1
御史臺大夫一人,正三品; 中丞二人,正四品下。 大夫掌以刑法典章糾正百官之罪惡,中丞爲之貳。 其屬有三院:一曰臺院,侍御史隸焉; 二曰殿院,殿中侍御史隸焉; 三曰察院,監察御史隸焉。
The Censorate had one Censor-in-Chief, of regular third rank; and two Vice Censors, of regular fourth rank, lower grade. The Censor-in-Chief used the penal code and administrative statutes to correct the offenses of all officials; the Vice Censors served as his deputies. Under them were three bureaus: the Bureau of the Censorate, staffed by Attending Censors; the Bureau of the Palace, staffed by Palace Attending Censors; and the Bureau of Investigation, staffed by Investigating Censors.
2
凡冤而無告者,三司詰之。 三司,謂御史大夫、中書、門下也。 大事奏裁,小事專達。 凡有彈劾,御史以白大夫,大事以方幅,小事署名而已。 有制覆囚,則與刑部尙書平閲。 行幸,乘路車爲導。 朝會,則率其屬正百官之班序,遲明列於兩觀,監察御史二人押班,侍御史顓舉不如法者。
Whenever someone suffered injustice with no recourse, the Three Offices investigated the case. The Three Offices were the Censor-in-Chief, the Secretariat, and the Chancellery. Major cases were submitted for the emperor's decision; minor ones were handled directly. When a censor impeached someone, he informed the Censor-in-Chief; major charges required a full memorial, minor ones only a signature. When the emperor ordered a review of prisoners, they examined the cases jointly with the Minister of Justice. On imperial tours they rode the protocol carriage at the head of the procession. At court assemblies they led their staff in setting the order of officials' ranks; before dawn they took position at the twin watchtowers, two Investigating Censors supervised the formation, and Attending Censors cited anyone who violated protocol.
3
文武官職事九品以上及二王後,朝朔望。 文官五品以上及兩省供奉官、監察御史、員外郎、太常博士,日參,號常參官。 武官三品以上,三日一朝,號九參官; 五品以上及折衝當番者,五日一朝,號六參官。 弘文、崇文舘、國子監學生,四時參。 凡諸王入朝及以恩追至者,日參。 九品以上,自十月至二月,袴褶以朝; 五品以上有珂,蕃官及四品非淸官則否。
Civil and military officials in substantive posts of ninth rank or higher, and the heirs of the Former and Latter Han, attended court on the first and fifteenth of each month. Civil officials of fifth rank and above, tribute officials of the Secretariat and Chancellery, Investigating Censors, vice directors, and Masters of Rites attended daily; they were called Regular Attendants. Military officials of third rank and above attended once every three days; they were called Nine-Day Attendants; those of fifth rank and above and Zhechong guards on active rotation attended once every five days; they were called Six-Day Attendants. Students of the Hongwen and Chongwen Academies and the Directorate of Education attended at the four seasonal audiences. All princes present at court and those summoned by special grace attended daily. Officials of ninth rank and above wore trousers and jackets at court from the tenth month through the second; fifth-rank officials and above might display rank markers on their horses; foreign officials and fourth-rank officials who were not pure officials might not.
4
凡朝位以官,職事同者先爵,爵同以齒,致仕官居上; 職事與散官、勳官合班,則文散官居職事之下,武散官次之,勳官又次之; 官同者,異姓爲後。 親王、嗣王任文武官者,從其班,官卑者從王品; 郡王任三品以下職事者,居同階品之上,非任文武官者,嗣王居太子太保之下,郡王次之,國公居三品之下,郡公居從三品之下,縣公居四品之下,侯居從四品之下,伯居五品之下,子居從五品之上,男居從五品之下。 以前官召見者,居本品見任之上,以理解者,居同品之下。 本司參集者,以職事爲上下。 文武三品非職事官者,朝參名簿,皆稱曰諸公。
Court standing followed office; when substantive posts were equal, nobility took precedence, and when nobility was equal, age; retired officials stood ahead; when substantive posts, honorary titles, and merit titles stood together, civil honorary titles ranked below the substantive post, military honorary titles below those, and merit titles below them; when offices were equal, officials of different surnames stood behind. Imperial and heir princes who held civil or military offices followed those ranks; if the office was lower, they followed their princely rank; A commandery prince in a substantive post of third rank or lower stood above peers of that rank; if he held no civil or military office, the heir prince stood below the Heir Apparent's Grand Guardian, commandery princes below that, state dukes below third rank, commandery dukes below subordinate third rank, county dukes below fourth rank, marquises below subordinate fourth rank, earls below fifth rank, viscounts above subordinate fifth rank, and barons below subordinate fifth rank. Those summoned while holding a former rank stood above their current rank in that former grade; those on leave stood below peers of the same rank. When officials assembled within their own ministry, standing followed substantive post. Civil and military officials of third rank without substantive posts were all listed on attendance registers as "the Dukes."
5
凡出,不踰四面關則不辭見。 都督、刺史、都護旣辭,候旨於側門。
For departures, if one did not travel beyond the Four Passes, one need not take formal leave in audience. After regional commanders, prefects, and protectors had taken their leave, they waited for orders at the side gate.
6
左右僕射、侍中、中書令初拜,以表讓。 中書門下五品以上及諸司長官,謝於正衙,復進狀謝於側門。
When the Left and Right Vice Directors, Palace Attendants, and Chief Ministers of the Secretariat were first appointed, they submitted a memorial declining the office. Fifth-rank officials and above of the Secretariat and Chancellery and the heads of the various ministries gave thanks in the main hall, then submitted a petition of thanks at the side gate.
7
兩班三品以朔望朝,就食廊下,殿中侍御史二人爲使涖之。 髙宗改治書侍御史中丞,以避帝名; 龍朔二年,改御史臺曰憲臺,大夫曰大司憲,中丞曰司憲大夫。 武后文明元年,改御史臺曰肅政臺。 光宅元年,分左右臺:左臺知百司,監軍旅; 右臺察州縣、省風俗。 尋命左臺兼察州縣。 兩臺歳再發使八人,春曰風俗,秋曰廉察,以四十八條察州縣。 兩臺御史,有假、有檢校、有員外、有試,至神龍初皆廢。 景雲三年,以兩臺望齊,糾舉苛察,百僚厭其煩,乃廢右臺。 延和元年,復置,歳中以尙書省隸左臺,月餘而右臺復廢。 至德後,諸道使府參佐,皆以御史爲之,謂之外臺; 復有檢校、裏行、内供奉,或兼或攝,諸使下官亦如之。 會昌初,升大夫、中丞品。 東都留臺,有中丞一人、侍御史一人、殿中侍御史二人、監察御史三人; 元和後,不置中丞,以侍御史、殿中侍御史、監察御史主留臺務,而三院御史亦不常備。
The two shifts of third-rank officials attended on the first and fifteenth of the month and took their meal in the corridor below; two Palace Attending Censors served as supervisors. Emperor Gaozong changed the title Vice Censor for Drafting Memorials to avoid the imperial taboo; In the second year of Longshuo the Censorate was renamed the Bureau of Discipline, the Censor-in-Chief became Grand Director of Discipline, and the Vice Censor became Director of Discipline. In the first year of Civilizing Rule, Empress Wu renamed the Censorate the Bureau of Sober Government. In the first year of Guangzhai the Censorate was split into Left and Right Bureaus: the Left oversaw all offices and supervised the military; the Right inspected prefectures and counties and reviewed local customs. Soon the Left Bureau was also charged with inspecting prefectures and counties. Each year the two bureaus dispatched eight envoys twice—in spring for customs inspection, in autumn for integrity inspection—using forty-eight articles to examine prefectures and counties. Censors of the two bureaus included acting, inspecting, vice, and probationary posts; by the beginning of Shenlong all were abolished. In the third year of Jingyun, because the two bureaus were equal in prestige and their investigations were harsh and exacting, officials grew weary of the burden, and the Right Bureau was abolished. In the first year of Yanhe it was restored; mid-year the Department of State Affairs was placed under the Left Bureau, and a little over a month later the Right Bureau was abolished again. After the Zhide era, aides in the various circuit commissioner offices were all appointed censors—called the Outer Bureau; there were again inspecting, bureau-attached, and inner-attendant posts, some held concurrently and some in an acting capacity; subordinate officials of the various commissioners followed the same pattern. At the beginning of Huichang the ranks of the Censor-in-Chief and Vice Censor were raised. The resident Censorate at the Eastern Capital had one Vice Censor, one Attending Censor, two Palace Attending Censors, and three Investigating Censors; After Yuanhe no Vice Censor was appointed; Attending, Palace Attending, and Investigating Censors managed the resident bureau, and the three bureaus were not always fully staffed.
8
侍御史六人,從六品下。 掌糾舉百寮及入閤承詔,知推、彈、雜事。 凡三司理事,與給事中、中書舍人更直朝堂。 若三司所按而非其長官,則與刑部郎中、員外郎、大理司直、評事往訊。 彈劾,則大夫、中丞押奏。 大事,法冠、朱衣、纁裳、白紗中單; 小事,常服。 久次者一人知雜事,謂之雜端,殿中監察職掌、進名、遷改及令史考第,臺内事顓決,亦號臺端。 次一人知公廨。 次一人知彈。 分京城諸司及諸州爲東、西:次一人知西推、贓贖、三司受事,號副端; 次一人知東推、理匭等,有不糾舉者罰之; 以殿中侍御史第一人同知東推,莅太倉出納; 第二人同知西推,莅左藏出納。 號四推御史。 隻日,臺院受事; 雙日,殿院受事。 次侍御史一人,分司東都臺。 凡御史以下遇長官於路,去戴下馬,長官斂轡止之。 出入行止,殿中以下視以爲法,先後有罰。 入朝,則與殿中侍御史隨仗分入,東則居侍中、黃門侍郎,給事中之次,西則居中書令、侍郎、舍人之次,各居中丞、大夫下。 毎一人東嚮承詔五日,有旨召御史,不呼名則承詔者出。 樂彦瑋爲大夫,以嘗召兩御史,乃加副承詔一人,闕則殿中承乏。 監察御史分日直朝堂,入自側門,非奏事不至殿庭,正門無籍; 天授中,詔側門置籍,得至殿庭; 開元七年,又詔隨仗入閤。 分左右巡,糾察違失,左巡知京城内,右巡知京城外,盡雍、洛二州之境,月一代,將晦,卽巡刑部、大理、東西徒坊、金吾、縣獄。 蒐狩,則監圍,察斷絶失禽者。 其後,以殿中掌左右巡; 尋以務劇,選用京畿縣尉。 又置御史裏行使、侍御史裏行使、殿中裏行使、監察裏行使,以未爲正官,無員數。
There were six Attending Censors, of subordinate sixth rank, lower grade. They impeached officials, entered the Inner Hall to receive edicts, and handled investigations, impeachments, and miscellaneous business. When the Three Offices heard cases, they rotated duty in the court hall with the Supervising Secretary and Secretariat Drafting Officer. If the accused was not the censor's own superior, they went with officials of the Ministry of Justice and the Court of Judicial Review to conduct the inquiry. For impeachments, the Censor-in-Chief and Vice Censor endorsed the memorial. For major cases they wore the law cap, vermilion robe, crimson skirt, and white gauze undergarment; for minor cases, regular dress. The senior censor managed miscellaneous affairs as the Miscellaneous Chief; he decided Palace and Investigation assignments, name submissions, transfers, and clerks' examinations, and was also called the Bureau Chief. The next censor managed the office compound. The next managed impeachments. The capital's offices and prefectures were divided into East and West: the next censor managed western investigations, bribery cases, and Three Offices intake—called the Deputy Chief; the next managed eastern investigations and complaint-box cases, and punished censors who failed to act; the senior Palace Attending Censor jointly managed eastern investigations and supervised the Grand Granary's receipts and disbursements; the second jointly managed western investigations and supervised the Left Treasury's receipts and disbursements. They were called the Four Investigation Censors. On odd days the Bureau of the Censorate received cases; on even days the Bureau of the Palace received cases. Another Attending Censor served at the Eastern Capital's resident bureau. Whenever a censor met his superior on the road, he removed his hat and dismounted; the superior would rein in and tell him to remount. Junior censors took the Palace Attending Censors as their model in conduct; violations of precedence were punished. At court they entered with the Palace Attending Censors in the guard formation, divided east and west: on the east they stood after the Palace Attendant, Vice Director of the Yellow Gate, and Supervising Secretary; on the west after the Chief Minister, Vice Minister, and Drafting Officer—all below the Vice Censor and Censor-in-Chief. Each censor in turn faced east to receive edicts for five days; when the emperor summoned a censor without naming him, the censor on edict duty responded. When Yue Yanwei was Censor-in-Chief, because two censors had once been summoned at once, a deputy edict-receiver was added; if he was absent, a Palace Attending Censor filled in. Investigating Censors rotated daily duty in the court hall, entering by the side gate; unless presenting a memorial they did not enter the hall courtyard, and they were not registered at the main gate; during Tianshou an edict ordered a register at the side gate, allowing access to the hall courtyard; in the seventh year of Kaiyuan another edict ordered them to enter the Inner Hall with the guard. They were divided into Left and Right Patrols to investigate violations: the Left Patrol covered the capital interior, the Right the exterior, throughout Yong and Luo prefectures, rotating monthly; near month's end they inspected the Ministry of Justice, Court of Judicial Review, eastern and western penal wards, Golden Crow guards, and county prisons. On hunts they supervised the encirclement and investigated anyone who broke the line and lost game. Later Palace Attending Censors took charge of the Left and Right Patrols; soon because the duties were too heavy, metropolitan county assistants were appointed instead. Bureau-attached posts were again established for censors, attending censors, palace attending censors, and investigating censors; because they were not regular posts, there was no fixed quota.
9
唐法,殿中侍御史遷拜及職事,與侍御史鈞。 開元以降,權屬侍御史,而殿中兼知庫藏、宮門内事。 故事,御史臺不受訟,有訴可聞者略其姓名,託以風聞。 其後,御史嫉惡者少,通狀壅絶。 十四年,乃定授事御史一人,知其日劾狀,題告事人姓名。 其後,宰相以御史權重,建議彈奏先白中丞、大夫,復通狀中書、門下,然後得奏。 自是御史之任輕矣。 建中元年,以侍御史分掌公廨、推、彈,自是雜端之任輕矣。 元和八年,命四推御史受事,周而復始,罷東西分日之限。 隋末,廢殿内侍御史; 義寧元年,承相府置察非掾二人; 武德元年,改曰殿中侍御史; 龍朔元年,置監察御史裏行; 武后文明元年,置殿中裏行,後亦顓以裏行名官; 長安二年,置内供奉。
Under Tang law, Palace Attending Censors were equal to Attending Censors in promotion and substantive duties. From Kaiyuan onward authority rested with Attending Censors, while Palace Attending Censors also managed treasuries and inner palace gate affairs. By precedent the Censorate did not accept lawsuits; when a complaint could be heard, the complainant's name was omitted and the case was submitted as a hearsay report. Later few censors were zealous in prosecution, and general memorials were blocked. In the fourteenth year one Case-Receiving Censor was appointed to track daily impeachment reports and record the complainant's name. Later, because chancellors thought censors held too much power, they proposed that impeachments first be reported to the Vice Censor and Censor-in-Chief, then circulated through the Secretariat and Chancellery, before submission. From then on the censors' authority was diminished. In the first year of Jianzhong Attending Censors were assigned separately to manage the office compound, investigations, and impeachments; from then on the Miscellaneous Chief's role was diminished. In the eighth year of Yuanhe the Four Investigation Censors were ordered to receive cases in rotation, abolishing the rule of dividing eastern and western cases by odd and even days. At the end of Sui the Palace Attending Censors were abolished; in the first year of Yining the Chancellor's Office established two Investigators of Wrongdoing; in the first year of Wude they were renamed Palace Attending Censors; in the first year of Longshuo bureau-attached Investigating Censors were established; in the first year of Civilizing Rule Empress Wu established bureau-attached Palace posts; later many offices were also given bureau-attached titles; In the second year of Chang'an inner attendants were established.
10
主簿一人,從七品下。 掌印,受事發辰,覈臺務,主公廨及戸奴婢、勳散官之職。 録事二人,從九品下。 有主事二人。 臺院有令史七十八人,書令史二十五人,亭長六人,掌固十二人。 殿院有令史八人,書令史十八人。 察院有計史三十四人,令史十人,掌固十二人。
There was one Registrar, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade. He managed seals, received cases and issued time-stamps, audited bureau affairs, and oversaw the office compound, household slaves and servants, and merit and honorary officials. There were two Recording Clerks, of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. There were two Section Chiefs. The Bureau of the Censorate had seventy-eight clerks, twenty-five document clerks, six station chiefs, and twelve compound guards. The Bureau of the Palace had eight clerks and eighteen document clerks. The Bureau of Investigation had thirty-four accounting clerks, ten clerks, and twelve compound guards.
11
殿中侍御史九人,從七品下。 掌殿庭供奉之儀,京畿諸州兵皆隸焉。 正班,列於閤門之外,糾離班、語不肅者。 元日、冬至朝會,則乘馬、具服、戴黑豸升殿。 巡幸,則往來門旗之内,檢校文物虧失者。 一人同知東推,監太倉出納; 一人同知西推,監左藏出納; 二人爲廊下食使; 二人分知左右巡; 三人内供奉。
There were nine Palace Attending Censors, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade. They supervised ceremonial protocol in the palace hall, and troops of the capital region and its prefectures were subordinate to them. In regular formation they stood outside the Gate of the Inner Hall and cited anyone who left ranks or spoke without decorum. At New Year's and winter solstice assemblies they rode horseback, wore full dress, and ascended the hall wearing black xie caps. On imperial tours they moved within the gate banners and inspected ritual objects for loss or damage. One jointly managed eastern investigations and supervised the Grand Granary's receipts and disbursements; one jointly managed western investigations and supervised the Left Treasury's receipts and disbursements; two served as corridor meal supervisors; two divided management of the Left and Right Patrols; and three were inner attendants.
12
監察御史十五人,正八品下。 掌分察百僚,巡按州縣,獄訟、軍戎、祭祀、營作、太府出納皆莅焉; 知朝堂左右廂及百司綱目。
There were fifteen Investigating Censors, of regular eighth rank, lower grade. They investigated officials, toured prefectures and counties, and oversaw lawsuits, military affairs, sacrifices, construction projects, and Grand Treasury receipts and disbursements; they supervised the left and right wings of the court hall and tracked the business of the hundred offices.
13
凡十道巡按,以判官二人爲佐,務繁則有支使。 其一,察官人善惡; 其二,察戸口流散,籍帳隱沒,賦役不均; 其三,察農桑不勤,倉庫減耗; 其四,察妖猾盜賊,不事生業,爲私蠧害; 其五,察德行孝悌,茂才異等,藏器晦跡,應時用者; 其六,察黠吏豪宗兼幷縱暴,貧弱冤苦不能自申者。
On tours of the ten circuits, two judicial assistants served as aides; when duties were heavy, dispatch officers were added. First, to inspect the conduct of officials, good and bad; second, to inspect scattered households, concealed registers, and unequal taxes and corvée labor; third, to inspect neglect of farming and sericulture and depletion of granaries and storehouses; fourth, to inspect crafty criminals and bandits who abandoned honest livelihoods and preyed on the people; fifth, to identify men of filial and fraternal virtue, outstanding talent, and hidden ability fit for service; sixth, to inspect crafty clerks and powerful clans who seized property and acted with violence, and the poor and weak who could not obtain redress for their grievances.
14
凡戰伐大克獲,則數俘馘、審功賞,然後奏之。 屯田、鑄錢,嶺南、黔府選補,亦視功過糾察。 決囚徒,則與中書舍人、金吾將軍莅之。 國忌齋,則與殿中侍御史分察寺觀。 莅宴射、習射及大祠、中祠,視不如儀者以聞。
After a major military victory they counted captives and severed ears, reviewed merit for rewards, and then submitted a memorial. They also inspected garrison farming, coin casting, and appointments in Lingnan and Qian for merit and misconduct. When prisoners were sentenced to death, they attended together with the Secretariat Drafting Officer and the Golden Crow general. On national mourning fasts they divided inspection of temples and monasteries with Palace Attending Censors. They attended banquet archery, practice archery, and major and intermediate sacrifices, and reported violations of ritual.
15
初,開元中,兼巡傳驛,至二十五年,以監察御史檢校兩京舘驛。 大暦十四年,兩京以御史一人知舘驛,號舘驛使。 監察御史分察尙書省六司,繇下第一人爲始,出使亦然。 興元元年,以第一人察吏部、禮部,兼監祭使; 第二人察兵部、工部,兼舘驛使; 第三人察戸部、刑部。 歳終議殿最。 元和中,以新人不出使無以觀能否,乃命顓察尙書省,號曰六察官。 開元十九年,以監察御史二人莅太倉、左藏庫。 三院御史,皆初領繁劇外府推事。 其後,以殿中侍御史上一人爲監太倉使,第二人爲監左藏庫使。
Initially in the Kaiyuan era they also toured relay stations; by the twenty-fifth year Investigating Censors were appointed to inspect post stations in both capitals. In the fourteenth year of Dali one censor in each capital managed the post stations, titled Post Station Commissioner. Investigating Censors divided inspection of the six bureaus of the Department of State Affairs, beginning with the junior censor; the same rule applied to those on mission. In the first year of Xingyuan the senior censor inspected the Ministries of Personnel and Rites and concurrently served as Sacrifice Supervisor; the second inspected the Ministries of War and Works and concurrently served as Post Station Commissioner; the third inspected the Ministries of Revenue and Justice. At year's end they rated officials' performance. In the Yuanhe era, because new appointees did not go on mission and their ability could not be tested, they were assigned exclusively to inspect the Department of State Affairs and were called the Six Inspection Officers. In the nineteenth year of Kaiyuan two Investigating Censors oversaw the Grand Granary and the Left Treasury. Censors of all three bureaus initially handled the demanding duty of investigating cases in outer prefectures. Later the senior Palace Attending Censor became Commissioner of the Grand Granary and the second became Commissioner of the Left Treasury.
16
凡諸使下三院御史内供奉,其班居正臺監察御史之上。 太常寺卿一人,正三品; 少卿二人,正四品上。 掌禮樂、郊廟、社稷之事,總郊社、太樂、鼓吹、太醫、太卜、廩犧、諸祠廟等署,少卿爲之貳。 凡大禮,則贊引; 有司攝事,則爲亞獻; 三公行園陵,則爲副; 大祭祀,省牲、器,則謁者爲之導; 小祀及公卿嘉禮,命謁者贊相。 凡巡幸、出師、克獲,皆擇日告太廟。
Inner-attendant censors of the three bureaus under the various commissioners ranked above regular Investigating Censors of the Censorate. The Court of Imperial Sacrifices had one Director, of regular third rank; and two Vice Directors, of regular fourth rank, upper grade. They managed rites, music, suburban sacrifices, ancestral temples, and the altars of soil and grain, and oversaw the offices of Suburban Sacrifices, Grand Music, Military Music, Imperial Physicians, Grand Divination, Sacrificial Animals, and various temples; the Vice Directors served as deputies. At major rites they guided the ceremony; when a relevant office acted in the emperor's place, they served as secondary offerer; when the Three Dukes performed rites at imperial tombs, they served as deputies; at major sacrifices, when victims and vessels were inspected, ushers served as guides; for minor sacrifices and congratulatory rites of dukes and ministers, ushers were ordered to assist. For imperial tours, military campaigns, and victories, an auspicious day was chosen to report to the Imperial Ancestral Temple.
17
凡藏大享之器服,有四院:一曰天府院,藏瑞應及伐國所獲之寶,禘祫則陳于廟庭; 二曰御衣院,藏天子祭服; 三曰樂縣院,藏六樂之器; 四曰神廚院,藏御廩及諸器官奴婢。 初,有衣冠署,令,正八品上; 貞觀元年,署廢。 髙宗卽位,改治禮郎曰奉禮郎,以避帝名; 龍朔二年,改太常寺曰奉常寺,九寺卿皆曰正卿,少卿曰大夫。 武后光宅元年,復改太常寺曰司禮寺。
Vessels and robes for great offerings were stored in four courts: the Celestial Treasury Court held auspicious objects and spoils of war, displayed in the temple courtyard at di and xia sacrifices; the Imperial Robes Court held the emperor's sacrificial garments; the Music and Bells Court held instruments of the six kinds of music; the Divine Kitchen Court held the imperial granary and the slaves and servants of the various ritual offices. Initially there was an Office of Caps and Robes, with a director of regular eighth rank, upper grade; abolished in the first year of Zhenguan. When Emperor Gaozong took the throne, the Rite-Regulating Gentleman was renamed Ritual Gentleman to avoid the imperial taboo; In the second year of Longshuo the Court of Imperial Sacrifices was renamed the Court of Constant Offerings; directors of the nine courts were all called Chief Directors and vice directors Grand Masters. In the first year of Guangzhai Empress Wu renamed it the Court of Ritual Administration.
18
丞二人,從五品下。 掌判寺事。 凡享太廟,則脩七祀于西門之内。 主簿二人,從七品上。
There were two Assistants, of subordinate fifth rank, lower grade. They adjudicated the court's affairs. When offering at the Imperial Ancestral Temple, the seven sacrifices were performed within the west gate. There were two Registrars, of subordinate seventh rank, upper grade.
19
博士四人,從七品上。 掌辨五禮; 按王公、三品以上功過善惡爲之諡; 大禮,則贊卿導引。
There were four Erudites, of subordinate seventh rank, upper grade. They distinguished the five rites; they reviewed the merits and faults of princes, dukes, and officials of third rank and above to assign posthumous titles; at major rites they assisted and guided the Director.
20
太祝六人,正九品上。 掌出納神主; 祭祀則跪讀祝文; 卿省牲則循牲告充,牽以授太官。
There were six Grand Invokers, of regular ninth rank, upper grade. They received and issued spirit tablets; at sacrifices they knelt and read the invocation; when the Director inspected the sacrificial victims, they walked along the line declaring them acceptable and led them to the Grand Steward.
21
奉禮郎二人,從九品上。 掌君臣版位,以奉朝會、祭祀之禮。 宗廟則設皇帝位於庭,九廟子孫列焉,昭、穆異位,去爵從齒。 凡樽、彝、勺、冪、篚、坫、簠、簋、登,鈃、籩、豆,皆辨其位。 凡祭祀、朝會,在位拜跪之節,皆贊導之。 公卿巡行諸陵,則主其威儀鼓吹,而相其禮。
There were two Ritual Gentlemen, of subordinate ninth rank, upper grade. They arranged the positions of ruler and ministers for court assemblies and sacrifices. At the ancestral temple they placed the emperor's position in the courtyard; descendants of the nine temples lined up in zhao and mu positions, setting aside rank to follow age. They assigned positions for all ritual vessels—wine vessels, sacrificial bronzes, ladles, covers, baskets, stands, grain vessels, food vessels, meat stands, platters, and cups. At sacrifices and court assemblies they guided all protocols of bowing and kneeling. When dukes and ministers toured the imperial tombs, they directed their ceremonial guards and music and assisted in the rites.
22
協律郎二人,正八品上。 掌和律呂。 録事二人,從九品上; 八寺録事品同。 有禮院修撰、檢討官各一人,府十二人,史二十三人,謁者十人,贊引二十人,贊者四人,祝史六人,贊者十六人。 太常寺、禮院禮生各三十五人,亭長八人,掌固十二人。 兩京郊社署兩京郊社署令各一人,從七品下; 丞各一人,從八品上。 令掌五郊、社稷、明堂之位,與奉禮郎設樽、罍、篚、冪,而太官令實之。 立燎壇,積柴。 合朔有變,則巡察四門,以俟變過,明則罷。 有府二人,史四人,典事五人,掌固五人,門僕八人,齋郎百一十人。 齋郎掌供郊廟之役。 太廟九室,室有長三人,以主樽、罍、篚、冪、鎖鑰,又有罍洗二人; 郊壇有掌坐二十四人,以主神御之物。 皆禮部奏補。 凡室長十年、掌座十二年,皆授官。 祭饗而員少,兼取三舘學生,皆絳衣絳幘。 更一番者,戸部下蠲符,歳一申考諸署所擇者,太常以十月申解於禮部,如貢舉法,帖論語及一大經。 中第者,録奏,吏部注冬集散官,否者番上如初。 六試而絀,授散官。 唐初,以郊社、太樂、鼓吹、太醫、太官、左藏、乘黃、典廄、典客、上林、太倉、平準、常平、典牧、左尙、右尙爲上署,鉤盾、右藏、織染、掌冶爲中署,珍羞、良醞、掌醞、守宮、武器、車府、司儀、崇玄、導官、甄官、河渠、弩坊、甲坊、舟楫、太卜、廩犧、中校、左校、右校爲下署。 太樂署太樂署令二人,從七品下; 丞一人,從八品下; 樂正八人,從九品下。 令掌調鐘律,以供祭饗。
There were two Pitch-Regulating Gentlemen, of regular eighth rank, upper grade. They harmonized the pitch pipes. There were two Recording Clerks, of subordinate ninth rank, upper grade; the Recording Clerks of the eight courts shared the same rank. The Rites Bureau had one compiler and one reviser, twelve clerks, twenty-three scribes, ten ushers, twenty guides, four assistants, six invocation scribes, and sixteen ritual assistants. The Court of Imperial Sacrifices and the Rites Bureau each had thirty-five ritual students, eight station chiefs, and twelve compound guards. The Suburban Sacrifices Offices of the two capitals each had one director, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; each with one assistant, of subordinate eighth rank, upper grade. The director managed positions for the five suburban sacrifices, the altars of soil and grain, and the Hall of Enlightenment; with Ritual Gentlemen he arranged wine vessels, jars, baskets, and covers, and the Director of the Grand Steward filled them. He erected the fire altar and piled firewood. When an eclipse occurred at the new moon, he patrolled the four gates until it passed; at dawn he ceased. The office had two clerks, four scribes, five stewards, five compound guards, eight gate servants, and one hundred ten fast officers. Fast officers supplied labor for suburban sacrifices and temples. The Imperial Ancestral Temple had nine chambers; each had three chiefs to manage vessels, covers, and keys, and two jar-washers; the suburban altar had twenty-four seat managers to oversee ritual objects. All were appointed on nomination by the Ministry of Rites. After ten years as chamber chief or twelve as seat manager, all received official appointment. When staff were insufficient for offerings, students from the three institutes were also recruited, all in crimson robes and caps. After one rotation the Ministry of Revenue issued tax exemption certificates; once a year candidates selected by the various offices were examined; in the tenth month the Court of Imperial Sacrifices submitted them to the Ministry of Rites, who tested them on the Analects and one great classic by the civil examination method. Those who passed were recorded and memorialized; the Ministry of Personnel assigned winter honorary offices; those who failed returned to rotation as before. After failing six examinations, they received honorary office. Early in Tang, Suburban Sacrifices, Grand Music, Military Music, Imperial Physicians, Grand Steward, Left Treasury, Imperial Horses, Imperial Stables, Imperial Guests, Imperial Park, Grand Granary, Price Regulation, Ever-Normal Granary, Imperial Herds, Left Services, and Right Services ranked as upper offices; Hooked Shield, Right Treasury, Weaving and Dyeing, and Metallurgy as middle offices; and Delicacies, Fine Brew, Brew Management, Palace Guard, Weapons, Chariot Office, Ceremonial Protocol, Daoist Affairs, Guide Office, Casting Office, Canals, Crossbow Workshop, Armor Workshop, Boats, Grand Divination, Sacrificial Animals, Central Workshop, Left Workshop, and Right Workshop as lower offices. The Office of Grand Music had two directors, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; one assistant, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade; and eight music masters, of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. The directors tuned the bells and pitch pipes to provide music for sacrificial banquets.
23
凡習樂,立師以教,而歳考其師之課業爲三等,以上禮部。 十年大校,未成,則五年而校,以番上下。 有故及不任供奉,則輸資錢,以充伎衣樂器之用。 散樂,閏月人出資錢百六十,長上者復繇役,音聲人納資者歳錢二千。 博士教之,功多者爲上第,功少者爲中第,不勤者爲下第,禮部覆之。 十五年有五上考、七中考者,授散官,直本司,年滿考少者,不敍。 教長上弟子四考,難色二人、次難色二人業成者,進考,得難曲五十以上任供奉者爲業成。 習難色大部伎三年而成,次部二年而成,易色小部伎一年而成,皆入等第三爲業成。 業成、行脩謹者,爲助教; 博士缺,以次補之。 長上及別教未得十曲,給資三之一; 不成者隸鼓吹署。 習大小橫吹,難色四番而成,易色三番而成; 不成者,博士有讁。 内教博士及弟子長教者,給資錢而留之。
For music training, masters were appointed to teach; each year their teaching was examined and graded upper, middle, or lower, and reported to the Ministry of Rites. A major review was held every ten years; if students had not finished, a review came every five years, and they were promoted or demoted by rotation. Those excused for cause or unfit for court performance paid subsidy fees to cover costumes and instruments. Irregular musicians paid one hundred sixty cash each in intercalary months; senior performers still owed corvée duty; vocalists paying subsidies owed two thousand cash a year. Erudites taught them; the most accomplished ranked upper, the less accomplished middle, and the idle lower; the Ministry of Rites reviewed the grades. After fifteen years, those with five superior and seven middling evaluations received irregular rank and a direct posting in their office; at term's end, those with too few good evaluations received no appointment. Senior disciples were examined four times; when two difficult-category and two secondary-difficult students finished training they took the advancement exam, and mastery meant knowing fifty or more difficult pieces and qualifying for court performance. The difficult category in the great ensemble took three years, the secondary ensemble two, and the easy category in the small ensemble one; all reached the third grade to count as trained. Those who finished training and were diligent in conduct became assistant instructors; when an erudite post fell vacant, they filled it in order of seniority. Senior performers and separately instructed students who had not mastered ten pieces received one-third of the subsidy; those who failed to qualify were assigned to the Office of Military Music. Training in great and small transverse flutes took four rotations for the difficult category and three for the easy; if students failed to finish, their erudite was censured. Inner-instruction erudites and long-serving teaching disciples received subsidies and were kept on staff.
24
武德後,置内教坊于禁中。 武后如意元年,改曰雲韶府,以中官爲使。 開元二年,又置内教坊于蓬萊宮側,有音聲博士、第一曹博士、第二曹博士。 京都置左右教坊,掌俳優雜技。 自是不隸太常,以中官爲教坊使。 唐改太樂爲樂正,有府三人,史六人,典事八人,掌固六人,文武二舞郎一百四十人,散樂三百八十二人,仗内散樂一千人,音聲人一萬二十七人。 有別教院。 開成三年,改法曲所處院曰仙韶院。 鼓吹署鼓吹署令二人,從七品下; 丞二人,從八品下; 樂正四人,從九品下。 令掌鼓吹之節。 合朔有變,則帥工人設五鼓于太社,執麾旒于四門之塾,置龍牀,有變則舉麾撃鼓,變復而止。 馬射,設掆鼓金鉦,施龍牀。 大儺,帥鼓角以助侲子之唱。 有府三人,史六人,典事四人,掌固四人。 唐幷淸商、鼓吹爲一署,增令一人。 太醫署太醫署令二人,從七品下; 丞二人,醫監四人,幷從八品下; 醫正八人,從九品下。 令掌醫療之法,其屬有四:一曰醫師,二曰針師,三曰按摩師,四曰咒禁師。 皆教以博士,考試登用如國子監。 醫師、醫正、醫工療病,書其全之多少爲考課。 歳給藥以防民疾。 凡陵寢廟皆儲以藥,尙藥、太常醫各一人受之。 宮人患坊有藥庫,監門莅出給; 醫師、醫監、醫正番別一人莅坊。 凡課藥之州,置採藥師一人。 京師以良田爲園,庶人十六以上爲藥園生,業成者爲師。 凡藥,辨其所出,擇其良者進焉。 有府二人,史四人,主藥八人,藥童二十四人,藥園師二人,藥園生八人,掌固四人,醫師二十人,醫工百人,醫生四十人,典藥一人,針工二十人,針生二十人,按摩工五十六人,按摩生十五人,咒禁師二人,咒禁工八人,咒禁生十人。
After the Wude era an Inner Music Office was set up inside the palace. In Empress Wu's first Ruyi year it was renamed the Cloud Harmony Office and placed under eunuch directors. In Kaiyuan 2 another Inner Music Office was set up beside Penglai Palace, with erudites for vocal music and for the first and second sections. The capital gained Left and Right Music Offices in charge of actors and acrobatic entertainments. Thereafter they no longer reported to the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, and eunuchs served as Music Office commissioners. Under Tang, Grand Music posts became music masters; the office had three clerks, six scribes, eight record keepers, six compound guards, one hundred forty civil and military dancers, three hundred eighty-two irregular musicians, one thousand guard irregular musicians, and ten thousand twenty-seven vocalists. There was also a Separate Instruction Court. In Kaicheng 3 the court that housed courtly melodies was renamed the Immortal Harmony Court. The Office of Military Music had two directors, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; two assistants, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade; and four music masters, of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. The directors oversaw the rhythms and deployment of military music. If the new moon showed an omen, they led artisans to set five drums at the Grand Altar of Soil, posted banner bearers at the gate schoolhouses, and set out dragon couches; on an omen they raised banners and beat the drums, and ceased when it cleared. At mounted archery they set up hanging drums and bronze gongs and deployed dragon couches. At the great exorcism they led drums and horns to accompany the demon-quellers' singing. It had three clerks, six scribes, four record keepers, and four compound guards. Under Tang, Pure Music and Military Music were merged into one office and one director was added. The Office of Imperial Physicians had two directors, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; two assistants and four medical supervisors, all of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade; and eight medical masters, of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. The directors oversaw medical practice; subordinates fell into four groups: physicians, acupuncturists, massage therapists, and spell-forbidding masters. All were taught by erudites and examined for appointment on the State Academy model. Physicians, medical masters, and medical artisans treated patients and recorded cures for their performance reviews. Each year medicines were distributed to prevent widespread disease. Imperial tombs and temples all kept medicine stores, received by one officer from Imperial Medicines and one physician of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. The palace women's sick ward kept a pharmacy, and gate supervisors issued the drugs; physicians, medical supervisors, and medical masters rotated one officer each to staff the ward. Every province taxed for medicines appointed one medicinal-gathering master. In the capital good farmland served as herb gardens; commoners sixteen or older became garden students, and graduates became instructors. All medicines were traced to their sources, and only the best were submitted. Staff included two clerks, four scribes, eight chief pharmacists, twenty-four pharmacy youths, two garden masters, eight garden students, four compound guards, twenty physicians, one hundred medical artisans, forty medical students, one pharmacy manager, twenty needle artisans and twenty needle students, fifty-six massage artisans and fifteen massage students, and two spell-forbidding masters with eight artisans and ten students.
25
醫博士一人,正八品上; 助教一人,從九品上。 掌教授諸生以本草、甲乙、脈經,分而爲業:一曰體療,二曰瘡腫,三曰少小,四曰耳目口齒,五曰角法。
One Erudite of Medicine, of regular eighth rank, upper grade; and one assistant instructor, of subordinate ninth rank, upper grade. They taught students from the Materia Medica, the A and B Canon, and the Pulse Classic in five specialties: internal medicine, sores and swellings, pediatrics, eyes, ears, mouth, and teeth, and horn cautery.
26
針博士一人,從八品上; 助教一人,針師十人,並從九品下。 掌教針生以經脈、孔穴,教如醫生。
One Erudite of Acupuncture, of subordinate eighth rank, upper grade; one assistant instructor and ten acupuncture masters, all of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. They taught needle students the channels and acupoints on the same model as medical students.
27
按摩博士一人,按摩師四人,并從九品下。 掌教導引之法以除疾,損傷折跌者,正之。
One Erudite of Massage and four massage masters, all of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. They taught guiding and pulling exercises to cure illness and set fractures, sprains, and injuries.
28
咒禁博士一人,從九品下。 掌教咒禁祓除爲厲者,齋戒以受焉。 太卜署太卜署令一人,從七品下; 丞二人,從八品下; 卜正、博士各二人,從九品下。 掌卜筮之法:一曰龜,二曰五兆,三曰易,四曰式。 祭祀、大事,率卜正卜日,示髙於卿,退而命龜,旣灼而占,先上旬,次中旬,次下旬。 小祀、小事者,則卜正示髙、命龜、作,而太卜令佐莅之。 季冬,帥侲子堂贈大儺,天子六隊,太子二隊,方相氏右執戈、左執楯而導之,唱十二神名,以逐惡鬼,儺者出,磔雄鷄于宮門、城門。 有卜助教二人,卜師二十人,巫師十五人,卜筮生四十五人,府一人,史二人,掌固二人。 廩犧署廩犧署令一人,從八品下; 丞二人,正九品下。 掌犧牲粢盛之事。 祀用太牢者,三牲加酒、脯、醢,與太祝牽牲就牓位,卿省牲,則北面告腯,以授太官。 籍田,則供耒于司農卿,卿以授侍中; 籍田所收以供粢盛、五齊、三酒之用,以餘及槀飼犧牲。 有府一人,史二人,典事二人,掌固二人。 汾祠署汾祠署令一人,從七品下; 丞一人,從八品上。 掌享祭灑掃之制。 有府二人,史四人,廟幹二人。 開元二十一年置署。
One Erudite of Spell-Forbidding, of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. They taught spell-forbidding to exorcise pestilence, received only after fasting and purification. The Office of Grand Divination had one director, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; two assistants, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade; two divination masters and two erudites, all of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. They oversaw divination by four methods: tortoise shell, five omens, the Changes, and the Shi method. For sacrifices and major events, divination masters chose the day, showed the elevation to ministers, withdrew to order the tortoise, and after scorching read it—first the first ten-day period, then the middle, then the last. For minor rites and minor matters the divination master showed the elevation, ordered the tortoise, and performed the divination, attended by the director and assistant of Grand Divination. In late winter they led demon-quellers into the central hall for the great exorcism; the emperor had six companies and the heir apparent two; the Fangxiang chief bore a halberd in his right hand and a shield in his left, chanting the twelve spirits' names to drive off demons; when the exorcists left, a cock was sacrificed at the palace and city gates. Staff included two divination assistant instructors, twenty divination masters, fifteen shamans, forty-five divination students, one clerk, two scribes, and two compound guards. The Office of Sacrificial Animals had one director, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade; and two assistants, of regular ninth rank, lower grade. They managed sacrificial animals and grain offerings. When a sacrifice used the great pen, the three victims were accompanied by wine, dried meat, and relishes; with the Grand Invoker they led the animals to the spirit tablet; ministers inspected them, reported the fatness facing north, and handed them to the Grand Steward. For the ceremonial plowing they supplied plows to the Minister of Agriculture, who passed them to the Palace Attendant; the plowing-field harvest supplied grain offerings, the five clears, and the three wines, with the surplus and straw used to feed sacrificial animals. It had one clerk, two scribes, two record keepers, and two compound guards. The Office of the Fen Shrine had one director, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; and one assistant, of subordinate eighth rank, upper grade. They regulated offerings, sprinkling, and sweeping at the shrine. It had two clerks, four scribes, and two temple laborers. The office was established in Kaiyuan 21.
29
三皇五帝以前帝王、三皇、五帝、周文王、周武王、漢髙祖、兩京武成王廟令一人,從六品下; 丞一人,正八品下。 掌開闔、灑掃、釋奠之禮。 有録事一人,府二人,史四人,廟幹二人,掌固四人,門僕八人。 神龍二年,兩京置齊太公廟署,其後廢; 開元十九年復置。 天寶三載,初置周文王廟署; 六載,置三皇五帝廟署; 七載,置三皇五帝以前帝王廟署; 九載,置周武王漢髙祖廟署。 上元元年,改齊太公署爲武成王廟署,朱全忠曰武明。 光祿寺卿一人,從三品; 少卿二人,從四品上; 丞二人,從六品上; 主簿二人,從七品上。 掌酒醴膳羞之政,總太官、珍羞、良醞、掌醢四署。 凡祭祀,省牲鑊、濯溉; 三公攝祭,則爲終獻。 朝會宴享,則節其等差。 録事二人。 龍朔二年,改光祿寺曰司宰寺。 武后光宅元年,曰司膳寺。 有府十一人,史二十一人,亭長六人,掌固六人。 太官署太官署令二人,從七品下; 丞四人,從八品下。 掌供祠宴朝會膳食。 祭日,令白卿詣厨省牲鑊,取明水、明火,帥宰人割牲,取毛血實豆,遂烹。 又實簠簋,設于饌幕之内。 有府四人,史八人,監膳十人,監膳史十五人,供膳二千四百人,掌固四人。 珍羞署珍羞署令一人,正八品下; 丞二人,正九品下。 掌供祭祀、朝會、賓客之庶羞,榛栗、脯脩、魚鹽、菱芡之名數。 武后垂拱元年,改肴藏署曰珍羞署,神龍元年復舊,開元元年又改。 有府三人,史六人,典書八人,餳匠五人,掌固四人。 良醞署良醞署令二人,正八品下; 丞二人,正九品下。 掌供五齊、三酒。 享太廟,則供鬱鬯以實六彝; 進御,則供春暴、秋淸、酴𨣿、桑落之酒。 有府三人,史六人,監事二人,掌醞二十人,酒匠十三人,奉觶百二十人,掌固四人。 掌醢署掌醢署令一人,正八品下; 丞二人,正九品下。 掌供醢醯之物:一曰鹿醢,二曰兔醢,三曰羊醢,四曰魚醢。 宗廟,用葅以實豆; 賓客、百官,用醯醬以和羹。 有府二人,史二人,主醢十人,醬匠二十三人,酢匠十二人,豉匠十二人,葅醯匠八人,掌固四人。 衞尉寺卿一人,從三品; 少卿二人,從四品上; 丞二人,從六品上。 掌器械文物,總武庫、武器、守宮三署。 兵器入者,皆籍其名數。 祭祀、朝會,則供羽儀、節鉞、金鼓、帷帟、茵席。 凡供宮衞者,歳再閲,有敝則脩於少府。 主簿二人,從七品上。 録事一人。 龍朔二年,改曰司衞寺。 武后光宅元年又改。 有府六人,史十一人,亭長四人,掌固六人。
Temples to pre–Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors rulers, the Three Sovereigns, the Five Emperors, Kings Wen and Wu of Zhou, Emperor Gaozu of Han, and the Martial Completion King in both capitals each had one director, of subordinate sixth rank, lower grade; and one assistant, of regular eighth rank, lower grade. They managed opening and closing the temples, cleaning, and libation rites. Staff included one record clerk, two clerks, four scribes, two temple laborers, four compound guards, and eight gate servants. In Shenlong 2 temple offices to Duke Tai of Qi were set up in both capitals, then later abolished; and restored in Kaiyuan 19. In Tianbao 3 a temple office to King Wen of Zhou was first established; in the sixth year, offices for the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors; in the seventh year, an office for pre–Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors rulers; and in the ninth year, offices for Kings Wu of Zhou and Emperor Gaozu of Han. In Shangyuan 1 the Duke Tai of Qi office became the Martial Completion King Temple Office; Zhu Quanzhong later styled it Martial Illumination. The Court of Imperial Entertainments had one minister, of subordinate third rank; two vice ministers, of subordinate fourth rank, upper grade; two assistants, of subordinate sixth rank, upper grade; and two registrars, of subordinate seventh rank, upper grade. They managed wine, brew, and food service and oversaw the offices of Grand Steward, Delicacies, Fine Brew, and Pickle Management. At sacrifices they inspected the cooking pots and washing of victims; when the Three Dukes officiated by proxy, they performed the final offering. At court assemblies and banquets they regulated the ranks of service. Two record clerks were on staff. In Longshuo 2 the Court of Imperial Entertainments was renamed the Court of the Chief Steward. In Empress Wu's first Guangzhai year it became the Court of Provisions. It had eleven clerks, twenty-one scribes, six station chiefs, and six compound guards. The Office of Grand Steward had two directors, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; four assistants, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade. They provided food for sacrifices, banquets, and court assemblies. On sacrifice day the director informed the minister, went to the kitchen to inspect pots and victims, drew clear water and sacred fire, led butchers to slaughter the animals, placed hair and blood in the dou vessels, and then cooked the meat. They also filled the fu and gui vessels and set them inside the feast tent. It had four clerks, eight scribes, ten meal superintendents, fifteen scribes to the meal superintendents, two thousand four hundred meal servers, and four compound guards. The Office of Delicacies had one director, of regular eighth rank, lower grade; and two assistants, of regular ninth rank, lower grade. They supplied ordinary delicacies for sacrifices, court assemblies, and guests, regulating the kinds and amounts of hazelnuts, chestnuts, dried meats, fish, salt, water caltrop, and gorgon fruit. In Empress Wu's first Chui Gong year the Meat Storehouse Office became the Office of Delicacies; in Shenlong 1 the former name returned; in Kaiyuan 1 it was changed once more. It had three clerks, six scribes, eight record keepers, five confectioners, and four compound guards. The Office of Fine Brew had two directors, of regular eighth rank, lower grade; and two assistants, of regular ninth rank, lower grade. They supplied the five mashes and three wines. For offerings at the Grand Ancestral Temple they provided fragrant libation to fill the six ritual bronzes; for the imperial table they supplied spring mash, autumn clear, yeast-mash, and Sangluo wines. It had three clerks, six scribes, two superintendents, twenty brew keepers, thirteen wine artisans, one hundred twenty cup bearers, and four compound guards. The Office of Pickle Management had one director, of regular eighth rank, lower grade; and two assistants, of regular ninth rank, lower grade. They supplied pickles and fermented condiments: deer pickle, hare pickle, sheep pickle, and fish pickle. for the ancestral temple they filled the dou with pickled vegetables; for guests and all officials they used vinegar sauce to season the stew. It had two clerks, two scribes, ten chief pickle officers, twenty-three sauce artisans, twelve vinegar artisans, twelve fermented-bean artisans, eight pickle-and-vinegar artisans, and four compound guards. The Court of the Imperial Guards had one minister, of subordinate third rank; two vice ministers, of subordinate fourth rank, upper grade; and two assistants, of subordinate sixth rank, upper grade. They managed implements and ceremonial equipment and oversaw the Armory, Weapons, and Palace Guard offices. Every weapon received was entered in the register by name and count. At sacrifices and court assemblies they provided feather banners, ceremonial axes, gilded drums, curtains and canopies, and mats. Palace-guard equipment was inspected twice yearly; worn items were sent to the Court of the Imperial Treasury for repair. Two registrars, of subordinate seventh rank, upper grade, and one record clerk were on staff. In Longshuo 2 it was renamed the Court of the Chief Guard. In Empress Wu's first Guangzhai year it was changed again. It had six clerks, eleven scribes, four station chiefs, and six compound guards.
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丞,掌判寺事,辨器械出納之數。 大事承制敕,小事則聽於尙書省。 兩京武庫署兩京武庫署令各二人,從六品下; 丞各二人,從八品下。 掌藏兵械。 有赦,建金鷄,置鼓宮城門之右、大理及府縣囚徒至,則撃之。 監事各一人,正九品上。 諸署監事,品同。 有府各六人,史各六人,典事各二人,掌固各五人。 開元二十五年,東都亦置署。 武器署武器署令一人,正八品下; 丞二人,正九品下。 掌外戎器。 祭祀、巡幸,則納於武庫。 給六品以上葬鹵簿、棨戟。 凡戟,廟、社、宮、殿之門二十有四,東宮之門一十八,一品之門十六,二品及京兆河南太原尹、大都督、大都護之門十四,三品及上都督、中都督、上都護、上州之門十二,下都督、下都護、中州、下州之門各十。 衣幡壞者,五歳一易之。 薨卒者旣葬,追還。 監事二人。 有府二人,史六人,典事二人,掌固四人。 貞觀中,東都亦置署。 守宮署守宮署令一人,正八品下; 丞二人,正九品下。 掌供帳帟。 祭祀、巡幸,則設王公百官之位。 吏部、兵部、禮部試貢舉人,則供帷幕。 王公婚禮,亦供帳具。 京諸司長上官,以品給其牀罽。 供蕃客帷帟,則題歳月。 席壽三年,氈壽五年,褥壽七年; 不及期而壞,有罰。 監事二人。 有府二人,史四人,掌設六人,幕士八十人,掌固四人。 宗正寺卿一人,從三品; 少卿二人,從四品上; 丞二人,從六品上。 掌天子族親屬籍,以別昭穆; 領陵臺、崇玄二署。 凡親有五等,先定於司封:一曰皇帝周親、皇后父母,視三品; 二曰皇帝大功親、小功尊屬,太皇太后、皇太后、皇后周親,視四品; 三曰皇帝小功親、緦麻尊屬,太皇太后、皇太后、皇后大功親,視五品; 四曰皇帝緦麻親、袒免尊屬,太皇太后、皇太后、皇后小功親; 五曰皇帝袒免親,太皇太后小功卑屬,皇太后、皇后緦麻親,視六品。 皇帝親之夫婦男女,降本親二等,餘親降三等,尊屬進一等,降而過五等者不爲親。 諸王、大長公主、長公主親,本品; 嗣王、郡王非三等親者,亦視五品; 駙馬都尉,視諸親。 祭祀、冊命、朝會,陪位、襲封者皆以簿書上司封。 主簿二人,從七品上。 知圖譜官一人,脩玉牒官一人,知宗子表疎官一人,録事二人。 武德二年,置宗師一人,後省。 龍朔二年,改宗正寺曰司宗寺。 武后光宅元年曰司屬寺。 有府五人,史五人,亭長四人,掌固四人。 京都太廟齋郎各一百三十人,門僕各三十三人,主簿、録事各二人。 諸陵臺諸陵臺令各一人,從五品上; 丞各一人,從七品下。 建初、啓運、興寧、永康陵,令各一人,從七品下; 丞各一人,從八品下。 掌守衞山陵。 凡陪葬,以文武分左右,子孫從父祖者亦如之; 宮人陪葬,則陵戸成墳。 諸陵四至有封,禁民葬,唯故墳不毀。 開元二十四年,以宗廟所奉不可名以署,太常少卿韋縚奏廢太廟署,以少卿一人知太廟事。 二十五年,濮陽王徹爲宗正卿,恩遇甚厚,建議以宗正司屬籍,乃請以陵寢、宗廟隸宗正。 天寶十二載,駙馬都尉張垍爲太常卿,得幸,又以太廟諸陵署隸太常。 十載,改獻、昭、乾、定、橋五陵署爲臺,升令品,永康、興寧二陵稱署如故。 至德二年,復以陵廟隸宗正。 永泰元年,太常卿姜慶初復奏以陵廟隸太常,大暦二年復舊。 陵臺有録事各一人,府各二人,史各四人,主衣、主輦、主藥各四人,典事各三人,掌固各二人,陵戸各三百人,昭陵、乾陵、橋陵增百人。 諸陵有録事各一人,府各一人,史各二人,典事各二人,掌固各二人,陵戸各百人。 諸太子廟諸太子廟令各一人,從八品上; 丞各一人,正九品下; 録事各一人。 令掌灑掃開闔之節,四時享祭焉。 有府各一人,史各二人,典事各二人,掌固各一人。 諸太子陵諸太子陵令各一人,從八品下; 丞各一人,從九品下; 録事各一人。 有府各一人,史各二人,典事各二人,掌固各一人,陵戸各三十人。 太常舊有太廟署,令一人,從七品下; 丞二人,從七品下; 齋郎二十四人。 崇玄署令崇玄署令一人,正八品下; 丞一人,正九品下。 掌京都諸觀名數與道士帳籍、齋醮之事。 新羅、日本僧入朝學問,九年不還者編諸籍。 道士、女官、僧、尼,見天子必拜。 凡止民家,不過三夜。 出踰宿者,立案連署,不過七日,路遠者州縣給程。 天下觀一千六百八十七,道士七百七十六,女官九百八十八; 寺五千三百五十八,僧七萬五千五百二十四,尼五萬五百七十六。 兩京度僧、尼、道士、女官,御史一人涖之。 毎三歳州、縣爲籍,一以留縣,一以留州; 僧、尼,一以上祠部,道士、女官,一以上宗正,一以上司封。 有府二人,史三人,典事六人,掌固二人,崇玄學博士一人、學生百人。 隋以署隸鴻臚,又有道塲、玄壇。 唐置諸寺觀監,隸鴻臚寺,毎寺觀有監一人。 貞觀中,廢寺觀監。 上元二年,置漆園監,尋廢。 開元二十五年,置崇玄學於玄元皇帝廟。 天寶元年,兩京置博士、助教各一員,學生百人,毎祠享,以學生代齋郎。 二載,改崇玄學曰崇玄舘,博士曰學士,助教曰直學士,置大學士一人,以宰相爲之,領兩京玄元宮及道院,改天下崇玄學爲通道學,博士曰道德博士,未幾而罷。 寶應、永泰間,學生存者亡幾。 大暦三年,復增至百人。 初,天下僧、尼、道士、女官,皆隸鴻臚寺,武后延載元年,以僧、尼隸祠部。 開元二十四年,道士、女官隸宗正寺,天寶二載,以道士隸司封。 貞元四年,崇玄舘罷大學士,後復置左右街大功德使、東都功德使、脩功德使,總僧、尼之籍及功役。 元和二年,以道士、女官隸左右街功德使。 會昌二年,以僧、尼隸主客,太淸宮置玄元舘,亦有學士,至六年廢,而僧、尼復隸兩街功德使。 太僕寺卿一人,從三品; 少卿二人,從四品上; 丞四人,從六品上; 主簿二人,從七品上; 録事二人。 卿掌廄牧、輦輿之政,總乘黃、典廄、典牧、車府四署及諸監牧。 行幸,供五路屬車。 凡監牧籍帳,歳受而會之,上駕部以議考課。 永徽中,太僕寺曰司馭寺,武后光宅元年改曰司僕寺。 有府十七人,史三十四人,獸醫六百人,獸醫博士四人,學生百人,亭長四人,掌固六人。 乘黃署乘黃署令一人,從七品下; 丞一人,從八品下。 掌供車路及馴馭之法。 凡有事,前期四十日,率駕士調習,尙乘隨路色供馬; 前期二十日,調習於内侍省。 有府一人,史二人,駕士一百四十人,羊車小史十四人,掌固六人。 典廄署典廄署令二人,從七品下; 丞四人,從八品下。 掌飼馬牛、給養雜畜。 良馬一丁,中馬二丁,駑馬三丁,乳駒、乳犢十給一丁。 有府四人,史八人,主乘六人,典事八人,執馭百人,駕士八百人,掌固六人。 典牧署典牧署令三人,正八品上; 丞六人,從九品上。 掌諸牧雜畜給納及酥酪脯腊之事。 羣牧所送羊犢,以供廩犧、尙食。 監事八人。 有府四人,史八人,典事十六人,主酪七十四人,駕士百六十人,掌固四人。 車府署車府署令一人,正八品下; 丞一人,正九品下。 掌王公以下車路及馴馭之法。 從官三品以上婚、葬,給駕士。 凡路車之馬牛,率馭士調習。 有府一人,史二人,典書四人,馭士百七十五人,掌固六人。 諸牧監上牧監監各一人,從五品下; 副監各二人,正六品下; 丞各二人,正八品上; 主簿各一人,正九品下。 中牧監監,正六品下; 副監,從六品下; 丞,從八品上; 主簿,從九品上。 下牧監監,從六品下; 副監,正七品下; 丞,正九品上; 主簿,從九品下。 中牧監副監、丞,減上牧監一員。 南使、西使,丞各三人,從七品下; 録事各一人,從九品下。 北使、鹽州使,丞各二人,從七品下。 掌群牧孳課。
The assistants adjudicated court business and tracked the issue and receipt of equipment. Major matters followed imperial edicts; minor ones were referred to the Department of State Affairs. The Armory Offices of the two capitals each had two directors, of subordinate sixth rank, lower grade; each with two assistants, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade. They stored arms and armor. On amnesty they raised a golden rooster and placed a drum to the right of the palace gate; when prisoners from the Court of Judicial Review and the prefectures and counties arrived, the drum was beaten. Each office had one superintendent, of regular ninth rank, upper grade. Superintendents of the various offices held the same rank. Each had six clerks, six scribes, two record keepers, and five compound guards. In Kaiyuan 25 an office was also established in the Eastern Capital. The Office of Weapons had one director, of regular eighth rank, lower grade; and two assistants, of regular ninth rank, lower grade. They managed field weapons and armor. After sacrifices and imperial tours, equipment was returned to the Armory. They issued funeral regalia and halberd escorts for officials of sixth rank and above. Halberd escorts were allotted thus: twenty-four at the gates of temples, altars, palaces, and halls; eighteen at the Eastern Palace; sixteen for first rank; fourteen for second rank and for the Jingzhao, Henan, and Taiyuan metropolitan magistrates, grand area commanders, and grand protectors-general; twelve for third rank and for superior area commanders, middle area commanders, superior protectors-general, and superior prefectures; ten each for inferior area commanders, inferior protectors-general, middle prefectures, and inferior prefectures. Damaged garment banners were replaced every five years. After the funeral of a deceased official, the regalia was recovered. Two superintendents were on staff. It had two clerks, six scribes, two record keepers, and four compound guards. During Zhenguan an office was also set up in the Eastern Capital. The Office of Palace Guard had one director, of regular eighth rank, lower grade; and two assistants, of regular ninth rank, lower grade. They provided tents, curtains, and canopies. At sacrifices and imperial tours they arranged seating for princes, dukes, and all officials. When the Ministries of Personnel, War, and Rites tested tribute candidates, they provided examination curtains. They also furnished tents and fittings for princely and ducal weddings. Senior officials of capital agencies received beds and rugs according to rank. Curtains issued to foreign guests were dated by year and month. mats lasted three years, felt five, and mattresses seven; premature wear incurred penalties. Two superintendents were on staff. It had two clerks, four scribes, six setup officers, eighty tent men, and four compound guards. The Court of the Imperial Clan had one minister, of subordinate third rank; two vice ministers, of subordinate fourth rank, upper grade; and two assistants, of subordinate sixth rank, upper grade. They kept the registers of the imperial clan to distinguish senior and junior lines; and oversaw the Mausoleum Terrace and Exalted Mystery offices. Kin were divided into five grades, first set by the Bureau of Enfeoffment: first, the emperor's close kin and the empress's parents, treated as third rank; second, the emperor's greater-mourning kin and lesser-mourning senior kin, and the close kin of the Grand Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager, and empress, treated as fourth rank; third, the emperor's lesser-mourning kin and finest-hemp senior kin, and the greater-mourning kin of the Grand Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager, and empress, treated as fifth rank; fourth, the emperor's finest-hemp kin and bare-shoulder senior kin, and the lesser-mourning kin of the Grand Empress Dowager, Empress Dowager, and empress; fifth, the emperor's bare-shoulder kin, the Grand Empress Dowager's lesser-mourning junior kin, and the Empress Dowager's and empress's finest-hemp kin, treated as sixth rank. Spouses and children of the emperor's kin dropped two grades from their original kin grade; other relatives dropped three; senior kin advanced one; kin lowered beyond the fifth grade ceased to count as kin. Kin of princes, grand elder princesses, and elder princesses retained their own rank; heirs apparent and commandery princes who were not third-grade kin were also treated as fifth rank; the Commandant of Horse-Attendants was ranked like other kin. For sacrifices, investitures, and court assemblies, attendants in support and heirs to enfeoffments all reported through registers to the Bureau of Enfeoffment. Two registrars, of subordinate seventh rank, upper grade, one officer for genealogical charts, one for the jade genealogy, one for tables of imperial sons and collaterals, and two record clerks were on staff. In Wude 2 one clan mentor was appointed; the post was later abolished. In Longshuo 2 the Court of the Imperial Clan was renamed the Court of the Clan Director. In Empress Wu's first Guangzhai year it became the Court of Clan Subordinates. It had five clerks, five scribes, four station chiefs, and four compound guards. In the capital the Grand Temple had one hundred thirty fast officers and thirty-three gate servants each, with two registrars and two record clerks. Each Mausoleum Terrace office had one director, of subordinate fifth rank, upper grade; each with one assistant, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade. The Jianchu, Qiyun, Xingning, and Yongkang tombs each had one director, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; each with one assistant, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade. They guarded the imperial mountain tombs. Co-burials placed civil officials on one side and military on the other; descendants buried with fathers and grandfathers followed the same rule; when palace women were buried alongside, tomb households formed the mound. Each tomb had sealed boundaries on all sides; common burials were forbidden; only pre-existing mounds were left intact. In Kaiyuan 24, because the ancestral temple's charge could not be titled as an office, Vice Director Wei Zong of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices memorialized to abolish the Grand Temple Office and assign one vice director to manage temple affairs. In the twenty-fifth year Prince Che of Puyang became Director of the Imperial Clan. Favored warmly, he argued that the court's proper charge was clan registers and asked that imperial tombs and the ancestral temple be placed under its jurisdiction. In Tianbao 12 Commandant of Horse-Attendants Zhang Yi became Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices. Favored by the throne, he again placed the Grand Temple and all mausoleum offices under that court. In the tenth year the Xian, Zhao, Qian, Ding, and Qiao mausoleum offices were renamed terraces and their directors' ranks were raised; the Yongkang and Xingning tombs still used the title office. In Zhide 2 mausoleum temples were again placed under the Court of the Imperial Clan. In Yongtai 1 Director Jiang Qingchu of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices again asked that mausoleum temples be placed under his court; in Dali 2 the old arrangement was restored. Each Mausoleum Terrace had one record clerk, two clerks, four scribes, four chiefs each for garments, carriages, and medicines, three setup officers, two compound guards, and three hundred tomb households; Zhaoling, Qianling, and Qiaoling each added one hundred more. Each mausoleum had one record clerk, one clerk, two scribes, two setup officers, two compound guards, and one hundred tomb households. Each Crown Prince Temple had one director, of subordinate eighth rank, upper grade; each with one assistant, of regular ninth rank, lower grade; and one record clerk each. The directors oversaw sweeping, opening and closing the gates, and the seasonal offerings. Each had one clerk, two scribes, two setup officers, and one compound guard. Each crown prince tomb had one director, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade; each with one assistant, of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade; and one record clerk each. Each had one clerk, two scribes, two setup officers, one compound guard, and thirty tomb households. The Court of Imperial Sacrifices formerly maintained a Grand Temple Office with one director, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; two assistants, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; and twenty-four fast officers. The Exalted Mystery Office had one director, of regular eighth rank, lower grade; and one assistant, of regular ninth rank, lower grade. They managed the roster of capital abbeys, Daoist priests' registers, and fasting and offering rites. Silla and Japanese monks who came to court to study and failed to return within nine years were entered on the registers. Daoist priests, priestesses, monks, and nuns all bowed when received by the emperor. Lodging in private homes was limited to three nights. Overnight absences required a filed document with joint signatures, for no more than seven days; distant travel received itineraries from prefectures and counties. Empire-wide there were 1,687 abbeys, 776 Daoist priests, and 988 priestesses; 5,358 temples, 75,524 monks, and 50,576 nuns. Ordination of monks, nuns, Daoist priests, and priestesses in the Two Capitals was supervised by one censor. Every three years prefectures and counties compiled registers, keeping one copy in the county and one in the prefecture; monks and nuns sent one copy to the Bureau of Temples; Daoist priests and priestesses sent one to the Imperial Clan and one to the Bureau of Enfeoffment. Staff included two clerks, three scribes, six setup officers, two compound guards, one Exalted Mystery erudite, and one hundred students. Under Sui the office belonged to the Court of Imperial Entertainments, which also maintained the Daoist Arena and Mystery Altar. Tang appointed supervisors for temples and abbeys under the Court of Imperial Entertainments, one supervisor per temple or abbey. During Zhenguan the temple and abbey supervisors were abolished. In Shangyuan 2 a Lacquer Garden supervisor was established and soon abolished. In Kaiyuan 25 the Exalted Mystery Academy was founded at the Temple of the Mysterious Primordial Emperor. In Tianbao 1 each capital received one erudite and one teaching assistant and one hundred students; at each offering students replaced the fast officers. In the second year the academy became the Exalted Mystery Hall; erudites became academicians and assistants direct academicians; a grand academician, filled by the chief minister, oversaw the Mysterious Primordial palaces and Daoist courts of the Two Capitals; empire-wide schools were renamed Passage academies with moral erudites—and the reform was soon abandoned. Between Baoying and Yongtai scarcely any students remained. In Dali 3 enrollment was restored to one hundred. Initially all monks, nuns, Daoist priests, and priestesses fell under the Court of Imperial Entertainments; in Empress Wu's Yanzai 1 monks and nuns were transferred to the Bureau of Temples. In Kaiyuan 24 Daoist priests and priestesses were placed under the Court of the Imperial Clan; in Tianbao 2 Daoist priests were transferred to the Bureau of Enfeoffment. In Zhenyuan 4 the Exalted Mystery Hall abolished the grand academician; later commissioners of great merit for the Left and Right Streets, the Eastern Capital, and repairs were restored to oversee monks' and nuns' registers and labor service. In Yuanhe 2 Daoist priests and priestesses were placed under the Left and Right Street commissioners of merit. In Huichang 2 monks and nuns were transferred to the Bureau of Guests; the Grand Purity Palace founded a Mysterious Primordial Hall with its own academicians; by Huichang 6 that hall was abolished and monks and nuns again fell under the Two Streets' commissioners of merit. The Court of the Imperial Stud had one minister, of subordinate third rank; two vice ministers, of subordinate fourth rank, upper grade; four assistants, of subordinate sixth rank, upper grade; two registrars, of subordinate seventh rank, upper grade; and two record clerks. The minister managed stables, herds, and imperial transport, overseeing the Imperial Horses, Imperial Stables, Imperial Herds, and Chariot offices and all pasture supervisors. On imperial progresses they supplied attendant carriages for the five routes. Pasture supervisors' registers were received each year, consolidated, and submitted to the Carriage Department for performance review. During Yonghui the court was renamed the Court of Chariot Mastery; in Empress Wu's Guangzhai 1 it became the Court of Servants. Staff included seventeen clerks, thirty-four scribes, six hundred veterinary physicians, four veterinary erudites, one hundred students, four station chiefs, and six compound guards. The Imperial Horses Office had one director, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; and one assistant, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade. They supplied imperial carriage routes and oversaw training and driving. Before any event they drilled the carriage masters forty days in advance; the Office of Imperial Carriages supplied horses by route color; and drilled at the Palace Domestic Service twenty days beforehand. Staff included one clerk, two scribes, one hundred forty carriage masters, fourteen goat-carriage junior scribes, and six compound guards. The Imperial Stables Office had two directors, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; and four assistants, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade. They fed horses and cattle and supplied miscellaneous livestock. Fine horses required one labor unit each, middling horses two, poor horses three; ten nursing colts or calves counted as one unit. Staff included four clerks, eight scribes, six chiefs of carriage, eight setup officers, one hundred drivers, eight hundred carriage masters, and six compound guards. The Imperial Herds Office had three directors, of regular eighth rank, upper grade; and six assistants, of subordinate ninth rank, upper grade. They received mixed livestock from the pastures and managed butter, cheese, dried meat, and cured meats. Lambs and kids from the herd offices supplied the Sacrificial Animals Office and Imperial Food Service. It had eight supervisors. Staff included four clerks, eight scribes, sixteen setup officers, seventy-four dairy chiefs, one hundred sixty carriage masters, and four compound guards. The Chariot Office had one director, of regular eighth rank, lower grade; and one assistant, of regular ninth rank, lower grade. They managed carriage routes for princes, dukes, and lower ranks and oversaw training and driving. Weddings and funerals of attendant officials of third rank and above were supplied with carriage masters. Horses and cattle for road carriages were drilled under driving masters. Staff included one clerk, two scribes, four archive clerks, one hundred seventy-five driving masters, and six compound guards. Each upper pasture supervisor had one supervisor, of subordinate fifth rank, lower grade; each with two deputy supervisors, of regular sixth rank, lower grade; each with two assistants, of regular eighth rank, upper grade; and one registrar each, of regular ninth rank, lower grade. Middle pasture supervisors ranked regular sixth rank, lower grade; deputy supervisors of subordinate sixth rank, lower grade; assistants of subordinate eighth rank, upper grade; registrars of subordinate ninth rank, upper grade. Lower pasture supervisors ranked subordinate sixth rank, lower grade; deputy supervisors of regular seventh rank, lower grade; assistants of regular ninth rank, upper grade; registrars of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. Middle pasture supervisors had one fewer deputy supervisor and assistant than upper ones. The Southern and Western commissioners each had three assistants, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; and one record clerk each, of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. The Northern and Yanchuan commissioners each had two assistants, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade. They oversaw herd breeding and tax levies.
31
凡馬五千爲上監,三千爲中監,不及爲下監。 馬牛之羣,有牧長,有尉。 馬之駑、良,皆著籍,良馬稱左,駑馬稱右。 毎歳孟秋,羣牧使以諸監之籍合爲一,以仲秋上於寺,送細馬,則有牽夫、識馬小兒、獸醫等。 凡馬游牝以三月,駒犢在牧者,三歳別羣。 孳生過分有賞,死耗亦以率除之。 歳終監牧使巡按,以功過相除爲考課。 上牧監,有録事各一人,府各三人,史各六人,典事各八人,掌固各四人。 中牧監,減府一人,史、典事各減二人。 下牧監,典事、掌固減二人。 南使、西使,録事、史各一人,府各五人,史各九人; 北使、鹽州使,録事以下員數及品,如南使。 麟德中,置八使,分總監坊。 秦、蘭、原、渭四州及河曲之地。 凡監四十有八:南使有監十五,西使有監十六,北使有監七,鹽州使有監八,嵐州使有監二。 自京師西屬隴右,有七馬坊,置隴右三使領之。 又有沙苑、樓煩、天馬監。 沙苑監掌畜隴右諸牧牛羊,給宴祭及尙食所用,毎歳與典牧署供焉。 自監以下,品數如下牧監。 至開元二十三年,廢監。 東宮九牧監東宮九牧監丞二人,正八品上; 録事一人,從九品下。 掌牧養馬牛,以供皇太子之用。 有録事史各一人,府三人,史六人。 初,監有監、副監、丞、主簿、録事各一人,府二人,史四人,典事四人,掌固二人。 自監以下,品同下牧監。 又有馬牧使,有丞以下官。 大理寺卿一人,從三品; 少卿二人,從五品下。 掌折獄、詳刑。 凡罪抵流、死,皆上刑部,覆於中書、門下。 繫者五日一慮。 龍朔二年,改曰詳刑寺; 武后光宅元年,改曰司刑寺; 中宗時廢獄丞,有府二十八人,史五十六人,司直史十二人,評事史二十四人,獄史六人,亭長四人,掌固十八人,問事百人。
Pastures with five thousand horses ranked as upper supervisors, three thousand as middle, and fewer as lower. Horse and cattle herds had herd chiefs and wardens. Poor and fine horses were all registered; fine horses were listed as left, poor horses as right. Each year in early autumn the herd commissioner consolidated all pasture registers; in mid-autumn they were submitted to the court. Fine-horse deliveries included handlers, horse boys, veterinary physicians, and the like. Mares were bred in the third month; colts and calves on the pastures were separated into herds at age three. Breeding above quota earned rewards; deaths and losses were deducted at prescribed rates. At year's end the pasture-supervisor commissioner made inspection tours, netting merits against faults for performance review. Each upper pasture supervisor had one record clerk, three clerks, six scribes, eight setup officers, and four compound guards. Middle pasture supervisors had one fewer clerk and two fewer scribes and setup officers each. Lower pasture supervisors had two fewer setup officers and compound guards. The Southern and Western commissioners each had one record clerk and one scribe, five clerks, and nine scribes; The Northern and Yanchuan commissioners matched the Southern commissioner in staff numbers and ranks from record clerk down. In the Linde era eight commissioners were set up, each overseeing pasture compounds. covering Qin, Lan, Yuan, and Wei prefectures and the River Bend region. There were forty-eight supervisors in all: fifteen under the Southern commissioner, sixteen under the Western, seven under the Northern, eight under Yanchuan, and two under Lanzhou. West from the capital through Longyou stood seven horse compounds, overseen by three Longyou commissioners. There were also the Shayuan, Loufan, and Heavenly Horse supervisors. The Shayuan supervisor raised cattle and sheep from the Longyou pastures for banquets, sacrifices, and the Imperial Food Service, and each year supplied the Imperial Herds Office as well. From supervisor down, ranks and staff matched lower pasture supervisors. In Kaiyuan 23 the supervisors were abolished. The Eastern Palace Nine Pastures Office had two assistants, of regular eighth rank, upper grade; and one record clerk, of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. They pastured and raised horses and cattle for the crown prince's use. Staff included one record clerk, one scribe, three clerks, and six scribes. Originally each pasture had one director, deputy director, assistant, registrar, and record clerk, two clerks, four scribes, four setup officers, and two compound guards. From director down, ranks matched lower pasture supervisors. There was also a horse-pasture commissioner with assistants and other subordinate officials. The Court of Judicial Review had one director, of subordinate third rank; and two vice directors, of subordinate fifth rank, lower grade. They adjudicated cases and reviewed punishments. All crimes calling for exile or death went to the Ministry of Justice and were reviewed by the Secretariat and Chancellery. Prisoners were reviewed every five days. In Longshuo 2 it was renamed the Court of Detailed Punishments; in Empress Wu's Guangzhai 1 it became the Court of Punishment Administration; Under Emperor Zhongzong the prison assistant was abolished. Staff included twenty-eight clerks, fifty-six scribes, twelve scribes for investigating censors, twenty-four for reviewing officials, six prison scribes, four station chiefs, eighteen compound guards, and one hundred inquiry officers.
32
正二人,從五品下。 掌議獄,正科條。 凡丞斷罪不當,則以法正之。 五品以上論者,莅決。 巡幸,則留總持寺事。
Two directors of review, of subordinate fifth rank, lower grade. They deliberated on cases and corrected statutory provisions. Whenever an assistant misjudged a case, they corrected it under the law. They presided over trials of defendants of fifth rank and above. On imperial progresses they stayed behind to manage Zongchi Temple affairs.
33
丞六人,從六品上。 掌分判寺事,正刑之輕重。 徒以上囚,則呼與家屬告罪,問其服否。
Six assistants, of subordinate sixth rank, upper grade. They divided court business among themselves and adjusted the severity of punishments. For prisoners sentenced to penal servitude or worse, they summoned the family to announce the verdict and asked whether the prisoner accepted it.
34
主簿二人,從七品上。 掌印,省署鈔目,句檢稽失。 凡官吏抵罪及雪免,皆立簿。 私罪贖銅一斤,公罪二斤,皆爲一負; 十負爲一殿。 毎歳,吏部、兵部牒覆選人殿負,録報焉。
Two registrars, of subordinate seventh rank, upper grade. They kept the seal, reviewed office registers, and audited for errors. All officials convicted of offenses and those exonerated were recorded in registers. One jin of copper redeemed a private offense and two jin a public offense; each counted as one demerit; ten demerits made one major demerit. Each year the Ministries of Civil Appointments and War sent reviews of candidates' demerits, which were recorded and filed.
35
獄丞二人,從九品下。 掌率獄史,知囚徒。 貴賤、男女異獄。 五品以上月一沐,暑則置漿。 禁紙筆、金刃、錢物、杵梃入者。 囚病,給醫藥,重者脱械鎖,家人入侍。
Two prison assistants, of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. They led prison scribes and oversaw prisoners. Nobles and commoners, men and women, were held in separate prisons. Prisoners of fifth rank and above bathed once a month; in summer they were given fermented drink. Paper, brushes, blades, money, goods, pestles, and clubs were barred from entry. Sick prisoners received medicine; in serious cases fetters were removed and family members were allowed in to attend them.
36
司直六人,從六品上; 評事八人,從八品下。 掌出使推按。 凡承制推訊長吏,當停務禁錮者,請魚書以往。 録事二人。 鴻臚寺卿一人,從三品; 少卿二人,從四品上; 丞二人,從六品上。 掌賓客及凶儀之事。 領典客、司儀二署。 凡四夷君長,以蕃望髙下爲簿,朝見辨其等位,第三等居武官三品之下,第四等居五品之下,第五等居六品之下,有官者居本班。 御史察食料。 二王後、夷狄君長襲官爵者,辨嫡庶。 諸蕃封命,則受冊而往。 海外諸蕃朝賀進貢使有下從,留其半於境; 繇海路朝者,廣州擇首領一人、左右二人入朝; 所獻之物,先上其數於鴻臚。 凡客還,鴻臚籍衣齎賜物多少以報主客,給過所。 蕃客奏事,具至日月及所奏之宜,方別爲狀,月一奏,爲簿,以副藏鴻臚。 獻馬,則殿中、太僕寺涖閲,良者入殿中,駑病入太僕。 獻藥者,鴻臚寺驗覆,少府監定價之髙下。 鷹、鶻、狗、豹無估,則鴻臚定所報輕重。 凡獻物,皆客執以見,駝馬則陳于朝堂,不足進者州縣留之。 皇帝、皇太子爲五服親及大臣發哀臨弔,則卿贊相。 大臣一品葬,以卿護; 二品,以少卿; 三品,以丞。 皆司儀示以禮制。
Six investigating censors, of subordinate sixth rank, upper grade; and eight reviewing officials, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade. They were sent on missions to investigate and examine cases. When ordered to interrogate senior officials who were to be suspended and detained, they obtained fish tally credentials before proceeding. There were two record clerks. The Court of State Ceremonial had one director, of subordinate third rank; two vice directors, of subordinate fourth rank, upper grade; and two assistants, of subordinate sixth rank, upper grade. They managed foreign guests and mourning ceremonies. They oversaw the Offices of Guests and Ceremonial Order. Foreign chieftains were listed by tribal prestige; at audiences their ranks were fixed—the third below military third rank, the fourth below fifth, the fifth below sixth; those with official titles took their normal places. Censors inspected their food rations. For heirs of the two former dynasties and foreign chieftains inheriting rank, legitimate and secondary succession was determined. For foreign investitures they received the patent and traveled to deliver it. Overseas envoys coming to congratulate or offer tribute brought attendants; half were left at the border; those arriving by sea had Guangzhou choose one chieftain and two attendants to proceed to court; presented goods were first reported in quantity to the court. When guests departed, the court recorded their clothing and gifts to report to the Office of Guests and issued travel passes. When foreign guests presented matters, they recorded arrival dates and the substance of each petition; monthly reports were compiled into registers, with copies kept at the court. Presented horses were jointly inspected by the Palace Domestic Service and the Court of the Imperial Stud; fine horses went to the palace, poor or sick ones to the stud. Presented medicines were verified by the Court of State Ceremonial and priced by the Imperial Workshop Directorate. Hawks, falcons, dogs, and leopards had no fixed price; the court determined their reported value. Guests carried presented goods in person; camels and horses were displayed in the court hall; items unfit for presentation were kept by local authorities. When the emperor or crown prince mourned relatives within five degrees of kinship or great ministers, the director guided the rites. First-rank ministers' funerals were escorted by the director; second rank, by the vice director; third rank, by the assistant. The Office of Ceremonial Order instructed them in the ritual regulations.
37
主簿一人,從七品上。 録事二人。 龍朔二年,改鴻臚寺曰同文寺,武后光宅元年,改曰司賓寺。 有府五人,史十人,亭長四人,掌固六人。 典客署典客署令一人,從七品下; 丞三人,從八品下。 掌二王後介公、酅公之版籍及四夷歸化在藩者,朝貢、宴享、送迎皆預焉。 酋渠首領朝見者,給稟食; 病,則遣醫給湯藥; 喪,則給以所須; 還蕃賜物,則佐其受領,教拜謝之節。 有典客十三人,府四人,史八人,掌固二人。
One registrar, of subordinate seventh rank, upper grade. and two record clerks. In Longshuo 2 it was renamed the Court of Shared Script; in Empress Wu's Guangzhai 1 it became the Court of Guest Administration. Staff included five clerks, ten scribes, four station chiefs, and six compound guards. The Office of Guests had one director, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; and three assistants, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade. They kept registers of the two former dynasties' heirs, the Lords of Jie and Xi, and submitted foreigners in their domains, and handled tribute audiences, banquets, and receptions. Tribal chiefs coming to audience received grain rations; if they fell ill, physicians were sent with medicines; if they died, funeral needs were supplied; when they returned home with imperial gifts, they helped them receive the goods and taught the proper forms of thanks. Staff included thirteen guest officers, four clerks, eight scribes, and two compound guards.
38
掌客十五人,正九品上。 掌送迎蕃客,顓莅舘舍。 司儀署司儀署令一人,正八品下; 丞一人,正九品下。 掌凶禮喪葬之具。 京官職事三品以上、散官二品以上祖父母、父母喪,職事散官五品以上、都督、刺史卒于京師,及五品死王事者,將葬,祭以少牢,率齋郎執俎豆以往。 三品以上贈以束帛,黑一、纁二,一品加乘馬; 旣引,遣使贈於郭門之外,皆有束帛,一品加璧。 五品以上葬,給營墓夫。 有司儀六人,府二人,史四人,掌設十八人,齋郎三十人,掌固四人,幕士六十人。 司農寺卿一人,從三品; 少卿二人,從四品上。 掌倉儲委積之事。 總上林、太倉、鉤盾、䆃官四署及諸倉、司竹、諸湯、宮苑、鹽池、諸屯等監。 凡京都百司官吏祿稟、朝會、祭祀所須,皆供焉。 藉田,則進耒耜。
Fifteen guest stewards, of regular ninth rank, upper grade. They received and escorted foreign guests and managed the hostels. The Office of Ceremonial Order had one director, of regular eighth rank, lower grade; and one assistant, of regular ninth rank, lower grade. They supplied equipment for mourning rites and funerals. Before burial they offered a minor tai-lao sacrifice for capital officials of third substantive rank or second honorary rank mourning parents or grandparents; for fifth rank and above, regional commanders, or prefects who died in the capital, and fifth-rank officials who died in state service—leading fast-officers bearing ritual vessels. Third rank and above received bundled silks—one black and two crimson; first rank also received a riding horse; after the procession, envoys presented gifts outside the city gate—all received bundled silks, and first rank also a jade disk. Fifth rank and above received laborers to prepare the tomb. Staff included six ceremonial officers, two clerks, four scribes, eighteen setup officers, thirty fast-officers, four compound guards, and sixty tent laborers. The Court of the National Granary had one minister, of subordinate third rank; and two vice ministers, of subordinate fourth rank, upper grade. They managed granary storage and stockpiles. They oversaw the Imperial Park, Grand Granary, Hooked Shield, and Grain Winnowing offices, together with the various granaries, bamboo farms, hot-spring stations, palace parks, salt ponds, and colony farms. They supplied whatever the capital's offices needed for official salaries, court assemblies, and sacrifices. For the ceremonial plowing they presented plows and clod-breakers.
39
丞六人,從六品上。 總判寺事。 凡租及藳秸至京都者,閲而納焉。 官戸奴婢有技能者配諸司,婦人入掖庭,以類相偶,行宮監牧及賜王公、公主皆取之。 凡孳生鷄彘,以戸奴婢課養。 俘口則配輕使,始至給稟食。
Six assistants, of subordinate sixth rank, upper grade. They jointly handled the court's business. All land tax grain and fodder straw reaching the capital were inspected and received. Skilled government slaves were assigned to offices; women went to the inner quarters and were matched by category; traveling-palace herds and gifts to princes, dukes, and princesses all drew on this pool. Household slaves were assigned to raise all breeding chickens and swine. Captives were assigned light labor and given grain rations on arrival.
40
主簿二人,從七品上; 録事二人。 龍朔二年,改司農寺曰司稼寺。 有府三十八人,史七十六人,計史三人,亭長九人,掌固七人。 上林署上林署令二人,從七品下; 丞四人,從八品下。 掌苑囿園池。 植果蔬,以供朝會、祭祀及尙食諸司常料。 季冬,藏冰千段,先立春三日納之冰井,以黑牡、秬黍祭司寒,仲春啓冰亦如之。 監事十人。 有府七人,史十四人,典事二十四人,掌固五人。 太倉署太倉署令三人,從七品下; 丞五人,從八品下; 監事八人。 掌廩藏之事。 有府十人,史二十人,典事二十四人,掌固八人。 鉤盾署鉤盾署令二人,正八品上; 丞四人,正九品上; 監事十人。 掌供薪炭、鵝鴨、蒲藺、陂池藪澤之物,以給祭祀、朝會、饗燕賓客。 有府七人,史十四人,典事十九人,掌固五人。 䆃官署䆃官署令二人,正八品下; 丞四人,正九品上; 監事十人。 掌䆃擇米麥。 凡九穀,皆隨精粗差其耗損而供焉。 有府八人,史十六人,典事二十四人,掌固五人。 初有御細倉督、麴麪倉督,貞觀中省。 太原、永豐、龍門等倉太原、永豐、龍門等倉毎倉,監一人,正七品下; 丞二人,從八品上。 掌倉廩儲積。 凡出納帳籍,歳終上寺。 有録事一人,府三人,史六人,典事八人,掌固六人; 龍門等倉,減府一人,史、典事、掌固各減二人。 司竹監司竹監一人,從六品下; 副監一人,正七品下; 丞二人,正八品上。 掌植竹、葦,供宮中百司簾篚之屬,歳以筍供尙食。 有録事一人,府二人,史四人,典事三十人,掌固四人,葦園匠一百人。 慶善、石門、温泉湯等監慶善、石門、温泉湯等監毎監,監一人,從六品下; 丞一人,正七品下。 掌湯池、宮禁、防堰及偫粟芻、脩調度,以備供奉。 王公以下湯舘,視貴賤爲差。 凡近湯所潤瓜蔬,先時而熟者,以薦陵廟。 有録事一人,府一人,史二人,掌固四人。 京都諸宮苑總監京都諸宮苑總監監各一人,從五品下; 副監各一人,從六品下; 丞各二人,從七品下; 主簿各二人,從九品上。 掌苑内宮舘、園池、禽魚、果木。 凡官屬人畜出入,皆有籍。 有録事各二人,府各八人,史各十六人,亭長各四人,掌固各六人,獸醫各五人。
two chief clerks, of subordinate seventh rank, upper grade; and two record clerks. In Longshuo 2 it was renamed the Court of Grain Cultivation. Staff included thirty-eight clerks, seventy-six scribes, three accounting clerks, nine station chiefs, and seven compound guards. The Office of the Imperial Park had two directors, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; and four assistants, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade. They managed parks, gardens, and ponds. They raised fruits and vegetables for court assemblies, sacrifices, and the regular provisions of Imperial Catering and other offices. In late winter they stored a thousand blocks of ice; three days before Start of Spring they placed them in the ice well, offering a black bull and black millet to the Cold Spirit; mid-spring ice-opening followed the same ritual. Ten superintendents were on staff. Staff included seven clerks, fourteen scribes, twenty-four stewards, and five compound guards. The Office of the Grand Granary had three directors, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; five assistants, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade; and eight superintendents. They managed granary storage. Staff included ten clerks, twenty scribes, twenty-four stewards, and eight compound guards. The Office of Hooked Shield had two directors, of regular eighth rank, upper grade; four assistants, of regular ninth rank, upper grade; and ten superintendents. They supplied firewood and charcoal, poultry, rushes and sedge, and marsh and pond products for sacrifices, court assemblies, and guest banquets. Staff included seven clerks, fourteen scribes, nineteen stewards, and five compound guards. The Office of Grain Winnowing had two directors, of regular eighth rank, lower grade; four assistants, of regular ninth rank, upper grade; and ten superintendents. They winnowed and graded rice and wheat. All nine grains were supplied according to grade, with allowances for wastage by fineness. Staff included eight clerks, sixteen scribes, twenty-four stewards, and five compound guards. At first there were superintendents of the imperial fine-grain and yeast-and-flour granaries; both posts were abolished in the Zhenguan era. The Taiyuan, Yongfeng, Longmen, and other granaries each had one superintendent, of regular seventh rank, lower grade; and two assistants, of subordinate eighth rank, upper grade. They managed granary storage and stockpiles. Receipt and disbursement ledgers were submitted to the court at year's end. each had one record clerk, three clerks, six scribes, eight stewards, and six compound guards; At Longmen and similar granaries staff was reduced by one clerk and two each among scribes, stewards, and compound guards. The Bamboo Office had one superintendent, of subordinate sixth rank, lower grade; one deputy superintendent, of regular seventh rank, lower grade; and two assistants, of regular eighth rank, upper grade. They cultivated bamboo and reeds for palace curtains, baskets, and similar goods, and each year sent bamboo shoots to Imperial Catering. Staff included one record clerk, two clerks, four scribes, thirty stewards, four compound guards, and one hundred reed-garden artisans. The Qingshan, Shimen, Wenquan, and other hot-spring stations each had one superintendent, of subordinate sixth rank, lower grade; and one assistant, of regular seventh rank, lower grade. They managed the baths, palace security, dikes, stored grain and fodder, and repairs and logistics for imperial visits. Bath lodges for princes, dukes, and lower ranks were allotted according to status. Early-ripening melons and vegetables from the warm spring districts were sent to the tombs and temples. Each station had one record clerk, one clerk, two scribes, and four compound guards. The capital's palace-park general offices each had one superintendent, of subordinate fifth rank, lower grade; each one deputy superintendent, of subordinate sixth rank, lower grade; each two assistants, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; each two chief clerks, of subordinate ninth rank, upper grade. They managed palaces and lodges, gardens and ponds, birds and fish, and orchards within the parks. All movement of staff, people, and livestock in and out was registered. Each office had two record clerks, eight clerks, sixteen scribes, four station chiefs, six compound guards, and five veterinary physicians.
41
京都諸園苑監、苑四面監監各一人,從六品下; 副監各一人,從七品下; 丞各二人,正八品下。 掌完葺苑面、宮舘、園池與種蒔、蕃養六畜之事。 顯慶二年,改靑城宮監曰東都苑北面監,明德宮監曰東都苑南面監,洛陽宮農圃監曰東都苑東面監,倉貨監曰東都苑西面監。 有録事各一人,府各三人,史各六人,典事各六人,掌固各六人。 九成宮總監九成宮總監監一人,從五品下; 副監一人,從六品下; 丞一人,從七品下; 主簿一人,從九品上。 掌脩完宮苑,供進鍊餌之事。 有録事一人,府三人,自監以下,品同宮苑。 武德初,改隋仁壽宮監曰九成宮監。 諸鹽池監諸鹽池鹽監一人,正七品下,掌鹽功簿帳。 有録事一人,史二人。 諸屯監諸屯監一人,從七品下; 丞一人,從八品下。 掌營種屯田,句會功課及畜産簿帳,以水旱蝝蝗定課。 屯主勸率營農,督斂地課。 有録事一人,府一人,史二人,典事二人,掌固四人。 毎屯主一人,屯副一人,主簿一人,録事一人,府三人,史五人。 太府寺卿一人,從三品; 少卿二人,從四品上。 掌財貨、廩藏、貿易,總京都四市、左右藏、常平七署。 凡四方貢賦、百官俸秩,謹其出納。 賦物任土所出,定精粗之差,祭祀幣帛皆供焉。 龍朔二年,改太府寺曰外府寺。 武后光宅元年,改曰司府寺。 中宗卽位,復曰太府寺。 有府二十五人,史五十人,計史四人,亭長七人,掌固七人。
The capital's garden-park offices and the four-side park offices each had one superintendent, of subordinate sixth rank, lower grade; each one deputy superintendent, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; each two assistants, of regular eighth rank, lower grade. They maintained the park grounds, palaces, gardens, and ponds, and handled planting and the breeding of livestock. In Xianqing 2 the Qingcheng Palace office became the Eastern Capital Park North-Side office; the Mingde Palace office became the South-Side office; the Luoyang Palace Farm and Garden office became the East-Side office; and the Granary Goods office became the West-Side office. Each had one record clerk, three clerks, six scribes, six stewards, and six compound guards. The Jiucheng Palace general office had one superintendent, of subordinate fifth rank, lower grade; one deputy superintendent, of subordinate sixth rank, lower grade; one assistant, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; and one chief clerk, of subordinate ninth rank, upper grade. They maintained the palace park and supplied refined cakes for imperial presentation. Staff included one record clerk and three clerks; from the superintendent down, ranks matched those of the palace-park offices. Early in Wude the Sui Renshou Palace office was renamed the Jiucheng Palace office. Each salt pond had one superintendent, of regular seventh rank, lower grade, who kept the salt-production accounts. Each had one record clerk and two scribes. Each agricultural colony had one superintendent, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; and one assistant, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade. They managed colony farming, reconciled labor quotas and livestock accounts, and set levies according to flood, drought, and pest damage. Colony chiefs encouraged farming and supervised collection of land taxes. Each colony had one record clerk, one clerk, two scribes, two stewards, and four compound guards. Each colony had one chief, one deputy chief, one chief clerk, one record clerk, three clerks, and five scribes. The Court of the Grand Treasury had one minister, of subordinate third rank; and two vice ministers, of subordinate fourth rank, upper grade. They managed wealth, stores, and trade, and oversaw the capital's four markets, the Left and Right Treasuries, and the seven Ever-Normal offices. They carefully handled receipts and disbursements for tribute from all quarters and officials' salaries. Tribute followed local products, with grades fixed by quality, and they supplied all ritual silks for sacrifices. In Longshuo 2 it was renamed the Court of the Outer Treasury. In Empress Wu's Guangzhai 1 it became the Court of Treasury Administration. When Emperor Zhongzong took the throne, the name Court of the Grand Treasury was restored. Staff included twenty-five clerks, fifty scribes, four accounting clerks, seven station chiefs, and seven compound guards.
42
丞四人,從六品上。 掌判寺事。 凡元日、冬至以方物陳于庭者,受而進之。 會賜及別敕六品以下賜者,給於朝堂。 以一人主左、右藏署帳,凡在署爲簿,在寺爲帳,三月一報金部。
Four assistants, of subordinate sixth rank, upper grade. They handled the court's business. On New Year's Day and the Winter Solstice they received regional tribute displayed in the courtyard and presented it onward. Assembly gifts and special-edict grants to sixth rank and below were distributed in the audience hall. One officer managed the Left and Right Treasury accounts—office records were called registers, court records accounts—and reported quarterly to the Bureau of Revenue.
43
主簿二人,從七品上。 掌印,省鈔目,句檢稽失,平權衡度量,歳以八月印署,然後用之。 録事二人。 兩京諸市署兩京諸市署令一人,從六品上; 丞二人,正八品上。 掌財貨交易、度量器物,辨其眞偽輕重。 市肆皆建標築土爲候,禁榷固及參市自殖者。 凡市,日中撃鼓三百以會衆,日入前七刻,撃鉦三百而散。 有果毅巡迣。 平貨物爲三等之直,十日爲簿。 車駕行幸,則立市于頓側互市,有衞士五十人,以察非常。 有録事一人,府三人,史七人,典事三人,掌固一人。 左藏署左藏署令三人,從七品下; 丞五人,從八品下; 監事八人。 掌錢帛、雜綵。 天下賦調,卿及御史監閲。 有府九人,史十八人,典事十二人,掌固八人。 右藏署右藏署令二人,正八品上; 丞三人,正九品上; 監事四人。 掌金玉、珠寶、銅鐵、骨角、齒毛、綵畫。 有府五人,史十二人,典事七人,掌固十人。 常平署常平署令一人,從七品上; 丞二人,從八品下; 監事五人。 掌平糴、倉儲、出納。 有府四人,史八人,典事五人,掌固六人。 顯慶三年,置署。 武后時,東都亦置署。 國子監祭酒一人,從三品; 司業二人,從四品下。 掌儒學訓導之政,總國子、太學、廣文、四門、律、書、算凡七學。 天子視學,皇太子齒冑,則講義。 釋奠,執經論議,奏京文武七品以上觀禮。 凡授經,以周易、尙書、周禮、儀禮、禮記、毛詩、春秋左氏傳、公羊傳、穀梁傳各爲一經,兼習孝經、論語、老子,歳終,考學官訓導多少爲殿最。
Two chief clerks, of subordinate seventh rank, upper grade. They kept the seal, reviewed draft ledgers, audited errors, and calibrated weights and measures; each year in the eighth month they stamped and certified them before use. Two recorders. The Market Offices of the Two Capitals had one director, of subordinate sixth rank, upper grade; Two assistants, of regular eighth rank, upper grade. They supervised trade in goods and standards of measure, distinguishing genuine from counterfeit and correct weight. Every stall had to post markers and a raised earth sign; hoarding for monopoly and private selling in the market were banned. In every market, three hundred drumbeats at noon opened trade, and three hundred strokes on the gong seven quarters before sunset closed it. Guoyi guards patrolled the markets. Goods were rated in three price grades, recorded in a ledger every ten days. When the emperor traveled, a market was opened at each halt for exchange, with fifty guards to watch for trouble. Staff included one recorder, three clerks, seven scribes, three registry officers, and one compound guard. The Left Treasury Office had three directors, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; Five assistants, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade; Eight supervisors. They managed coin, silk, and miscellaneous fabrics. The minister and censors supervised the empire's tax and levy collections. Staff included nine clerks, eighteen scribes, twelve registry officers, and eight compound guards. The Right Treasury Office had two directors, of regular eighth rank, upper grade; Three assistants, of regular ninth rank, upper grade; Four supervisors. They managed gold and jade, pearls and gems, copper and iron, bone and horn, ivory and fur, and painted silks. Staff included five clerks, twelve scribes, seven registry officers, and ten compound guards. The Ever-Normal Office had one director, of subordinate seventh rank, upper grade; Two assistants, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade; Five supervisors. They managed grain price stabilization, granary storage, and receipts and disbursements. Staff included four clerks, eight scribes, five registry officers, and six compound guards. The office was established in Xianqing 3. Under Empress Wu an office was also set up in the Eastern Capital. The Directorate of Imperial University had one chancellor, of subordinate third rank; Two vice chancellors, of subordinate fourth rank, lower grade. They directed Confucian instruction and oversaw seven schools: the Imperial University, Grand Academy, Broad Learning Hall, Four Gates Hall, Law, Calligraphy, and Mathematics. When the emperor inspected the schools, or the crown prince donned cap and armor, they delivered lectures on the classics. At the libation sacrifice they expounded the classics in debate and had civil and military officials of seventh rank and above in the capital attend. Instruction was divided among nine classics—the Changes, Documents, Rites of Zhou, Rites, Record of Rites, Mao Odes, and the Zuo, Gongyang, and Guliang commentaries—along with the Filial Piety Classic, Analects, and Laozi; at year's end the teaching staff were graded on their instruction.
44
丞一人,從六品下,掌判監事。 毎歳,七學生業成,與司業、祭酒莅試,登第者上於禮部。
One assistant, of subordinate sixth rank, lower grade, who handled the directorate's business. Each year, when students of the seven schools finished their course, the vice chancellors and chancellor examined them; those who passed were sent to the Ministry of Rites.
45
主簿一人,從七品下。 掌印,句督監事。 七學生不率教者,舉而免之。 録事一人,從九品下。 武德初,以國子監曰國子學,隸太常寺,貞觀二年復曰監。 龍朔二年,改國子監曰司成舘,祭酒曰大司成,司業曰少司成。 咸亨元年復曰監。 垂拱元年,改國子監曰成均監。 有府七人,史十三人,亭長六人,掌固八人。 國子學國子學博士五人,正五品上。 掌教三品以上及國公子孫、從二品以上曾孫爲生者。 五分其經以爲業:周禮、儀禮、禮記、毛詩、春秋左氏傳各六十人,暇則習隸書、國語、説文、字林、三倉、爾雅。 毎歳通兩經。 求仕者,上於監,秀才、進士亦如之。 學生以長幼爲序,習正業之外,教吉、凶二禮,公私有事則相儀。 龍朔二年,改博士曰宣業。 有大成十人,學生八十人,典學四人,廟幹二人,掌固四人,東都學生十五人。
One chief clerk, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade. They kept the seal and supervised the directorate's business. Students of the seven schools who would not obey instruction were reported and expelled. One recorder, of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. Early in Wude the directorate was renamed the Imperial University School and placed under the Court of Imperial Sacrifices; in Zhenguan 2 it became a directorate again. In Longshuo 2 the directorate became the Hall of Completion, the chancellor the Grand Completer, and the vice chancellor the Junior Completer. In Xianheng 1 it was again called a directorate. In Chuigong 1 the Directorate of Imperial University became the Directorate of the Balanced Mean. Staff included seven clerks, thirteen scribes, six station chiefs, and eight compound guards. The Imperial University School had five erudites, of regular fifth rank, upper grade. They taught students of third rank and above, imperial clansmen, and great-grandsons of officials of subordinate second rank and above. The curriculum was divided among five classics—Rites of Zhou, Rites, Record of Rites, Mao Odes, and the Zuo Commentary—with sixty students each; in spare time they studied clerical script, the Discourses of the States, Shuowen, Zilin, Sancang, and Erya. Each year students had to pass two classics. Those seeking office were referred to the directorate, as were cultivated talents and presented scholars. Students were ranked by age; beyond their main coursework they learned auspicious and mourning rites and assisted one another at public and private ceremonies. In Longshuo 2 erudites were renamed Proclaimers of Achievement. Staff included ten senior graduates, eighty students, four school registrars, two temple stewards, four compound guards, and fifteen students in the Eastern Capital.
46
助教五人,從六品上。 掌佐博士分經教授。
Five instructors, of subordinate sixth rank, upper grade. They assisted the erudites in teaching the classics by division.
47
直講四人,掌佐博士、助教以經術講授。
Four lecturers assisted erudites and instructors in expounding the classics.
48
五經博士各二人,正五品上。 掌以其經之學教國子。 周易、尙書、毛詩、左氏春秋、禮記爲五經,論語、孝經、爾雅不立學官,附中經而已。 太學太學博士六人,正六品上; 助教六人,從七品上。 掌教五品以上及郡縣公子孫、從三品曾孫爲生者,五分其經以爲業,毎經百人。 有學生七十人,典學四人,掌固六人,東都學生十五人。 廣文舘廣文舘博士四人,助教二人。 掌領國子學生業進士者。 有學生六十人,東都十人。 天寶九載,置廣文舘,有知進士助教,後罷知進士之名。 四門舘四門舘博士六人,正七品上; 助教六人,從八品上; 直講四人。 掌教七品以上、侯伯子男子爲生及庶人子爲俊士生者。 有學生三百人,典學四人,掌固六人; 東都學生五十人。 律學律學博士三人,從八品下; 助教一人,從九品下。 掌教八品以下及庶人子爲生者。 律令爲顓業,兼習格式法例。 隋,律學隸大理寺,博士八人。 武德初,隸國子監,尋廢; 貞觀六年復置,顯慶三年又廢,以博士以下隸大理寺; 龍朔二年復置。 有學生二十人,典學二人。 元和初,東都置學生五人。 書學書學博士二人,從九品下; 助教一人。 掌教八品以下及庶人子爲生者。 石經、説文、字林爲顓業,兼習餘書。 武德初,廢書學,貞觀二年復置,顯慶三年又廢,以博士以下隸祕書省,龍朔二年復。 有學生十人,典學二人,東都學生三人。 算學算學博士二人,從九品下; 助教一人。 掌教八品以下及庶人子爲生者。 二分其經以爲業:九章、海島、孫子、五曹、張丘建、夏侯陽、周髀、五經算、綴術、緝古爲顓業,兼習記遺、三等數。
Two erudites for each of the Five Classics, of regular fifth rank, upper grade. Each taught imperial university students in his own classic. The Five Classics were the Changes, Documents, Mao Odes, Zuo Spring and Autumn, and Record of Rites; the Analects, Filial Piety Classic, and Erya had no separate posts and were taught as adjuncts. The Grand Academy had six erudites, of regular sixth rank, upper grade; Six instructors, of subordinate seventh rank, upper grade. They taught students of fifth rank and above, sons and grandsons of prefectural and county nobles, and great-grandsons of officials of subordinate third rank and above, with five classics and one hundred students each. There were seventy students, four school registrars, six compound guards, and fifteen students in the Eastern Capital. The Broad Learning Hall had four erudites and two instructors. They supervised imperial university students studying for the presented-scholar examination. There were sixty students and ten in the Eastern Capital. In Tianbao 9 the Broad Learning Hall was established with an instructor specializing in the presented-scholar curriculum; later that title was dropped. The Four Gates Hall had six erudites, of regular seventh rank, upper grade; Six instructors, of subordinate eighth rank, upper grade; Four lecturers. They taught students of seventh rank and above, sons of marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons, and commoners' sons enrolled as talented scholars. There were three hundred students, four school registrars, and six compound guards; Fifty students in the Eastern Capital. The School of Law had three erudites, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade; One instructor, of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. They taught students of eighth rank and below and commoners' sons. Statutes and ordinances were the core curriculum, with formats and legal precedents studied as well. Under the Sui the School of Law belonged to the Court of Judicial Review and had eight erudites. Early in Wude it was placed under the Directorate of Imperial University and soon abolished; it was restored in Zhenguan 6, abolished again in Xianqing 3, and the erudites and below assigned to the Court of Judicial Review; It was restored in Longshuo 2. There were twenty students and two school registrars. Early in Yuanhe five students were enrolled in the Eastern Capital. The School of Calligraphy had two erudites, of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade; One instructor. They taught students of eighth rank and below and commoners' sons. The Stone Classics, Shuowen, and Zilin were the core curriculum, with other texts studied as well. Early in Wude the school was abolished, restored in Zhenguan 2, abolished again in Xianqing 3 with staff assigned to the Secretariat, and restored in Longshuo 2. There were ten students, two school registrars, and three students in the Eastern Capital. The School of Mathematics had two erudites, of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade; One instructor. They taught students of eighth rank and below and commoners' sons. The curriculum was divided in two: the core texts were the Nine Chapters, Sea Island, Master Sun, Five Departments, Zhang Qiujian, Xiahou Yang, Zhou Bi, Five-Classics Mathematics, Continuation Methods, and Collated Antiquity, with the Records of Remaining Methods and Three-Grade Numbers studied as well.
49
凡六學束脩之禮、督課、試舉,皆如國子學; 助教以下所掌亦如之。 唐廢算學,顯慶元年復置,三年又廢,以博士以下隸太史局。 龍朔二年復。 有學生十人,典學二人,東都學生二人。 少府監一人,從三品; 少監二人,從四品下。 掌百工技巧之政。 總中尙、左尙、右尙、織染、掌冶五署及諸冶、鑄錢、互市等監。 供天子器御、后妃服飾及郊廟圭玉、百官儀物。 凡武庫袍襦,皆識其輕重乃藏之,冬至、元日以給衞士。 諸州市牛皮角以供用,牧畜角筋腦革悉輸焉。 鈿鏤之工,教以四年; 車路樂器之工,三年; 平漫刀矟之工,二年,矢鏃竹漆屈柳之工半焉; 冠冕弁幘之工,九月。 教作者傳家技,四季以令丞試之,歳終以監試之,皆物勒工名。
In all six schools, presentation gifts, supervision, and examinations followed the Imperial University School; and the duties of instructors and below were the same. Tang abolished the School of Mathematics, restored it in Xianqing 1, abolished it again in year 3, and assigned the erudites and below to the Bureau of Astronomy. It was restored in Longshuo 2. There were ten students, two school registrars, and two students in the Eastern Capital. The Directorate of the Palace Workshops had one director, of subordinate third rank; and two vice directors, of subordinate fourth rank, lower grade. They oversaw policy for the hundred crafts and skilled trades. They supervised the five offices of Central Shang, Left Shang, Right Shang, Dyeing and Weaving, and Metals Foundry, together with the regional foundries, mints, and border-market directorates. They furnished the emperor's vessels and regalia, the dress and ornaments of empresses and consorts, jade tablets for suburban and temple sacrifices, and the ceremonial regalia of the bureaucracy. Armory robes and jackets were weighed and labeled before storage, then issued to the guards on the winter solstice and New Year's Day. Prefectural markets supplied ox hides and horns as needed, and all horn, sinew, brain, and hide from livestock were delivered to the directorate. Inlay and engraving apprentices trained for four years; carriage fittings and musical instruments, three years; plain and damascened blades and spears, two years; arrowheads, bamboo, lacquer, and bent-willow work, half as long; caps, crowns, court caps, and headcloths, nine months. Apprentices inherited family techniques; office directors examined them each season and the directorate examined them at year's end. Every finished piece bore the craftsman's name.
50
丞六人,從六品下。 掌判監事。 給五署所須金石、齒革、羽毛、竹木,所入之物,各以名數州土爲籍。 工役衆寡難易有等差,而均其勞逸。
There were six assistants, of subordinate sixth rank, lower grade. They adjudicated directorate business. They provisioned the five offices with metal, stone, ivory, hide, feathers, bamboo, and timber, keeping registers of each item's name, quantity, and source prefecture. Work gangs were graded by size and difficulty, and labor and rest were balanced among them.
51
主簿二人,從七品下; 録事二人,從九品上。 武德初,廢監,以諸署隸太府寺。 貞觀元年復置。 龍朔二年改曰内府監,武后垂拱元年曰尙方監。 有府二十七人,史十七人,計史三人,亭長八人,掌固六人,短蕃匠五千二十九人,綾錦坊巧兒三百六十五人,内作使綾匠八十三人,掖庭綾匠百五十人,内作巧兒四十二人,配京都諸司諸使雜匠百二十五人。 中尙署中尙署令一人,從七品下; 丞二人,從八品下。 掌供郊祀圭璧及天子器玩、后妃服飾彫文錯綵之制。 凡金木齒革羽毛,任土以時而供。 赦日,樹金鷄於仗南,竿長七丈,有鷄髙四尺,黃金飾首,銜絳幡長七尺,承以綵盤,維以絳繩,將作監供焉。 撃掆鼓千聲,集百官、父老、囚徒。 坊小兒得鷄首者官以錢購,或取絳幡而已。 歳二月,獻牙尺。 寒食,獻毬。 五月,獻綬帶。 夏至,獻雷車。 七月,獻鈿針。 臘日,獻口脂。 唯筆、琴瑟絃,月獻。 金銀暨紙,非旨不獻。 製魚袋以給百官; 蕃客賜寶鈿帶魚袋,則授鴻臚寺丞、主簿。 監作四人,從九品下。 凡監作,皆同品。 有府九人,史十八人,典事四人,掌固四人。 唐改内尙方署曰中尙方署。 武后改少府監曰尙方監,而中左右尙方、織染方、掌冶方五署,皆去方以避監。 自是不改矣。 有金銀作坊院。 左尙署左尙署令一人,從七品下; 丞五人,從八品下。 掌供翟扇、蓋繖、五路、五副、七輦、十二車,及皇太后、皇太子、公主、王妃、内外命婦、王公之車路。 凡畫素刻鏤與宮中蠟炬雜作,皆領之。 監作六人。 有府七人,史二十人,典事十八人,掌固十四人。 右尙署右尙署令二人,從七品下; 丞四人,從八品下。 掌供十二閑馬之轡。 毎歳取於京兆、河南府,加飾乃進。 凡五品三部之帳,刀劍、斧鉞、甲冑、紙筆、茵席、履舄,皆儗其用,皮毛之工亦領焉。 監作六人。 有府七人,史二十人,典事十三人,掌固十人。 織染署織染署令一人,正八品上; 丞二人,正九品上。 掌供冠冕、組綬及織絍、色染。 錦、羅、紗、縠、綾、紬、絁、絹、布,皆廣尺有八寸,四丈爲匹。 布五丈爲端,綿六兩爲屯,絲五兩爲絇,麻三斤爲綟。 凡綾錦文織,禁示於外。 髙品一人專莅之,歳奏用度及所織。 毎掖庭經錦,則給酒羊。 七月七日,祭杼。 監作六人。 有府六人,史十四人,典事十一人,掌固五人。 掌冶署掌冶署令一人,正八品上; 丞二人,正九品上。 掌范鎔金銀銅鐵及塗飾琉璃玉作。 銅鐵人得採,而官收以稅,唯鑞官市。 邊州不置鐵冶,器用所須,皆官供。 凡諸冶成器,上數于少府監,然後給之。 監作二人。 有府六人,史十二人,典事二十三人,掌固四人。 諸冶監諸冶監令各一人,正七品下; 丞各一人,從八品上。 掌鑄兵農之器,給軍士、屯田居民,唯興農冶顓供隴右監牧。 監作四人。 有録事一人,府一人,史二人,典事二人,掌固四人。 太原冶,減監作二人。 諸鑄錢監諸鑄錢監監各一人,副監各二人,丞各一人。 以所在都督、刺史判焉; 副監,上佐; 丞,以判司; 監事以參軍及縣尉爲之。 監事各一人。 有録事各一人,府各三人,史各四人,典事各五人。 凡鑄錢有七監,會昌中,增至八監,毎道置鑄錢坊一。 大中初,三監廢。 互市監互市監毎監,監一人,從六品下; 丞一人,正八品下。 掌蕃國交易之事。 隋以監隸四方舘。 唐隸少府。 貞觀六年,改交市監曰互市監,副監曰丞,武后垂拱元年曰通市監。 有録事一人,府二人,史四人,價人四人,掌固八人。 將作監監一人,從三品; 少監二人,從四品下。 掌土木工匠之政,總左校、右校、中校、甄官等署,百工等監。 大明、興慶、上陽宮,中書、門下、六軍仗舍、閑廄,謂之内作; 郊廟、城門、省、寺、臺、監、十六衞、東宮、王府諸廨,謂之外作。 自十月距二月,休冶功; 自冬至距九月,休土功。 凡治宮廟,太常擇日以聞。
two chief clerks, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; and two record clerks, of subordinate ninth rank, upper grade. Early in the Wude era the directorate was abolished and its offices subordinated to the Court of the Imperial Treasury. It was restored in Zhenguan 1. In Longshuo 2 it became the Directorate of the Inner Palace; in Wu Zetian's Chuigong 1, the Directorate of the Palace Ateliers. Its staff comprised twenty-seven stewards, seventeen clerks, three accounting clerks, eight booth chiefs, six custodians, 5,029 short-term foreign artisans, 365 skilled workers in the Brocade and Damask Workshop, 83 damask artisans for the Inner Works Office, 150 for the Palace Rear Apartments, 42 Inner Works specialists, and 125 miscellaneous artisans detailed from capital agencies. The Central Shang Office had one director, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; and two assistants, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade. They supplied jade tablets for suburban sacrifices, the emperor's vessels and curios, and the patterned dress and ornaments of empresses and consorts. Metal, wood, ivory, hide, and feathers were supplied according to regional products and the seasons. On amnesty days a golden rooster was raised south of the halberd guard on a pole seven zhang tall. The bird stood four chi high, gilded at the head, with a seven-chi crimson banner in its beak on a colored tray, secured by crimson cord. The Directorate of Imperial Construction furnished it. A carrying-pole drum was beaten a thousand strokes to gather officials, elders, and prisoners. Children of the wards who seized the rooster's head were paid by the authorities, though some took only the crimson banner. Each year in the second month they presented ivory measuring rods. At Cold Food they presented balls. In the fifth month they presented ribbons and sashes. At the summer solstice they presented thunder carts. In the seventh month they presented inlaid needles. On the La festival they presented lip balm. Only brushes and zither and se strings were presented every month. Gold, silver, and paper were presented only on imperial order. They made fish pouches for all officials; when foreign guests received jeweled belts and fish pouches, the Court of Imperial Entertainments' assistants and chief clerks conferred them. four production supervisors, of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. All production supervisors held the same rank. Staff included nine stewards, eighteen clerks, four records clerks, and four custodians. Under the Tang the Inner Shang Atelier was renamed the Central Shang Atelier. Wu Zetian renamed the Palace Workshops directorate the Palace Ateliers directorate; the five offices of Central, Left, and Right Shang, Dyeing and Weaving, and Metals Foundry all dropped fang from their titles to avoid clashing with jian. These names were not changed thereafter. It also maintained a Gold and Silver Workshop Court. The Left Shang Office had one director, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; and five assistants, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade. They supplied pheasant-feather fans, parasols, the Five Routes, Five Supports, Seven Palanquins, and Twelve Carriages, and the carriages of the empress dowager, crown prince, princesses, consorts, titled ladies, and princes. They also oversaw silk painting, carving, inlay work, and miscellaneous palace crafts including wax torches. six production supervisors. Staff included seven stewards, twenty clerks, eighteen records clerks, and fourteen custodians. The Right Shang Office had two directors, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; and four assistants, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade. They supplied bridles for the horses of the twelve imperial pasture studs. Each year they were obtained from Jingzhao and Henan, embellished, and then presented. They provisioned the stores of the three central departments with swords, axes, halberds, armor, paper, brushes, mats, and footwear according to need, and also oversaw fur and hide work. six production supervisors. Staff included seven stewards, twenty clerks, thirteen records clerks, and ten custodians. The Dyeing and Weaving Office had one director, of regular eighth rank, upper grade; and two assistants, of regular ninth rank, upper grade. They supplied caps and crowns, ribbons and sashes, weaving and spinning, and dyeing. Brocade, gauze, plain gauze, fine gauze, damask, pongee, coarse silk, silk, and cloth were all one zhang and eight chi wide; four zhang made a bolt. Five zhang of cloth made a duan; six liang of cotton a tun; five liang of silk a qu; three jin of hemp a ting. Damask, brocade, and patterned weaves were barred from display outside the palace. A senior official oversaw it exclusively and reported each year on usage and production. Whenever the Palace Rear Apartments completed a length of brocade, wine and sheep were distributed. On the seventh day of the seventh month they sacrificed to the weaving shuttle. six production supervisors. Staff included six stewards, fourteen clerks, eleven records clerks, and five custodians. The Metals Foundry Office had one director, of regular eighth rank, upper grade; and two assistants, of regular ninth rank, upper grade. They cast and smelted gold, silver, copper, and iron and oversaw glazing and jade work. Private persons might mine copper and iron, but the state collected it as tax; only tin alloy was sold through official markets. Border prefectures had no iron foundries; all needed utensils were supplied by the state. Finished goods from all foundries were inventoried to the Palace Workshops directorate before issue. two production supervisors. Staff included six stewards, twelve clerks, twenty-three records clerks, and four custodians. Each regional foundry directorate had one director, of regular seventh rank, lower grade; and one assistant each, of subordinate eighth rank, upper grade. They cast military and farm tools for soldiers and garrison colonists; only the Xingnong foundry supplied the Longyou stud farms exclusively. four production supervisors. Staff included one record clerk, one steward, two clerks, two records clerks, and four custodians. The Taiyuan foundry had two fewer production supervisors. Each coin mint had one director, two vice directors, and one assistant. The local area commander or prefect served concurrently; vice directors were senior aides; assistants were acting bureau chiefs; and supervisors from army staff officers and county deputies. Each mint had one supervisor. Each had one record clerk, three stewards, four clerks, and five records clerks. There were seven mints in all; under Huichang the number rose to eight, with one casting workshop per circuit. Early in the Dazhong era three mints were abolished. Each border-trade market had one director, of subordinate sixth rank, lower grade; and one assistant, of regular eighth rank, lower grade. They regulated trade with foreign states. Under the Sui it was subordinate to the Four Directions Hostels. Under the Tang it was subordinated to the Palace Workshops. In Zhenguan 6 the Exchange Market Directorate became the Border-Trade Market Directorate, vice directors became assistants, and in Wu Zetian's Chuigong 1 it became the General Market Directorate. Staff included one record clerk, two stewards, four clerks, four appraisers, and eight custodians. The Directorate of Imperial Construction had one director, of subordinate third rank; and two vice directors, of subordinate fourth rank, lower grade. They oversaw civil construction and craftsmen, supervising the Left, Right, and Central Works offices, the Casting Office, and the regional hundred-crafts directorates. Work at the Daming, Xingqing, and Shangyang palaces, the Chancellery, Secretariat, Six Armies armories, and spare stables counted as inner works; while suburban altars and temples, city gates, ministries, monasteries, directorates, commissions, the Sixteen Guards, the Eastern Palace, and princely household offices counted as outer works. from the tenth month through the second month metalworking ceased; from the winter solstice through the ninth month earthworks ceased. Whenever palace or temple repairs were undertaken, the Court of Imperial Sacrifices chose an auspicious day and reported it.
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丞四人,從六品下。 掌判監事。 凡外營繕、大事則聽制敕,小事則須省符。 功有長短,役有輕重。 自四月距七月,爲長功; 二月、三月、八月、九月,爲中功; 自十月距正月,爲短功。 長上匠,州率資錢以酬雇。 軍器則勒歳月與工姓名。 武德初,改令曰大匠,少令曰少匠。 龍朔二年,改將作監曰繕工監,大匠曰大監,少匠曰少監。 咸亨元年,繕工監曰營繕監。 天寶十一載,改大匠曰大監,少匠曰少監。 有府十四人,史二十八人,計史三人,亭長四人,掌固六人,短蕃匠一萬二千七百四十四人,明資匠二百六十人。
There were four assistants, of subordinate sixth rank, lower grade. They adjudicated directorate business. For outer construction and repairs, major projects required imperial edicts and minor ones provincial authorization. Work periods were classified as long, medium, or short, and labor as light or heavy. the fourth through seventh months were long-work season; the second, third, eighth, and ninth months were medium-work season; and the tenth month through the first month was short-work season. Master craftsmen on long-term roster were paid from funds raised by their home prefectures. Military equipment was stamped with the date and the craftsman's name. Early in the Wude era the director was retitled Chief Artisan and the vice director Junior Artisan. In Longshuo 2 the directorate became the Construction Works Directorate, the chief artisan became senior director, and the junior artisan vice director. In Xianheng 1 it was renamed the Building and Repair Directorate. In Tianbao 11 the titles chief artisan and junior artisan were changed back to senior director and vice director. Staff included fourteen stewards, twenty-eight clerks, three accounting clerks, four depot chiefs, six custodians, 12,744 short-term foreign artisans, and 260 salaried craftsmen.
53
主簿二人,從七品下。 掌官吏糧料、俸食,假使必由之。 諸司供署監物有闕,舉焉。 録事二人,從九品上。 左校署左校署令二人,從八品下; 丞一人,正九品下。 掌梓匠之事。 樂縣、簨簴、兵械、喪葬儀物皆供焉。 宮室之制,自天子至士庶有等差,官脩者左校爲之。 監作十人。 有府六人,史十二人,監作十二人。 右校署右校署令二人,正八品下; 丞三人,正九品下。 掌版築、塗泥、丹堊、匽廁之事。 有所須,則審其多少而市之。 監作十人。 有府五人,史十人,典事二十四人。 右校署中校署令一人,從八品下; 丞三人,正九品下。 掌供舟車、兵械、雜器。 行幸陳設則供竿柱,閑廄繫秣則供行槽,禱祀則供棘葛,内外營作所須皆取焉。 監牧車牛,有年支芻豆,則受之以給車坊。 監事四人。 武后時,改曰營繕署。 垂拱元年復舊,尋廢。 開元初復置。 有府三人,史六人,典事八人,掌固二人。 甄官署甄官署令一人,從八品下; 丞二人,正九品下。 掌琢石、陶土之事,供石磬、人、獸、碑、柱、碾、磑、甁、缶之器,敕葬則供明器。 監作四人。 有府五人,史十人,典事十八人。 百工、就谷、庫谷、斜谷、太陰、伊陽諸監百工、就谷、庫谷、斜谷、太陰、伊陽監監各一人,正七品下; 副監一人,從七品下; 丞一人,正八品上。 掌采伐材木。 監作四人。 武德初,置百工監,掌舟車及營造雜作,有監、少監各一人,丞四人,主簿一人。 又置就谷、庫谷、斜谷、太陰、伊陽五監。 貞觀中,廢百工監。 髙宗置百工署,掌東都土木瓦石之功。 開元十五年爲監。 有録事一人,府一人,史三人,典事二十人。 軍器監監一人,正四品上; 丞一人,正七品上。 掌繕甲弩,以時輸武庫。 總署二:一曰弩坊,二曰甲坊。 主簿一人,正八品下; 録事一人,從九品下。 武德初,有武器監一人,正八品下。 掌兵仗、廏牧。 少監一人,丞二人,主簿一人。 七年廢軍器監,八年復置,九年又廢。 貞觀六年,廢武器監。 開元以前,軍器皆出右尙署,三年置軍器監,十一年復廢爲甲弩坊,隸少府,十六年復爲監。 有府八人,史十二人,亭長二人,掌固四人。 弩坊署弩坊署令一人,正八品下; 丞一人,正九品下。 掌出納矛矟、弓矢、排弩、刃鏃、雜作及工匠。 監作二人。 有府二人,史五人,典事二人。 貞觀六年,改弓弩署爲弩坊署,甲鎧署爲甲坊署。 甲坊署甲坊署令一人,正八品下; 丞一人,正九品下。 掌出納甲冑、綅繩、筋角、雜作及工匠。 監作二人。 有府二人,史五人,典事二人。 都水監使者二人,正五品上。 掌川澤、津梁、渠堰、陂池之政,總河渠、諸津監署。 凡漁捕有禁,溉田自遠始,先稻後陸,渠長、斗門長節其多少而均焉。 府縣以官督察。
There were two registrars, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade. They managed officials' grain rations and salaries, and all temporary assignments had to pass through their office. Shortfalls in supplies held by any office's depot were reported to them. There were two record clerks, of subordinate ninth rank, upper grade. The Left Works Office had two directors, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade; and one assistant, of regular ninth rank, lower grade. They oversaw carpentry. They furnished musical frames, banner poles, weapons, and funeral regalia. Palace and dwelling standards were graded from emperor to commoner; official repairs were the Left Works' responsibility. There were ten production supervisors. Staff included six stewards, twelve clerks, and twelve production supervisors. The Right Works Office had two directors, of regular eighth rank, lower grade; and three assistants, of regular ninth rank, lower grade. They oversaw rammed-earth construction, plastering, cinnabar and whitewash, and latrines. When materials were needed, they determined quantities and procured them on the market. There were ten production supervisors. Staff included five stewards, ten clerks, and twenty-four records clerks. The Central Works Office had one director, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade; and three assistants, of regular ninth rank, lower grade. They supplied boats, carriages, weapons, and miscellaneous equipment. On imperial tours they furnished display poles; for spare stables they furnished traveling troughs; for prayer sacrifices, thorn and vine; and all materials for inner and outer construction came from their office. They supervised draft cattle; annual allocations of fodder and beans were delivered to them for the carriage workshops. There were four supervisors. Under Empress Wu it was renamed the Building and Repair Office. In Chuigong 1 the former name was restored, then the office was soon abolished. Early in the Kaiyuan era it was reestablished. Staff included three stewards, six clerks, eight records clerks, and two custodians. The Casting Office had one director, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade; and two assistants, of regular ninth rank, lower grade. They oversaw stone carving and pottery, furnishing stone chimes, figurines, steles, pillars, millstones, querns, jars, and pots, and spirit objects for imperial burials by edict. There were four production supervisors. Staff included five stewards, ten clerks, and eighteen records clerks. The Hundred Crafts, Jiugu, Kugu, Xiegu, Taiyin, and Yiyang directorates each had one director, of regular seventh rank, lower grade; one vice director, of subordinate seventh rank, lower grade; and one assistant, of regular eighth rank, upper grade. They supervised timber harvesting. There were four production supervisors. Early in the Wude era the Hundred Crafts Directorate was established for boats, carriages, and miscellaneous construction, with one director, one vice director, four assistants, and one registrar. Five more directorates were also established at Jiugu, Kugu, Xiegu, Taiyin, and Yiyang. During the Zhenguan era the Hundred Crafts Directorate was abolished. Emperor Gaozong established the Hundred Crafts Office for civil, earth, tile, and stone work in the Eastern Capital. In Kaiyuan 15 it was elevated to a directorate. Staff included one record clerk, one steward, three clerks, and twenty records clerks. The Directorate of Military Equipment had one director, of regular fourth rank, upper grade; and one assistant, of regular seventh rank, upper grade. They maintained armor and crossbows and delivered them to the armory on schedule. They supervised two offices: the Crossbow Workshop and the Armor Workshop. There was one registrar, of regular eighth rank, lower grade; and one record clerk, of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. Early in the Wude era an Arms Directorate was established with one director, of regular eighth rank, lower grade. It oversaw weapons and stud farms. It had one vice director, two assistants, and one registrar. In year 7 the Directorate of Military Equipment was abolished, restored in year 8, and abolished again in year 9. In Zhenguan 6 the Arms Directorate was abolished. Before Kaiyuan all military equipment came from the Right Shang Office. In Kaiyuan 3 the directorate was established; in 11 it was abolished and became the Armor and Crossbow Workshop under the Palace Workshops; in 16 it was restored as a directorate. Staff included eight stewards, twelve clerks, two depot chiefs, and four custodians. The Crossbow Workshop Office had one director, of regular eighth rank, lower grade; and one assistant, of regular ninth rank, lower grade. They issued and received spears, halberds, bows, arrows, repeating crossbows, blades, arrowheads, miscellaneous work, and craftsmen. There were two production supervisors. Staff included two stewards, five clerks, and two records clerks. In Zhenguan 6 the Bow and Crossbow Office became the Crossbow Workshop Office and the Armor Office the Armor Workshop Office. The Armor Workshop Office had one director, of regular eighth rank, lower grade; and one assistant, of regular ninth rank, lower grade. They issued and received armor and helmets, scarlet cords, sinew and horn, miscellaneous work, and craftsmen. There were two production supervisors. Staff included two stewards, five clerks, and two records clerks. The Directorate of Waterways had two commissioners, of regular fifth rank, upper grade. They oversaw rivers and marshes, ferries, bridges, canals, dikes, and reservoirs, and supervised the River Works and ferry directorates. Fishing and hunting were regulated by seasonal prohibitions; irrigation began at the farthest fields, rice before dry land, with canal and sluice chiefs apportioning water fairly. Prefectures and counties enforced this through official oversight.
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丞二人,從七品上。 掌判監事。 凡京畿諸水,因灌溉盜費者有禁。 水入内之餘,則均王公百官。
There were two assistants, of subordinate seventh rank, upper grade. They adjudicated directorate business. In the capital region, misusing irrigation water or diverting it unlawfully was forbidden. Surplus water after supply to the inner city was apportioned among princes, dukes, and officials.
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主簿一人,從八品下。 掌運漕、漁捕程,會而糾舉之。 武德初,廢都水監爲署。 貞觀六年復爲監,改令曰使者。 龍朔二年,改都水監曰司津監,使者曰監。 武后垂拱元年,改都水監曰水衡監,使者曰都尉。 開元二十五年,不隸將作監。 有録事一人,府五人,史十人,亭長一人,掌固四人。 初,貞觀六年,置舟楫署,有令一人,正八品下,掌舟楫、運漕; 漕正一人,府三人,史六人,監漕一人,漕史二人,典事六人,掌固八人。 上元二年,置丞二人,正九品下,掌運漕隱失。 開元二十六年,署廢。 河渠署令河渠署令一人,正八品下; 丞一人,正九品上。 掌河渠、陂池、隄堰、魚醢之事。 凡溝渠開塞,漁捕時禁,皆顓之。 饗宗廟,則供魚鮍; 祀昊天上帝,有司攝事,則供腥魚。 日供尙食及給中書、門下,歳供諸司及東宮之冬藏。 渭河三百里内漁釣者,五坊捕治之。 供祠祀,則自便橋至東渭橋禁民漁。 三元日,非供祠不採魚。 唐有河隄使者。 貞觀初改曰河隄謁者。 有府三人,史六人,典事三人,毎渠及斗門有長一人,掌固三人,魚師十二人。 初,有監漕十人,從九品上,大暦後省。 興成、五門、六門、龍首、涇堰、滋隄,凡六堰,皆有丞一人,從九品下。 府一人,史二人,典事二人,掌固二人。 貞觀六年皆廢。
There was one registrar, of subordinate eighth rank, lower grade. They managed canal transport and fishing schedules, convened accounts, and investigated violations. Early in the Wude era the Directorate of Waterways was demoted to an office. In Zhenguan 6 it was restored as a directorate and the director retitled commissioner. In the second year of Longshuo the Directorate of Waterways was renamed the Directorate of Fords, and its commissioner was titled Director. In the first year of Chuigong Empress Wu renamed it the Directorate of Water Balance, and the commissioner was titled Commandant. In the twenty-fifth year of Kaiyuan it was removed from the Directorate of Imperial Construction's jurisdiction. Staff included one recording clerk, five office clerks, ten scribes, one station chief, and four compound guards. Initially, in the sixth year of Zhenguan, the Office of Boats was established with one director of regular eighth rank, lower grade, in charge of boats and grain transport; one transport chief, three office clerks, six scribes, one transport supervisor, two transport scribes, six stewards, and eight compound guards. In the second year of Shangyuan two assistants of regular ninth rank, lower grade, were added to investigate concealed losses in grain transport. In the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan the office was abolished. The Office of Rivers and Canals had one director of regular eighth rank, lower grade; and one assistant of regular ninth rank, upper grade. They managed rivers and canals, reservoirs and ponds, dikes and weirs, and fish supplies and pickling. They had exclusive authority over opening and closing ditches and canals and seasonal fishing prohibitions. For ancestral temple feasts they supplied fish and minnows; when sacrificing to August Heaven, if a relevant office acted for the emperor, they supplied raw fish. Daily they supplied the Imperial Kitchen and the Secretariat and Chancellery; yearly they supplied the various offices and the Eastern Palace's winter stores. Anyone who fished within three hundred li of the Wei River was apprehended by the Five Wards. When supplying sacrifices, commoners were forbidden to fish from Bian Bridge to East Wei Bridge. On the three yuan festival days, fish were not harvested except for sacrificial use. Under Tang there were River Dike envoys. At the beginning of Zhenguan they were renamed River Dike ushers. Staff included three office clerks, six scribes, and three stewards; each canal and sluice gate had one chief, three compound guards, and twelve fish masters. Initially there were ten transport supervisors of subordinate ninth rank, upper grade; after Dali the post was abolished. The six weirs—Xingcheng, Five Gates, Six Gates, Dragon Head, Jing Weir, and Zi Dike—each had one assistant of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. Each had one office clerk, two scribes, two stewards, and two compound guards. In the sixth year of Zhenguan all were abolished.
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河隄謁者六人,正八品下。 掌完隄堰、利溝瀆、漁捕之事。 涇、渭、白渠,以京兆少尹一人督視。 諸津令諸津令各一人,正九品上; 丞二人,從九品下。 掌天下津濟舟梁。 灞橋、永濟橋,以勳官散官一人莅之; 天津橋、中橋,則以衞士拚掃。 凡舟渠之備,皆先儗其半,袽塞、竹𥷨,所在供焉。 唐改津尉曰令,有録事一人,府一人,史二人,典事三人,津吏五人,橋丁各三十人,匠各八人。 京兆、河南諸津,隸都水監; 便橋、渭橋、萬年三橋,有丞一人,從九品下; 府一人,史十人,典事二人,掌固二人。 貞觀中廢。
There were six River Dike ushers, of regular eighth rank, lower grade. They maintained dikes and weirs, kept ditches and canals functioning, and oversaw fishing. The Jing, Wei, and White Canal were supervised by one Vice Governor of Jingzhao. Each ford had one director of regular ninth rank, upper grade; and two assistants of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade. They managed the empire's fords, ferry crossings, and bridges. Ba Bridge and Yongji Bridge were overseen by one merit-title honorary official; Tianjin Bridge and Central Bridge were maintained by guards. For all boat and canal preparations, half the supplies were kept in reserve; caulking, plugs, and bamboo matting were supplied as needed. Tang renamed Ford Captains as Directors; staff included one recording clerk, one office clerk, two scribes, three stewards, five ford clerks, thirty bridge laborers per bridge, and eight craftsmen per bridge. Fords in Jingzhao and Henan were subordinate to the Directorate of Waterways; Bian Bridge, Wei Bridge, and the three Wanian bridges each had one assistant of subordinate ninth rank, lower grade; with one office clerk, ten scribes, two stewards, and two compound guards. They were abolished during Zhenguan.
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校勘記0.85em|columns=2
Collation notes (0.85em, two columns).