1
十六衞左右衞上將軍各一人,從二品; 大將軍各一人,正三品; 將軍各二人,從三品。 掌宮禁宿衞,凡五府及外府皆總制焉。 凡五府三衞及折衝府驍騎番上者,受其名簿而配以職。 皇帝御正殿,則守諸門及内廂宿衞仗。 非上日,亦將軍一人押仗,將軍缺,以中郎將代將軍,掌貳上將軍之事。
Among the Sixteen Guards, the Left and Right Guards each had one Senior General of secondary second rank; Each also had one Grand General of upper third rank; Each had two Generals of secondary third rank. They oversaw palace security and night watches, exercising overall authority over all five inner guard offices and the outer commands. They received the rosters of men rotating to palace duty from the five inner offices, the Three Guards, and valiant cavalry of the assault-and-repulse commands, and assigned them their posts. When the emperor presided in the main audience hall, they guarded the gates and inner precincts, standing overnight watch and bearing ceremonial arms. Even on days without an imperial audience, one General supervised the guard formation; when that post was vacant, a Colonel served in his place as deputy to the Senior General.
2
左右驍衞、左右武衞、左右威衞、左右領軍、左右金吾、左右監門衞上將軍以下,品同。 武德五年,改左右翊衞曰左右衞府,左右驍騎衞曰左右驍騎府,左右屯衞曰左右威衞,左右禦衞曰左右領軍衞,左右備身府曰左右府,唯左右武衞府、左右監門府、左右候衞,仍隋不改。 顯慶五年,改左右府曰左右千牛府。 龍朔二年,左右衞府、驍衞府、武衞府,皆省「府」字,左右威衞曰左右武威衞,左右領軍衞曰左右戎衞,左右候衞曰左右金吾衞,左右監門府曰左右監門衞,左右千牛府曰左右奉宸衞,後又曰左右千牛衞。 咸亨元年,改左右戎衞曰領軍衞。 武后光宅元年,改左右驍衞曰左右武威,左右武衞曰左右鷹揚衞,左右威衞曰左右豹韜衞,左右領軍衞曰左右玉鈐衞。 貞元二年,初置十六衞上將軍。 左右衞有録事一人,府一人,史二人,亭長八人,掌固四人。
The rank structure below the Senior Generals was identical for the Left and Right Valiant, Martial, Awesome, Army-leader, Gold Crow, and Gate-keeping Guards. In Wude 5 the Left and Right Assist Guards became the Left and Right Guard Offices; valiant cavalry guards became valiant cavalry offices; garrison guards became awesome guards; imperial guards became army-leader guards; and the bodyguard office became simply the left and right office — only the martial guard, gate-keeping, and escort guard offices retained their Sui titles. In Xianqing 5 the Left and Right Offices were renamed the Left and Right Thousand-Ox Offices. In Longshuo 2 the word "Office" was dropped from the guard, valiant cavalry, and martial guard titles; awesome guards became martial awesome guards; army-leader guards became military guards; escort guards became gold crow guards; gate-keeping offices became gate-keeping guards; and thousand-ox offices became imperial attendant guards — a name later reverted to thousand-ox guards. In Xianheng 1 the Left and Right Military Guards were restored to the name Army-leader Guards. In the first year of Guangzhai under Empress Wu, the valiant guards were renamed martial awesome guards; martial guards became soaring eagle guards; awesome guards became leopard strategy guards; and army-leader guards became jade seal guards. In Zhenyuan 2 the post of Senior General was first created for each of the Sixteen Guards. The Left and Right Guards each employed one clerk, one office assistant, two scribes, eight station chiefs, and four gate wardens.
3
長史各一人,從六品上。 掌判諸曹、五府、外府稟祿,卒伍、軍團之名數,器械、車馬之多少,小事得專達,毎歳秋,贊大將軍考課。
Each guard had one Chief Administrator of upper secondary sixth rank. They handled bureau business and oversaw stipends for the five inner and outer guard offices, troop and unit rosters, and inventories of arms and horses; on minor matters they could act on their own authority, and each autumn they assisted the Grand General in annual evaluations.
4
録事參軍事各一人,正八品上。 掌受諸曹及五府、外府之事,句稽抄目,印給紙筆。
Each guard had one Recording Secretary of upper eighth rank. They received business from the bureaus and from the five inner and outer guard offices, audited and copied documents, and distributed paper and writing supplies.
5
倉曹參軍事各二人,正八品下。 掌五府文官勳考、假使、祿俸、公廨、田園、食料、醫藥、過所。 自倉曹以下同品。 有府二人,史四人。 兵曹,府四人,史七人。 騎曹,府二人,史四人。 冑曹,府三人,史三人。 武后長安初,改鎧曹曰冑曹,中宗卽位復舊,先天元年又曰冑曹。 開元初,諸衞司倉、司兵、騎兵參軍,改曰倉曹、兵曹、騎曹、冑曹參軍事。
Each guard had two Granary Bureau Secretaries of lower eighth rank. They oversaw merit records, temporary postings, salaries, official quarters, estates, rations, medical care, and travel permits for the civil staff of the five inner guard offices. The bureaus below the Granary Bureau shared the same rank structure. Each bureau had two office assistants and four scribes. The Military Bureau employed four office assistants and seven scribes. The Cavalry Bureau had two office assistants and four scribes. The Armor Bureau had three office assistants and three scribes. Early in Empress Wu's Chang'an reign the Armor Bureau was renamed the Helmet Bureau; Emperor Zhongzong restored the old title on his accession; and in Xiantian 1 it was again called the Helmet Bureau. Early in the Kaiyuan era the guard granary, military, cavalry, and armor secretaries were retitled Granary, Military, Cavalry, and Helmet Bureau Secretaries.
6
兵曹參軍事各二人,掌五府武官宿衞番第,受其名數,而大將軍配焉。
Each guard had two Military Bureau Secretaries who managed the rotation rosters of military officers on palace guard duty in the five inner offices; they received the name lists and the Grand General made the assignments.
7
騎曹參軍事各一人,掌外府雜畜簿帳、牧養。 凡府馬承直,以遠近分七番,月一易之。 以敕出宮城者,給馬。
Each guard had one Cavalry Bureau Secretary who kept the livestock records and supervised the pasturing of horses and other animals in the outer commands. Horses on standing duty at the guard commands were divided into seven watches according to distance and rotated monthly. Officials departing the palace precinct on imperial orders were issued horses.
8
冑曹參軍事各一人,掌兵械、公廨興繕、罰讁。 大朝會行從,則受黃質甲鎧、弓矢於衞尉。
Each guard had one Helmet Bureau Secretary who oversaw arms and armor, the construction and repair of official buildings, and disciplinary penalties. At major court assemblies and imperial processions they drew yellow ceremonial armor, bows, and arrows from the Commandant of the Guard.
9
奉車都尉,掌馭副車。 有其名而無其人,大陳設則它官攝。 駙馬都尉無定員,與奉車都尉皆從五品下。
The Chamberlain of the Imperial Carriage was responsible for driving the secondary imperial carriage. The post existed in name only; at grand ceremonies other officials were assigned to fill it. Chamberlains of the Imperial Son-in-Law had no fixed number of posts; both they and the Chamberlains of the Imperial Carriage held lower secondary fifth rank.
10
司階各二人,正六品上; 中候各三人,正七品下; 司戈各五人,正八品下; 執戟各五人,正九品下; 長上各二十五人,從九品下。 武后天授二年,置諸衞司階、中候、司戈、執戟,謂之四色官。
Each guard had two Stairway Officers of upper sixth rank; Three Middle Escorts each of lower seventh rank; Five Halberd Officers each of lower eighth rank; Five Halberd Bearers each of lower ninth rank; Twenty-five Senior Guards each of lower ninth rank. In Tianshou 2 under Empress Wu the Stairway Officer, Middle Escort, Halberd Officer, and Halberd Bearer posts were created in every guard — collectively known as the Four-Colored Offices.
11
親衞之府一:曰親府。 勳衞之府二:一曰勳一府,二曰勳二府。 翊衞之府二:一曰翊一府,二曰翊二府。 凡五府。 毎府,中郎將一人,正四品下; 左右郎將一人,正五品上; 親衞,正七品上; 勳衞,從七品上; 翊衞,正八品上。 總四千九百六十三人。 兵曹參軍事各一人,正九品上; 校尉各五人,正六品上。 毎校尉有旅帥二人,從六品上; 毎旅帥各有隊正二十人,正七品上,副隊正二十人,正七品下。
The Personal Guard comprised one office, called the Personal Office. The Merit Guard had two offices: Merit First and Merit Second. The Assist Guard had two offices: Assist First and Assist Second. Five inner guard offices in all. Each office had one Colonel of lower fourth rank; One Left and one Right Vice Colonel each of upper fifth rank; Personal Guards held upper seventh rank; Merit Guards held upper secondary seventh rank; Assist Guards held upper eighth rank. The total strength was 4,963 men. Each office had one Military Bureau Secretary of upper ninth rank; Each office had five Captains of upper sixth rank. Under each Captain were two Brigade Commanders of upper secondary sixth rank; Each Brigade Commander commanded twenty Squad Leaders of upper seventh rank and twenty Deputy Squad Leaders of lower seventh rank.
12
五府中郎將掌領校尉、旅帥、親衞、勳衞之屬宿衞者,而總其府事; 左右郎將貳焉。 番上者,以名簿上于大將軍而配以職。 武德、貞觀世重資蔭,二品、三品子,補親衞; 二品曾孫、三品孫、四品子、職事官五品子若孫、勳官三品以上有封及國公子,補勳衞及率府親衞; 四品孫、五品及上柱國子,補翊衞及率府勳衞; 勳官二品及縣男以上、散官五品以上子若孫,補諸衞及率府翊衞。 王府執仗親事、執乘親事,毎月番上者數千人,宿衞内廡及城門,給稟食。 執扇三衞三百人,擇少壯肩膊齊、儀容整美者,本衞印臂,送殿中省肄習,仗下,毎番三衞一人,爲太僕寺引輅。 其後入官路艱,三衞非權勢子弟輒退番,柱國子有白首不得進者; 流外雖鄙,不數年給祿稟。 故三衞益賤,人罕趨之。 有録事一人,府一人,史三人。 唐親衞、勳衞置驃騎將軍、車騎將軍,翊衞置車騎將軍。 武德七年,改驃騎將軍爲中郎將,車騎將軍皆爲郎將,分左右,以親衞曰一府,勳衞、翊衞曰二府,謂之三府衞。 諸衞翊衞及率府親、勳衞,亦曰三衞。 永徽三年,避太子諱,改中郎將曰旅賁郎,郎將曰翊軍郎。 太子廢,復舊。
The Colonels of the five inner offices commanded the Captains, Brigade Commanders, and Personal and Merit Guards on palace watch, and oversaw all business of their offices; The Left and Right Vice Colonels served as their deputies. Men rotating to palace duty submitted their rosters to the Grand General, who assigned their posts. During the Wude and Zhenguan periods hereditary privilege weighed heavily: sons of second- and third-rank officials entered the Personal Guard; Great-grandsons of second-rank ministers, grandsons of third-rank ministers, sons of fourth-rank officials, sons or grandsons of fifth-rank officeholders, ennobled merit officials of third rank and above, and imperial princes' sons entered the Merit Guard or the Guard Command's Personal Guard; Grandsons of fourth-rank officials, fifth-rank officials themselves, and sons of Upper Pillars of State entered the Assist Guard or the Guard Command's Merit Guard; Second-rank merit officials and holders of district baron rank and above, together with sons or grandsons of fifth-rank honorary officials, entered the Assist Guards of the guard commands and Guard Command. Several thousand princely household attendants bearing arms or managing carriages rotated to duty each month, standing watch in the inner corridors and at the city gates and receiving grain rations. Three hundred fan-bearing Three Guards were chosen for youth, strength, even shoulders, and fine appearance; their home guard stamped their arms and sent them to the Palace Directorate for drill — and after each guard formation one Three Guard from each watch guided the imperial carriage for the Imperial Stud. Later the road to office grew steep: Three Guards lacking powerful family connections were repeatedly bumped from rotation, and sons of Pillars of State could grow old without ever advancing; Men from outside the regular hierarchy, however humble, received salaries and rations within a few years. The Three Guards thus fell ever further in esteem, and few aspired to enter them. Each inner office had one clerk, one office assistant, and three scribes. Under Tang the Personal and Merit Guards were headed by Commanders of Fast Cavalry and Commanders of Chariots and Cavalry; the Assist Guard had a Commander of Chariots and Cavalry. In Wude 7 Commanders of Fast Cavalry became Colonels and Commanders of Chariots and Cavalry became Vice Colonels, each divided into left and right; the Personal Guard formed one office and the Merit and Assist Guards two offices — together called the Three-Office Guards. The Assist Guards of the guard commands and the Personal and Merit Guards of the Guard Command were also collectively known as the Three Guards. In Yonghui 3, to avoid the crown prince's taboo name, Colonels were retitled Brigade Guard Lieutenants and Vice Colonels Assist-Army Lieutenants. When the crown prince was deposed, the original titles were restored.
13
左右驍衞上將軍各一人,大將軍各一人,將軍各二人。 掌同左右衞。 凡翊府之翊衞、外府豹騎番上者,分配之。 凡分兵守諸門,在皇城四面、宮城内外,則與左右衞分知助鋪。
The Left and Right Valiant Guards each had one Senior General, one Grand General, and two Generals. Their responsibilities matched those of the Left and Right Guards. They assigned men rotating to duty from the Assist Guards of the assist offices and the leopard cavalry of the outer commands. When troops were posted to guard the gates around the Imperial City and within the palace precinct, they shared auxiliary guard duty with the Left and Right Guards.
14
長史各一人,録事參軍事各一人,倉曹參軍事各二人,兵曹參軍事各二人,騎曹參軍事各一人,冑曹參軍事各一人,左右司階各二人,左右中候各三人,左右司戈各五人,左右執戟各五人。 左右翊中郎將府中郎將各一人,左郎將各一人,右郎將各一人,兵曹參軍事各一人,校尉各五人,旅帥各十人,隊正各二十人,副隊正各二十人。 有録事一人,史二人,亭長二人,掌固四人。 倉曹,府二人,史二人; 兵曹,府三人,史五人; 騎曹,府二人,史四人; 冑曹,府三人,史三人。 左右翊中郎將府録事一人、府一人、史二人。
Each valiant guard had one Chief Administrator, one Recording Secretary, two Granary Bureau Secretaries, two Military Bureau Secretaries, one Cavalry Bureau Secretary, one Helmet Bureau Secretary, two Left and Right Stairway Officers, three Left and Right Middle Escorts, five Left and Right Halberd Officers, and five Left and Right Halberd Bearers. Each Assist Colonel Office had one Colonel, one Left and one Right Vice Colonel, one Military Bureau Secretary, five Captains, ten Brigade Commanders, twenty Squad Leaders, and twenty Deputy Squad Leaders. The staff included one clerk, two scribes, two station chiefs, and four gate wardens. The Granary Bureau had two office assistants and two scribes; The Military Bureau had three office assistants and five scribes; The Cavalry Bureau had two office assistants and four scribes; The Helmet Bureau had three office assistants and three scribes. Each Assist Colonel Office had one clerk, one office assistant, and two scribes.
15
左右武衞上將軍各一人,大將軍各一人,將軍各二人。 掌同左右衞。 凡翊府之翊衞、外府熊渠番上者,分配之。
The Left and Right Martial Guards each had one Senior General, one Grand General, and two Generals. Their responsibilities matched those of the Left and Right Guards. They assigned men rotating to duty from the Assist Guards of the assist offices and the bear-channel troops of the outer commands.
16
長史各一人,録事參軍事各一人,倉曹參軍事各二人,兵曹參軍事各二人,騎曹參軍事各一人,冑曹參軍事各一人,左右司階各二人,左右中候各三人,左右司戈各五人,左右執戟各五人,長上各二十五人。 左右翊中郎將府官,同驍衞。 有稱長二人,録事一人,史二人,亭長二人,掌固四人。 倉曹,府二人,史四人; 兵曹,府三人,史五人; 騎曹,府二人,史四人; 冑曹,府三人,史三人。 稱長掌唱警,爲應蹕之節。
Each martial guard had one Chief Administrator, one Recording Secretary, two Granary Bureau Secretaries, two Military Bureau Secretaries, one Cavalry Bureau Secretary, one Helmet Bureau Secretary, two Left and Right Stairway Officers, three Left and Right Middle Escorts, five Left and Right Halberd Officers, five Left and Right Halberd Bearers, and twenty-five Senior Guards. The staff of the Left and Right Assist Colonel Offices matched that of the Valiant Guard. The guard employed two Herald Chiefs, one clerk, two scribes, two station chiefs, and four gate wardens. The Granary Bureau had two office assistants and four scribes; The Military Bureau had three office assistants and five scribes; The Cavalry Bureau had two office assistants and four scribes; The Helmet Bureau had three office assistants and three scribes. The Herald Chiefs led the ceremonial calls that marked the rhythm for clearing the imperial procession route.
17
左右威衞上將軍各一人,大將軍各一人,將軍各二人。 掌同左右衞。 凡翊府之翊衞、外府羽林番上者,分配之。 凡分兵主守,則知皇城東面助鋪。
The Left and Right Awesome Guards each had one Senior General, one Grand General, and two Generals. Their responsibilities matched those of the Left and Right Guards. They assigned men rotating to duty from the Assist Guards of the assist offices and the imperial-forest troops of the outer commands. When troops were posted as chief guards, they were responsible for the eastern auxiliary guard posts of the Imperial City.
18
長史各一人,録事參軍事各一人,倉曹參軍事各二人,兵曹參軍事各二人,騎曹參軍事各一人,冑曹參軍事各一人,左右司階各二人,左右中候各三人,左右司戈各五人,左右執戟各五人,長上各二十五人。 左右翊中郎將府官,同驍衞。 有録事一人,史二人,亭長二人,掌固四人。 倉曹,府二人,史四人; 兵曹,府三人,史五人; 騎曹,府二人,史四人; 冑曹,府三人,史三人。
Each awesome guard had one Chief Administrator, one Recording Secretary, two Granary Bureau Secretaries, two Military Bureau Secretaries, one Cavalry Bureau Secretary, one Helmet Bureau Secretary, two Left and Right Stairway Officers, three Left and Right Middle Escorts, five Left and Right Halberd Officers, five Left and Right Halberd Bearers, and twenty-five Senior Guards. The staff of the Left and Right Assist Colonel Offices matched that of the Valiant Guard. The office had one clerk, two scribes, two station chiefs, and four gate wardens. The Granary Bureau had two office assistants and four scribes; The Military Bureau had three office assistants and five scribes; The Cavalry Bureau had two office assistants and four scribes; The Helmet Bureau had three office assistants and three scribes.
19
左右領軍衞上將軍各一人,大將軍各一人,將軍各二人。 掌同左右衞。 凡翊府之翊衞、外府射聲番上者,分配之。 凡分兵主守,則知皇城西面助鋪及京城、苑城諸門。
The Left and Right Army-leader Guards each had one Senior General, one Grand General, and two Generals. Their responsibilities matched those of the Left and Right Guards. They assigned men rotating to duty from the Assist Guards of the assist offices and the shooting-voice troops of the outer commands. When troops were posted as chief guards, they were responsible for the western auxiliary guard posts of the Imperial City and for the gates of the capital and park cities.
20
長史各一人,録事參軍事各一人,倉曹參軍事各二人,兵曹參軍事各二人,騎曹參軍事各一人,冑曹參軍事各一人,左右司階各二人,左右中候各三人,左右司戈各五人,左右執戟各五人,長上各二十五人。 左右翊中郎將府官,同驍衞。 有録事一人,史二人,亭長二人,掌固四人。 倉曹,府二人,史四人; 兵曹,府三人,史五人; 騎曹,府二人,史四人; 冑曹,府三人,史三人。
Each army-leader guard had one Chief Administrator, one Recording Secretary, two Granary Bureau Secretaries, two Military Bureau Secretaries, one Cavalry Bureau Secretary, one Helmet Bureau Secretary, two Left and Right Stairway Officers, three Left and Right Middle Escorts, five Left and Right Halberd Officers, five Left and Right Halberd Bearers, and twenty-five Senior Guards. The staff of the Left and Right Assist Colonel Offices matched that of the Valiant Guard. The office had one clerk, two scribes, two station chiefs, and four gate wardens. The Granary Bureau had two office assistants and four scribes; The Military Bureau had three office assistants and five scribes; The Cavalry Bureau had two office assistants and four scribes; The Helmet Bureau had three office assistants and three scribes.
21
左右金吾衞上將軍各一人,大將軍各一人,將軍各二人。 掌宮中、京城巡警,烽候、道路、水草之宜。 凡翊府之翊衞及外府佽飛番上,皆屬焉。 師田,則執左右營之禁,南衙宿衞官將軍以下及千牛番上者,皆配以職。 大功役,則與御史循行。 凡敝幕、故氈,以給病坊。
The Left and Right Gold Crow Guards each had one Senior General, one Grand General, and two Generals. They oversaw patrols within the palace and capital, managed beacon stations and roads, and ensured adequate water and forage supply. All men rotating to duty from the Assist Guards of the assist offices and the flying-attendant troops of the outer commands came under their authority. During imperial field hunts they enforced camp restrictions for the left and right formations; they assigned posts to palace night-guard officers of the Southern Yamen from the rank of General downward, and to Thousand-Ox guards on rotating duty. On major public works projects, they conducted patrol inspections jointly with the censor. Worn tent curtains and old felts were distributed to the infirmary wards.
22
兵曹參軍事,掌翊府、外府武官,兼掌獵師。
The Military Bureau Secretary oversaw military officers of the assist and outer guard commands and also supervised hunting masters.
23
騎曹參軍事,掌外府雜畜簿帳、牧養之事。
The Cavalry Bureau Secretary kept records of miscellaneous livestock in the outer commands and oversaw their breeding and care.
24
冑曹參軍事,掌同左右衞。 大朝會行從,給靑龍旗、䂍矟於衞尉。
The Helmet Bureau Secretary's responsibilities matched those of the Left and Right Guards. During grand court assemblies in imperial procession, they furnished the green dragon banner and ceremonial lances to the Guard Commandant.
25
長史各一人,録事參軍事各一人,倉曹參軍事各二人,兵曹參軍事各二人,騎曹參軍事各一人,冑曹參軍事各一人,左右司階各二人,左右中候各三人,左右司戈各五人,左右執戟各五人,左右街使各一人,判官各二人。 左右翊中郎將府官,如驍衞。 有録事一人,史二人。 倉曹,府二人,史四人; 兵曹,府三人,史五人; 騎曹,府二人,史四人; 冑曹,府三人,史三人。 左右街典二人,引駕仗三衞六十人,引駕佽飛六十六人,大角手六百人。 隋有察非掾,至唐廢。
Each gold crow guard had one Chief Administrator, one Recording Secretary, two Granary Bureau Secretaries, two Military Bureau Secretaries, one Cavalry Bureau Secretary, one Helmet Bureau Secretary, two Left and Right Stairway Officers, three Left and Right Middle Escorts, five Left and Right Halberd Officers, five Left and Right Halberd Bearers, one Left and Right Street Commissioner each, and two adjudicators each. The staff of the Left and Right Assist Colonel Offices followed the Valiant Guard model. The office had one clerk and two scribes. The Granary Bureau had two office assistants and four scribes; The Military Bureau had three office assistants and five scribes; The Cavalry Bureau had two office assistants and four scribes; The Helmet Bureau had three office assistants and three scribes. There were two Left and Right Street Directors, sixty Three Guards for the imperial escort, sixty-six flying attendants for the escort, and six hundred great horn blowers. The Sui had censors of misconduct, but the office was abolished under the Tang.
26
左右翊中郎將府中郎將,掌領府屬,督京城左右六街鋪巡警,以果毅二人助巡探。 入閤日,中郎將一人升殿受狀,衞士六百爲大角手,六番閲習,吹大角爲昏明之節,諸營壘候以進退。
The Colonels of the Left and Right Assist Colonel Offices directed their staff, supervised patrol posts along the capital's six left and right streets, and were assisted by two resolute commandants in reconnaissance patrols. On days when the emperor entered the inner hall, one Colonel went up to the hall to receive reports; six hundred guardsmen served as horn blowers, training in six rotations; the great horn signaled dusk and dawn, by which all encampments regulated their movements.
27
左右街使,掌分察六街徼巡。 凡城門坊角,有武候鋪,衞士、彍騎分守,大城門百人,大鋪三十人,小城門二十人,小鋪五人,日暮,鼓八百聲而門閉; 乙夜,街使以騎卒循行嘂謼,武官暗探; 五更二點,鼓自内發,諸街鼓承振,坊市門皆啓,鼓三千撾,辨色而止。
The Left and Right Street Commissioners supervised patrol and inspection along the six capital streets. Martial sentry posts stood at every city gate and ward corner, manned by guardsmen and crossbow cavalry — one hundred at major gates, thirty at major posts, twenty at minor gates, and five at minor posts; at dusk, after eight hundred drumbeats, the gates were shut; During the second watch, street commissioners rode circuit patrols with challenge calls, while military officers conducted covert inspections; At the second point of the fifth watch the inner drum sounded, street drums answered in succession, and ward and market gates opened; after three thousand beats, the signal ceased at daybreak.
28
左右監門衞上將軍各一人,大將軍各一人,將軍各二人。 掌諸門禁衞及門籍。 文武官九品以上,毎月送籍於引駕仗及監門衞,衞以帳報内門。 凡朝參、奏事、待詔官及繖扇儀仗出入者,閲其數。 以物貨器用入宮者,有籍有傍。 左監門將軍判入,右監門將軍判出,月一易其籍。 行幸,則率屬於衙門監守。
The Left and Right Gate-keeping Guards each had one Senior General, one Grand General, and two Generals. They oversaw gate security, guard duty, and entry registers. Each month, civil and military officials of rank nine and above submitted their registers to the imperial escort guard and Gate-keeping Guards, who reported the tally to the inner gate. They verified the numbers of officials attending court, presenting memorials, awaiting imperial summons, and those entering or leaving with ceremonial parasols and regalia. Items and goods brought into the palace required both registration records and pass documents. The Left Gate-keeping General handled entries and the Right Gate-keeping General handled exits, exchanging registers once each month. When the emperor traveled, they led their subordinates to stand guard at the palace gates.
29
長史,掌判諸曹及禁門,巡視出入而司其籍、傍。 餘同左右衞。
The Chief Administrator adjudicated bureau affairs and restricted gates, inspected all comings and goings, and managed the registers and pass documents. All other arrangements matched those of the Left and Right Guards.
30
兵曹參軍事兼掌倉曹,冑曹兼掌騎曹。
The Military Bureau Secretary also oversaw the Granary Bureau, and the Helmet Bureau Secretary also oversaw the Cavalry Bureau.
31
左右翊中郞將府中郞將。 掌涖宮殿城門,皆左入右出。 中郞將各四人,長史各一人,録事參軍事各一人,兵曹參軍事各一人,冑曹參軍事各一人。 有録事一人,史二人,亭長二人,掌固二人。 兵曹,府三人,史五人; 冑曹,府三人,史四人。 監門校尉三百二十人,直長六百八十人,長入長上二十人,直長長上二十人。 監門校尉掌敍出入。 唐改監門府郎將爲將軍。
The Left and Right Assist Colonel Offices were headed by Colonels. They supervised palace halls and city gates, enforcing the rule that all entered from the left and exited from the right. Each gate-keeping guard had four Colonels, one Chief Administrator, one Recording Secretary, one Military Bureau Secretary, and one Helmet Bureau Secretary. The office had one clerk, two scribes, two station chiefs, and two gate wardens. The Military Bureau had three office assistants and five scribes; The Helmet Bureau had three office assistants and four scribes. There were 320 gate-keeping company commanders, 680 duty chiefs, 20 senior guards for long-entry service, and 20 senior guards among the duty chiefs. Gate-keeping company commanders regulated the sequence of entries and exits. Under the Tang, the Vice Colonels of the Gate-keeping Office were renamed Generals.
32
左右千牛衞上將軍各一人,大將軍各一人,將軍各二人。 掌侍衞及供御兵仗。 以千牛備身左右執弓箭宿衞,以主仗守戎器。 朝日,領備身左右升殿列侍。 親射,則率屬以從。
The Left and Right Thousand-Ox Guards each had one Senior General, one Grand General, and two Generals. They provided close attendance guard service and supplied the emperor's ceremonial arms. Thousand-Ox bodyguards and attendants on the left and right carried bows and arrows on overnight palace watch, while master-of-arms guards kept custody of ceremonial weapons. On days of imperial audience, they led the bodyguard attendants up to the hall to stand in ranked attendance. When the emperor engaged in archery, they led their subordinates to accompany him.
33
胄曹參軍事,掌甲仗。 凡御仗之物二百一十有九,羽儀之物三百,自千牛以下分掌之。 上日,執御弓箭者亦自備以入宿。 主仗毎月上,則配以職,行從則兼騎曹。 中郎將各二人,長史各一人,録事參軍事各一人,兵曹參軍事各一人,冑曹參軍事各一人。 唐改備身郎將曰將軍,備身將曰中郎將,千牛左右、備身左右曰千牛備身。 初置備身主仗。 有録事一人,史二人,亭長二人,掌固四人。 兵曹,府一人,史二人; 冑曹,府一人,史一人。 千牛備身十二人,備身左右十二人,備身一百人,主仗一百五十人。 千牛備身掌執御刀,服花鈿繡衣緑,執象笏,宿衞侍從。 備身左右掌執御弓矢,宿衞侍從。 備身,掌宿衞侍從。 主仗,掌守供御兵仗。
The Armor Bureau Secretary oversaw armor and ceremonial arms. There were 219 types of imperial ceremonial arms and 300 types of ceremonial regalia, distributed for custody among ranks below the Thousand-Ox guards. On audience days, archers bearing imperial bows and arrows brought their own equipment when entering for overnight duty. Master-of-arms guards on monthly rotating duty were assigned their posts, and when traveling in procession they also served under the Cavalry Bureau. Each thousand-ox guard had two Colonels, one Chief Administrator, one Recording Secretary, one Military Bureau Secretary, and one Helmet Bureau Secretary. Under the Tang, bodyguard Vice Colonels became Generals, bodyguard captains became Colonels, and the thousand-ox and bodyguard attendants on the left and right were renamed Thousand-Ox bodyguards. Bodyguard master-of-arms guards were originally established at this time. The office had one clerk, two scribes, two station chiefs, and four gate wardens. The Military Bureau had one office assistant and two scribes; The Helmet Bureau had one office assistant and one scribe. There were twelve Thousand-Ox bodyguards, twelve bodyguard attendants on the left and right, one hundred bodyguards, and one hundred fifty master-of-arms guards. Thousand-Ox bodyguards carried the imperial sword, wore green brocade embroidered with floral patterns, held ivory tablets, and served on overnight palace watch and close attendance. Bodyguard attendants on the left and right carried imperial bows and arrows, serving on overnight palace watch and close attendance. Bodyguards performed overnight palace watch and close attendance duty. Master-of-arms guards kept custody of and supplied the emperor's ceremonial arms.
34
左右翊中郞將府中郞將,掌供奉侍衞。 凡千牛及備身左右以御刀仗升殿供奉者,皆上將軍領之,中郎將佐其職。 有口敕,通事舍人承傳,聲不下聞者,中郎將宣告。 諸衞折衝都尉府諸衞折衝都尉府毎府折衝都尉一人,上府正四品上,中府從四品下,下府正五品下。 左右果毅都尉各一人,上府從五品下,中府正六品上,下府正六品下。 別將各一人,上府正七品下,中府從七品上,下府從七品下。 長史各一人,上府正七品下,中府從七品上,下府從七品下。 兵曹參軍事各一人,上府正八品下,中府正九品下,下府從九品上。 校尉五人,從七品下。 旅帥十人,從八品上。 隊正二十人,正九品下; 副隊正二十人,從九品下。
The Colonels of the Left and Right Assist Colonel Offices oversaw ceremonial attendance and close guard service. All Thousand-Ox guards and bodyguard attendants who entered the hall bearing imperial swords and arms for ceremonial service were commanded by the Senior General, with Colonels serving as his deputies. When the emperor issued an oral decree, the relay chamberlain passed it down; if his voice did not carry, a Colonel repeated the announcement. Each guard's Assault-and-Repulse Commandant Office had one Assault-and-Repulse Commandant — upper fourth rank, upper grade in upper offices; secondary fourth rank, lower grade in middle offices; and upper fifth rank, lower grade in lower offices. Each office had one Left and Right Resolute Commandant — secondary fifth rank, lower grade in upper offices; upper sixth rank, upper grade in middle offices; and upper sixth rank, lower grade in lower offices. Each office had one Deputy General — upper seventh rank, lower grade in upper offices; secondary seventh rank, upper grade in middle offices; and secondary seventh rank, lower grade in lower offices. Each office had one Chief Administrator — upper seventh rank, lower grade in upper offices; secondary seventh rank, upper grade in middle offices; and secondary seventh rank, lower grade in lower offices. Each office had one Military Bureau Secretary — upper eighth rank, lower grade in upper offices; upper ninth rank, lower grade in middle offices; and secondary ninth rank, upper grade in lower offices. There were five company commanders of secondary seventh rank, lower grade. There were ten brigade leaders of secondary eighth rank, upper grade. There were twenty squad chiefs of upper ninth rank, lower grade; There were twenty deputy squad chiefs of secondary ninth rank, lower grade.
35
折衝都尉掌領屬備宿衞,師役則總戎具、資糧、點習,以三百人爲團,一校尉領之。 捉鋪持更者,晨夜有行人必問,不應則彈弓而嚮之,復不應則旁射,又不應則射之。 晝以排門人遠望,暮夜以持更人遠聽。 有衆而囂,則告主帥。
The Assault-and-Repulse Commandant led his subordinates in preparing for palace guard duty; on campaigns he gathered equipment and provisions, conducted drills, and organized units of three hundred men under a company commander. Sentry post watchmen questioned any traveler day or night; if there was no answer, they drew their bows and shouted a warning; if still unanswered, they fired a warning shot to the side; if there was still no reply, they shot to kill. By day, gate-bar personnel kept distant watch; at night, watchmen listened for sounds from afar. If a crowd gathered and raised an outcry, they reported it to the commanding officer.
36
左右果毅都尉,掌貳都尉。 毎府有録事一人,府一人,史二人。 兵曹,府二人,史三人。 毎隊正領兵五十人。 武德元年,改鷹揚郎將曰軍頭,正四品下; 鷹撃郎將曰府副,正五品上; 司馬曰長史,正八品下; 校尉,正六品下,旅帥,正七品下。 廢越騎、歩兵二校尉及察非掾。 又改軍頭曰驃騎將軍,府副曰車騎將軍,皆爲府。 諸率府置驃騎將軍五人、車騎將軍十人。 二年,以車騎將軍府隸驃騎府,置十二軍,分關内諸府皆隸焉。 毎軍,將軍一人,副一人。 至六年廢。 七年,改驃騎將軍府爲統軍府,車騎將軍爲別將。 八年,復置十二軍。 貞觀十年,改統軍府曰折衝都尉,別將曰果毅都尉。 軍坊置坊主一人,檢校戸口,勸課農桑,以本坊五品勳官爲之。 三輔及近畿州都督府皆置府,凡六百三十三。 永徽中,廢長史,置司馬一人,總司兵、司騎二局。 武后垂拱中,以千二百人爲上府,千人爲中府,八百人爲下府,赤縣爲赤府,畿縣爲畿府。 聖暦元年,廢司馬,置長史、兵曹參軍事,又有別將一人,從六品下,居果毅都尉之次,其後分左右各一人,尋廢。 久之,復置一人,降其品。 開元初,衞士爲武士,諸衞折衝、果毅、別將,擇有行者爲展仗押官。 右羽林軍十五人,左羽林軍二十五人,衣服同色。 諸衞有弩手,左右驍衞各八十五人,餘衞各八十三人。
The Left and Right Resolute Commandants served as deputies to the Assault-and-Repulse Commandant. Each commandant office employed one clerk, one office assistant, and two scribes. The Military Bureau staff included two office assistants and three scribes. Each squad leader led a unit of fifty soldiers. In Wude 1 Eagle-Rising Vice Colonels were retitled Army Heads, with a rank of upper fourth rank, lower grade; Eagle-Striking Vice Colonels became Office Deputies, ranked upper fifth rank, upper grade; Army Supervisors were redesignated Chief Administrators of upper eighth rank, lower grade; Colonels held upper sixth rank, lower grade; brigade commanders held upper seventh rank, lower grade. The crossbow-cavalry and infantry colonels, together with the irregularity-inspection clerks, were eliminated. Army Heads were next renamed Commanders of Fast Cavalry and Office Deputies Commanders of Chariots and Cavalry, each organized as its own office. The Guard Commands were staffed with five Commanders of Fast Cavalry and ten Commanders of Chariots and Cavalry. In the second year Chariots-and-Cavalry offices were subordinated to Fast-Cavalry offices; twelve armies were created, and the guard commands throughout the Guanzhong region were placed under them. Each army had one commanding general and one deputy. The arrangement was abolished in the sixth year. In the seventh year Fast-Cavalry offices became Army Command Offices, and Chariots-and-Cavalry Generals were renamed Deputy Generals. In the eighth year the twelve armies were restored. In Zhenguan 10 Army Command Offices became Assault-and-Repulse Commandant offices and Deputy Generals became Resolute Commandants. Each military ward had a ward chief who checked household registers and promoted agriculture and sericulture, chosen from fifth-rank merit officials of that ward. Offices were established throughout the Three Metropolises and nearby metropolitan prefectures, six hundred thirty-three in all. During the Yonghui period Chief Administrators were eliminated and a single Army Supervisor was appointed to head both the Military and Cavalry bureaus. Under Empress Wu in the Chuigong era upper offices fielded twelve hundred men, middle offices one thousand, and lower offices eight hundred; offices in red counties became red offices, and those in capital counties capital offices. In Shengli 1 the Army Supervisor was removed; a Chief Administrator and Military Bureau Secretary were added, together with one Deputy General of secondary sixth rank, lower grade, ranking just below the Resolute Commandant — later split into left and right posts, then abolished. After an interval the post was restored as a single appointment, but at reduced rank. At the start of the Kaiyuan era guard soldiers were renamed warrior-guards, and Assault-and-Repulse Commandants, Resolute Commandants, and Deputy Generals from the guard commands who were chosen for their bearing served as ceremonial formation escort officers. Fifteen were drawn from the Right Feathered Forest Army and twenty-five from the Left, all in matching dress. Each guard maintained crossbowmen: the Left and Right Valiant Guards eighty-five apiece, the others eighty-three apiece.
37
左右羽林軍大將軍各一人,正三品; 將軍各三人,從三品。 掌統北衙禁兵,督攝左右廂飛騎儀仗。 大朝會,則周衞階陛; 巡幸,則夾馳道爲内仗。 凡飛騎番上者,配其職。 有敕上南衙者,大將軍承墨敕,白移於金吾,引駕仗官與監門奏覆,降墨敕,然後乃得入。
The Left and Right Feathered Forest Armies each had one Senior General of upper third rank; Each army had three Generals of secondary third rank. They commanded the northern palace guard forces and oversaw the flying-cavalry ceremonial units on the left and right wings. At grand court assemblies they ringed the throne steps in guard formation; During imperial tours they flanked the imperial highway as the inner escort guard. Flying cavalry on palace rotation were assigned to these duties. When imperial orders required the guard to enter the southern offices, the Senior General received the written edict, notified the Golden Crow Guard, and together with escort officials and the Gate-keeping Supervisor submitted a memorial for approval; only after the edict was formally issued could they enter.
38
長史各一人,從六品上; 録事參軍事各一人,正八品上; 倉曹參軍事各一人,兼總騎曹事; 兵曹參軍事各一人; 冑曹參軍事各一人。 自倉曹參軍以下,皆正八品下。 司階各二人,正六品上; 中候各三人,正七品下; 司戈各五人,正八品上; 執戟各五人,正九品下; 長上各十人。 左右翊衞中郎將府中郎將一人,正四品下; 左右中郎一人,左右郎將一人,皆正五品上; 兵曹參軍事一人,正九品上; 校尉五人,旅帥十人,隊正二十人,副隊正二十人。 有録事一人,史二人,亭長二人,掌固四人。 倉曹、兵曹各府二人、史四人; 冑曹,府、史各二人。 左右翊中郎將府,録事一人,府一人,史二人; 倉曹、兵曹各府二人,史四人; 冑曹,府、史各二人。
Each army had one Chief Administrator of secondary sixth rank, upper grade; Each army had one Recording Secretary of upper eighth rank, upper grade; Each army had one Granary Bureau Secretary who also oversaw Cavalry Bureau affairs; Each army had one Military Bureau Secretary; Each army had one Helmet Bureau Secretary. From the Granary Bureau Secretary down, all held upper eighth rank, lower grade. Each army had two Stairway Officers of upper sixth rank, upper grade; Each army had three Middle Escorts of upper seventh rank, lower grade; Each army had five Halberd Officers of upper eighth rank, upper grade; Each army had five Halberd Bearers of upper ninth rank, lower grade; Each army had ten Senior Guards. Each Assist Colonel Office of the Left and Right Assist Guards had one Colonel of upper fourth rank, lower grade; Each office had one Left and one Right Central Vice Colonel and one Left and one Right Vice Colonel, all of upper fifth rank, upper grade; Each office had one Military Bureau Secretary of upper ninth rank, upper grade; Each office had five Colonels, ten brigade commanders, twenty squad leaders, and twenty deputy squad leaders. The staff included one clerk, two scribes, two station chiefs, and four gate wardens. The Granary and Military Bureaus each had two office assistants and four scribes; The Helmet Bureau had two office assistants and two scribes. Each Left and Right Assist Colonel Office had one clerk, one office assistant, and two scribes; The Granary and Military Bureaus each had two office assistants and four scribes; The Helmet Bureau had two office assistants and two scribes.
39
左右龍武軍大將軍各一人,正二品; 統軍各一人,正三品; 將軍三人,從三品。 掌同羽林。
The Left and Right Dragon Martial Armies each had one Senior General of secondary second rank; Each army had one Army Commander of upper third rank; Each army had three Generals of secondary third rank. Their responsibilities matched those of the Feathered Forest Armies.
40
長史、録事參軍事、倉曹參軍事、兵曹參軍事、胄曹參軍事各一人,司階各二人,中候各三人,司戈、執戟各五人,長上各十人。 景雲元年,置龍武將軍。 興元元年,六軍各置統軍。 貞元三年,龍武軍增將軍一員,有録事一人,史二人,亭長二人,掌固四人。 倉曹,府二人,史四人; 兵曹,府二人,史四人; 冑曹,府、史各二人。
Each army had one Chief Administrator, one Recording Secretary, one Granary Bureau Secretary, one Military Bureau Secretary, and one Helmet Bureau Secretary; two Stairway Officers; three Middle Escorts; five Halberd Officers and five Halberd Bearers; and ten Senior Guards. In Jingyun 1 the post of Dragon Martial General was created. In Xingyuan 1 Army Commanders were appointed for each of the Six Armies. In Zhenyuan 3 one General was added to the Dragon Martial Army; the staff included one clerk, two scribes, two station chiefs, and four gate wardens. The Granary Bureau had two office assistants and four scribes; The Military Bureau had two office assistants and four scribes; The Helmet Bureau had two office assistants and two scribes.
41
左右神武軍大將軍各一人,正二品; 統軍各一人,正三品; 將軍三人,從三品。 總衙前射生兵。
The Left and Right Divine Martial Armies each had one Senior General of secondary second rank; Each army had one Army Commander of upper third rank; Each army had three Generals of secondary third rank. They commanded the archer-soldiers stationed before the headquarters gate.
42
長史、録事參軍事、倉曹參軍事、兵曹參軍事、胄曹參軍事各一人,司階各二人,中候各三人,司戈、執戟各五人,長上各十人。 有録事一人,史二人,倉曹、兵曹、冑曹府、史,皆如龍武軍。 開元二十六年,分羽林置左右神武軍,尋廢; 至德二年復置。
Each army had one Chief Administrator, one Recording Secretary, one Granary Bureau Secretary, one Military Bureau Secretary, and one Helmet Bureau Secretary; two Stairway Officers; three Middle Escorts; five Halberd Officers and five Halberd Bearers; and ten Senior Guards. The staff included one clerk and two scribes; Granary, Military, and Helmet Bureau assistants and scribes followed the same pattern as the Dragon Martial Army. In Kaiyuan 26 detachments from the Feathered Forest were used to create the Left and Right Divine Martial Armies, which were soon abolished; They were restored in Zhide 2.
43
左右神策軍大將軍各一人,正二品; 統軍各二人,正三品; 將軍各四人,從三品。 掌衞兵及内外八鎭兵。
The Left and Right Divine Strategy Armies each had one Senior General of secondary second rank; Each army had two Army Commanders of upper third rank; Each army had four Generals of secondary third rank. They commanded the palace guards and the forces of the eight inner and outer garrison commands.
44
護軍中尉各一人,中護軍各一人,判官各三人,都句判官二人,句覆官各一人。 表奏官各一人,支計官各一人,孔目官各二人,驅使官各二人。
Each army had one Protecting-Army Central Commandant, one Central Protecting-Army Commandant, three case officers, two chief case officers, and one review officer. Each army had one memorial-drafting officer, one disbursement officer, two registry officers, and two messenger officers.
45
自長史以下,員數如龍武軍。 左右龍武、左右神武、左右神策,號六軍。 貞元二年,神策軍置大將軍、將軍,十四年置統軍,品秩同六軍。 始,殿前左右神威軍,有大將軍二人,正二品; 統軍二人,從三品; 將軍二人,從五品。 元和初,爲一軍,號天威軍。 八年廢,以軍隸神策,有馬軍、歩軍將軍及指揮使等,以馬軍大將軍知軍事。 天復三年廢神策軍,四年復置神策軍。 東宮官東宮三師、三少、太子賓客太子太師、太傅、太保,各一人,從一品。 掌輔導皇太子。 毎見,迎拜殿門,三師答拜,毎門必讓,三師坐,太子乃坐。 與三師書,前名惶恐,後名惶恐再拜。 太子出,則乘路備鹵簿以從。
From the Chief Administrator down, staffing matched that of the Dragon Martial Army. The Left and Right Dragon Martial, Divine Martial, and Divine Strategy Armies were collectively known as the Six Armies. In Zhenyuan 2 the Divine Strategy Army received Senior Generals and Generals; in the fourteenth year Army Commanders were added, with ranks identical to those of the Six Armies. At first the Hall-Front Left and Right Divine Might Armies each had two Senior Generals of secondary second rank; There were two Army Commanders of secondary third rank; There were two Generals of secondary fifth rank. At the start of the Yuanhe era the two were merged into a single army called the Heavenly Might Army. In the eighth year it was abolished and the force was placed under the Divine Strategy Army; cavalry and infantry generals and command commissioners were appointed, with a cavalry Senior General in charge of operations. The Divine Strategy Army was abolished in Tianfu 3 and restored in Tianfu 4. Among Eastern Palace offices, the Three Preceptors and Three Junior Preceptors of the Eastern Palace and the Crown Prince's Guests of Honor — the Grand Preceptor, Grand Tutor, and Grand Protector — were each one in number, of secondary first rank. They were charged with guiding and instructing the crown prince. Whenever they attended the crown prince, they greeted him with obeisance at the palace gate and the Three Preceptors returned the courtesy; at every gate they yielded precedence; the crown prince did not sit until the Three Preceptors were seated. In letters to the Three Preceptors one wrote "trembling with awe" before the name and "trembling with awe, bowing twice" after it. When the crown prince went abroad he rode the state carriage with full ceremonial escort.
46
少師、少傅、少保,各一人,從二品。 掌曉三師德行,以諭皇太子,奉太子以觀三師之道德。 自太師以下唯其人,不必備。 先天元年開府,置令、丞各一人,隸詹事府。 尋廢。
The Junior Preceptor, Junior Tutor, and Junior Protector were each one in number, of secondary second rank. They explained the Three Preceptors' conduct and character to the crown prince, presenting him to observe their moral example. From the Grand Preceptor down, appointments were made only when a worthy person was available — the posts need not all be filled. In Xiantian 1 separate offices were opened with one director and one aide each, subordinate to the Grand Steward of the Heir Apparent. They were soon abolished.
47
太子賓客四人,正三品。 掌侍從規諫,贊相禮儀,宴會則上齒。 侍讀,無常員,掌講導經學。 貞觀十八年,以宰相兼賓客。 開元中,定員四人。 太宗時,晉王府有侍讀,及爲太子,亦置焉。 其後,或置或否。 開元初,十王宅引辭學工書者入教,亦爲侍讀。 詹事府太子詹事一人,正三品; 少詹事一人,正四品上。 掌統三寺、十率府之政,少詹事爲之貳。 皇太子書稱令,庶子以下署名奉行,書案、畫日。
There were four Guests of Honor to the Crown Prince, of upper third rank. They attended the crown prince in service, offered remonstrance, and assisted in ceremonial propriety; at banquets they took seats of honor. Reading Instructors had no fixed establishment; they lectured on the classics and guided the crown prince in their study. In the eighteenth year of Zhenguan, chancellors were also appointed to serve concurrently as Guests of Honor. During the Kaiyuan era the establishment was fixed at four posts. Under Taizong, Reading Instructors served in the Prince of Jin's household; when he became crown prince, the post was retained in the Eastern Palace as well. Afterward the office was sometimes filled and sometimes left vacant. At the start of Kaiyuan, the Ten Princes' Residence recruited literary scholars skilled in calligraphy to instruct the princes; they too held the title of Reading Instructor. The Grand Steward's Office had one Grand Steward of the Crown Prince, of upper third rank; and one Vice Grand Steward, of upper fourth rank. The Grand Steward directed the administration of the three courts and ten command offices, with the Vice Grand Steward as deputy. Documents issued by the crown prince were styled "orders"; from the Junior Tutors down, officials signed to carry them out, filed the record, and marked the date.
48
丞二人,正六品上。 掌判府事,知文武官簿、假使。 凡敕令及尙書省、二坊符牒下東宮諸司者,皆發焉。
There were two aides of upper sixth rank. They decided routine business of the office and kept the registers of civil and military personnel and temporary appointments. Every imperial edict and order, and every dispatch from the Department of State Affairs or the two palace lodges to Eastern Palace offices, was routed through this office.
49
主簿一人,從七品上; 録事二人,正九品下。 隋廢詹事府。 武德初復置。 龍朔二年曰端尹府,詹事曰端尹,少詹事曰少尹。 武后光宅元年改曰宮尹府,詹事曰宮尹,少詹事曰少尹。 有令史九人,書令史十八人。
There was one chief clerk of upper seventh rank; and two Recording Secretaries of lower ninth rank. Under the Sui the Grand Steward's Office was abolished. It was restored at the beginning of the Wude era. In Longshuo 2 the office was renamed the Endpoint Chief's Office; the Grand Steward became the Endpoint Chief and the Vice Grand Steward the Junior Chief. In the first year of Guangzhai under Empress Wu it was renamed the Palace Chief's Office; the Grand Steward was styled Palace Chief and the Vice Grand Steward Junior Chief. The staff included nine clerks and eighteen scribes.
50
司直二人,正七品上。 掌糾劾宮寮及率府之兵。 皇太子朝,則分知東西班。 監國,則詹事、庶子爲三司使,司直一人與司議郎、舍人分日受理啓狀。 太子出,則分察鹵簿之内。 有令史一人,書令史二人,亭長四人,掌固六人。 左春坊左庶子二人,正四品上; 中允二人,正五品下。 掌侍從贊相,駮正啓奏。 總司經、典膳、藥藏、内直、典設、宮門六局。 皇太子出,則版奏外辦、中嚴; 入則解嚴。 凡令書下,則與中允、司議郎等畫諾、覆審,留所畫以爲案,更寫印署,注令諾,送詹事府。
There were two Rectifiers of upper seventh rank. They investigated and censured palace officials and the soldiers of the command offices. When the crown prince attended court, they split oversight between the eastern and western formations. During a regency the Grand Steward and Junior Tutors acted as commissioners of the Three Offices; one Rectifier, together with Petition Examiners and Attendants, took petitions on rotation. When the crown prince went out, they divided inspection duties within the ceremonial escort. The staff included one clerk, two scribes, four station chiefs, and six gate wardens. The Left Spring Palace had two Left Junior Tutors of upper fourth rank; and two Palace Attendants of lower fifth rank. They attended the crown prince, assisted in ceremony, and reviewed petitions for errors. They oversaw the six bureaus — the Classics Bureau, Palace Provisions Bureau, Pharmacy Bureau, Inner Household Bureau, Equipment Bureau, and Palace Gate Bureau. When the crown prince departed, they made the tablet announcement, completed the outer preparations, and enforced inner security; on his return, security was relaxed. Whenever an order was issued, they joined Palace Attendants, Petition Examiners, and others in affixing approval, conducting a final review, keeping the marked copy on file, making a fresh copy with seals, noting assent to the order, and forwarding it to the Grand Steward's Office.
51
司議郎二人,正六品上。 掌侍從規諫,駮正啓奏。 凡皇太子出入、朝謁、從祀、釋奠、講學、監國之命,可傳於史冊者,録爲記注; 宮坊祥眚,官長除拜、薨卒,歳終則録送史舘。
There were two Petition Examiners of upper sixth rank. They attended the crown prince, offered remonstrance, and corrected petitions. Events worthy of the historical record — the crown prince's movements, court audiences, accompanying sacrifices, libation rites, lectures, and regency orders — were entered as annalistic notes; together with omens and portents in the palace lodges, appointments and dismissals of senior officials, and deaths, all of which were copied at year's end and sent to the History Office.
52
左諭德一人,正四品下。 掌諭皇太子以道德,隨事諷贊。 皇太子朝宮臣,則列侍左階,出入騎從。
There was one Left Mentor of Virtue of lower fourth rank. He instructed the crown prince in moral conduct, offering counsel and encouragement as occasions arose. When the crown prince received palace officials in audience, they stood in attendance on the left stairway and rode in escort when he went abroad.
53
左贊善大夫五人,正五品上。 掌傳令,諷過失,贊禮儀,以經教授諸郡王。 録事二人,從八品下; 主事三人,從九品下。 隋有内允。 武德三年改曰中舍人,隸門下坊。 貞觀初曰中允,十八年置司議郎。 永徽三年,避皇太子名,復改中允曰内允。 太子廢,復舊。 龍朔二年,改門下坊曰左春坊,左庶子曰左中護,中允曰左贊善大夫,司議郎分左右,置左右諭德各一人。 咸亨元年,皆復舊,司議郎不分左右,其後諭德廢而司議郎復分。 儀鳳四年,置左右贊善大夫各十人,以同姓爲之。 景雲二年,始兼用庶姓,改門下坊曰左春坊,復置諭德,庶子以比侍中,中允以比門下侍郎,司議郎以比給事中,贊善大夫以比諫議大夫,諭德以比散騎常侍。 右坊,則庶子以比中書令,中舍人以比中書侍郎,太子監國則庶子比尙書令。 有令史六人,書令史十二人,傳令四人,掌儀二人,贊者三人,亭長三人,掌固十人。 崇文舘學士二人,掌經籍圖書,教授諸生,課試舉送如弘文舘。 校書郎二人,從九品下。 掌校理書籍。 貞觀十三年置崇賢舘。 顯慶元年,置學生二十人。 上元二年,避太子名,改曰崇文舘。 有學士、直學士及讎校,皆無常員,無其人則庶子領舘事。 開元七年,改讎校曰校書郎。 乾元初,以宰相爲學士,總舘事。 貞元八年,隸左春坊。 有舘生十五人,書直一人,令史二人,書令史二人,典書二人,搨書手二人,楷書手十人,熟紙匠一人,裝潢匠二人,筆匠一人。 司經局洗馬二人,從五品下。 掌經籍,出入侍從。 圖書上東宮者,皆受而藏之。 文學三人,正六品下。 分知經籍,侍奉文章。 校書四人,正九品下; 正字二人,從九品上。 掌校刊經史。 唐改太子正書曰正字。 龍朔三年,改司經局曰桂坊,罷隸左春坊,領崇賢舘,比御史臺; 以詹事一人爲令,比御史大夫,司直二人比侍御史,以洗馬爲司經大夫。 置文學四人,録事一人,正九品下。 三年,改司經大夫曰桂坊大夫,糾正違失。 咸亨元年,復隸左春坊,省録事。 有書令史二人,書吏二人,典書四人,楷書二十五人,掌固六人,裝潢匠二人,熟紙匠、筆匠各一人。 典膳局典膳郎二人,從六品下; 丞二人,正八品上。 掌進膳、嘗食,丞爲之貳。 毎夕,更直於廚。 龍朔二年,改典膳監曰典膳郎。 有書令史二人,書吏四人,主食六人,典食二百人,掌固四人。 藥藏局藥藏郎二人,從六品下; 丞二人,正八品上。 掌和醫藥,丞爲之貳。 皇太子有疾,侍醫診候議方。 藥將進,宮臣涖嘗,如尙藥局之職。 有書令史一人,書吏二人,侍醫四人,典藥二人,藥童六人,掌固四人。 内直局内直郎二人,從六品下; 丞二人,正八品下。 掌符璽、衣服、繖扇、几案、筆硯、垣牆。 龍朔二年,改監曰内直郎,副監曰丞。 有令史一人,書吏三人,典服十二人,典扇八人,典翰八人,掌固六人。 武德中,有典璽四人,開元中廢。 典設局典設郎四人,從六品下; 丞二人,正八品下。 掌湯沐、燈燭、汛掃、鋪設。 凡皇太子散齋別殿、致齋正殿,前一日設幄坐于東序及室内,張帷前楹。 龍朔二年,改齋帥局曰典設局,齋帥曰郎。 有書令史二人,書吏四人,幕士二百四十五人,掌固十二人。 宮門局宮門郎二人,從六品下; 丞二人,正八品下。 掌宮門管籥。 凡夜漏盡,撃漏鼓而開; 夜漏上水一刻,撃漏鼓而閉。 歳終行儺,則先一刻而啓。 皇太子不在,則闔正門; 還仗,如常。 凡宮中,明時不鼓。 龍朔三年,改宮門監曰宮門郎。 有書令史一人,書吏二人,門僕百人,掌固四人。 右春坊右庶子二人,正四品下; 中舍人二人,正五品下。 掌侍從、獻納、啓奏,中舍人爲之貳。 皇太子監國,下令書則畫日,至春坊則庶子宣傳,中舍人奉行。
There were five Left Commissioners of Good Conduct of upper fifth rank. They relayed orders, admonished against misconduct, assisted in ritual propriety, and taught the classics to the imperial princes. There were two Recording Secretaries of lower eighth rank; and three case officers of lower ninth rank. The Sui dynasty had the post of Inner Attendant. In Wude 3 the title was changed to Palace Secretary and the office was placed under the Gate-Down Lodge. At the start of Zhenguan the title became Palace Attendant; in the eighteenth year Petition Examiners were added. In Yonghui 3, to avoid the crown prince's personal name, Palace Attendants were again renamed Inner Attendants. When the crown prince was deposed, the earlier titles were restored. In Longshuo 2 the Gate-Down Lodge became the Left Spring Palace; Left Junior Tutors were renamed Left Central Protectors, Palace Attendants became Left Commissioners of Good Conduct, Petition Examiners were split into left and right sections, and one Left and one Right Mentor of Virtue were appointed. In Xianheng 1 the old titles were all restored and Petition Examiners were no longer divided; later the Mentors of Virtue were abolished and the left-right division of Petition Examiners was reinstated. In Yifeng 4 ten Left and ten Right Commissioners of Good Conduct were appointed, all drawn from the imperial clan. In Jingyun 2 commoners were first admitted as well; the Gate-Down Lodge was renamed the Left Spring Palace and Mentors of Virtue restored; Junior Tutors were ranked equivalent to Vice Grand Councilors, Palace Attendants to Vice Gate Ministers, Petition Examiners to Drafting Attendants, Commissioners of Good Conduct to Remonstrance Officers, and Mentors of Virtue to Regular Attendants of the Loose Retinue. In the Right Lodge, Junior Tutors were ranked equivalent to Grand Councilors of the Secretariat and Palace Secretaries to Vice Secretaries; during a regency Junior Tutors were ranked equivalent to the Director of the Department of State Affairs. The staff included six clerks, twelve scribes, four order transmitters, two ceremonial attendants, three announcers, three station chiefs, and ten gate wardens. Two Academicians of the Palace of Exalted Literature managed the classics and library collections, instructed students, and conducted examinations and recommendations on the model of the Hall of Promoted Literature. There were two Collators of lower ninth rank. They collated and organized the book collections. The Palace of Exalted Worthies was founded in the thirteenth year of Zhenguan. In Xianqing 1 an enrollment of twenty students was fixed. In Shangyuan 2, to avoid the crown prince's personal name, it was renamed the Palace of Exalted Literature. Academicians, resident academicians, and collators had no fixed establishment; when none were in post, a Junior Tutor supervised the palace. In Kaiyuan 7 the title of collator was changed to Collator. At the start of Qianyuan chancellors were appointed academicians and put in charge of the palace. In Zhenyuan 8 it was placed under the Left Spring Palace. The staff included fifteen hall students, one document attendant, two clerks, two scribes, two book custodians, two rubbing copyists, ten regular-script copyists, one paper-preparation craftsman, two binding craftsmen, and one brush craftsman. The Classics Bureau had two Groom Commissioners of lower fifth rank. They kept the classics and attended the crown prince whenever he went abroad. Every book and document dispatched to the Eastern Palace was received and placed in storage. There were three Literary Officers of lower sixth rank. They shared oversight of the classics and assisted with literary composition. There were four Collators of lower ninth rank; and two Standardizers of upper ninth rank. They collated and edited the classics and historical texts. Under the Tang the crown prince's Correctors of Writing were renamed Standardizers. In Longshuo 3 the Classics Bureau became the Laurel Lodge, was detached from the Left Spring Palace, took charge of the Palace of Exalted Worthies, and was ranked on a par with the Censorate; one Grand Steward served as director with rank equivalent to the Censor-in-Chief; two Rectifiers were ranked like Attending Censors; and the Groom Commissioner became Director of the Classics Bureau. Four Literary Officers and one Recording Secretary of lower ninth rank were added. In the third year the Director of the Classics Bureau was renamed Laurel Lodge Director, with authority to correct misconduct and errors. In Xianheng 1 it was again placed under the Left Spring Palace and the Recording Secretary post was abolished. The staff included two scribes, two document clerks, four book custodians, twenty-five regular-script copyists, six gate wardens, two binding craftsmen, and one paper-preparation craftsman and one brush craftsman. The Palace Provisions Bureau had two Provisions Officers of lower sixth rank; and two aides of upper eighth rank. They supervised the presentation of meals and the tasting of food, with aides as deputies. Each night they took turns standing watch in the kitchen. In Longshuo 2 the title of Provisions Supervisor was changed to Provisions Officer. The staff included two scribes, four document clerks, six chief food attendants, two hundred food attendants, and four gate wardens. The Pharmacy Bureau had two Pharmacy Officers of lower sixth rank; and two aides of upper eighth rank. They compounded medicines, with aides as deputies. When the crown prince was ill, attendant physicians examined him and drafted prescriptions. Before any medicine was given, palace officials tasted it on the spot, following the practice of the Palace Pharmacy. The staff included one scribe, two document clerks, four attendant physicians, two pharmacy attendants, six pharmacy boys, and four gate wardens. The Inner Household Bureau had two Inner Household Officers of lower sixth rank; and two aides of lower eighth rank. They kept charge of seals, garments, parasols and fans, desks, writing materials, and palace walls. In Longshuo 2 Supervisors were renamed Inner Household Officers and Deputy Supervisors became aides. The staff included one clerk, three document clerks, twelve robe custodians, eight fan custodians, eight writing-material custodians, and six gate wardens. In the Wude era there were four Seal Custodians; they were abolished during Kaiyuan. The Equipment Bureau had four Equipment Officers of lower sixth rank; and two aides of lower eighth rank. They supervised bathing arrangements, lamps and candles, cleaning, and the setting out of furnishings. When the crown prince undertook preliminary fasting in a side hall or formal fasting in the main hall, they prepared curtained seats on the east side and within the inner chamber the day before, hanging drapery before the front pillars. In Longshuo 2 the Fasting Supervisors Bureau became the Equipment Bureau, and its supervisors were retitled Equipment Officers. The staff included two scribes, four document clerks, two hundred forty-five tent attendants, and twelve gate wardens. The Palace Gate Bureau had two Palace Gate Officers of lower sixth rank; and two aides of lower eighth rank. They controlled palace gates and keys. At the end of the night watch they sounded the clepsydra drum to open the gates; one quarter after the night clepsydra was reset, they sounded it again to close them. At the year-end exorcism rite the gates opened a quarter watch early. When the crown prince was away, they shut the main gate; upon his return with his escort, normal procedures resumed. Within the palace grounds no clepsydra drum was sounded during daylight hours. In Longshuo 3 Gate Supervisors were renamed Palace Gate Officers. The staff included one scribe, two document clerks, one hundred gate servants, and four gate wardens. The Right Spring Palace had two Right Junior Tutors of lower fourth rank; and two Palace Secretaries of lower fifth rank. They handled personal attendance, the submission of memorials, and petitions, with Palace Secretaries as deputies. During a regency, order documents bore the date when issued; at the Spring Palace Junior Tutors proclaimed and relayed them, and Palace Secretaries carried them out.
54
太子舍人四人,正六品上。 掌行令書、表啓。 諸臣上皇太子,大事以牋,小事以啓,其封題皆上右春坊通事舍人以進。
There were four Crown Prince Attendants of upper sixth rank. They drafted and transmitted order documents, memorials, and petitions. When officials addressed the crown prince, major matters were submitted as formal letters and minor ones as petitions; all sealed submissions were routed through the Communications Attendants of the Right Spring Palace.
55
通事舍人八人,正七品下。 掌導宮臣辭見,承令勞問。
There were eight Communications Attendants of lower seventh rank. They escorted palace officials at farewell audiences and, on order, conveyed the crown prince's condolences and inquiries.
56
右諭德一人,右贊善大夫五人,録事一人,主事二人,品皆如左春坊。 隋内舍人隸典書坊。 武德初改曰中舍人,管記舍人曰太子舍人。 永徽元年,避太子名,復改中舍人曰内舍人。 龍朔二年,改典書坊曰右春坊,右庶子曰右中護,中舍人曰右贊善大夫,舍人曰右司議郎。 有令史九人,書令史十八人,傳令四人,典謁四人,亭長六人,掌固十人。 家令寺家令一人,從四品上。 掌飲膳、倉儲。 總食官、典倉、司藏三署。 皇太子出入,則乘軺車爲導; 祭祀、賓客,則供酒食; 賜予,則奉金玉、貨幣。 凡牀几、茵席、器物,非取於將作、少府者,皆供焉。
There was one Right Mentor of Virtue, five Right Commissioners of Good Conduct, one Recording Secretary, and two case officers — all of the same ranks as their counterparts in the Left Spring Palace. Under the Sui, Inner Attendants served under the Classics Lodge. At the start of Wude the title became Palace Secretary, and record-keeping attendants were renamed Crown Prince Attendants. In Yonghui 1, to avoid the crown prince's personal name, Palace Secretaries were again renamed Inner Attendants. In Longshuo 2 the Classics Lodge became the Right Spring Palace; Right Junior Tutors were renamed Right Central Protectors, Palace Secretaries became Right Commissioners of Good Conduct, and Attendants became Right Petition Examiners. The staff included nine clerks, eighteen scribes, four order transmitters, four reception attendants, six station chiefs, and ten gate wardens. The Household Steward's Office had one Household Steward of upper secondary fourth rank. He oversaw food and drink and managed the granaries. He directed the three subordinate offices — the Food Officials Bureau, the Granary Bureau, and the Treasury Bureau. When the crown prince went abroad, the Household Steward rode ahead in a light carriage as guide; at sacrifices and for guests he provided food and wine; for bestowals he presented gold, jade, and currency. All beds, tables, mats, and utensils not drawn from the Directorate of Imperial Construction or the Palace Ateliers were furnished by this office.
57
丞二人,從七品下,掌判寺事。 凡三署出納,皆刺於詹事。 莊宅、田園,審肥塉爲收斂之數。 宮、朝、坊、府土木營繕,則下於司藏。
Two aides of lower secondary seventh rank assisted in adjudicating the office's affairs. All receipts and disbursements of the three subordinate offices were reported to the Grand Steward. For estates and gardens they assessed the fertility of the soil to set collection quotas. Construction and repairs for the palace, court, lodges, and offices were assigned to the Treasury Bureau.
58
主簿一人,正九品下。 唐改司府令曰家令。 龍朔二年,改家令寺曰宮府寺,家令曰大夫。 有録事一人,府十人,史二十人,亭長四人,掌固四人,雜匠百人。 食官署令一人,從八品下; 丞二人,從九品下。 掌飲膳、酒醴。 凡四時供送設食皆顓焉。 供六品以下元日、寒食、冬至食於家令廚者。 有府二人,史四人,掌膳四人,供膳百四十人,奉觶三十人。 典倉署令一人,從八品下; 丞二人,從九品下。 掌九穀、䤈醢、庶羞、器皿、燈燭。 凡園圃樹藝,皆受令焉。 毎月籍出納上於寺,歳終上詹事府。 給戸奴婢、番戸、雜戸資糧衣服。 有府三人,史五人,園丞二人,史二人。 司藏署令一人,從八品下; 丞二人,從九品下。 掌庫藏財貨出納、營繕。 有府三人,史四人,計史一人。 率更寺令一人,從四品上。 掌宗族次序、禮樂、刑罰及漏刻之政。 太子釋奠、講學、齒冑,則總其儀; 出入,乘軺車爲導,居家令之次。 坊、寺、府有罪者,論罰,庶人杖以下,皆送大理。 皇太子未立,判斷於大理。
There was one chief clerk of lower ninth rank. The Tang renamed the Steward of the Palace Office to Household Steward. In Longshuo 2 the Household Steward's Office became the Palace Household Office, and the Household Steward was styled Director. The staff included one recording secretary, ten office attendants, twenty clerks, four station chiefs, four gate wardens, and one hundred miscellaneous artisans. The Food Officials Bureau had one director of lower secondary eighth rank; and two aides of lower secondary ninth rank. They managed food, drink, and fermented beverages. They had exclusive charge of seasonal provisions and the service of meals. They provided New Year's, Cold Food Festival, and Winter Solstice meals from the Household Steward's kitchen for officials of sixth rank and below. The staff included two office attendants, four clerks, four food superintendents, one hundred forty food servers, and thirty cup-bearers. The Granary Bureau had one director of lower secondary eighth rank; and two aides of lower secondary ninth rank. They managed grain stores, fermented sauces and pickles, various delicacies, utensils, and lamps and candles. All garden and orchard cultivation came under their direction. Each month they recorded receipts and disbursements and reported to the Household Steward's Office; at year's end they forwarded accounts to the Grand Steward's Office. They issued rations and clothing to registered household slaves and servants, tributary households, and miscellaneous service households. The staff included three office attendants, five clerks, two garden aides, and two additional clerks. The Treasury Bureau had one director of lower secondary eighth rank; and two aides of lower secondary ninth rank. They managed storehouses, the receipt and disbursement of goods and funds, and construction and repairs. The staff included three office attendants, four clerks, and one accounting clerk. The Court of Palace Regulators had one director of upper secondary fourth rank. He oversaw clan precedence, rites and music, punishments, and the regulation of the clepsydra. For the crown prince's sacrificial offerings, lectures, and rank-order investitures with armor, he directed the ceremonial arrangements; when the crown prince went abroad he rode ahead in a light carriage as guide, ranking immediately below the Household Steward. Offenders in the lodges, courts, and offices who were sentenced — commoners receiving beating with the rod or lesser punishments — were all remitted to the Court of Judicial Review. When no crown prince had been appointed, cases were adjudicated by the Court of Judicial Review.
59
丞一人,從七品上。 掌貳令事。 宮臣有犯理於率更者,躬問蔽罪而上於詹事。
There was one aide of upper secondary seventh rank. He served as the director's deputy. When palace officials were tried by the Court of Palace Regulators, the director personally heard the case, withheld the sentence, and reported to the Grand Steward.
60
主簿一人,正九品下。 掌印句。 凡宗族不序,禮儀不節,音律不諧,漏刻不審,刑名不法,皆舉而正之。 決囚,則與丞同涖。 龍朔二年,改曰司更寺,令曰司更大夫。 有録事一人,府三人,史四人,漏刻博士三人,掌漏六人,漏童二十人,典鍾、典鼓各十二人,亭長四人,掌固四人。 漏刻博士掌教漏刻。 僕寺僕一人,從四品上。 掌車輿、乘騎、儀仗、喪葬,總廄牧署。 太子出,則率廄牧令進路,親馭。
There was one chief clerk of lower ninth rank. He managed seals and the annotation of case records. Any disorder in clan precedence, lapse in ritual propriety, discord in pitch, inaccuracy in the clepsydra, or irregularity in criminal nomenclature was reported and set right. When sentences were pronounced, the chief clerk joined the aide in presiding. In Longshuo 2 it was renamed the Court of Time Regulation, and the director was styled Director of Time Regulation. The staff included one recording secretary, three office attendants, four clerks, three clepsydra masters, six clepsydra keepers, twenty clepsydra boys, twelve bell custodians, twelve drum custodians, four station chiefs, and four gate wardens. Clepsydra masters trained staff in clepsydra operation. The Transport Steward's Office had one Transport Steward of upper secondary fourth rank. He oversaw carriages, riding mounts, ceremonial regalia, and funeral arrangements, and directed the Stable and Pasturage Bureau. When the crown prince went abroad, the Transport Steward led the director of the Stable and Pasturage Bureau to clear the route and drove the carriage himself.
61
丞一人,從七品上。 掌判寺事。 凡馬畜芻粟,歳以季夏上於詹事,以時出入而節其數。
There was one aide of upper secondary seventh rank. He assisted in adjudicating the office's affairs. Each year in the fourth month of summer he reported horse, livestock, and fodder accounts to the Grand Steward, regulating timely disbursements and controlling quantities.
62
主簿一人,正九品下。 掌廄牧畜養、車騎駕馭、儀仗。 龍朔二年,改曰馭僕寺,僕曰大夫。 有進馬十一人,録事一人,府三人,史五人,亭長三人,掌固三人。 廏牧署令一人,從八品下; 丞二人,從九品下。 掌車馬、閑廏、牧畜。 皇太子出,則率典乘先期習路馬,率駕士馭車乘,旣出,進路,式路車於西閤外,南向以俟。 凡羣牧隸東宮者,皆受其職事。 典乘四人,從九品下。 有府三人,史六人,翼馭十人,駕士十五人,掌閑六百人,獸醫十人,主酪三十人。 翼馭掌調馬執馭。 太子左右率府率各一人,正四品上; 副率各二人,從四品上。 掌兵仗、儀衞。 凡諸曹及三府、外府皆隸焉。 元日、冬至,皇太子朝宮臣、諸方使,則率衞府之屬爲衞。 毎月三府三衞及五府超乘番上者,配以職。 武德五年,改左右侍率曰左右衞率府,左右武侍衞率曰左右宗衞率府,左右宮門將曰左右監門率府。 龍朔二年,改左右衞率府曰左右典戎衞,左右宗衞率府曰左右司禦率府,左右虞候率府曰左右淸道衞,左右内率府曰左右奉裕衞,左右監門率府曰左右崇掖衞。 武后垂拱中,改左右監門率府曰左右鶴禁衞。 神龍元年,改左右司禦率府曰左右宗衞府,左右淸道衞曰左右虞候率府。 景雲二年,左右宗衞府復曰左右司禦率府。 開元初,左右虞候率府復曰左右淸道率府。
There was one chief clerk of lower ninth rank. He oversaw stables and pasturage, carriage and cavalry teams, and ceremonial regalia. In Longshuo 2 it was renamed the Carriage Steward's Office, and the Transport Steward was styled Director. The staff included eleven horse presenters, one recording secretary, three office attendants, five clerks, three station chiefs, and three gate wardens. The Stable and Pasturage Bureau had one director of lower secondary eighth rank; and two aides of lower secondary ninth rank. They oversaw horses and carriages, reserved stables, and the pasturing of livestock. When the crown prince went abroad, the director beforehand led Carriage Custodians to exercise the route horses and drivers to ready the carriages; once the crown prince had departed, he cleared the route and placed the route carriage outside the western gate wing, facing south in waiting. All herd pasturage under the Eastern Palace fell under their authority. There were four Carriage Custodians of lower secondary ninth rank. The staff included three office attendants, six clerks, ten auxiliary drivers, fifteen carriage drivers, six hundred stable keepers, ten veterinary physicians, and thirty dairy stewards. Auxiliary drivers trained horses and managed the reins. The Crown Prince's Left and Right Command Offices each had one Commander of upper fourth rank; and two Vice Commanders each of upper secondary fourth rank. They managed arms and ceremonial guard duty. Every bureau, the three guard offices, and the outer offices fell under the Guard Command Office. On New Year's Day and the Winter Solstice, when the Crown Prince received palace officials and regional envoys in audience, the Commanders led their guard-command subordinates as escort. Each month men rotating to duty from the three offices, the Three Guards, and the five guard offices — including supernumerary carriage attendants — were assigned their posts. In Wude 5 the Left and Right Attendant Commanders became the Left and Right Guard Command Offices; the Left and Right Valiant Attendant Commanders became the Left and Right Ceremonial Guard Command Offices; and the Left and Right Palace Gate Generals became the Left and Right Gate-keeping Guard Command Offices. In Longshuo 2 the Left and Right Guard Command Offices became the Left and Right Model Military Guards; the Ceremonial Guard Command Offices became Ceremonial Guard Commands; the Patrol Command Offices became Clearway Guards; the Inner Command Offices became Provider of Abundance Guards; and the Gate-keeping Guard Command Offices became Honored Flank Guards. During Empress Wu's Chuigong reign the Left and Right Gate-keeping Guard Command Offices were renamed the Left and Right Crane Forbidden Guards. In Shenlong 1 the Left and Right Ceremonial Guard Commands became Ceremonial Guard Offices, and the Left and Right Clearway Guards became Patrol Command Offices. In Jingyun 2 the Left and Right Ceremonial Guard Offices were restored as Ceremonial Guard Commands. In the early Kaiyuan period the Left and Right Patrol Command Offices were again renamed Clearway Guard Commands.
63
長史各一人,正七品上。 掌判諸曹府。 季秋以屬官功狀上於率,而爲考課。
Each command had one Chief Administrator of upper seventh rank. They adjudicated the business of every bureau office. Each autumn the Chief Administrators submitted their subordinates' merit records to the Commander for annual evaluation.
64
録事參軍事各一人,從八品上; 倉曹參軍事、兵曹參軍事、胄曹參軍事、騎曹參軍事各一人,從八品下。 倉曹掌文官簿書,兵曹掌武官簿書,冑曹掌器械、公廨營繕。 司階各一人,從六品上; 中候各二人,從七品下; 司戈各二人,從八品上; 執戟各三人,散長上各十人,從九品下。 左右司禦、淸道、監門、内率府,自率以下品同。 有録事一人,府一人,史一人。 倉曹,府一人,史二人; 兵曹、冑曹,各府二人,史三人; 騎曹,府五人,史七人。 亭長、掌固各二人。 親府、勳府、翊府三府毎府中郎將各一人,從四品上; 左右郎將各一人,正五品下。 中郎將、郎將,掌其府校尉、旅帥及親、勳、翊衞之屬宿衞,而總其事。
Each command had one Recording Secretary of upper secondary eighth rank; Each command had one Granary Bureau Secretary, one Military Bureau Secretary, one Helmet Bureau Secretary, and one Cavalry Bureau Secretary, all of lower secondary eighth rank. The Granary Bureau kept the civil staff registers; the Military Bureau kept the military staff registers; and the Helmet Bureau oversaw arms and the construction and repair of official buildings. Each command had one Stairway Officer of upper secondary sixth rank; Two Middle Escorts each of lower secondary seventh rank; Two Halberd Officers each of upper secondary eighth rank; Three Halberd Bearers each; ten Senior Guards at large each of lower secondary ninth rank. In the Ceremonial, Clearway, Gate-keeping, and Inner Guard Commands, ranks from the Commander down matched those of the Guard Command Office. The staff included one clerk, one office assistant, and one scribe. The Granary Bureau had one office assistant and two scribes; The Military Bureau and Helmet Bureau each had two office assistants and three scribes; The Cavalry Bureau had five office assistants and seven scribes. There were two station chiefs and two gate wardens. The Personal, Merit, and Assist Offices each had one Colonel of upper secondary fourth rank; and one Left and one Right Vice Colonel each of lower fifth rank. The Colonels and Vice Colonels commanded the Captains, Brigade Commanders, and Personal, Merit, and Assist Guards on palace watch, and oversaw all business of their offices.
65
兵曹參軍事各一人,從九品上。 掌判句。 大朝會及皇太子出,則從鹵簿而涖其儀。 親衞從七品上,勳衞正八品上,翊衞從八品上,員皆亡。 校尉各五人,從六品上; 旅帥各十人,正七品下; 隊正各二十人,從八品上。 武德元年,改功曹曰親衞,義曹曰勳衞,良曹曰翊衞,置三府,有録事一人,府、史各一人。 太子左右司禦率府率各一人,正四品上; 副率各二人,從四品上。 掌同左右衞。 凡諸曹及外府旅賁番上者隸焉。
Each office had one Military Bureau Secretary of upper secondary ninth rank. They managed seals and the annotation of case records. During grand court assemblies and when the Crown Prince went abroad, they joined the ceremonial procession and directed the ritual arrangements. Personal Guards held lower secondary seventh rank; Merit Guards upper eighth rank; Assist Guards upper secondary eighth rank — all posts were vacant. Five Captains each of upper secondary sixth rank; Ten Brigade Commanders each of lower seventh rank; Twenty Squad Leaders each of upper secondary eighth rank. In Wude 1 the Merit Bureau became the Personal Guard, the Righteousness Bureau the Merit Guard, and the Good Bureau the Assist Guard; three offices were created, each with one clerk, one office assistant, and one scribe. The Crown Prince's Left and Right Ceremonial Guard Commands each had one Commander of upper fourth rank; and two Vice Commanders each of upper secondary fourth rank. Their responsibilities matched those of the Left and Right Guards. Every bureau and every escort guard of the outer offices rotating to duty came under their authority.
66
長史各一人,正七品上; 録事參軍事各一人,從八品上; 倉曹參軍事、兵曹參軍事、胄曹參軍事、騎曹參軍事,各一人,從八品下; 司階各一人,中候各二人,司戈各二人,執戟各三人。 親衞、勳衞、翊衞三府中郎將以下,如左右衞率府。 有録事一人,史二人。 倉曹,府一人,史二人; 兵曹,府二人,史三人; 冑曹,府、史各二人。 亭長一人,掌固二人。 太子左右淸道率府率各一人,副率各二人。 掌晝夜巡警。 凡諸曹及外府直盪番上者隸焉。 皇太子出入,則以淸游隊先導,後拒隊爲殿。
Each command had one Chief Administrator of upper seventh rank; one Recording Secretary each of upper secondary eighth rank; one Granary Bureau Secretary, one Military Bureau Secretary, one Helmet Bureau Secretary, and one Cavalry Bureau Secretary each of lower secondary eighth rank; one Stairway Officer, two Middle Escorts, two Halberd Officers, and three Halberd Bearers each. From the Colonels down, the Personal, Merit, and Assist Guard offices matched the Left and Right Guard Command Offices. The staff included one clerk and two scribes. The Granary Bureau had one office assistant and two scribes; The Military Bureau had two office assistants and three scribes; The Helmet Bureau had two office assistants and two scribes. There was one station chief and two gate wardens. The Crown Prince's Left and Right Clearway Guard Commands each had one Commander and two Vice Commanders. They conducted patrols around the clock. Every bureau and every straight-line escort guard of the outer offices rotating to duty came under their authority. When the Crown Prince entered or left the palace, the clear-roving company went ahead as vanguard and the rear-guard company closed the procession.
67
長史各一人,録事參軍事各一人,從八品上; 倉曹參軍事、兵曹參軍事、胄曹參軍事各一人,從八品下; 左右司階各一人,左右中候各二人,左右司戈各一人,左右執戟各三人。 親衞、勳衞、翊衞三府中郎將以下,如左右衞率府。 有録事一人,史二人,亭長二人,掌固二人。 倉曹,府一人,史二人; 兵曹,府二人,史三人; 冑曹,府二人,史二人。 細引押仗五十人。 太子左右監門率府率各一人,副率各二人。 掌諸門禁衞。 凡財物、器用,出者有籍。
Each command had one Chief Administrator and one Recording Secretary of upper secondary eighth rank; one Granary Bureau Secretary, one Military Bureau Secretary, and one Helmet Bureau Secretary each of lower secondary eighth rank; one Left and one Right Stairway Officer, two Left and Right Middle Escorts, one Left and Right Halberd Officer, and three Left and Right Halberd Bearers each. From the Colonels down, the Personal, Merit, and Assist Guard offices matched the Left and Right Guard Command Offices. The staff included one clerk, two scribes, two station chiefs, and two gate wardens. The Granary Bureau had one office assistant and two scribes; The Military Bureau had two office assistants and three scribes; The Helmet Bureau had two office assistants and two scribes. There were fifty fine-guidance staff escorts. The Crown Prince's Left and Right Gate-keeping Guard Commands each had one Commander and two Vice Commanders. They controlled gate security and palace guard. Every item of property or equipment removed had to be entered in the register.
68
長史各一人,録事參軍事各一人,正九品上; 兵曹參軍事各一人,正九品下,兼領倉曹; 冑曹參軍事各一人,正九品下; 監門直長七十八人,從七品下。 唐改宮門將曰監門率,直事曰直長。 有録事一人,史二人,亭長一人,掌固二人。 兵曹,府二人,史二人; 冑曹,府二人,史三人。 太子左右内率府率率各一人,副率各一人。 掌千牛供奉之事。 皇太子坐日,領千牛升殿。 射于射宮,則千牛奉弓矢立東階,西面; 率奉弓,副率奉矢、決拾。 北面張弓,左執弣,右執簫以進,副率以弓拂矢而進,各退立於位。 旣射,左内率啓其中否。
Each command had one Chief Administrator and one Recording Secretary of upper ninth rank; one Military Bureau Secretary each of lower ninth rank, who also headed the Granary Bureau; and one Helmet Bureau Secretary each of lower ninth rank; There were seventy-eight gate-keeping duty chiefs of lower secondary seventh rank. Under the Tang, Palace Gate Generals became Gate-keeping Commanders and gate duty officers became duty chiefs. The staff included one clerk, two scribes, one station chief, and two gate wardens. The Military Bureau had two office assistants and two scribes; The Helmet Bureau had two office assistants and three scribes. The Crown Prince's Left and Right Inner Guard Commands each had one Commander and one Vice Commander. They oversaw the Thousand-Ox attendants who served in the palace. On days when the Crown Prince held audience, they led the Thousand-Ox guards up to the hall. When he practiced archery at the archery hall, the Thousand-Ox guards stood on the eastern steps facing west, holding bows and arrows; the Commander carried the bow while the Vice Commander carried the arrows, thumb ring, and arm guard. Facing north they strung the bow, the left hand on the grip and the right on the bow tip as they stepped forward; the Vice Commander swept the arrows with the bow as he advanced; then each withdrew to his post. After the shot, the Left Inner Commander announced whether the arrow had struck the target.
69
長史各一人,録事參軍事各一人,正九品上; 兵曹參軍事各一人,正九品下,兼領倉曹; 冑曹參軍事各一人,正九品下; 千牛各四十四人,從七品上。 唐置兵曹,改司使左右復曰千牛備身,主射左右復曰備身左右,弓箭備身去弓箭之名。 龍朔二年,改千牛備身曰奉裕。 開元中,千牛備身、備身左右,幷爲千牛。 有備身二十八人,主仗四十人,録事一人,史二人。 兵曹,府一人,史二人; 冑曹,府一人,史一人。 校勘記0.85em|columns=2王府官傅一人,從三品。 掌輔正過失。 諮議參軍事一人,正五品上。 掌訏謀議事。 友一人,從五品下。 掌侍游處,規諷道義。 侍讀,無定員。 文學一人,從六品上。 掌校典籍,侍從文章。 東西閤祭酒各一人,從七品上。 掌禮賢良、導賓客。 自祭酒以下為王官。 武德中,置師一人、常侍二人、侍郎四人,皆掌表啟書疏,贊相禮儀; 舍人四人,掌通傳引納。 謁者二人,舍人二人,諮議參軍事、友,皆正五品下; 文學、祭酒,皆正六品下。 高宗、中宗時,相王府長史以宰相兼之,魏、雍、衞王府以尚書兼之,徐、韓二王為刺史,府官同外官,資望愈下。 永淳以前,王未出閤則不開府。 天授二年,置皇孫府官。 玄宗諸子多不出閤,王官益輕而員亦減矣。 景雲二年,改師曰傅,開元二年廢,尋復置,廢常侍、侍郎、謁者、舍人。 開成元年,改諸王侍讀曰奉諸王講讀,大中初復舊。
Each command had one Chief Administrator and one Recording Secretary of upper ninth rank; one Military Bureau Secretary each of lower ninth rank, who also headed the Granary Bureau; and one Helmet Bureau Secretary each of lower ninth rank; Each command had forty-four Thousand-Ox guards of upper secondary seventh rank. Under the Tang a Military Bureau Secretary was added; Attendant Directors of the Left and Right were again called Thousand-Ox bodyguards; Archery Attendants of the Left and Right became bodyguard attendants; and bow-and-arrow bodyguards lost the bow-and-arrow prefix. In Longshuo 2 Thousand-Ox bodyguards were renamed Providers of Abundance. During the Kaiyuan era Thousand-Ox bodyguards and bodyguard attendants were merged into a single Thousand-Ox guard corps. The staff included twenty-eight bodyguard attendants, forty master-of-arms guards, one clerk, and two scribes. The Military Bureau had one office assistant and two scribes; The Helmet Bureau had one office assistant and one scribe. Princely household officials: one Tutor of upper secondary third rank. He guided the prince and corrected his faults. There was one Advisory Secretary of upper fifth rank. He offered counsel and deliberated on princely affairs. There was one Companion of lower secondary fifth rank. He accompanied the prince in his daily rounds, offering moral guidance and remonstrance. Reading Instructors had no fixed establishment. There was one Literary Officer of upper secondary sixth rank. He collated the library classics and assisted the prince in literary composition. Each side of the pavilion had one Libationer of upper secondary seventh rank. They received worthy visitors and conducted guest protocol. Every post from Libationer downward ranked as a princely household appointment. In the Wude period the court added one Preceptor, two Regular Attendants, and four Vice Directors, all charged with drafting memorials and letters and assisting in court ceremonial; Four Gentlemen-in-Attendance handled messages and guided visitors in and out. There were two Ushers, two Gentlemen-in-Attendance, an Advisory Secretary, and a Companion, all of lower fifth rank; The Literary Officer and the Libationers held lower sixth rank. Under Emperors Gaozong and Zhongzong a Chancellor doubled as Chief Administrator of the Prince of Xiang's household, while Ministers held the same post for the Wei, Yong, and Wei establishments; when the Princes of Xu and Han became prefectural governors, household staff were treated like regular territorial officials and the posts' prestige sank further. Before the Yongchun era a prince who had not yet been released from the Eastern Palace did not receive a separate princely household. In Tianshou 2 the court created household offices for imperial grandsons. Because most of Emperor Xuanzong's sons never left the Eastern Palace, princely appointments lost status and their establishments were cut back. In Jingyun 2 the Preceptor was retitled Tutor; the post was abolished in Kaiyuan 2 but soon reinstated, while Regular Attendants, Vice Directors, Ushers, and Gentlemen-in-Attendance were eliminated. In Kaicheng 1 Reading Instructors to the Princes became Attendants Lecturing the Princes; the original title was restored at the beginning of the Dazhong era.
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長史一人,從四品上; 司馬一人,從四品下。 皆掌統府僚,紀綱職務。 掾一人,掌通判功曹、倉曹、戶曹事,屬一人,皆正六品上,掌通判兵曹、騎曹、法曹、士曹事。 主簿一人,掌覆省書教,記室參軍事二人,掌表啟書疏,錄事參軍事一人,皆從六品上,掌付事、句稽,省署鈔目。 錄事一人,從九品下。 功曹參軍事掌文官簿書、考課、陳設,倉曹參軍事掌祿稟、廚膳、出內、市易、畋漁、芻藳,戶曹參軍事掌封戶、僮僕、弋獵、過所,兵曹參軍事掌武官簿書、考課、儀衞、假使,騎曹參軍事掌廄牧、騎乘、文物、器械,法曹參軍事掌按訊、決刑,士曹參軍事掌土功、公廨,自功曹以下各一人,正七品上。 參軍事二人,正八品下; 行參軍事四人,從八品上。 皆掌出使雜檢校。 典籤二人,從八品下,掌宣傳書教。 武德中,改功曹以下書佐、法曹行書佐、士曹佐皆曰參軍事,長兼行書佐曰行參軍,廢城局參軍事。 又有鎧曹參軍事二人,掌儀衞兵仗; 田曹參軍事一人,掌公廨、職田、弋獵; 水曹參軍事二人,掌舟船、漁捕、芻草。 皆正七品下。 家史二人,百司問事謁者一人,正七品下。 司閤一人,正九品下。 貞觀中,廢鎧曹、田曹、水曹。 武后時,家吏以下皆廢。 主簿、記室有史二人; 錄事、功曹、倉曹、兵曹、騎曹、法曹、士曹,各府一人、史二人; 戶曹府、史,各二人。 自典籤以上為府官,郡王、嗣王不置長史。 親事府典軍二人,正五品上; 副典軍二人,從五品上。 皆掌校尉以下守衞、陪從,兼知鞍馬。 校尉五人,從六品上; 旅帥,從七品下; 隊正,從八品下,隊副,從九品下。 皆掌領親事、帳內陪從。 自旅帥以下,視親事多少乃置。 帳內府典軍二人,正五品上; 副典軍二人,從五品上。 自校尉以下,員、品如親事府。 初,典軍以武官及流外為之,領執仗、帳內等。 秦王、齊王府置左右六護軍府、左右親軍府、左右帳內府。 左一、右一護軍府,護軍各一人,副護軍各二人,長史、錄事參軍事,倉曹、兵曹、鎧曹參軍事,各一人,統軍各五人,別將各一人。 左二、右二護軍府,左三、右三護軍府,減統軍三人,別將六人。 左右親軍府,統軍各一人,長史各一人,錄事參軍事,兵曹、鎧曹參軍事,左別將,右別將,各一人。 帳內府職員,與護軍府同。 又有庫直,隸親事府; 驅咥直,隸帳內府。 選材勇為之。 貞觀中,庫直以下皆廢。 親事府有府一人,史二人; 執仗親事十六人,執弓仗; 執乘親事十六人,掌供騎乘; 親事三百三十人。 帳內府有府一人,史一人,帳內六百六十七人。 親王國令一人,從七品下; 大農一人,從八品下。 掌判國司。 尉一人,正九品下; 丞一人,從九品下。 學官長、丞各一人,掌教授內人; 食官長、丞各一人,掌營膳食; 廄牧長、丞各二人,掌畜牧; 典府長、丞各二人,掌府內雜事。 長皆正九品下,丞皆從九品下。 有典衞八人,掌守衞、陪從。 舍人四人,錄事一人,府四人,史八人。 公主邑司令一人,從七品下; 丞一人,從八品下。 掌公主財貨、稟積、田園。 主簿一人,正九品下; 錄事一人,從九品下。 督封租、主家財貨出入。 有史八人,謁者二人,舍人二人,家史二人。 外官天下兵馬元帥、副元帥,都統、副都統,行軍長史,行軍司馬、行軍左司馬、行軍右司馬,判官,掌書記,行軍參謀,前軍兵馬使、中軍兵馬使、後軍兵馬使,中軍都虞候,各一人。
There was one Chief Administrator of upper secondary fourth rank; and one Vice Administrator of lower secondary fourth rank. Both oversaw the household staff and kept official business in order. One Registrar of upper sixth rank oversaw the Merit, Granary, and Household Bureaus; one Assistant of the same rank oversaw the Military, Cavalry, Justice, and Works Bureaus. One Chief Clerk reviewed official directives; two Secretariat Secretaries handled memorials and letters; and one Recording Secretary, all of upper secondary sixth rank, assigned tasks, audited accounts, and checked office registers. There was one recording secretary of lower secondary ninth rank. The Merit Bureau Secretary kept civil personnel records, ran evaluations, and arranged ceremonial display; the Granary Bureau Secretary supervised rations, kitchens, disbursements, market transactions, hunting and fishing, and fodder; the Household Bureau Secretary handled sealed households, servants, hunting licenses, and travel passes; the Military Bureau Secretary maintained military rosters, evaluations, guard formations, and temporary assignments; the Cavalry Bureau Secretary oversaw stables, mounts, ritual accoutrements, and equipment; the Justice Bureau Secretary conducted interrogations and pronounced punishments; the Works Bureau Secretary directed public construction — each bureau had one secretary of upper seventh rank. Two Secretaries of lower eighth rank; and four Acting Secretaries of upper secondary eighth rank. All handled special missions and ad hoc inspections. Two Document Attendants of lower secondary eighth rank conveyed official orders. In the Wude period clerks in the Merit Bureau and below, acting clerks in the Justice Bureau, and clerks in the Works Bureau were all retitled Secretaries; chiefs who also performed acting clerk duties became Acting Secretaries, and the Fort Bureau secretariat was abolished. The household also had two Armor Bureau Secretaries in charge of ceremonial guard weapons; one Fields Bureau Secretary overseeing offices, allotted fields, and hunting grounds; and two Water Bureau Secretaries responsible for boats, fishing, and fodder. All held lower seventh rank. There were two household clerks and one Bureau Affairs Usher of lower seventh rank. One Gate Manager of lower ninth rank. In the Zhenguan era the Armor, Fields, and Water Bureaus were abolished. In Empress Wu's reign household clerks and all posts beneath them were eliminated. The Chief Clerk and Secretariat each had two clerks; the Recording, Merit, Granary, Military, Cavalry, Justice, and Works bureaus each had one office attendant and two clerks; and the Household Bureau two attendants and two clerks. Posts from Document Attendant up counted as household officials; Commandery Princes and Successor Princes had no Chief Administrator. The Personal Service Office had two Commanders of upper fifth rank; and two Vice Commanders of upper secondary fifth rank. They commanded the guard and retinue ranks below Captain and also supervised horses and tack. Five Captains of upper secondary sixth rank; Company Commanders of lower secondary seventh rank; Squad Leaders of lower secondary eighth rank and Squad Deputies of lower secondary ninth rank. All led personal attendants and inner-tent escorts. Company Commanders and ranks below them were appointed in proportion to how many personal attendants were enrolled. The Inner Tent Office had two Commanders of upper fifth rank; and two Vice Commanders of upper secondary fifth rank. From Captain downward ranks and staffing matched the Personal Service Office. At first Commanders were selected from military officers and extrabureau staff, leading halberd-bearers, inner-tent guards, and similar personnel. The households of the Princes of Qin and Qi each maintained six Guard Offices on the left and right, Personal Guard Offices on both flanks, and Inner Tent Offices on both flanks. In the First Left and First Right Guard Offices each side had one Guard General, two Vice Guard Generals, a Chief Administrator and Recording Secretary, one secretary each for the Granary, Military, and Armor Bureaus, five Army Controllers, and one Separate General. The Second and Third Guard Offices on left and right had three fewer Army Controllers and six fewer Separate Generals. Each Personal Guard Office had one Army Controller, one Chief Administrator, a Recording Secretary, Military and Armor Bureau secretaries, and one Separate General on the left and one on the right. Inner Tent Office staffing matched that of the Guard Offices. There were also Armory Guards under the Personal Service Office; and Tent Escort Guards under the Inner Tent Office. Only men noted for ability and valor were chosen. In the Zhenguan era Armory Guards and all lesser posts were abolished. The Personal Service Office had one attendant and two clerks; sixteen personal attendants bearing halberds and ceremonial arms; and sixteen mounted attendants who provided horses for riding; Personal attendants numbered 330 in all. The Inner Tent Office had one attendant, one clerk, and 667 inner-tent guards. A Prince's Domain had one Magistrate of lower secondary seventh rank; and one Grand Agriculturist of lower secondary eighth rank. They oversaw the administration of the prince's fief. One Commandant of lower ninth rank; and one Assistant of lower secondary ninth rank. The Education Section had one chief and one assistant who taught members of the inner household; the Food Section had one chief and one assistant who managed meals; the Stable and Pasture Section had two chiefs and two assistants who oversaw livestock; and the Household Store Section had two chiefs and two assistants who handled miscellaneous domestic affairs. Section chiefs held lower ninth rank and assistants lower secondary ninth rank. Eight Guard Supervisors provided security and attended the prince in procession. The staff included four Gentlemen-in-Attendance, one recording secretary, four attendants, and eight clerks. A Princess's fief had one Magistrate of lower secondary seventh rank; and one Assistant of lower secondary eighth rank. They managed the princess's property, stores, fields, and gardens. One Chief Clerk of lower ninth rank; and one recording secretary of lower secondary ninth rank. They collected fief rents and kept accounts of household income and expenditure. The office employed eight clerks, two ushers, two gentlemen-in-attendance, and two household recorders. Among field appointments there were one each of Commander-in-Chief of All Forces Under Heaven, Vice Commander-in-Chief, Supreme Commander, Vice Supreme Commander, Campaign Chief Administrator, Campaign Vice Administrator, Left and Right Campaign Vice Administrators, Adjudicator, Secretary, Campaign Advisor, Forward, Central, and Rear Army Military Commissioners, and Central Army Chief Inspector.
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元帥、都統、招討使,掌征伐,兵罷則省。 都統總諸道兵馬,不賜旌節。 高祖起兵,置左右領軍大都督,各總三軍。 及定京師,置左右元帥、太原道行軍元帥、西討元帥,皆親王領之。 天寶末,置天下兵馬元帥,都統朔方、河東、河北、平盧節度使。 招討、都統之名,始於此。 大曆八年,罷天下兵馬元帥。 建中四年,以李希烈反,置諸軍行營兵馬都元帥; 興元元年,置副都統。 會昌中,置靈、夏六道元帥。 黃巢之難,置諸道行營都都統。 天復三年,置諸道兵馬元帥,尋復改曰天下兵馬元帥。
Field marshals, supreme commanders, and pacification commissioners directed campaigns and were disbanded once the armies stood down. The supreme commander coordinated troops from every circuit but received no commission of authority. When Emperor Gaozu first took up arms he appointed Left and Right Army-leading Grand Commandants, each commanding three armies. After securing the capital he created Left and Right Marshals, a Taiyuan Circuit campaign marshal, and a Western Expedition marshal, all led by imperial princes. At the end of the Tianbao era the court created the post of Commander-in-Chief of All Forces Under Heaven to coordinate the Shuofang, Hedong, Hebei, and Pinglu frontier commands. This was the origin of the titles pacification commissioner and supreme commander. In Dali 8 the Commander-in-Chief of All Forces Under Heaven was abolished. In Jianzhong 4, after Li Xilie rebelled, the court appointed a Grand Marshal of All Campaign Headquarters Forces; and in Xingyuan 1 a vice supreme commander was added. During Huichang marshals were appointed for the six Ling and Xia frontier commands. During the Huang Chao uprising the court created a supreme commander over all circuit campaign headquarters. In Tianfu 3 the court reinstated a commander-in-chief of circuit forces, soon retitled Commander-in-Chief of All Forces Under Heaven.
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行軍司馬,掌弼戎政。 居則習蒐狩,有役則申戰守之法,器械、糧糒、軍籍、賜予皆專焉。 武德元年,改贊治曰治中。 高宗即位,曰司馬,下州亦置焉。 顯慶二年,置洛州司馬。 武后大足元年,東都、北都、雍、荊、揚、益州,置左右司馬。 神龍二年省。 太極元年,雍、洛四大都督府增司馬一人,亦分左右。
The campaign vice administrator advised on military affairs. In peacetime he drilled the men through hunts and reviews; in wartime he laid out strategy and tactics; and weapons, rations, muster rolls, and grants fell entirely under his purview. In Wude 1 the title Assistant Administrator was changed to Central Administrator. When Emperor Gaozong took the throne the title became Vice Administrator, and it was instituted even in lower-tier prefectures. In Xianqing 2 the court established a Vice Administrator for Luozhou. In the first year of Dazu under Empress Wu, the court appointed Left and Right Vice Administrators for the Eastern and Northern Capitals and the prefectures of Yong, Jing, Yang, and Yi. They were abolished in Shenlong 2. In Taiji 1 the four great command headquarters of Yong and Luo each gained one additional Vice Administrator, likewise split into left and right posts.
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掌書記,掌朝覲、聘問、慰薦、祭祀、祈祝之文與號令升絀之事。 行軍參謀,關豫軍中機密。 景龍元年,置掌書記。 開元十二年,罷行軍參謀,尋復置。
The Secretary drafted documents for court audiences, diplomatic missions, condolences and recommendations, sacrifices and prayers, and handled orders governing promotions and demotions. The Campaign Advisor handled confidential military affairs. In Jinglong 1 the court established the post of Secretary. In Kaiyuan 12 the Campaign Advisor was abolished but soon reinstated.
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節度使、副大使知節度事、行軍司馬、副使、判官、支使、掌書記、推官、巡官、衙推各一人,同節度副使十人,館驛巡官四人,府院法直官、要籍、逐要親事各一人,隨軍四人。 節度使封郡王,則有奏記一人; 兼觀察使,又有判官、支使、推官、巡官、衙推各一人; 又兼安撫使,則有副使、判官各一人; 兼支度、營田、招討、經略使,則有副使、判官各一人; 支度使復有遣運判官、巡官各一人。
The establishment included one each of Military Commissioner, Vice Ambassador Managing Military Affairs, Campaign Vice Administrator, Deputy Commissioner, Adjudicator, Branch Commissioner, Secretary, Investigating Officer, Circuit Inspector, and Yamen Promoter; ten posts equivalent to the Vice Military Commissioner; four postal-station circuit inspectors; one each of legal examiner, priority registrar, and personal attendant; and four campaign attendants. When a military commissioner held the title Prince of a Commandery, he also had one Memorial Recorder; if he also served as Observation Commissioner, there was one each of Adjudicator, Branch Commissioner, Investigating Officer, Circuit Inspector, and Yamen Promoter; if he additionally served as Pacification Commissioner, one Deputy Commissioner and one Adjudicator were added; if he also held the titles of supply, garrison-farming, pacification-escort, or frontier strategy commissioner, one deputy commissioner and one adjudicator were added; The supply commissioner also had one transport adjudicator and one circuit inspector.
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節度使掌總軍旅,顓誅殺。 初授,具帑抹兵仗詣兵部辭見,觀察使亦如之。 辭日,賜雙旌雙節。 行則建節、樹六纛,中官祖送,次一驛輒上聞。 入境,州縣築節樓,迎以鼓角,衙仗居前,旌幢居中,大將鳴珂,金鉦鼓角居後,州縣齎印迎于道左。 視事之日,設禮案,高尺有二寸,方八尺,判三案,節度使判宰相,觀察使判節度使,團練使判觀察使。 三日洗印,視其刓缺。 歲以八月考其治否,銷兵為上考,足食為中考,邊功為下考。 觀察使以豐稔為上考,省刑為中考,辦稅為下考。 團練使以安民為上考,懲姦為中考,得情為下考。 防禦使以無虞為上考,清苦為中考,政成為下考。 經略使以計度為上考,集事為中考,脩造為下考。 罷秩則交廳,以節度使印自隨,留觀察使、營田等印,以郎官主之。 銷節樓、節堂,以節院使主之,祭奠以時。 入朝未見,不入私第。
The military commissioner commanded all troops and held sole authority over capital punishment. On first appointment they presented themselves at the Ministry of War in full regalia for a farewell audience, and observation commissioners followed the same rite. On the day of departure the court bestowed paired banners and paired credentials. On the road they displayed their commission and raised six military banners; eunuchs escorted them from the capital, and after every post station they reported to the throne. On entering their jurisdiction, prefectures and counties erected credential towers and welcomed them with drums and horns — yamen guards leading, banners at the center, senior generals sounding jade clappers, bronze gongs and horns bringing up the rear, while local officials met them on the road bearing their seals. On the day he took office a ceremonial table was set one foot two inches high and eight feet square, with three adjudication tables — the military commissioner before the chancellor, the observation commissioner before the military commissioner, and the training commissioner before the observation commissioner. Three days later the seal was washed and inspected for wear. Each August their performance was reviewed — demobilizing troops counted as the highest mark, securing adequate provisions as middling, and frontier exploits as the lowest. Observation commissioners were rated highest for abundant harvests, middling for lighter punishments, and lowest for collecting taxes. Training commissioners earned top marks for securing the populace, middling marks for punishing wrongdoers, and lowest marks for achieving justice in cases. Defense commissioners were rated highest when the region was free from alarm, middling for enduring hardship, and lowest for completing their administrative tasks. Frontier strategy commissioners received top marks for planning, middling marks for gathering affairs, and lowest marks for construction and repair. On leaving office they surrendered the yamen — the military commissioner kept his own seal, while observation, garrison-farming, and other seals were left behind under a palace official's charge. The credential tower and hall were closed down under a credential-office manager, with sacrifices performed at the proper seasons. Until they had been received in audience at court, they did not enter a private residence.
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京兆、河南牧,大都督,大都護,皆親王遙領。 兩府之政,以尹主之; 大都督府之政,以長史主之; 大都護府之政,以副大都護主之,副大都護則兼王府長史。 其後有持節為節度、副大使知節度事者,正節度也。 諸王拜節度大使者,皆留京師。
The intendants of Jingzhao and Henan, area commanders, and grand protector generals were all nominally held by imperial princes who remained at court. The two capitals were governed by their intendants; great area command headquarters by their chief administrators; and great protectorate headquarters by the deputy grand protector general, who also doubled as the princely household chief administrator. Later those who held a commission as military commissioner or vice ambassador managing military affairs became the regular military commissioners. Imperial princes appointed military commissioner ambassadors all remained in the capital.
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觀察使、副使、支使、判官、掌書記、推官、巡官、衙推、隨軍、要籍、進奏官,各一人。
The observation commissioner's staff included one each of deputy commissioner, branch commissioner, adjudicator, secretary, investigating officer, circuit inspector, yamen promoter, campaign attendant, priority registrar, and memorial presenter.
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團練使、副使、判官、推官、巡官、衙推,各一人。
The training commissioner had one each of deputy commissioner, adjudicator, investigating officer, circuit inspector, and yamen promoter.
79
防禦使、副使、判官、推官、巡官,各一人。
The defense commissioner had one each of deputy commissioner, adjudicator, investigating officer, and circuit inspector.
80
觀察處置使,掌察所部善惡,舉大綱。 凡奏請,皆屬於州。 貞觀初,遣大使十三人巡省天下諸州,水旱則遣使,有巡察、安撫、存撫之名。 神龍二年,以五品以上二十人為十道巡察使,按舉州縣,再周而代。 景雲二年,置都督二十四人,察刺史以下善惡,置司舉從事二人,秩比侍御史。 揚、益、幷、荊四州為大都督,汴、兗、魏、冀、蒲、綿、秦、洪、潤、越十州為中都督,皆正三品; 齊、鄜、涇、襄、安、潭、遂、通、梁、夔十州為下都督,從三品。 當時以為權重難制,罷之,唯四大都督府如故。 置十道按察使,道各一人。 開元二年,曰十道按察採訪處置使,至四年罷,八年復置十道按察使,秋、冬巡視州縣,十年又罷。 十七年復置十道、京都、兩畿按察使,二十年曰採訪處置使,分十五道,天寶末,又兼黜陟使,乾元元年,改曰觀察處置使。
The observation and disposition commissioner inspected the virtue and misconduct of his jurisdiction and set policy in broad outline. All memorials and petitions were routed through the prefectures. In early Zhenguan the court dispatched thirteen grand ambassadors to inspect every prefecture; in years of flood or drought it also sent envoys titled for inspection, pacification, or relief. In Shenlong 2 twenty fifth-rank-and-above officials were appointed as ten-circuit inspection commissioners to investigate prefectures and counties, rotating after two complete tours. In Jingyun 2 the court appointed twenty-four area commanders to review prefects and subordinate officials, with two judicial attendants of attendants' censor rank to assist in investigations. Yang, Yi, Bing, and Jing were superior area commands; Bian, Yan, Wei, Ji, Pu, Mian, Qin, Hong, Run, and Yue were middle area commands — all of upper third rank; and Qi, Fu, Jing, Xiang, An, Tan, Sui, Tong, Liang, and Kui were inferior area commands of secondary third rank. Their powers were soon judged too heavy to control, and the posts were abolished — only the four great command headquarters remained. The court then established ten-circuit inspection commissioners, one per circuit. In Kaiyuan 2 they were retitled ten-circuit inspection and investigation disposition commissioners; abolished in year 4, restored as ten-circuit inspection commissioners in year 8 to tour prefectures and counties in autumn and winter, and abolished again in year 10. In year 17 they returned as ten-circuit, capital, and two-capital inspection commissioners; in year 20 became investigation and disposition commissioners across fifteen circuits; at the end of Tianbao they also served as promotion-and-demotion commissioners; and in Qianyuan 1 the title became observation and disposition commissioner.
81
西都、東都、北都牧各一人,從二品。 西都、東都、北都、鳳翔、成都、河中、江陵、興元、興德府尹各一人,從三品。 掌宣德化,歲巡屬縣,觀風俗、錄囚、恤鰥寡。 親王典州,則歲以上佐巡縣。 武德元年,雍州置牧一人,以親王為之,然常以別駕領州事。 永徽中,改尹曰長史。 初,太宗伐高麗,置京城留守,其後車駕不在京都,則置留守,以右金吾大將軍為副留守; 開元元年,改京兆、河南府長史復為尹,通判府務,牧缺則行其事; 十一年,太原府亦置尹及少尹,以尹為留守,少尹為副留守:謂之三都留守。 三都大都督府有典獄十八人,問事十二人,白直二十四人; 典獄以防守囚繫,問事以行罰。 中府、上州,典獄十四人,問事八人,白直二十人; 下府、中州,典獄十二人,問事六人,白直十六人; 下州,典獄八人,問事四人,白直十人。 自三都以下,皆有執刀十五人。
The Western, Eastern, and Northern Capitals each had one Governor of secondary second rank. The Western, Eastern, and Northern Capitals and the prefectures of Fengxiang, Chengdu, Hezhong, Jiangling, Xingyuan, and Xingde each had one Intendant of secondary third rank. They spread imperial virtue, toured subordinate counties each year, observed local customs, reviewed prisoners, and cared for widows and orphans. When an imperial prince nominally held a prefecture, senior assistants made the annual county tours. In Wude 1 Yong Prefecture gained a governor's post held by an imperial prince, though a deputy prefect usually managed day-to-day affairs. During Yonghui the title Intendant was changed to Chief Administrator. When Emperor Taizong first campaigned against Goguryeo a capital garrison was established; thereafter whenever the emperor left the capital a garrison was appointed, with the Right Gold Crow Grand General serving as deputy garrison commander; in Kaiyuan 1 the chief administrators of Jingzhao and Henan were restored to the title Intendant and jointly managed prefecture affairs, acting in the governor's place when that post was vacant; and in year 11 Taiyuan also received an intendant and deputy intendant, the intendant serving as garrison commander and the deputy as deputy garrison commander — together called the Three Capitals garrison commanders. The three capitals' great command headquarters employed eighteen prison supervisors, twelve interrogators, and twenty-four day-and-night duty attendants; prison supervisors guarded detainees, and interrogators carried out punishments. Middle prefectures and upper prefectures had fourteen prison supervisors, eight interrogators, and twenty day-and-night duty attendants; lower prefectures and middle prefectures had twelve prison supervisors, six interrogators, and sixteen day-and-night duty attendants; and lower prefectures had eight prison supervisors, four interrogators, and ten day-and-night duty attendants. From the three capitals downward, every jurisdiction had fifteen sword bearers.
82
少尹二人,從四品下。 掌貳府州之事,歲終則更次入計。
There were two Deputy Intendants of lower secondary fourth rank. They assisted in managing prefectural affairs and took turns each year traveling to the capital to render accounts.
83
司錄參軍事二人,正七品上。 錄事四人,從九品上。 功曹、倉曹、戶曹、田曹、兵曹、法曹、士曹參軍事各二人,皆正七品下。 參軍事六人,正八品下。 六府錄事參軍事以下減一人。 錄事參軍事,掌正違失,莅符印。 武德初,改州主簿曰錄事參軍事,開元元年,改曰司錄。 有史十人。 大都督府有史四人,中府有史三人,下府、都護府、上州、中州、下州各有史二人。
There were two Chief Recording Secretaries of upper seventh rank. Four recording secretaries of upper secondary ninth rank. Two secretaries each served the Merit, Granary, Household, Fields, Military, Justice, and Works Bureaus, all of lower seventh rank. There were six Secretaries of lower eighth rank. In the six prefectural capitals the recording secretaries and all posts below were reduced by one. The recording secretary corrected procedural errors and held charge of the seal and tally. At the start of Wude the prefecture chief clerk became recording secretary; in Kaiyuan 1 the title became chief recording secretary. The office employed ten clerks. Great command headquarters had four clerks, middle prefectures three, and lower prefectures, protectorate headquarters, and upper, middle, and lower prefectures two each.
84
功曹司功參軍事,掌考課、假使、祭祀、禮樂、學校、表疏、書啟、祿食、祥異、醫藥、卜筮、陳設、喪葬。 武德初,司功、司倉、司戶、司兵、司法、司士書佐皆為司功等參軍事,有府四人、史十人。 大都督府有府三人、史六人; 中府有府二人、史三人; 下府有府一人、史三人。 大都護府有府一人、史二人。 上府有府、史各二人。 上州有佐二人、史五人; 中州減史二人。
The Merit Bureau Secretary oversaw performance reviews, temporary assignments, sacrifices, ritual and music, schools, memorials and petitions, correspondence, salary provisions, omens, medicine, divination, ceremonial display, and funerals. At the start of Wude the writing assistants of the Merit, Granary, Household, Military, Justice, and Works Bureaus became bureau secretaries; the staff included four office attendants and ten clerks. Great command headquarters had three office attendants and six clerks; middle prefectures two office attendants and three clerks; and lower prefectures one office attendant and three clerks. Protectorates of the highest rank employed one attendant and two clerks. Each upper prefecture staffed two attendants and two clerks. Upper prefectures had two assistants and five clerks; middle prefectures two fewer clerks.
85
倉曹司倉參軍事,掌租調、公廨、庖廚、倉庫、市肆。 有府五人,史十三人。 大都督府有府四人,史六人。 中府、下府,各有府三人,史五人。 都護府有府、史各二人。 上州有佐二人,史五人; 中州、下州減史二人。
The Granary Bureau Secretary managed land tax and corvée assignments, official buildings, kitchens, granaries, and market stalls. The bureau employed five office attendants and thirteen clerks. Great command headquarters had four office attendants and six clerks. Middle and lower prefectures each maintained three attendants and five clerks. Protectorate headquarters employed two attendants and two clerks apiece. Upper prefectures had two assistants and five clerks; middle and lower prefectures two fewer clerks.
86
戶曹司戶參軍事,掌戶籍、計帳、道路、過所、蠲符、雜傜、逋負、艮賤、芻藳、逆旅、婚姻、田訟、旌別孝悌。 有府八人,史十六人,帳史二人,知籍,按帳目捉錢。 大都督府有府四人,史七人,帳史二人; 中府有府三人,史五人,帳史一人; 下府有府二人,史五人,帳史一人。 上州有佐四人,史六人,帳史一人; 中州有佐三人,史五人,帳史一人; 下州有佐二人,史四人,帳史一人。 都護府有府、史各二人,帳史一人。
The Household Bureau Secretary managed household registers, census accounts, roads, travel passes, tax exemptions, miscellaneous corvée, arrears, commoners and bondsmen, fodder, inns, marriage, field lawsuits, and commendations for filial piety and fraternity. The bureau had eight office attendants, sixteen clerks, and two ledger clerks who maintained the registers and tracked accounts to collect revenue. Great command headquarters had four office attendants, seven clerks, and two ledger clerks; middle prefectures three office attendants, five clerks, and one ledger clerk; and lower prefectures two office attendants, five clerks, and one ledger clerk. Upper prefectures staffed four assistants, six clerks, and one ledger clerk; middle prefectures three assistants, five clerks, and one ledger clerk; and lower prefectures two assistants, four clerks, and one ledger clerk. Each protectorate headquarters had two attendants, two clerks, and one ledger clerk.
87
田曹司田參軍事,掌園宅、口分、永業及蔭田。 景龍三年,初置司田參軍事,唐隆元年省,上元二年復置。 有府四人,史十人。 大都督府有府二人,史六人; 中府有府、史各二人; 下府有府一人,史二人。 上州有佐二人,史五人; 中州、下州減史二人。
The Fields Bureau Secretary managed gardens and estates, allotted fields, hereditary fields, and inherited fields. In Jinglong 3 the court first established the Fields Bureau Secretary; the post was abolished in Tanglong 1 and restored in Shangyuan 2. The bureau employed four office attendants and ten clerks. Great command headquarters had two attendants and six clerks; middle prefectures two attendants and two clerks apiece; and lower prefectures one attendant and two clerks. Upper prefectures had two assistants and five clerks; middle and lower prefectures two fewer clerks.
88
兵曹司兵參軍事,掌武官選、兵甲、器仗、門禁、管鑰、軍防、烽候、傳驛、畋獵。 有府六人,史十四人。 大都督府有府四人,史八人; 中府有府三人,史六人; 下府有府二人,史五人。 都護府有府三人,史四人。 上州有佐二人,史五人; 中州減史二人。
The Military Bureau Secretary managed selection of military officers, armor, weapons, equipment, gate security, keys, garrison defense, beacon stations, courier relays, and hunting. The bureau employed six office attendants and fourteen clerks. Great command headquarters had four office attendants and eight clerks; middle prefectures three attendants and six clerks; and lower prefectures two attendants and five clerks. Each protectorate headquarters had three attendants and four clerks. Upper prefectures had two assistants and five clerks; middle prefectures two fewer clerks.
89
法曹司法參軍事,掌鞠獄麗法、督盜賊、知贓賄沒入。 有府六人,史十四人。 大都督府有府三人,史八人; 中府有府三人,史六人; 下府有府二人,史五人。 上州有佐四人,史七人; 中州有佐一人,史四人; 下州有佐一人,史三人。
The Justice Bureau Secretary conducted interrogations and applied the law, supervised banditry and theft, and handled confiscation of bribes and illicit goods. The bureau employed six office attendants and fourteen clerks. Great command headquarters had three office attendants and eight clerks; middle prefectures three attendants and six clerks; and lower prefectures two attendants and five clerks. Upper prefectures had four assistants and seven clerks; middle prefectures one assistant and four clerks; and lower prefectures one assistant and three clerks.
90
士曹司士參軍事,掌津梁、舟車、舍宅、工藝。 有府五人,史十一人。 大都督府有府四人,史八人; 中府、下府有府三人,史六人。 上州有佐二人,史五人; 中州有佐一人,史四人。
The Works Bureau Secretary managed bridges and crossings, transport, housing, and crafts. The bureau employed five office attendants and eleven clerks. Great command headquarters had four office attendants and eight clerks; Middle and lower prefectures each maintained three attendants and six clerks. Upper prefectures had two assistants and five clerks; and middle prefectures one assistant and four clerks.
91
參軍事掌出使、贊導。 武德初,改行書佐曰行參軍,尋又改曰參軍事。 初有亟使十五人,後省。
Secretaries handled diplomatic missions and protocol guidance. Early in the Wude period the title Acting Document Assistant became Acting Secretary, and was soon retitled Secretary. At first there were fifteen urgent couriers; the post was later abolished.
92
文學一人,從八品上。 掌以五經授諸生。 縣則州補,州則授於吏部。 然無職事,衣冠恥之。 武德初,置經學博士、助教、學生。 德宗即位,改博士曰文學。 元和六年,廢中州、下州文學。 京兆等三府,助教二人,學生八十人。 大都督府、上州,各助教一人; 中都督府,學生五十人; 下府、下州,各四十人。
There was one Literary Officer of upper secondary eighth rank. He instructed students in the Five Classics. County appointments came from the prefecture; prefectural appointments came from the Ministry of Personnel. Yet the post carried no real duties, and educated men regarded it with contempt. Early in the Wude period the court established Classics Doctors, assistant instructors, and students. When Emperor Dezong took the throne the title Classics Doctor was changed to Literary Officer. In Yuanhe 6 the court abolished Literary Officers in middle and lower prefectures. The three capital prefectures each had two assistant instructors and eighty students. Great command headquarters and upper prefectures had one assistant instructor each; middle command headquarters fifty students; and lower command headquarters and lower prefectures forty students each.
93
醫學博士一人,從九品上。 掌療民疾。 貞觀三年,置醫學,有醫藥博士及學生。 開元元年,改醫藥博士為醫學博士,諸州置助教,寫本草、百一集驗方藏之。 未幾,醫學博士、學生皆省,僻州少醫藥者如故。 二十七年,復置醫學生,掌州境巡療。 永泰元年,復置醫學博士。 三都、都督府、上州、中州各有助教一人。 三都學生二十人,都督府、上州二十人,中州、下州十人。
There was one Medical Doctor of upper secondary ninth rank. He treated the people's illnesses. In Zhenguan 3 the court established medical schools with pharmaceutical doctors and students. In Kaiyuan 1 the Pharmaceutical Doctor was retitled Medical Doctor, assistant instructors were placed in every prefecture, and copies of the Materia Medica and the Collection of One Hundred Verified Formulas were deposited in storehouses. Before long the Medical Doctors and students were all cut, and remote prefectures still had little access to medicine as before. In year 27 medical students were restored to treat the people throughout the prefecture. In Yongtai 1 the Medical Doctor post was restored. The three capitals, command headquarters, upper prefectures, and middle prefectures each had one medical assistant instructor. The three capitals had twenty medical students; command headquarters and upper prefectures twenty; middle and lower prefectures ten.
94
大都督府都督一人,從二品; 長史一人,從三品; 司馬二人,從四品下; 錄事參軍事一人,正七品上; 錄事二人,從九品上; 功曹參軍事、倉曹參軍事、戶曹參軍事、田曹參軍事、兵曹參軍事、法曹參軍事、士曹參軍事各一人,正七品下; 參軍事五人,正八品下; 市令一人,從九品上; 文學一人,正八品下; 醫學博士一人,從八品上。
Great Area Command Headquarters — one Area Commander of secondary second rank; one Chief Administrator of secondary third rank; two Vice Administrators of lower secondary fourth rank; one Recording Secretary of upper seventh rank; two recording clerks of upper secondary ninth rank; one each of Merit, Granary, Household, Fields, Military, Justice, and Works Bureau Secretaries, all of lower seventh rank; five Secretaries of lower eighth rank; one Market Director of upper secondary ninth rank; one Literary Officer of lower eighth rank; and one Medical Doctor of upper secondary eighth rank.
95
中都督府都督一人,正三品; 別駕一人,正四品下; 長史一人,正五品上; 司馬一人,正五品下; 錄事參軍事一人,正七品下; 錄事二人,從九品上; 功曹參軍事、倉曹參軍事、戶曹參軍事、田曹參軍事、兵曹參軍事、法曹參軍事、士曹參軍事各一人,從七品上; 參軍事四人,從八品上; 市令一人,從九品上; 文學一人,從八品上; 醫學博士一人,正九品上。
Middle Area Command Headquarters — one Area Commander of upper third rank; one Vice Prefect of lower fourth rank; one Chief Administrator of upper fifth rank; one Vice Administrator of lower fifth rank; one Recording Secretary of lower seventh rank; two recording clerks of upper secondary ninth rank; one each of Merit, Granary, Household, Fields, Military, Justice, and Works Bureau Secretaries, all of upper secondary seventh rank; four Secretaries of upper secondary eighth rank; one Market Director of upper secondary ninth rank; one Literary Officer of upper secondary eighth rank; and one Medical Doctor of upper ninth rank.
96
下都督府都督一人,從三品; 別駕一人,從四品下; 長史一人,從五品上; 司馬一人,從五品下; 錄事參軍事一人,從七品上; 錄事二人,從九品上; 功曹參軍事、倉曹參軍事、戶曹參軍事、田曹參軍事、兵曹參軍事、法曹參軍事、士曹參軍事各一人,從七品下; 參軍事三人,從八品下; 文學一人,從八品下; 醫學博士一人,正九品上。
Lower Area Command Headquarters — one Area Commander of secondary third rank; one Vice Prefect of lower secondary fourth rank; one Chief Administrator of upper secondary fifth rank; one Vice Administrator of lower secondary fifth rank; one Recording Secretary of upper secondary seventh rank; two recording clerks of upper secondary ninth rank; one each of Merit, Granary, Household, Fields, Military, Justice, and Works Bureau Secretaries, all of lower secondary seventh rank; three Secretaries of lower secondary eighth rank; one Literary Officer of lower secondary eighth rank; and one Medical Doctor of upper ninth rank.
97
都督掌督諸州兵馬、甲械、城隍、鎮戍、糧稟,總判府事。 武德初,邊要之地置總管以統軍,加號使持節,蓋漢刺史之任。 有行臺,有大行臺。 其員有尚書省令一人,正二品,掌管內兵民,總判省事。 有僕射一人,從二品,掌貳令事。 自左右丞以下,諸司郎中略如京省。 又有食貨監一人,丞二人,掌膳羞、財物、賓客、帳具、音樂、醫藥; 有農圃監一人,丞四人,掌倉廩、園圃、薪炭、芻藳、運漕; 有武器監一人,丞二人,掌兵械、廄牧; 有百工監一人,丞四人,掌舟車、營作。 監皆正八品下,丞正九品下。 七年,改總管曰都督,總十州者為大都督。 貞觀二年,去大字,凡都督府有刺史以下如故,然大都督又兼刺史,而不檢校州事。 其後都督加使持節,則為將,諸將亦通以都督稱,唯朔方猶稱大總管。 邊州別置經略使,沃衍有屯田之州,則置營田使。 武后聖曆元年,以夏州都督領鹽州防禦使。 及安祿山反,諸郡當賊衝者,皆置防禦守捉使。 乾元元年,置團練守捉使、都團練守捉使,大者領州十餘,小者二三州。 代宗即位,廢防禦使,唯山南西道如故。 元載秉政,思結人心,刺史皆得兼團練守捉使。 楊綰為相,罷團練守捉使,唯澧、朗、峽、興、鳳如故。 建中後,行營亦置節度使、防禦使、都團練使。 大率節度、觀察、防禦、團練使,皆兼所治州刺史。 都督府則領長史,都護府則領都護,或亦別置都護。 都督府有掾,有屬,有記室參軍事,有典籤,武德中省。
The Area Commander supervised troops, armor, fortifications, garrisons, and grain supplies across the prefectures under his command and held general authority over headquarters affairs. Early in the Wude period the court placed area superintendents in key border regions to command troops, giving them the title Credential Holder — essentially reviving the Han Inspector's role. There were both mobile headquarters and grand mobile headquarters. Its staff included one Secretariat Chief of upper second rank who directed internal military and civilian affairs and held overall authority over the secretariat. There was one Vice Director of secondary second rank who assisted the chief. From the Left and Right Assistant Directors downward, bureau directors were organized much like those at the capital. There was also a Provisions Supervisor with two assistants who managed food, supplies, guests, tent furnishings, music, and medicine; an Agriculture and Gardens Supervisor with four assistants who managed granaries, gardens, fuel, fodder, and canal transport; a Weapons Supervisor with two assistants who managed arms and stables; and a Hundred Crafts Supervisor with four assistants who managed transport and construction. Supervisors held lower eighth rank and their assistants lower ninth rank. In year 7 the Area Superintendent was retitled Area Commander, and one commanding ten prefectures became Great Area Commander. In Zhenguan 2 the "great" designation was dropped; command headquarters still had prefects and lower officials as before, but the great area commander also served as prefect without actually supervising prefectural administration. Later, when area commanders received the Credential Holder title they became military generals; generals in turn were commonly called area commanders, though Shuofang still used the old title Great Area Superintendent. Border prefectures received separate frontier commissioners, and prefectures with productive garrison lands received garrison farming commissioners. In Empress Wu's Shengli 1 the Xiazhou Area Commander was also appointed Defense Commissioner of Yanzhou. When An Lushan rebelled, every commandery in the rebels' path established defense and garrison commissioners. In Qianyuan 1 the court established Training and Garrison Commissioners and Supreme Training and Garrison Commissioners; the larger posts commanded more than ten prefectures, the smaller two or three. When Emperor Daizong ascended the throne, Defense Commissioners were abolished everywhere except Southwestern Shannan Circuit, which remained unchanged. While Yuan Zai dominated the government and sought to win popular support, every prefect was allowed to serve concurrently as Training and Garrison Commissioner. After Yang Wan became chancellor, Training and Garrison Commissioners were abolished, except in Li, Lang, Xia, Xing, and Feng prefectures, which kept the posts. After the Jianzhong era, field headquarters likewise appointed Military Commissioners, Defense Commissioners, and Supreme Training Commissioners. As a rule, Military, Surveillance, Defense, and Training Commissioners all held concurrent appointment as prefect of the prefecture under their charge. An area command headquarters was led by a chief secretary and a protectorate headquarters by a protector-general, though a protector-general might also be appointed separately. Area command headquarters once employed clerks, subordinates, secretaries, and document custodians, but these posts were abolished in the Wude era.
98
市令一人,從九品上。 掌交易,禁姦非,通判市事。 貞觀十七年廢市令。 垂拱元年復置。 都督府、三都、諸州,各有市丞一人,佐一人,史二人,帥三人,分行檢察; 倉督二人,顓涖出納; 史二人。 下州省丞。
There was one Market Director of upper secondary ninth rank. He supervised trade, banned illicit dealings, and oversaw market administration in general. The Market Director was abolished in Zhenguan 17. The post was restored in Chuigong 1. Area command headquarters, the three capitals, and every prefecture each had one market assistant, one aide, two clerks, and three chiefs who carried out inspections on separate rounds; two granary overseers who handled receipts and disbursements exclusively; and two clerks. Lower prefectures did without the market assistant.
99
大都護府大都護一人,從二品; 副大都護二人,從三品; 副都護二人,正四品上; 長史一人,正五品上; 司馬一人,正五品下; 錄事參軍事一人,正七品上; 錄事二人,從九品上; 功曹參軍事、倉曹參軍事、戶曹參軍事、兵曹參軍事、法曹參軍事各一人,正七品下; 參軍事三人,正八品下。
Great Protectorate Headquarters: one Grand Protector-General of secondary second rank; two Vice Grand Protectors-General of secondary third rank; two Vice Protectors-General of upper regular fourth rank; one Chief Secretary of upper regular fifth rank; one Vice Administrator of lower regular fifth rank; one Records Secretary of upper regular seventh rank; two recorders of upper secondary ninth rank; one Merit Secretary, one Granary Secretary, one Household Secretary, one Military Secretary, and one Legal Secretary, all of lower regular seventh rank; and three Staff Secretaries of lower regular eighth rank.
100
上都護府都護一人,正三品; 副都護二人,從四品上; 長史一人,正五品上; 司馬一人,正五品下; 錄事參軍事一人,正七品下; 功曹參軍事、倉曹參軍事、戶曹參軍事、兵曹參軍事各一人,從七品上; 參軍事三人,從八品上。
Upper Protectorate Headquarters: one Protector-General of regular third rank; two Vice Protectors-General of upper secondary fourth rank; one Chief Secretary of upper regular fifth rank; one Vice Administrator of lower regular fifth rank; one Records Secretary of lower regular seventh rank; one Merit Secretary, one Granary Secretary, one Household Secretary, and one Military Secretary, all of upper secondary seventh rank; and three Staff Secretaries of upper secondary eighth rank.
101
都護掌統諸蕃,撫慰、征討、敍功、罰過,總判府事。
The Protector-General commanded the foreign peoples, offered reassurance, conducted campaigns, recorded merit and punished offenses, and oversaw all protectorate business.
102
上州刺史一人,從三品,職同牧尹; 別駕一人,從四品下。 武德元年,改太守曰刺史,加使持節,丞曰別駕。 十年,改雍州別駕曰長史。 高宗即位,改別駕皆為長史。 上元二年,諸州復置別駕,以諸王子為之。 永隆元年省,永淳元年復置。 景雲二年,始參用庶姓。 天寶元年,改刺史曰太守。 八載,諸郡廢別駕,下郡置長史一員。 上元二年,諸州復置別駕。 德宗時,復省。 元和、長慶之際,兩河用兵,裨將有功者補東宮王府官,久次當進及受代居京師者,常數十人,訴宰相以求官; 文宗世,宰相韋處厚建議,復置兩輔、六雄、十望、十緊州別駕。
Upper Prefecture: one Prefect of secondary third rank, with duties equivalent to a regional governor or chief magistrate; and one Vice Prefect of lower secondary fourth rank. In Wude 1 the title Grand Administrator became Prefect with the added designation Commissioner with Full Powers, and the aide was renamed Vice Prefect. In year 10 the Vice Prefect of Yong Prefecture was retitled Chief Secretary. When Emperor Gaozong ascended the throne, every Vice Prefect was renamed Chief Secretary. In Shangyuan 2 Vice Prefects were restored throughout the prefectures and assigned to imperial princes. The post was abolished in Yonglong 1 and restored in Yongchun 1. In Jingyun 2 men of common birth were first appointed to these posts. In Tianbao 1 the title Prefect was changed back to Grand Administrator. In year 8 every commandery abolished the Vice Prefect, while lower commanderies established one Chief Secretary. In Shangyuan 2 Vice Prefects were again established in all prefectures. Under Emperor Dezong they were abolished once more. During the Yuanhe and Changqing periods, as the two He regions saw constant warfare, meritorious staff officers were given posts in the Eastern Palace and princely households; dozens of men long overdue for promotion or awaiting reassignment while staying in the capital would petition the chancellor for appointments; Under Emperor Wenzong, Chancellor Wei Chuhou recommended restoring Vice Prefects for the two auxiliary capitals, the six great prefectures, the ten prestigious prefectures, and the ten critical prefectures.
103
長史一人,從五品上; 司馬一人,從五品下; 錄事參軍事一人,從七品上; 錄事二人,從九品下; 司功參軍事一人、司倉參軍事一人、司戶參軍事二人、司田參軍事一人、司兵參軍事一人、司法參軍事二人、司士參軍事一人,皆從七品下; 參軍事四人,從八品下; 市令一人,從九品上; 丞一人,從九品下; 文學一人,從八品下; 醫學博士一人,從九品下。
One Chief Secretary of upper secondary fifth rank; one Vice Administrator of lower secondary fifth rank; one Records Secretary of upper secondary seventh rank; two recorders of lower secondary ninth rank; one Merit Secretary, one Granary Secretary, two Household Secretaries, one Fields Secretary, one Military Secretary, two Legal Secretaries, and one Works Secretary, all of lower secondary seventh rank; four Staff Secretaries of lower secondary eighth rank; one Market Director of upper secondary ninth rank; one assistant of lower secondary ninth rank; one Erudite of lower secondary eighth rank; and one Medical Doctor of lower secondary ninth rank.
104
中州刺史一人,正四品下; 錄事參軍事一人,正八品上; 錄事一人,從九品上; 司功參軍事、司倉參軍事、司戶參軍事、司田參軍事、司兵參軍事、司法參軍事、司士參軍事各一人,正八品下; 參軍事三人,正九品下; 醫學博士一人,從九品下。
Middle Prefecture: one Prefect of lower regular fourth rank; one Records Secretary of upper regular eighth rank; one recorder of upper secondary ninth rank; one Merit Secretary, one Granary Secretary, one Household Secretary, one Fields Secretary, one Military Secretary, one Legal Secretary, and one Works Secretary, all of lower regular eighth rank; three Staff Secretaries of lower regular ninth rank; and one Medical Doctor of lower secondary ninth rank.
105
下州刺史一人,正四品下; 別駕一人,從五品上; 司馬一人,從六品上; 錄事參軍事一人,從八品上; 錄事一人,從九品下; 司倉參軍事、司戶參軍事、司田參軍事、司法參軍事各一人,從八品下; 參軍事二人,從九品下; 醫學博士一人,從九品下。
Lower Prefecture: one Prefect of lower regular fourth rank; one Vice Prefect of upper secondary fifth rank; one Vice Administrator of upper secondary sixth rank; one Records Secretary of upper secondary eighth rank; one recorder of lower secondary ninth rank; one Granary Secretary, one Household Secretary, one Fields Secretary, and one Legal Secretary, all of lower secondary eighth rank; two Staff Secretaries of lower secondary ninth rank; and one Medical Doctor of lower secondary ninth rank.
106
諸軍各置使一人,五千人以上有副使一人,萬人以上有營田副使一人。 軍皆有倉、兵、冑三曹參軍事。 刺史領使,則置副使、推官、衙官、州衙推、軍衙推。
Every army had one commissioner; armies of five thousand or more also had a vice commissioner, and armies of ten thousand or more had a garrison-farm vice commissioner. Every army employed three bureau secretaries—for granary, military, and armor affairs. When a prefect also served as army commissioner, the staff included a vice commissioner, investigating officer, gate officers, a prefectural investigating officer, and an army investigating officer.
107
京縣令各一人,正五品上; 丞二人,從七品上; 主簿二人,從八品上; 錄事二人,從九品下; 尉六人,從八品下。
Capital Counties: one Magistrate apiece of upper regular fifth rank; two assistants of upper secondary seventh rank; two chief clerks of upper secondary eighth rank; two recorders of lower secondary ninth rank; and six bailiffs of lower secondary eighth rank.
108
畿縣令各一人,正六品上; 丞一人,正八品下; 主簿一人,正九品上; 尉二人,正九品下。
Capital Vicinity Counties: one Magistrate apiece of upper regular sixth rank; one assistant of lower regular eighth rank; one chief clerk of upper regular ninth rank; and two bailiffs of lower regular ninth rank.
109
上縣令一人,從六品上; 丞一人,從八品下; 主簿一人,正九品下; 尉二人,從九品上。
Upper Counties: one Magistrate apiece of upper secondary sixth rank; one assistant of lower secondary eighth rank; one chief clerk of lower regular ninth rank; and two bailiffs of upper secondary ninth rank.
110
中縣令一人,正七品上; 丞一人,從八品下; 主簿一人,從九品上; 尉一人,從九品下。
Middle Counties: one Magistrate apiece of upper regular seventh rank; one assistant of lower secondary eighth rank; one chief clerk of upper secondary ninth rank; and one bailiff of lower secondary ninth rank.
111
中下縣令一人,從七品上; 丞一人,正九品上; 主簿一人,從九品上; 尉一人,從九品下。
Lower-Middle Counties: one Magistrate apiece of upper secondary seventh rank; one assistant of upper regular ninth rank; one chief clerk of upper secondary ninth rank; and one bailiff of lower secondary ninth rank.
112
下縣令一人,從七品下; 丞一人,正九品下; 主簿一人,從九品上; 尉一人,從九品下。
Lower Counties: one Magistrate apiece of lower secondary seventh rank; one assistant of lower regular ninth rank; one chief clerk of upper secondary ninth rank; and one bailiff of lower secondary ninth rank.
113
縣令掌導風化,察冤滯,聽獄訟。 凡民田收授,縣令給之。 每歲季冬,行鄉飲酒禮。 籍帳、傳驛、倉庫、盜賊、隄道,雖有專官,皆通知。 縣丞為之貳,縣尉分判衆曹,收率課調。 武德元年,改書佐曰縣尉,尋改曰正。 諸縣置主簿,以流外為之。 京縣、上縣、丞皆一人; 畿縣、上縣,正皆四人。 七年,改縣正復曰尉。 貞觀初,諸縣置錄事。 開元,上縣萬戶、中縣四千戶以上,增尉一人。 京兆、河南府諸縣,戶三千以上置市令一人,戶一萬以上置義倉督三人。 其後畿縣戶不及四千,亦置尉二人,萬戶增一人。 凡縣有司功佐、司倉佐、司戶佐、司兵佐、司法佐、司士佐、典獄、門事等,畿縣減司兵,上縣有司戶、司法而已。 凡縣皆有經學博士、助教各一人,京縣學生五十人,畿縣四十人,中縣以下各二十五人。
The county magistrate guided local customs, investigated unresolved grievances and delays, and adjudicated lawsuits. For all allotment and reclamation of commoners' fields, the county magistrate made the grants. At the end of each winter the county held the village drinking ceremony. Household registers, courier relays, granaries, banditry, and embankment roads each had their own officers, yet the magistrate was kept informed of them all. The assistant served as the magistrate's deputy; bailiffs divided authority among the bureaus and collected taxes and corvée levies. In Wude 1 writing assistants became bailiffs; soon afterward the title was changed to Rectifier. Every county had a chief clerk, appointed from outside the regular hierarchy. In Capital Counties and Upper Counties there was one assistant each; and Capital Vicinity Counties and Upper Counties four bailiffs apiece. In the seventh year county Rectifiers were again renamed bailiffs. Early in the Zhenguan period every county gained a recorder. Under Kaiyuan, upper counties of ten thousand households and middle counties of four thousand or more each received an additional bailiff. In the counties under Jingzhao and Henan, those with three thousand households or more had one Market Director, and those with ten thousand or more had three Charity Granary overseers. Later, Capital Vicinity Counties with fewer than four thousand households also received two bailiffs, with one added for every ten thousand households. Every county staffed Merit, Granary, Household, Military, Justice, and Works Bureau assistants, prison supervisors, gate attendants, and the like; Capital Vicinity Counties dropped the Military Bureau assistant, and Upper Counties retained only Household and Justice Bureau assistants. Every county had one Classics Doctor and one assistant instructor; Capital Counties enrolled fifty students, Capital Vicinity Counties forty, and middle counties and below twenty-five each.
114
上鎮,將一人,正六品下; 鎮副二人,正七品下; 倉曹參軍事、兵曹參軍事各一人,從八品下。 中鎮,將一人,正七品上; 鎮副一人,從七品上; 兵曹參軍事一人,正九品下。 下鎮,將一人,正七品下; 鎮副一人,從七品下; 兵曹參軍事一人,從九品下。 每鎮又有使一人、副使一人。 凡軍鎮,二萬人以上置司馬一人,正六品上; 增倉曹、兵曹參軍事各一人,從七品下。 不及二萬者,司馬從六品上,倉曹、兵曹參軍事正八品上。
Upper Garrison: one General of lower regular sixth rank; two Garrison Vice Generals of lower regular seventh rank; and one Granary Bureau Secretary and one Military Bureau Secretary each of lower secondary eighth rank. Middle Garrison: one General of upper regular seventh rank; one Garrison Vice General of upper secondary seventh rank; and one Military Bureau Secretary of lower regular ninth rank. Lower Garrison: one General of lower regular seventh rank; one Garrison Vice General of lower secondary seventh rank; and one Military Bureau Secretary of lower secondary ninth rank. Every garrison also maintained one commissioner and one deputy commissioner. Army garrisons of twenty thousand men or more also had one Army Supervisor of upper regular sixth rank; with an additional Granary Bureau Secretary and Military Bureau Secretary of lower secondary seventh rank. Where strength fell short of twenty thousand, the Army Supervisor held upper secondary sixth rank and the Granary and Military Bureau Secretaries upper regular eighth rank.
115
上戍,主一人,正八品下; 戍副一人,從八品下。 中戍,主一人,從八品下。 下戍,主一人,正九品下。
Upper Garrison Post: one Commander of lower regular eighth rank; and one Garrison Vice Commander of lower secondary eighth rank. Middle Garrison Post: one Commander of lower secondary eighth rank. Lower Garrison Post: one Commander of lower regular ninth rank.
116
鎮將、鎮副、戍主、戍副,掌捍防守禦。 凡上鎮二十,中鎮九十,下鎮一百三十五; 上戍十一,中戍八十六,下戍二百四十五。 倉曹參軍事,掌儀式、倉庫、飲膳、醫藥、付事、句稽、省署鈔目、監印、給紙筆、市易、公廨。 中鎮則兵曹兼掌。 兵曹參軍事,掌防人名帳、戎器、管鑰、馬驢、土木、讁罰之事。 上鎮有錄事一人,史一人,倉曹佐一人、史二人,兵曹佐、史各二人,倉督一人、史二人。 中鎮,錄事一人,兵曹佐一人、史四人,倉督一人、史二人。 下鎮,錄事一人,兵曹佐一人、史二人,倉督一人、史一人。 凡軍鎮,五百人有押官一人,千人有子總管一人,五千人又有府三人、史四人。 上戍,佐一人、史二人; 中戍,史二人; 下戍,史一人。 唐廢戍子,每防人五百人為上鎮,三百人為中鎮,不及者為下鎮; 五十人為上戍,三十人為中戍,不及者為下戍。 開元十五年,朔方五城各置田曹參軍事一人,品同諸軍判司,專莅營田。 永泰後,諸鎮官頗增減開元之舊。
Garrison Generals, Garrison Vice Generals, Garrison Commanders, and Garrison Vice Commanders held the line and organized the defense. There were twenty upper garrisons, ninety middle garrisons, and one hundred thirty-five lower garrisons; eleven upper garrison posts, eighty-six middle garrison posts, and two hundred forty-five lower garrison posts. The Granary Bureau Secretary oversaw ceremonial display, granaries, provisions, medicine, task assignment, auditing, office registers, seal custody, paper and writing supplies, market transactions, and official quarters. At middle garrisons the Military Bureau Secretary handled these duties as well. The Military Bureau Secretary kept garrison troop rosters, managed weapons, keys, horses and donkeys, construction and earthworks, and disciplinary penalties. Upper garrisons employed one recording clerk, one clerk, one Granary Bureau assistant with two clerks, two Military Bureau assistants with two clerks, and one granary overseer with two clerks. Middle garrisons had one recording clerk, one Military Bureau assistant with four clerks, and one granary overseer with two clerks. Lower garrisons had one recording clerk, one Military Bureau assistant with two clerks, and one granary overseer with one clerk. In every army garrison five hundred men had one escort officer, one thousand had one sub-commander, and five thousand also had three office attendants and four clerks. Upper garrison posts had one assistant and two clerks; middle garrison posts two clerks; and lower garrison posts one clerk. The Tang abolished the garrison-son posts; every five hundred defense troops made an upper garrison, three hundred a middle garrison, and fewer a lower garrison; fifty men made an upper garrison post, thirty a middle garrison post, and fewer a lower garrison post. In Kaiyuan 15 each of the Five Cities of Shuofang received one Fields Bureau Secretary, with rank equal to army bureau secretaries, devoted exclusively to garrison farming. After the Yongtai era garrison offices were greatly expanded or cut back from the Kaiyuan establishment.
117
五岳、四瀆,令各一人,正九品上,掌祭祀。 有祝史三人,齋郎各三十人。
The Five Sacred Peaks and Four Rivers each had one Director of upper regular ninth rank who oversaw sacrifices. Each site had three Invocation Officers and thirty Fasting Attendants.
118
上關,令一人,從八品下; 丞二人,正九品下。 中關,令一人,正九品下; 丞一人,從九品下。 下關,令一人,亦從九品下。 掌禁末游,察姦慝。 凡行人車馬出入,據過所為往來之節。 凡關二十有六,京四面關有驛道者為上關,無驛道者為中關,餘為下關。
Upper Pass: one Director of lower secondary eighth rank; and two assistants of lower regular ninth rank. Middle Pass: one Director of lower regular ninth rank; and one assistant of lower secondary ninth rank. Lower Pass: one Director, likewise of lower secondary ninth rank. They barred idle wandering and detected treachery. All travelers, horses, and carts entering or leaving were checked against travel passes as credentials for passage. There were twenty-six passes in all: capital passes on courier routes ranked as upper passes, those without courier routes as middle passes, and the remainder as lower passes.
119
丞掌付事、句稽、監印、省署鈔目,通判關事。 上關,錄事一人,府二人,史四人,典事六人。 中關,錄事一人,府二人,史二人,典事四人。 下關,府一人,史、典事各二人。 典事掌巡薙及雜當。 初,諸關置都尉,亦有它官奉敕監者。 上津置尉一人,掌舟梁之事; 府一人,史二人,津長四人。 下津,尉一人,府一人,史二人,津長二人。 永徽中,廢津尉,上關置津吏八人。 永泰元年,中關置津吏六人,下關四人,無津者不置。
Assistants assigned tasks, audited accounts, watched the seal, and checked office registers, exercising joint authority over pass affairs. Upper passes had one recording clerk, two office attendants, four clerks, and six general attendants. Middle passes had one recording clerk, two office attendants, two clerks, and four general attendants. Lower passes had one office attendant, two clerks, and two general attendants each. General attendants handled patrol weeding and miscellaneous duties. At first every pass had a Commandant, and other officials were also appointed by imperial order to supervise. Upper fords had one warden who managed bridges and ferries; with one office attendant, two clerks, and four ford chiefs. Lower fords had one warden, one office attendant, two clerks, and two ford chiefs. During the Yonghui period ford wardens were abolished and upper passes were given eight ferry clerks. In Yongtai 1 middle passes received six ferry clerks and lower passes four; where no ford existed, none were appointed.
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Collation notes for this chapter.