Zhu Xiuzhi killed him in prison.

太安二年，駿改年為大明。駿於新亭造中興佛寺，設齋，忽有一僧形貌有異，眾皆愕然。問其名，答云名惠明，從天安寺來。言竟，倐然而滅，乃改為天安寺。至天安初而彭城歸國。四年，駿遣其將殷孝祖寇濟州，高宗遣清水公封敕文等擊走之，又詔征西將軍皮豹子擊孝祖於清東。五年，豹子還，遂掠地至高平，大獲而還。

In Tai'an year two Jun changed the era to Daming. At Xinting Jun built Zhongxing Temple; a monk of strange aspect appeared and all were startled. Asked his name, he said Huiming, from Tian'an Temple. He vanished; the temple was renamed Tian'an. By Tian'an Pengcheng had returned to Wei. In year four Yin Xiaozu raided Jizhou; Feng Wenwen drove him off and Pi Baozi struck him east of Qing. In year five Baozi raided to Gaoping and returned with great booty.

駿以其南兗州刺史竟陵王誕得士庶之心，內畏忌之。誕不自安，乃治城多聚糧仗。駿大怒，貶誕爵為侯，遣兗州刺史垣閬、給事中戴明寶討之。誕遣眾出戰，斬垣閬。誕表駿曰：「往年元凶禍逆，陛下入討，臣背凶赴順，可謂常節。及丞相構難，臧魯協從，朝野怳忽，咸懷憂懼。陛下欲建百官羽儀星馳推奉，臣前後固執，末方賜從。社稷獲全，是誰之力？陛下接遇殷勤，屢加崇寵，驃騎、揚州，旬月移授。恩秩頻煩，復賜徐兗，仰屈皇輿，遠相餞送。臣一遇之感，此何以忘，庶希偕老，永相娛慰。豈謂陛下信用讒言，遂令小人來相掩襲。不任枉酷，即加誅揃，雀鼠貪生，仰違詔敕。今親勒部曲，鎮扞徐兗。昔緣何福，同生皇家；今有何罪，便成胡越。陵鋒奮戈，萬沒豈顧，定蕩之期，冀在旦夕。右軍、宣簡，爰及武昌，皆以無罪，並遇枉酷。臣有何過，復致於此？陛下宮闈之醜，豈可一二。臨紙悲塞，不止所言。」駿以沈慶之前軍討之，親勞軍人，賜以金帛。慶之軍敗退，傷者十四五。駿大怒，將自往。久乃拔之，斬誕傳首。誕母殷、妻徐並自殺。城內誅者數千人，或先鞭殺而行戮。並移首於石頭南岸，以為京觀，至於風晨雨夜，輒聞哀號之響。

Jun feared Prince Dan of Jingling, Inspector of Southern Yan, who had won popular loyalty. Uneasy, Dan fortified his city and stockpiled grain and arms. Jun demoted Dan to marquis and sent Yuan Lang and Dai Mingbao against him. Dan's troops killed Yuan Lang. Dan wrote to Jun: "When the usurper rebelled I sided with you—that was loyalty. When the chancellor rebelled and Zang and Lu joined, all were afraid. You urged me to accept the throne; I refused until I could refuse no more. Who saved the realm—was it not mine? You heaped honors on me—Rapid Cavalry, Yang—in a month. You gave me Xu and Yan and saw me off in person. I hoped we would grow old together in peace. Yet you believed slander and sent men to attack me. I cannot accept unjust execution—I disobey. I now lead my troops to defend Xu and Yan. What fortune that we share royal blood? What crime makes us strangers? I will fight to the death; victory will come soon. The Right Army and Wuchang were killed though innocent. What fault brings this upon me? Your palace scandals are beyond counting. Facing the paper my grief chokes me; I cannot say all I mean." Jun sent Shen Qingzhi and personally encouraged the troops with gold and silk. Qingzhi was defeated; most of his men were wounded. Jun in fury meant to march himself. After a long siege he took the city, killed Dan, and sent his head. Dan's mother Yin and wife Xu killed themselves. Thousands in the city were killed; some were flogged first. Heads were heaped on the south bank of Stone City; on stormy nights laments were heard.

駿淫亂無度，蒸其母路氏，穢汙之聲，布於甌越。東揚州刺史顏竣恃舊，每戲弄之，駿慚怒殺竣。和平元年七月，駿使其散騎常侍明僧暠朝貢。二年三月，又使其散騎常侍尹顯朝貢。駿雍州刺史、海陵王休茂謀將除駿，參軍尹玄慶斬休茂。是歲，凡諸郡士族婚官點雜者，悉黜為將吏，而人情驚怨，並不服役，逃竄山湖，聚為寇盜。侍中沈懷文苦諫不納。三年三月，駿使其散騎常侍嚴靈護朝貢。以沈懷文數直諫，付廷尉殺之。駿寵姬殷死，贈貴妃，諡曰宣。及葬龍山，給鑾輅、九旒、黃屋、左纛、羽葆、鼓吹、班劍、虎賁。龍轜之麗，功妙萬端，山池雲鳳之屬，皆裝以眾寶，繡帷珠帶，重鈴疊眊，儀服之盛，古今尠有。駿自殷死，常懷悲惻，神情罔罔，廢棄政事。或親至殷靈牀，酌奠酒飲之，既而慟哭流連，不能自反。其耽昏若此。四年，獵于烏江之榜口，又游湖縣之滿山，[25]並與母同行，宣淫肆意。五年，三吳大飢，人食草木皮葉，親屬互相販鬻，劫掠蜂起，死者不可勝數。是年駿死。

Jun violated his mother Lady Lu; the scandal spread widely. Yan Jun mocked him; Jun killed him in shame and rage. In Heping year one Jun sent Ming Sengao with tribute. In year two he sent Yin Xian with tribute. Jun's Inspector of Yong province, Xiumao, Prince of Hailing, plotted to eliminate Jun, but his staff officer Yin Xuanqing beheaded Xiumao. Gentry of mixed rank were demoted to soldiers; many fled and became bandits. Shen Huaiwen remonstrated in vain. In year three he sent Yan Linghu with tribute. Shen Huaiwen was executed for his remonstrances. When concubine Yin died Jun made her Noble Consort Xuan. Her funeral on Dragon Mountain had imperial honors. The funeral regalia exceeded anything seen before. After Yin's death Jun neglected government in grief. He drank at her spirit couch and could not leave. Such was his obsession. In year four he hunted at Bangkou and Manshan[25] with his mother, indulging lust. In year five the three Wu starved; kin sold each other; the dead were countless. That year Jun died.

子子業立，性尤凶悖。其母疾篤，遣呼子業，子業曰：「病人間多鬼，那可往？」其母怒，語侍者曰：「將刀來破我腹，那得生如馨兒！」六年，改為永光。以奄人華願兒為散騎常侍，遊止必同。越騎校尉戴法興屢相裁割，願兒深以為隙。或謂法興為真天子，子業為贋天子，願兒具以聞，子業乃殺法興。驃騎將軍柳元景、尚書左僕射顏師伯欲廢子業，立太宰義恭，以告沈慶之，慶之告子業。子業出兵誅義恭，遂刳剔支體，抽裂心藏，挑其眼睛，投之蜜中，謂之鬼目粽。又殺柳元景、顏師伯，並諸子及弟姪。乃改年為景和。子業除去喪禮，服錦縠之衣。以石頭城為長樂宮，東城為未央宮，北邸為建章宮，南宅為長楊宮。子業自以昔在東宮，不為駿所愛，及即位，常欲毀其墓。乃遣發駿所寵殷氏冢。殷死，駿為之造新安寺，於是壞之，復欲誅諸遠近尼僧。遣使殺其新安王子鸞，臨死歎曰：「惟願後身不復生天王家！」義恭既誅，徐州刺史義陽王昶大懼，遣典籤蘧法生啟求還建業。子業謂法生曰：「義陽謀反，我正欲誅之。」法生懼禍，走還彭城。子業遣沈慶之率師伐昶。法生至彭城，昶便繕甲，諸郡不從，昶知事不捷，遂來奔。

His son Ziye succeeded, vicious by nature. His dying mother summoned him; he refused: "The sickroom is full of ghosts." His mother cried: "I should have cut him from my womb!" In year six he changed the era to Yongguang. He made the eunuch Hua Yuan'er his constant companion. Dai Faxing restrained him; Yuan'er resented him. Hearing Faxing was the "true emperor," Ziye killed him. Yuanjing and Shibo plotted to depose Ziye; Qingzhi betrayed them. Ziye had Yigong dismembered and made "ghost-eye dumplings" of his eyes in honey. He killed Yuanjing, Shibo, and their kin. He changed the era to Jinghe. Ziye abandoned mourning and wore silks. He made Stone City the Changle Palace, the eastern city the Weiyang Palace, the northern residence the Jianzhang Palace, and the southern residence the Changyang Palace. Ziye hated Jun and wished to destroy his tomb. He opened the tomb of Jun's favorite Yin. He destroyed Xin'an Temple and meant to kill the nuns. He sent envoys to kill his Prince of Xin'an Ziluan; at death Ziluan sighed: "I only wish in the next life not to be born in a king's house again!" Prince Yichang of Yiyang, afraid, asked to return to court. Ziye said: "Yiyang rebels; I will kill him." Fasheng fled to Pengcheng. Ziye sent Shen Qingzhi against Yichang. When Fasheng reached Pengcheng, Yichang armed his men, but the commanderies would not follow him; knowing the affair could not succeed, he fled.

子業淫其姑，稱為謝氏，為貴嬪、夫人，加以殊禮，虎賁劍戟，出警入蹕，鑾輅龍旂，在貴妃之上，即義隆第十女，其新蔡長公主也。子業矯云主喪，空設喪事，而實納之。時其姊山陰主大見愛狎，淫恣過度，謂子業曰：「妾與陛下男女雖殊，俱託體先帝，陛下六宮百數，而妾惟一駙馬，事不均平，乃可如此。」子業為主置面首左右三十人，進爵會稽郡長公主，秩同郡王，食湯沐邑二千戶，給鼓吹一部，加班劍二十人，每出遊，與羣臣陪乘。吏部褚淵以有風貌，子業使淵侍主。子業皆令廟別畫其祖父形像，曾入裕廟，指裕像曰：「此渠大英雄，生擒數天子。」次入義隆廟，指義隆像曰：「此渠亦不惡，但暮年中不免兒斫去頭。」次入其父駿廟，指駿像曰：「此渠大好色，不擇尊卑。」顧謂左右曰：「渠大齄鼻，如何不齄之？」即令畫工齄駿像鼻。其父子淫悖，書契所無也。子業又殺沈慶之，撫軍諮議參軍何邁，即其新蔡主壻。

Ziye violated his aunt, called her Lady Xie, and made her Noble Consort and Lady. He added extraordinary honors: tiger guards with swords and halberds, escort cries when she went out and entered, and imperial carriages and dragon banners above those of the Noble Consort. She was Yilong's tenth daughter, the Princess of Xincai. He staged a funeral but kept her. Then his elder sister the Princess of Shanyin, greatly favored and indulged in lust, said to Ziye: "Though you and I differ in sex, we both spring from the late emperor. Your six palaces number in the hundreds while I have but one husband—how uneven; it can be like this." He gave her thirty lovers and princely rank. He made Chu Yuan serve the princess. In Yu's temple he mocked: "This one captured emperors alive." Of Yilong he said: "His son cut off his head." Of Jun he said: "He lusted without discrimination." Turning to attendants he said: "The fellow had a big flat nose—why not make it flat?" He had the painter flatten Jun's nose. Their debauchery is unmatched in records. Ziye also killed Shen Qingzhi and He Mai, Consulting Staff Officer of the Pacifying Army and the husband of the Princess of Xincai.

其湘東王彧及建安王休仁、山陽王休祐常被猜忌，並欲誅之。休仁每以調謔悅之，故得推遷不死。彧、休祐形體肥大，遂以籠盛稱之，彧尤肥，號曰「猪王」。廷尉劉矇妾懷孕，子業迎入宮，冀其生男，立為太子，及其生子，遂為大赦。子業召其南平王鑠妃江氏偶諸左右，江不從。子業曰：「若不從，當殺汝三子。」江猶不從，乃鞭一百，殺其子敬猷等。巫覡云「湘州有天子氣」，子業將南行以厭之，未行前，欲悉誅諸叔。時彧被拘祕書省，與子業左右阮佃夫等謀廢子業。子業出華林園，共巫竹林堂前射鬼。佃夫時為內監，乃以告外監典事朱幼、主衣壽寂之、細鎧主姜產之等，寂之抽刃而前，產之繼進。子業引弓射寂之，不中，寂之乃斬其首。

Yu, Prince of Xiangdong, Xiuren, Prince of Jian'an, and Xiuyou, Prince of Shanyang, were constantly under suspicion, and Ziye intended to kill them all. Xiuren jested with him and survived. Yu and Xiuyou were large men, so Ziye put them in cages and named them from the cages; because Yu was especially fat, he called him "Pig King." He brought a pregnant concubine to court hoping for an heir. He summoned Lady Jiang; she refused. Ziye said: "If you do not obey I will kill your three sons." She still refused; he flogged her and killed her sons. The shamans said, "Xiang province has the aura of a Son of Heaven"; Ziye planned to go south to suppress it, and before leaving he wanted to kill all his uncles. Yu plotted with Ruan Tianfu to depose him. Ziye went to Hualin to shoot at ghosts. Tianfu told Zhu You, Shou Jizhi, Jiang Chanzi, and others; Jizhi drew his blade and advanced, Chanzi behind him. Ziye shot at Jizhi and missed; Jizhi beheaded him.

彧既誅子業，憂遽不知所為。休仁推立彧。彧時失履，徒跣登西堂，備天子儀服，呼諸大臣入見，事無巨細，稱令施行。彧以豫章王子尚及山陰主為子業所狎，殺之。十二月，僭即帝位，改年為泰始。

After killing Ziye, Yu was frantic with uncertainty. Xiuren pressed Yu to take the throne. Shoeless, Yu ascended the Western Hall in imperial regalia, summoned the ministers, and issued orders on every matter. He killed Zishang and the Princess of Shanyin, whom Ziye had favored. In the twelfth month he seized the throne and proclaimed Taishi.

先是，子業敕其弟子勛曰：「聞汝與何邁謀共廢我，汝自量體氣何如孝武？尋當遣使送藥與汝。」子勛長史鄧琬與錄事參軍陶亮等起兵，遣其黨俞伯奇出頓大雷，[26]巴東太守孫仲之至于平石，[27]與陶亮並統前軍。始彧未知子勛起兵，加子勛車騎將軍、儀同三司。符至尋陽，鄧琬乃投於地，攘袂而起曰：「殿下當開端門，何黃閤之有！」與陶亮等徵兵馳檄，建牙於桑厄。 [28]時雍州刺史袁顗便勸子勛即位，琬乃立宗廟，設壇場，造乘輿法服，立子勛為天子，即位江州，號義嘉元年。子勛以袁顗為尚書左僕射，鄧琬為尚書右僕射，左司馬張悅為領軍將軍、吏部尚書，州郡並加爵號。彧乃遣領軍將軍王玄謨討之，復遣其將沈攸之、劉靈出據虎檻。初彧聞四方反亂，憂遽不知所為，休仁請前鋒決勝，於是始有防禦之軍。攸之軍至江州，斬子勛。彧慮子勛弟松滋侯子房等年大終不相服，休仁遂勸除之，因誅駿舅子路休之等，以陷子房兄弟。於是殺駿子安陸王子綏及子房、臨海王子頊、[29]永嘉王子仁、始安王子真、邵陵王子元、淮南王子孟、臨賀王子產、晉熙王子輿及子起、子期、子悅、子頓。 [30]初，駿二十八男，其餘先早夭，及子業殺子鸞等，至是盡殪之矣，其骨肉相殘若此之甚。

Ziye had warned his brother Zixun: "I hear you plotted with He Mai to depose me—do you match Xiaowu in strength? I will soon send you medicine." Deng Wan, Zixun's Chief Clerk, and Tao Liang, Recording Officer and Staff Officer, raised troops. They sent their partisan Yu Boqi out to encamp at Dalei,[26] and Sun Chongzhi, Administrator of Badong, reached Pingshi;[27] he and Tao Liang together commanded the vanguard. Yu, unaware of the revolt, promoted Zixun to General of Chariots and Cavalry. At Xunyang Wan threw down the commission: "Open the main gate—why the side entrance!" He raised troops with Tao Liang and set up headquarters at Sanger. [28] Yuan Yi urged Zixun to ascend; Wan installed him at Jiangzhou as emperor, era Yijia. Zixun appointed Yuan Yi, Wan, and Zhang Yue; provinces received new ranks. Yu sent Wang Xuemo, Shen Youzhi, and Liu Ling against him. Hearing of rebellion, Yu panicked until Xiuren offered to lead the vanguard. Youzhi reached Jiangzhou and killed Zixun. Fearing Zifang and his brothers, Yu and Xiuren killed Jun's kin and framed the princes. He killed Jun's sons Zisui, Zifang, Zixu,[29], Ziren, Zizhen, Ziyuan, Zimeng, Zichan, Ziyu, Ziqi, Ziqi, Ziyue, and Zidun. [30] Of Jun's twenty-eight sons, all were now dead—kin slaughter at its worst.

彧南新蔡太守常珍奇奉啟請降，顯祖詔遣西河公元石、京兆侯張窮奇率軍援之。皇興元年正月，彧遣其散騎常侍貝思、散騎侍郎崔小白朝貢。初，彧遣其鎮軍張永、領軍沈攸之以大眾迎其徐州刺史薛安都。安都聞永將發，乃遣信請降。顯祖詔博陵公尉元、城陽公孔伯恭率騎二萬救之。永等。前後奮擊，斬首凍沒死者不可勝數。 [31]又其兗州刺史畢眾敬亦來降款，至是，徐兗及淮西諸郡、青齊二州相尋歸附。彧又遣其中領軍沈攸之、太子左衞率劉勔寇彭城，兗州刺史申纂守無鹽。時薛安都略有廣平、順陽、義成、扶風諸郡。沈攸之至下邳，與元等戰敗而走。初，彧青州刺史沈文秀、冀州刺史崔道固並請歸順，詔遣征南大將軍慕容白曜率眾援之。文秀等復叛歸彧。白曜進軍圍城。二年，克歷城，獲道固。彧遣其員外散騎常侍李豐朝貢。彧遣沈文秀弟文靜海道救青州，文靜至東萊之不期城，白曜遣軍克之。尋獲東陽城。彧遣其員外散騎常侍王希涓朝貢。四年六月，彧又遣員外散騎常侍劉航朝貢。

Yu's Administrator of Southern Xincai, Chang Zhenqi, submitted a petition requesting surrender; Xianzu ordered Yuan Shi, Duke of Xihe, and Zhang Qiongqi, Marquis of Jingzhao, to lead troops to aid him. In Huangxing year one Yu sent Bei Si and Cui Xiaobai with tribute. Yu had sent Zhang Yong and Shen Youzhi to fetch Xue Andu. Andu requested surrender. Xianzu sent Wei Yuan and Kong Bogong with twenty thousand cavalry. Yong and his forces. In repeated battles, Song dead by blade and frost were beyond counting. [31] Bi Zhongjing surrendered; Xu, Yan, Huai west, Qing, and Qi followed. Youzhi and Liu Mi raided Pengcheng; Shen Zuan held Wuyan. Andu held several commanderies. Youzhi was defeated at Xiapi and fled. Earlier, Shen Wenxiu, Inspector of Qing, and Cui Daogu, Inspector of Ji, had both requested submission; an edict ordered Murong Baiyao, General Who Campaigns South, to lead troops to aid them. They rebelled and rejoined Yu. Baiyao besieged them. In year two he took Licheng and captured Daogu. Yu sent Li Feng with tribute. Wenjing sailed to relieve Qing; Baiyao took Buqi. He soon took Dongyang. Yu sent Wang Xijuan with tribute. In month six of year four Yu sent Liu Hang with tribute.

延興元年，彧於巖山射雉，休祐從在後，與其左右相失。彧遣壽寂之率諸壯士追躡休祐，蹴令墜馬，拉而殺之，乃揚聲曰：「驃騎墮馬死。」召司徒休仁宿尚書下省，鴆而殺之。

In the first year of Yanxing, Yu hunted pheasants at Yanshan; Xiuyou followed behind and became separated from his attendants. Yu sent Shou Jizhi with stalwarts in pursuit of Xiuyou, kicked him from his horse, pulled him down and killed him, then proclaimed loudly: "The Rapid Cavalry fell from his horse and died." He poisoned Xiuren at the Secretariat quarters.

自彧立之後，民庶凋弊，而宮殿器服多更興造。初其即位，軍人多被超越，或有不與戎勤，寄名受賞。阮佃夫等並被信委，凡所談笑，言無不行，抽進阿黨，咸受不次之位。故佃夫左右，乃有四軍、五校、羽林、給事等官，皆市井傭販之人，諂附而獲。至綱紀不立，風政頹弊，境內多難，民庶嗷然。遂廣募義勇，置為部曲。於是官品淪褫，士人渾亂，民眾顒顒，咸願來奔矣。

Under Yu the people suffered while palaces were rebuilt. Soldiers were promoted without merit. Tianfu and favorites held unchecked power. Tianfu's men were marketplace flatterers in high office. Discipline collapsed and the people groaned. He recruited private troops. Ranks collapsed; many wished to flee north.

彧遣其司州刺史垣叔通為益州刺史，叔通極為聚斂，蜀還之貨過數千金，知彧好財，先送家資之半，彧猶嫌少。及叔通至建業，遣詣廷尉，彧先令獄官留之於訊堂，彌旬不得出。叔通於是悉送其財，然後原遣。凡蠻夷不受鞭罰，輸財贖罪，謂之賧，時人謂叔通被賧刺史。彧嘗宮內大集而裸婦人觀之，以為忻笑。其妻王氏以扇鄣面，獨無所言。彧怒曰：「外舍家寒乞，今共為笑樂，何獨不視！」王曰：「為樂之事，其方自多，豈有姑姊妹集聚，而裸婦人形體，以此為樂！外舍之為忻，適與此不同。」彧大怒，遣王起去。彧末年好事鬼神，多所忌諱，言語文書有禍敗凶喪及疑似之言應回避者數百千品，有犯必加罪戮。改騧馬字為馬邊瓜，以「騧」似「禍」字故也。嘗以南苑借張永，言且給三百年，期訖更申。其事皆如此。又以宣陽門之名不善，甚諱之。其太后停屍漆牀，移出東宮，見之怒甚，免中庶子官，職局以下坐死者數十人。內外常慮犯誤，人不自保。移牀治壁，必祭土神，文士為辭，祝事如大祭。又更忍虐好殺，左右失旨忤意，往往有刳斮斷截者。時遣窺覘淮泗，軍旅不息，荒弊積久，府藏空虛，內外百官，普斷祿俸。而彧奢費過度，務為彫侈，每所造制，必為正御三十、副御三十、次副三十，須一物輒造九十枚。境內騷然，人不堪命。

Yu appointed Yuan Shutong, his Inspector of Si province, as Inspector of Yi province. Shutong extorted heavily; the goods he brought back from Shu were worth more than several thousand in gold. Knowing Yu loved wealth, he first sent half his household property, but Yu still thought it too little. Shutong was imprisoned until he paid more. He sent all his wealth and was released. Shutong was called the "ransom inspector." He entertained himself with naked women in court. Lady Wang hid her face in silence. Yu raged: "Why will you not look!" Wang said: "This is no amusement for kin to share. Their joy is not this." Yu drove her out. In his later years Yu became fond of ghosts and spirits and observed many taboos. In speech and documents, hundreds or thousands of words suggesting calamity, defeat, death, mourning, or anything similar had to be avoided; anyone who violated this was punished or killed. He changed the written form of the word 騧 by writing 瓜 beside the horse radical, because 騧 resembled the character 禍, "calamity." He joked he lent the Southern Park for three hundred years. Such were his ways. He feared the name Xuanyang Gate. Seeing his mother's corpse enraged him; dozens were executed. None felt safe. He sacrificed to earth gods when moving furniture. He dismembered attendants who displeased him. War and empty treasuries beggared officials. He ordered ninety copies of every luxury object. The people were crushed.

彧又以壽寂之有膽決，乃殺之。又追降休仁、休祐為庶人，絕其屬籍，諸子徙遠郡。休祐母邢、妻江，付廷尉殺之。遣員外散騎侍郎田廉、員外散騎侍郎祖德朝貢。又殺其巴陵王休若。改年為泰豫。又遣田廉及員外散騎侍郎劉惠秀朝貢。彧又殺太子太傅王景文，畏其族盛故也。

He killed Jizhi for his boldness. He degraded Xiuren and Xiuyou's families. Xiuyou's mother and wife were executed. He sent Tian Lian and Zu De with tribute. He killed Prince Xiuruo of Baling. He changed the era to Taiyu. He sent Tian Lian and Liu Huixiu with tribute. He killed Wang Jingwen fearing his clan.

彧死，子昱僭立，改為元徽。昱遣員外散騎常侍田惠紹、員外散騎侍郎劉惠秀朝貢。

Yu died; his son Yu seized power as Yuanhui. Yu sent envoys with tribute.

其司空桂陽王休範奔尋陽舉兵，[33]右衞將軍蕭道成率眾軍出頓新亭。越騎校尉張苟兒斬休範首，其左右皆散，道成遣送其首，塗中遇賊，遂棄於水中。休範之徒乃詐曰：「殿下猶在新亭。」於是士庶奔馳候迎。是夜，休範將杜墨騾等又攻新亭東廂，休範參軍江珉等破二縣六署，竊掠金帛，放諸徒隸。由是徒眾復盛，燒東宮津陽門，乃領軍右府。昱將陳顯達率所領至杜姥宅，破墨騾軍主全景淵。進平白壁，宣陽、津陽二門，斬墨騾等。昱遣其員外散騎常侍明曇徽、員外散騎侍郎江山圖朝貢。五年，又遣員外散騎常侍李祖、員外散騎侍郎魚長耀朝貢。

Prince Xiufan of Guiyang rebelled at Xunyang;[33] Xiao Daocheng marched to Xinting. Zhang Gou'er killed Xiufan; his head was lost in transit. Xiufan's partisans then falsely said: "Your Highness is still at Xinting." People rushed to welcome the false report. Rebels raided Xinting and freed prisoners. Mobs burned the Eastern Palace gate. Chen Xianda defeated Quan Jingyuan. He pacified the gates and killed Moluan. Yu sent Ming Tanhui and Jiang Shantu with tribute. In year five he sent Li Zu and Yu Changyao with tribute.

承明初，昱建平王景素據京口叛昱，昱遣蕭道成前軍將軍周盤龍、殿中將軍張倪奴討之，攻陷京口，斬景素。

Jingsu rebelled at Jingkou; Daocheng's generals killed him.

太和初，昱以其母數諫責之，遂使太醫煮藥欲鴆之。左右止之曰：「若行此事，官便應作孝，豈復得出入狡獪。」昱曰：「汝語大有理。」乃止。初昱母陳氏，本李道兒妾，彧納之，生昱，故世中皆呼昱為李氏子，昱每自稱李將軍，或自名為李統。昱直閤將軍申伯宗、步兵校尉朱幼、司徒左長史沈勃等欲廢昱，昱親率羽林兵掩之，乃躬運矛鋋，手殺勃等，闔門嬰稚，莫不臠截。昱狂走逸遊，不捨晝夜，腹心所寄數十許人，並執兵刃為人之牙爪，路行逢人，便加斫刺，或入人家劫略財賄，往來倐忽，狀若鬼魅。建業惶振，並重關自守。又搥拍鍼鑿錐鋸之屬，常以自隨，或有忤意，輒加酷暴，搥陰刺心剖腹之誅，日有十數。常見臥屍流血，然後為樂，無所誅害，則憂思草草。於耀靈殿上養驢數十頭，造露車，以銀為校具，或乘以出入。著小袴衫，帶挾刀劍。與營署女子通好，自齎私服贈之。常入壚肆飲酒，輒與左右歌唱，略民鷄犬，躬自屠割。內外畏惡，人不自保。昱往新安寺，夕乃還殿，寢於氈幄。昱左右楊玉夫、楊萬年等見其醉眠，乃於幄斬之。左右陳奉伯稱敕開承明門出，送首於直閤王敬則，夜送昱首與中領軍蕭道成。道成率左右數十人，稱昱行還，開承明門入殿，云其皇太后令廢昱為蒼梧王，立昱弟揚州刺史安成王準。

He tried to poison his mother. Attendants stopped him: "If you do this, Your Majesty should observe mourning and could no longer go out in mischief." Yu said: "Your words make great sense." He stopped. Yu was known as Li's son and called himself General Li. Yu's General of the Direct Palace Guard Shen Bozong, Infantry Commandant Zhu You, Left Chief Clerk to the Minister of Education Shen Bo, and others plotted to depose Yu. Yu personally led the Feathered Forest troops in a surprise attack, wielded spear and javelin himself, and killed Bo and the others with his own hands; even the infants of their households were all hacked apart. Yu rampaged day and night with armed thugs, killing and robbing like ghosts. Jianye barred its gates in terror. He tortured dozens daily with hammers and blades. He needed bloodshed to be happy. He rode donkey carts with silver fittings through the palace. He wore short trousers and swords. He slept with camp women and gave them gifts. He drank in taverns, sang, and slaughtered stolen livestock. All feared him. He slept drunk in a felt tent. Yufu and Wannian beheaded him in his sleep. Fengbo sent the head to Daocheng through Jingze. Daocheng led several dozen attendants, claimed Yu was returning, opened Chengming Gate, entered the hall, and announced the Empress Dowager's order deposing Yu as Prince of Cangwu and installing Yu's younger brother Zhun, Prince of Ancheng and Inspector of Yang.

初，彧晚年痿疾，不能內御，諸弟姬人有懷孕者，輒取以入宮，及生男，皆殺其母而與其宮人所愛者養之。準即桂陽王休範子也。

Yu stole pregnant concubines and killed the mothers of the sons he raised. Zhun was Xiufan's son.

荊州刺史沈攸之興兵討道成。準改年為昇明。遣其員外散騎常侍李祖、員外散騎侍郎陶貞寶赴國訃，并貢方物。準司徒袁粲、丹陽尹劉秉、中領軍劉韞、前湘州刺史王蘊等以道成專恣，潛謀圖之，共推粲為主，要引沈攸之以為外援。丹陽丞王遜告道成，並斬之。準遣員外散騎常侍何僴、員外散騎侍郎孔逷朝貢。三年正月，準遣其員外散騎常侍殷靈誕、員外散騎侍郎苟昭先朝貢。準尋禪位於道成，居于東邸。道成僭立，封準汝陰郡王，尋死於丹陽。

Shen Youzhi rebelled against Daocheng. Zhun changed the era to Shengming. He sent envoys with tribute and mourning notice. Yuan Can and others plotted against Daocheng with Youzhi as ally. Wang Xun exposed the plot; all were killed. Zhun sent He Xian and Kong Yuan with tribute. In year three month one he sent Yin Lingding and Gou Zhaoxian. Zhun abdicated to Daocheng. Daocheng seized power; Zhun died soon after as Prince of Ruyin.

史臣曰：桓玄侏張，馮、劉乃厥。〈疑〉窮凶極迷，為天下笑，其夷、楚之常性乎？

The historian judges: Xuan, Feng, and Liu were rebels beyond measure—perhaps the nature of southern lords. 〈Doubt〉 Such cruelty and folly—was it the nature of the southern realms?

校勘記

Collation notes

仲堪遣龍驤將軍殷邁振威將軍劉山民等統眾七千至西江口晉書卷八四殷仲堪傳稱：「遣從弟遹等水軍七千至江西〈西江口誤倒〉。」同書同卷楊佺期傳、卷九九桓玄傳亦見仲堪從弟遹，這裏「邁」當是「遹」之訛。

Collation: "Mai" should be "Kui" per Jin shu 84. 〈West River mouth transposed〉" Jin shu 84 Yang Quanqi biography and 99 Huan Xuan biography also mention Zhongkan's younger cousin Kui; here "Mai" is likely a corruption of "Kui."

比來收集諸本「比」訛「北」，不可通，今據晉書卷八四楊佺期傳、通鑑卷一一一〈三五０三頁〉改。

"Recently collected": all editions corrupt "recently" to "north," which is unintelligible; it is now corrected according to Jin shu 84, Yang Quanqi's biography, and Zizhi tongjian 111. 〈3503 pages〉 Corrected.

德宗以玄為持節都督荊司雍秦梁益寧江八州及揚豫并八郡諸軍事晉書卷九九桓玄傳云：「進督八州及揚、豫八郡。」揚豫二州非全督，止督所屬之八郡，「揚豫」下不合有「并」字，當是衍文。

Dezong made Xuan Bearer of the Staff, Commander-in-Chief of the eight provinces Jing, Si, Yong, Qin, Liang, Yi, Ning, and Jiang, and of the military affairs of Yang, Yu, and eight commanderies. Jin shu 99, Huan Xuan's biography, says: "He was advanced to command eight provinces and the eight commanderies of Yang and Yu." Yang and Yu were not wholly under his command, only their eight subordinate commanderies; the word "and" after Yang and Yu is therefore likely interpolated. "Xuan had Huan Qian and He Danzhi encamp at the Eastern Gate."

玄使桓謙何澹之屯於東掖門下文劉裕傳及晉書桓玄傳「東掖門」作「東陵」，宋書卷一武帝紀作「東陵口」。通鑑卷一一三〈三五六三頁〉也作「東陵」，胡注：「東陵，在覆舟山東北。」按當時桓、何二人與卞範之合兵二萬以拒劉裕，卞屯覆舟山西，桓、何屯覆舟山東，故云「眾合二萬」。「東掖門」無考，當是宮門，和卞範之不相及，豈得云「合」。這裏「東掖門」當作「東陵口」，涉下桓玄出「南掖門」而訛。

Below in Liu Yu's biography and Jin shu Huan Xuan biography "Eastern Gate" is "Eastern Mound"; Song shu 1 Emperor Wu annals has "Eastern Mound mouth." Zizhi tongjian 113 〈3563 pages〉 also has "Eastern Mound"; Hu note: "Eastern Mound is northeast of Fuzhou Mountain." At that time Huan and He with Bian Fanzhi combined twenty thousand to resist Liu Yu; Bian was west of Fuzhou Mountain, Huan and He east—hence "hosts combined twenty thousand." "Eastern Gate" should be "Eastern Mound mouth." Here "Eastern Gate" should be Eastern Mound mouth, corrupted from mention of Xuan leaving the Southern Gate.

振自為都督八州鎮軍將軍荊州刺史百衲本「鎮軍」二字空格，南本以下諸本作「鎮軍」，晉書卷七四桓彝附桓振傳作「鎮西」。按荊州刺史的軍號，資歷地位較高者例多加「安西」，又進「征西將軍」，荊州亦稱西州，疑當作「鎮西」。或舊本「鎮」字不缺，後人以意補「軍」字。但無他證，今姑從南本。

Zhen made himself Commander-in-Chief of Eight Provinces, Pacifying Army General, Inspector of Jing. Bai na edition leaves blank for "Pacifying Army"; southern editions have "Pacifying Army"; Jin shu 74 Huan Yi appendix Huan Zhen biography has "Pacifying West." For the military title of an Inspector of Jing, men of higher seniority and standing usually additionally held "General Who Pacifies the West" and were later advanced to "General Who Campaigns West." Since Jing was also called Western Province, the text likely should read "General Who Pacifies the West." Or the original "Pacifying" was intact and later someone supplied "Army." But without other supporting evidence, the text here provisionally follows the southern edition.

稍遷衞中郎將北史卷九三馮跋傳作「衞中將軍」。按本書卷九五慕容垂附慕容熙傳、晉書卷一二五馮跋載記並作「中衞將軍」。唯晉書卷一二四慕容熙載記作「衞中將軍」，與北史馮跋傳合，然御覽卷一二五引十六國春秋後燕錄慕容熙條仍作「中衞將軍」。檢晉書卷二０職官志稱「魏文帝置中衞將軍，晉武帝分為左右衞將軍」，則中衞將軍舊有此官，晉雖分置左右衞，而後燕則中、左、右並置。這裏本當作「中衞將軍」，先誤倒為「衞中」，後又訛「將軍」為「郎將」。

Gradually promoted to Guard Central Army General. Beishi 93 Feng Ba biography has "Guard Central General." Per this book 95 Murong Chui appendix Murong Xi biography and Jin shu 125 Feng Ba annals: "Central Guard General." "Only Jin shu 124 Murong Xi annals has Guard Central General, matching Beishi Feng Ba; yet Imperial Readings 125 Sixteen Kingdoms Spring and Autumn Later Yan Records Murong Xi still has Central Guard General." Jin shu 20 Offices Annals: "Wei Wendi established Central Guard General; Jin Wudi split into Left and Right Guard—Later Yan kept all three." Here it should be Central Guard General; first transposed to Guard Central, then "General" corrupted to "Colonel."

絹三萬匹宋書卷一高祖紀「絹」上有「賜」字，此字不宜省，當是脫文。

Missing "granted" before silk.

右僕射劉穆之為左僕射領軍中軍二府軍司諸本「右」作「左」。按宋書卷二武帝紀中義熙十二年八月稱：「尚書右僕射劉穆之為左僕射，領監軍、中軍二府軍司。」同書卷四二劉穆之傳同。此傳即本宋書，「左」字顯訛，今據改。「監軍府」即指劉義符所任的「監太尉留府事」，這裏「領」下當脫「監」字。

Right Vice Director Liu Muzhi as Left Vice Director, Army Secretary of Guard and Central Army headquarters. All editions "Right" as "Left." Song shu 2, Basic Annals of Emperor Wu, says that in the eighth month of Yixi 12: "Right Vice Director Liu Muzhi was made Left Vice Director, overseeing the headquarters of the Supervisor of the Army and Central Army." Song shu 42 agrees. This biography follows Song shu; "Left" is clearly wrong—corrected here. "Guard Army headquarters" refers to Yifu's "oversee Grand Marshal headquarters affairs"; "oversee" likely lost "oversee Guard."

裕遣其中軍將軍沈範索季孫等朝貢宋書卷九五索虜傳「中軍」作「殿中」。按晉宋中軍將軍名號甚重，決無帶此官出使之理。這時出使北魏例為殿中將軍，下文屢見。這裏「中軍」必是「殿中」之訛。

Yu sent his Central Army General Shen Fan, Suo Jisun, and others on tribute. Song shu 95 Northern Wei biography has "Palace" for "Central Army." Rank argument. Palace General usage. Here "Central Army" must be corruption of "Palace."

安西將軍古弼諸本「安西」誤倒作「西安」，今據卷二八古弼傳乙正。

General Who Pacifies the West Gu Bi. All editions transpose to "Pacifies West" as "West Pacifies"—now corrected per this book 28 Gu Bi biography.

永昌王仁擊破之諸本「仁」訛「位」，今據卷四下世祖紀下太平真君十一年二月條及卷一七永昌王健附仁傳改。

Prince of Yongchang Ren defeated them. All editions "Ren" as "Wei"—now per this book 4b Emperor Shizu Taiping Zhenjun 11 month 2 and 17 Prince Yongchang Wang Jian appendix Ren biography.

右將軍豫州刺史南平王鑠按宋書卷九五載宋檄文，此傳記宋諸將進兵全據此檄。檄文稱鑠「悉荊河之師，方軌齊進」。這裏「鑠」下戛然而止，和下文連讀，遂似鑠和義恭同為「諸軍節度」，「鑠」字下當有脫文。今於「鑠」字句斷。

Right General, Inspector of Yu province, Prince Shuo of Nanping: according to Song shu, juan 95, which preserves the Song proclamation; this account of the Song generals’ advance is drawn entirely from that proclamation. Proclamation says Shuo "leads all Jing-He forces, advancing on parallel tracks." Here under "Shuo" the text breaks off; read with what follows it seems Shuo and Yigong jointly commanded—text likely lost after "Shuo." Sentence break after "Shuo."

南兗及青冀兗豫三五簡發諸本「三五」作「三吳」。宋書卷九五云：「發南兗三五民丁」，即此事，唯只舉「南兗」，下當有脫文。通鑑卷一二五〈三九四七頁〉作「悉發青、冀、徐、豫、二兗六州三五民丁」，知此傳也脫「徐」字。胡注：「三五者，三丁發其一，五丁發其二。」三五發卒乃晉以來舊制，晉書卷一一０慕容儁載記稱為「三五占兵」，本書卷九肅宗紀正光五年八月詔書中也有「三五簡發」語，這裏「吳」字乃「五」之訛，今改正。

Collation: "three-five" levy was corrupted to "three Wu"; corrected. Song shu 95: "levy three-five militia of Southern Yan"—only Southern Yan named; text below likely lost. Zizhi tongjian 125 〈3947 pages〉 has "levy three-five militia of Qing, Ji, Xu, Yu, two Yan, six provinces"—this biography also lost Xu. Hu note: "Three-five means one in three households, two in five." The three-five levy was an old Jin institution; Jin shu 110, Murong Jun's annals, calls it "three-five soldier allocation," and this book's Zhengguang fifth-year eighth-month edict in Emperor Suzong's annals also says "three-five selection." Here "Wu" is a corruption of "five," and is now corrected.

揚南徐兗江州富民並四分之一宋書卷九五作「揚、南徐、兗、江州富有之民家資滿五千萬，僧尼滿二千萬者並四分換一」。這裏「富民」下當脫去「家資」等字，連上文遂似徵發富民四分之一為兵。

Yang, Southern Xu, Yan, Jiang wealthy households one quarter. Song shu 95: "households with assets over fifty million, monks over twenty million, all quarter redeemed." Here under "wealthy households" the asset clauses were lost; read with above it seems levying a quarter of wealthy households as soldiers.

屯兵於孫叔敖冢諸本「冢」作「家」，獨局本作「冢」。按宋書卷九五作「冢」。本書卷一九中任城王雲附子澄傳稱澄為揚州刺史，「下車，封孫叔敖之墓」。北齊書卷三二王琳傳載朱瑒與徐陵書，有云：「孫叔云亡，仍芍陂而楸檟。」魏之揚州治壽春，芍陂在壽春南。知傳說其地有孫叔敖墓。今從局本。

Collation: "tomb" (zhong) was corrupted to "house" (jia); follow the bureau edition. Song shu 95 has "tomb." This book 19c Ren Chengzi appendix Cheng biography as Yang Inspector "on taking office sealed Sun Shu'ao's tomb." Beiqi shu 32 Wang Lin biography Zhu Yang letter to Xu Ling: "When Sun Shu died, still mulberry at Shao Dam." Wei’s Yang province was administered from Shouchun, and Shao Dam lay south of Shouchun. Tomb tradition. Follow bureau edition.

陳叔兒詹叔兒諸本「詹」下無「叔兒」二字，宋書卷九九二兇傳有，且下文又兩見詹叔兒名，一次也是和陳叔兒同舉，知陳、詹同名「叔兒」，這裏乃涉上「陳叔兒」而脫去「叔兒」二字。此傳即本宋書，今據補。

Chen Shu'er and Zhan Shu'er. All editions lack second "Shu'er" under Zhan; Song shu 99 Ferocity biography has it; below Zhan Shu'er appears twice with Chen—Zhan lost "Shu'er" by assimilation to Chen Shu'er. This biography is based on the Song shu and has been supplemented from that source.

頓漂洲宋書卷六孝武帝紀「漂」作「溧」。按晉書卷八四劉牢之傳稱牢之「率北府文武屯洌洲」。通鑑卷一一二〈三五三七頁〉「洌」作「溧」，胡注：「『洌』『溧』聲相近，故又為溧洲。張舜民曰『過三山十餘里至溧洲』。」則這裏「漂」字當是「溧」之訛。但胡注又以「桓沖發建康，謝安送至溧洲」為證，今檢晉書商務影宋本卷七四桓彝附桓沖傳却作「漂洲」。知此字晉書亦有異文，今不改。

Encamped at Piao Isle. Song shu 6 Emperor Xiaowu annals "Piao" as "Li." Jin shu 84 Liu Laozhi biography says Laozhi "led Northern Mansion civil and military to encamp at Lie Isle." Zizhi tongjian 112 〈3537 pages〉 The character read lie is written as li in some texts. Hu’s commentary notes that lie and li are close in sound, which is why the place was also called Li prefecture. Piao to Li. This means the character "Piao" here should be a corruption of "Li." "But Hu also cites Huan Chong leaving Jiankang with Xie An seeing him off to Li Isle—Jin shu commercial edition 74 Huan Chong biography has Piao Isle—Jin shu also varies; unchanged." It is known that Jin shu also has a variant reading for this character; the text is left unchanged here.

其中軍府錄事參軍周朗啟駿曰諸本「朗」作「殷」。按語見宋書卷八二周朗傳，傳稱「朗字義利」，不云一名「殷」。「殷」字訛，今改正。

Central Army headquarters Recording Officer Zhou Lang memorialized Jun. All editions "Lang" as "Yin." "Words in Song shu 82 Zhou Lang biography; styled Yili, not called Yin." "Yin" corrupted—corrected.

又疾讒害其間宋書卷八二此句作「嫉謗讒害其間」。這裏「疾」下當脫「謗」字。

Also slander and harm between them. Song shu 82: "jealousy, slander, and harm between them." Collation: the character for "slander" is missing below "jealousy" and should be restored per Song shu 82.

遣軍就質按這裏上無主名，當脫「義宣」二字。

Collation: the subject "Yixuan" is probably lost before the clause about sending troops to Zhi.

100

質不求前驅宋書卷七四臧質傳無「不」字。按上文記質要求「浮舟外江，直至石頭」，正是「求前驅」，若作「不求」，和質語不合。這裏「不」字當是衍文。

Collation: Song shu 74 lacks "not," but the narrative context may still require it. Collation: since Zhi explicitly sought a river assault on Stone City, "does not seek the vanguard" conflicts with his own plan. Collation: the negative "not" is probably an interpolation.

101

駿將軍垣護之諸本「護之」上無「垣」字。按上文既未見垣護之姓名，這裏不應逕稱「護之」，當是脫文，今據宋書卷六八南郡王義宣傳補。

Jun's general Yuan Huzhi. All editions lack "Yuan" before Huzhi. Above never named Yuan Huzhi—cannot say "Huzhi" alone; likely lost text—now supplemented per Song shu 68 Prince of Nan Commandery Yixuan biography.

102

又遊湖縣之滿山按宋書卷六孝武帝紀大明七年十月己巳，劉駿「校獵於姑孰」，十一月乙酉，「訊溧陽、永世、丹陽囚」，癸己，「習水軍於梁山」，十二月丙午，至歷陽，己未，「於博望、梁山立雙闕」。所經之地並無所謂「湖縣滿山」。這次行踪實在南豫州，孝武紀大明五年九月甲戌記「移南豫州治淮南于湖縣」。于湖即劉駿於此校獵的姑孰。這裏「湖縣」上脫「于」字。「滿山」乃「梁山」之訛。梁山在歷陽〈今安徽和縣〉，實在于湖〈今安徽當塗縣〉對岸，魏收北人，誤以為在于湖。

He also toured Manshan in Huxian. Song shu 6, Basic Annals of Emperor Xiaowu, says that on the guisi day of the tenth month of Daming 7 Liu Jun "hunted at Guniu"; on the yiyou day of the eleventh month he "interrogated prisoners of Liyang, Yongshi, and Danyang"; on the guisi day he "drilled the navy at Liang Mountain"; in the twelfth month he reached Liyang on the bingwu day and on the jiwei day "set double gates at Bowang and Liang Mountain." No such place as "Huxian Manshan" on that route. The journey was actually in Southern Yuzhou; the Basic Annals of Emperor Xiaowu record under the jiaxu day of the ninth month of Daming 5: "The seat of Southern Yuzhou was moved from Huainan to Huxian." Huxian is Guniu. Here "Huxian" lost "Yu" above—should be "Yu Huxian." "Manshan" is corruption of "Liang Mountain." Liang Mountain at Liyang 〈modern He county, Anhui〉 opposite Huxian 〈modern Dangtu, Anhui〉 Wei Shou misread the geography.

103

遣其黨俞伯奇出頓大雷諸本「大雷」作「大電」，宋書卷八四鄧琬傳作「大雷」。按大雷屢見紀載，「電」字顯訛，今改正。

Sent his partisan Yu Boqi to encamp at Dalei. All editions "Dalei" as "great lightning"; Song shu 84 Deng Wan biography has "Dalei." Dalei appears often in records—"lightning" is clearly wrong; corrected.

104

巴東太守孫仲之至于平石按宋書卷八０晉安王子勛傳、卷八四鄧琬傳「仲」並作「沖」。「仲」字當是形近而訛。

Administrator of Badong Sun Chongzhi reached Pingshi. Song shu 80 Prince of Jin'an Zixun biography and 84 Deng Wan biography both have "Chong" not "Zhong." "Zhong" is likely shape-corruption.

105

建牙於桑厄宋書鄧琬傳「厄」作「尾」，通鑑卷一三０〈四０九二頁〉同宋書，胡注：「桑尾，即桑落洲尾。」疑「厄」字訛。

Set up headquarters at Sanger. Song shu Deng Wan biography "er" as "wei"; Zizhi tongjian 130 〈4092 pages〉 same as Song shu; Hu note: "Sangwei is the tail of Sangluo Isle." Likely "er" corrupted.

106

臨海王子頊諸本「頊」作「瑱」。按宋書卷六孝武帝紀、卷八明帝紀、卷八０孝武十四王傳都作「子頊」。「瑱」乃形近而訛，今改正。

Prince of Linhai Zixu. All editions "Xu" as "Zhen." Song shu 6 Xiaowu annals, 8 Mingdi annals, 80 Fourteen Sons of Xiaowu all have "Zixu." "Zhen" is shape-corruption—corrected.

107

子起子期子悅子頓宋書卷八０傳序「子起」作「子趨」，又無「子頓」名。劉駿二十八子，傳序列舉無遺，此「子頓」疑是「子頊」重出，又訛「頊」為「頓」。

Ziqi, Ziqi, Ziyue, Zidun. Song shu 80 sequence "Ziqi" as "Ziqu"; no "Zidun." Collation: "Zidun" is probably a duplicate of "Zixu" with one character corrupted.

108

永等前後奮擊斬首凍沒死者不可勝數按事見本書卷五０尉元傳、宋書卷五三張永傳。所謂「斬首凍沒死者不可勝數」乃指張永所統之宋軍。這裏「永等」下有脫文，連讀遂似永等奮擊魏軍，魏軍死者不可勝數。今於「永等」下句斷。

Collation: the account is documented in the Wei Yuan and Zhang Yong biographies. "Heads taken and frozen drowned" refers to Zhang Yong's Song army. Collation: a clause break is needed after "Yong and others" to avoid misreading who suffered the losses. Collation: punctuate with a new sentence after "Yong and others."

109

遣員外散騎侍郎田廉員外散騎侍郎祖德朝貢按自劉駿〈宋孝武帝〉以來，宋魏遣使，通常正使為散騎常侍，副使為散騎侍郎，此傳下文所記皆然，無正副並為散騎侍郎之例。如果這次正副同官，則又何須兩舉官銜。上「散騎侍郎」當是「散騎常侍」之訛。

Collation: this envoy notice concerns the ranks used under Emperor Xiaowu. 〈Song Emperor Xiaowu〉 Collation: from Emperor Xiaowu onward Song envoys to Wei were normally led by a Regular Attendant with a Regular Attendant as deputy, not two Extraordinary Attendants. Collation: if both envoys held the same rank, repeating both titles would be redundant. Upper "Extraordinary Attendant" should be "Regular Attendant" corruption.

110

其司空桂陽王休範奔尋陽舉兵按宋書卷七九休範傳，休範早於泰始六年為江州刺史，尋陽是江州治所，又何須「奔」。「奔」字疑當作「於」。

Collation: Song shu shows Xiufan already at Xunyang as Jiang inspector, so "fled to Xunyang" is questionable. Collation: "fled" is probably a corruption of the preposition "at."

Cite this Chapter