Volume 82 Biographies 7: Sons of the Eleven Zongs

1

十一宗諸子

Sons of the Eleven Lineages

2

玄宗三十子：劉華妃生琮、第六子琬、第十二子璲，趙麗妃生瑛，元獻皇后生肅宗皇帝，錢妃生琰，皇甫德儀生瑤，劉才人生琚，武惠妃生一、第十五子敏、第十八子瑁、第二十一子琦，高婕妤生璬，郭順儀生璘，柳婕妤生玢，鐘美人生環，盧美人生瑝，閻才人生玼，王美人生珪，陳才人生珙，鄭才人生瑱，武賢儀生璿、第三十子璥；余七子夭，母氏失傳。

Emperor Xuanzong had thirty sons. Consort Liu Huahua gave birth to Cong, the sixth son Wan, and the twelfth son Sui. Consort Zhao Lihua bore Ying. Empress Yuanxian bore Emperor Suzong. Consort Qian bore Yan. Lady Huangfu Deyi bore Yao. Lady Liu the Talent bore Ju. Consort Wu Hui bore Yi, the fifteenth son Min, the eighteenth son Mao, and the twenty-first son Qi. Lady Gao the Jieyu bore Jiao. Lady Guo the Shunyi bore Lin. Lady Liu the Jieyu bore Bin. Lady Zhong the Beauty bore Huan. Lady Lu the Beauty bore Huang. Lady Yan the Talent bore Ci. Lady Wang the Beauty bore Gui. Lady Chen the Talent bore Gong. Lady Zheng the Talent bore Zhen. Lady Wu the Xianyi bore Xuan and the thirtieth son Jin. Seven other sons died in infancy, and the identities of their mothers are unknown.

3

奉天皇帝琮，景雲元年，王許昌郡，與真定王同封。先天元年，進王郯，與郢王同封。開元四年，領安西大都護、安撫河東關內隴右諸蕃大使。十三年，徙王慶，與忠、棣、榮、光、儀、潁、永、壽、延、盛、濟十一王同封。十五年，與十王並領節度，不出閤。琮以涼州都督兼河西諸軍節度大使。天寶元年，改節河東。十載薨，贈太子，謚靖德。肅宗立，詔曰：「靖德太子琮，親則朕兄，睿悊聰明，朕昔踐儲極，顧誠非次，君父有命，不敢違，永言懇讓，不克如素。宜進謚奉天皇帝，妃竇為恭應皇后。」詔尚書右仆射裴冕持節改葬，群臣素服臨送達禮門，帝禦門哭以過喪，墓號齊陵。無子，以太子瑛子俅嗣王。琮始名嗣直，太子嗣謙，棣王嗣真，鄂王嗣初，靖恭太子嗣玄。開元十三年，更名曰潭，曰鴻，曰洽，曰涓，曰滉。後十年改今名。

Emperor Fengtian Cong was first enfeoffed as Prince of Xuchang commandery in the first year of the Jingyun era, on the same occasion as the Prince of Zhending. In the first year of the Xiantian era he was promoted to Prince of Tan, enfeoffed on the same day as the Prince of Ying. In the fourth year of Kaiyuan he was appointed Protector-General of Anxi and commissioner charged with pacifying the various tribes of Hedong, Guannei, and Longyou. In the thirteenth year he was reassigned as Prince of Qing, enfeoffed together with the eleven princes Zhong, Di, Rong, Guang, Yi, Ying, Yong, Shou, Yan, Sheng, and Ji. In the fifteenth year he and ten other princes were all given nominal circuit commands while remaining within the palace. Cong held the posts of military governor of Liangzhou and grand military commissioner of the Hexi armies. In the first year of Tianbao his command was transferred to Hedong. He died in the tenth year and was posthumously honored as crown prince with the posthumous title Jingde. When Emperor Suzong took the throne, he issued an edict: 'Crown Prince Jingde Cong was my elder brother by kinship—wise and perceptive. When I first ascended the heir's position, I knew it was truly out of proper order, but my father and sovereign had commanded it and I dared not refuse. I pleaded earnestly to yield, yet could not restore things as they had been. He should be posthumously elevated to Emperor Fengtian, and his consort Dou to Empress Gongying.' He ordered Right Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs Pei Mian to bear the imperial staff and conduct a reburial. Ministers in plain dress escorted the funeral procession to the Gate of Attaining Rites, and the emperor stood at the gate and wept beyond the usual mourning rites. The tomb was named Qiling. He had no sons, so Crown Prince Ying's son Qiu succeeded to the title. Cong was originally named Sizhi; the crown prince was Siqian; the Prince of Di, Sizhen; the Prince of E, Sichu; and Crown Prince Jinggong, Sixuan. In the thirteenth year of Kaiyuan their names were changed to Tan, Hong, Qia, Juan, and Huang. Ten years later they received their present names.

4

太子瑛，始王真定，進王郢。開元三年，立為皇太子。七年，詔太子、諸王入國學行齒胄禮，太常擇日謁孔子，太子獻。詔右散騎常侍褚無量執經，群臣、學官、諸生以差賜帛。明年，瑛加元服，見太廟。十六年，詔九品官息女可配太子者，有司采閱待進止，以太常少卿薛縚女為妃。帝種麥苑中，瑛、諸王侍登，帝曰：「是將薦宗廟，故親之，亦欲若等知稼穡之難。」因分賜侍臣，曰：「《春秋》書『無麥禾』，古所甚重。比詔使者閱田畝，所對不以實，故朕自蒔以觀其成」雲。初，瑛母以倡進，善歌舞，帝在潞得幸。及即位，擢妃父元禮、兄常奴皆至大官。鄂、光二王母亦帝為臨淄王時以色選。及武惠妃寵幸傾後宮，生壽王，愛與諸子絕等。而太子、二王以母失職，頗怏怏。惠妃女咸宜公主婿楊洄揣妃旨，伺太子短，嘩為醜語，惠妃訴於帝，且泣，帝大怒，召宰相議廢之。中書令張九齡諫曰：「太子、諸王日受聖訓，天下共慶。陛下享國久，子孫蕃衍，奈何一日棄三子。昔晉獻公惑嬖姬之讒，申生憂死，國乃大亂；漢武帝信江充巫蠱，禍及太子，京師蹀血；晉惠帝有賢子，賈後譖之，乃至喪亡；隋文帝聽後言，廢太子勇，遂失天下。今太子無過，二王賢。父子之道，天性也，雖有失，尚當掩之。惟陛下裁赦。」帝默然，太子得不廢。俄而九齡罷，李林甫專國，數稱壽王美以揠妃意，妃果德之。二十五年，洄復構瑛、瑤、琚與妃之兄薛銹異謀。惠妃使人詭召太子、二王，曰：「宮中有賊，請介以入。」太子從之。妃白帝曰：「太子、二王謀反，甲而來。」帝使中人視之，如言，遽召宰相林甫議，答曰：「陛下家事，非臣所宜豫。」帝意決，乃詔：「太子瑛、鄂王瑤、光王琚同惡均罪，並廢為庶人；銹賜死。」瑛、瑤、琚尋遇害，天下冤之，號「三庶人」。歲中，惠妃數見庶人為祟，因大病。夜召巫祈之，請改葬，且射行刑者瘞之，訖不解。妃死，崇亡。寶應元年，詔贈瑛皇太子，瑤等復王。瑛子五人：儼、伸、倩、俅、備。瑛之廢，帝使慶王畜儼等為子。儼封新平郡王，伸平原郡王，俅嗣慶王，備太仆卿，倩失傳。

Crown Prince Ying was first enfeoffed as Prince of Zhending and later promoted to Prince of Ying. In the third year of Kaiyuan he was installed as crown prince. In the seventh year the crown prince and the princes were ordered into the Directorate of Education to perform the cap-and-girdle ceremony. The Court of Imperial Sacrifices chose a day to visit Confucius, and the crown prince presented the offering. Chu Wuliang, Right Regular Attendant, was ordered to expound the classics, and ministers, academy officials, and students were rewarded with silk according to rank. The following year Ying underwent the capping ceremony and visited the Imperial Ancestral Temple. In the sixteenth year officials were ordered to gather and review eligible daughters of ninth-rank officials and above for possible marriage to the crown prince. The daughter of Vice Minister of Rites Xue Zong was chosen as his consort. The emperor planted wheat in the palace park, with Ying and the princes in attendance. He said, 'This crop is destined for the ancestral temple, which is why I tend it myself. I also want you to understand how arduous farming truly is.' He then distributed portions to the attending ministers and said, 'The Spring and Autumn Annals records "no wheat or grain"—the ancients regarded this as gravely important. Recently I ordered envoys to inspect the fields, but their reports were not truthful, so I am planting the crop myself to see how it turns out,' he said.' At first Ying's mother had entered court as a performer skilled in song and dance, and the emperor favored her while he was still at Lu. When he took the throne he promoted the consort's father Yuan Li and her brother Changnu to high office. The mothers of the Princes of E and Guang had likewise been chosen for their beauty when the emperor was still Prince of Linzi. When Consort Wu Hui's favor came to dominate the inner palace and she bore the Prince of Shou, the emperor's love for him was unlike that for any other son. The crown prince and the two princes, however, were deeply discontented because their mothers had fallen from favor. Yang Hui, son-in-law of Consort Hui's daughter the Princess of Xianyi, divined the consort's wishes, watched for the crown prince's faults, and spread slanderous rumors. The consort complained to the emperor in tears; enraged, he summoned the chief ministers to discuss deposing the heir. Chief Minister Zhang Jiuling remonstrated: 'The crown prince and the princes receive your sacred instruction every day, and all under Heaven rejoices in this. Your Majesty has long held the realm and your descendants flourish—how can you cast aside three sons in a single day? Formerly Duke Xian of Jin was deluded by his favorite concubine's slander; Shen Sheng died in grief and the state fell into chaos; Emperor Wu of Han believed Jiang Chong's witchcraft charges, calamity reached the crown prince, and the capital ran with blood; Emperor Hui of Jin had a worthy son, but Empress Jia slandered him and ruin followed; Emperor Wen of Sui listened to the empress, deposed Crown Prince Yong, and thus lost the realm. Today the crown prince is without fault, and the two princes are worthy men. The bond between father and son is nature's law; even when there are faults, they should be covered over. I beg Your Majesty to judge and grant pardon.' The emperor fell silent, and the crown prince was not deposed. Before long Jiuling was dismissed. Li Linfu monopolized power and repeatedly praised the Prince of Shou to please the consort, who was duly grateful to him. In the twenty-fifth year Yang Hui again framed Ying, Yao, and Ju together with the consort's brother Xue Xiu in a treasonous plot. Consort Hui sent someone to summon the crown prince and the two princes under false pretenses, saying, 'There are bandits in the palace—please enter armed.' The crown prince complied. The consort told the emperor, 'The crown prince and the two princes are rebelling—they are coming in armor.' The emperor sent eunuchs to look, and it was as she said. He hastily summoned Chief Minister Linfu, who replied, 'This is Your Majesty's family affair—not something your servant should intrude upon.' The emperor's mind was made up, and he issued an edict: 'Crown Prince Ying, the Prince of E Yao, and the Prince of Guang Ju share equal guilt and are all deposed to commoner status; Xiu was ordered to take his own life.' Ying, Yao, and Ju were soon killed. All under Heaven regarded it as a grievous injustice and called them 'the Three Commoners.' Within the year Consort Hui repeatedly saw the three men as haunting spirits and fell gravely ill. At night she summoned shamans to pray, requested that the victims be reburied, and had the executioners shot and buried—yet she found no relief. When the consort died, the hauntings ceased. In the first year of Baoying an edict posthumously honored Ying as crown prince and restored Yao and the others to princely rank. Ying had five sons: Yan, Shen, Qian, Qiu, and Bei. When Ying was deposed, the emperor had the Prince of Qing adopt Yan and the others as his sons. Yan was enfeoffed as Prince of Xinping commandery, Shen as Prince of Pingyuan commandery, Qiu succeeded to the title of Prince of Qing, Bei became Minister of the Imperial Stud, and Qian's record is lost.

5

隸王琰，開元二年始王鄫，與鄂、鄄二王同封。後徙王棣，領太原牧、太原以北諸軍節度大使。天寶初，為武威郡都督，經略節度河西、隴右。會妃韋以過置別室，而二孺人爭寵不平，求巫者密置符琰履中以求媚。仇人告琰厭魅上，帝伺其朝，使人取履視之，信。帝怒責琰，琰頓首謝曰：「臣罪宜死，然臣與婦不相見二年，有二孺人爭長，臣恐此三人為之。」及推，果驗。然帝猶疑琰，怒未置，太子以下皆為請，乃囚於鷹狗坊，以憂薨，妃，縚之女，無子，還本宗。琰凡五十五子，得王者四人，僎王汝南郡，僑宜都，俊濟南，侒順化；僚太仆卿，俠國子祭酒，仁殿中監，僾秘書監。寶應元年，詔復琰王爵。

The Prince of Li, Yan, was first enfeoffed as Prince of Zeng in the second year of Kaiyuan, on the same occasion as the Princes of E and Juancheng. He was later reassigned as Prince of Di and appointed governor of Taiyuan and grand military commissioner of the armies north of Taiyuan. At the beginning of the Tianbao era he served as military governor of Wuwei commandery and commissioner overseeing Hexi and Longyou. When Consort Wei was confined to a separate chamber for an offense, two junior consorts quarreled over favor and hired a shaman to secretly place talismans in Yan's shoes to win his affection. An enemy reported that Yan had used sorcery against the emperor. The emperor waited until his audience, had his shoes taken and examined, and believed the charge. The emperor angrily rebuked Yan. Yan kowtowed and said, 'I deserve death, yet my wife and I have not seen each other for two years. Two junior consorts vie for precedence—I fear these three women are responsible.' When investigated, this proved true. Yet the emperor still suspected Yan and his anger did not abate. From the crown prince downward all pleaded on his behalf, but he was imprisoned in the Hawk-and-Hound Ward and died of grief. His consort, daughter of Zong, had no sons and was returned to her natal clan. Yan had fifty-five sons in all. Four attained princely rank: Juan as Prince of Runan commandery, Qiao of Yidu, Jun of Jinan, and An of Shunhua; Liao became Minister of the Imperial Stud, Xia Chancellor of the Directorate of Education, Ren Supervisor of the Palace, and Qian Director of the Secretariat. In the first year of Baoying an edict restored Yan's princely title.

6

鄂王瑤，既封，遙領幽州都督、河北節度大使。開元二十三年，與榮、光、儀、潁、永、壽、延、盛、濟、信、義十一王並授開府儀同三司，實封二千戶。詔詣東宮、尚書省，上日百官集送，有司供張設樂。是日，悉拜王府官屬，然未有府也，而選任冒濫，時不以為榮。

The Prince of E, Yao, once enfeoffed, held in name the posts of military governor of Youzhou and commissioner of the Hebei circuit. In the twenty-third year of Kaiyuan he and the eleven princes Rong, Guang, Yi, Ying, Yong, Shou, Yan, Sheng, Ji, Xin, and Yi were all granted the rank of Grand Master with Golden Seal and Purple Ribbon, with an actual fief of two thousand households. They were ordered to proceed to the Eastern Palace and the Department of State Affairs. On the day of presentation all officials gathered to escort them, and the relevant offices provided furnishings and music. That day all were appointed to princely household offices, yet there were no actual households to administer; appointments were recklessly excessive, and the age did not regard the honor as meaningful.

7

光王琚，開元十三年始王，與儀、潁、永、壽、延、盛、濟七王同封。俄領廣州都督。勇力善騎射，帝愛之。與鄂王同居，友睦甚，皆篤學。既廢，無嗣。初，琚名涺，儀王濰，潁王沄，永王澤，壽王清，延王洄，盛王沐，濟王溢，信王沔，義王漼，陳王沚，豐王澄，恒王潓，涼王漎，汴王滔，至二十三年，詔悉改今名。

The Prince of Guang, Ju, was first enfeoffed in the thirteenth year of Kaiyuan, together with the seven princes Yi, Ying, Yong, Shou, Yan, Sheng, and Ji. Soon he held in name the post of military governor of Guangzhou. Brave and strong, skilled in riding and archery, he was beloved by the emperor. He lived together with the Prince of E in close friendship, and both were devoted to learning. After his deposition he left no heirs. At first Ju was named Ti; the Prince of Yi, Wei; the Prince of Ying, Yun; the Prince of Yong, Ze; the Prince of Shou, Qing; the Prince of Yan, Hui; the Prince of Sheng, Mu; the Prince of Ji, Yi; the Prince of Xin, Mian; the Prince of Yi, Cui; the Prince of Chen, Zhi; the Prince of Feng, Cheng; the Prince of Heng, Wo; the Prince of Liang, Long; and the Prince of Bian, Tao. By the twenty-third year an edict ordered all to take their present names.

8

夏悼王一，生韶秀，以母寵，故鐘愛，命之曰一。未免懷薨，追爵及謚。時帝在東都，故葬龍門東岑，欲宮中望見雲。

Prince Daohuai Yi was born graceful and fair. Because of his mother's favor he was deeply cherished and given the name Yi ('One'). He died before birth, and posthumous rank and title were granted. The emperor was then in the Eastern Capital, so the child was buried on the eastern slope of Longmen so that the palace might look out and see the clouds above the grave.

9

儀王璲，即封，授河南牧。薨，贈太傅。子侁王鐘陵郡，僆廣陵。

The Prince of Yi, Sui, was enfeoffed at once and appointed governor of Henan. He died and was posthumously honored as Grand Tutor. His son Shen was enfeoffed as Prince of Zhongling commandery, and Mian as Prince of Guangling.

10

懷思王敏，貌豐秀若圖畫，帝愛之。甫晬薨，追爵及謚，祔葬敬陵。

Prince Huaisi Min had a full, fair countenance as if painted on silk, and the emperor loved him. He died just after his first birthday. Posthumous rank and title were granted, and he was buried alongside Jingling.

11

永王璘，少失母，肅宗自養視之。長聰敏好學。貌陋甚，不能正視。既封，領荊州大都督。安祿山反，帝至扶風，詔璘即日赴鎮。俄又領山南、江西、嶺南、黔中四道節度使，以少府監竇昭為副。璘至江陵，募士得數萬，補署郎官、御史。

The Prince of Yong, Lin, lost his mother while young, and Suzong himself raised and cared for him. As he grew he proved intelligent and fond of learning. His appearance was very homely, and he could not look people straight in the face. Once enfeoffed he held in name the post of grand protector of Jingzhou. When An Lushan rebelled the emperor reached Fufeng and ordered Lin to proceed to his post that very day. Soon he also held in name the four circuit commands of Shannan, Jiangxi, Lingnan, and Qianzhong, with Dou Zhao, Director of the Palace Workshops, as his deputy. Lin reached Jiangling, recruited tens of thousands of troops, and appointed supplemental court gentlemen and censors.

12

時江淮租賦巨億萬，在所山委。璘生宮中，於事不通曉，見富且強，遂有窺江左意，以薛镠、李臺卿、韋子春、劉巨鱗、蔡F駉為謀主。肅宗聞之，詔璘還覲上皇於蜀，璘不從。其子襄城王亻易，剛鷙乏謀，亦樂亂，勸璘取金陵。即引舟師東下，甲士五千趨廣陵，以渾惟明、季廣琛、高仙琦為將，然未敢顯言取江左也。

At that time the land tax and tribute of the Jiang-Huai region amounted to hundreds of millions, piled mountain-high wherever they were stored. Lin had been born in the palace and understood nothing of practical affairs. Seeing the region's wealth and strength, he conceived designs on the lands south of the Yangzi and took Xue Liu, Li Taiqing, Wei Zichun, Liu Julin, and Cai Xide as his chief plotters. When Suzong heard of it he ordered Lin to return and attend the Retired Emperor in Shu, but Lin refused. His son, the Prince of Xiangcheng Yi, was fierce and ruthless but lacking in strategy. He too delighted in disorder and urged Lin to seize Jinling. He then led his fleet eastward. Five thousand armored troops pressed toward Guangling under the generals Hun Weiming, Ji Guangchen, and Gao Xianqi—yet he still did not dare openly declare his intent to seize the lands south of the Yangzi.

13

會吳郡采訪使李希言平牒璘，璘因發怒曰：「寡人上皇子，皇帝弟，地尊禮絕。今希言乃平牒抗威，落筆署字，何邪？」乃使惟明襲希言，而令廣琛趨廣陵，攻采訪使李成式。璘至當塗，希言已屯丹楊，遣將元景曜等拒戰，不勝，降於璘，江淮震動。

When the Jiangsu circuit investigating commissioner Li Xiyan addressed Lin in a dispatch on equal terms, Lin flew into a rage and said, 'I am the Retired Emperor's son and the emperor's younger brother—my station is exalted and my ritual standing supreme. Yet Xiyan uses an equal dispatch to defy my authority and signs his own name at the end—what does this mean?' He then sent Weiming to attack Xiyan and ordered Guangchen to hurry to Guangling to attack the investigating commissioner Li Chengshi. Lin reached Dangtu. Xiyan had already encamped at Danyang and sent Generals Yuan Jingyao and others to resist, but they were defeated and surrendered to Lin, throwing the Jiang-Huai region into turmoil.

14

明年，肅宗遣宦者啖廷瑤等與成式謀招喻之。時河北招討判官李銑在廣陵，有兵千余，廷瑤邀銑屯揚子，成式又遣裴戎以廣陵卒三千戍伊婁埭，張旗幟，大閱士。璘與亻易登陴望之，有懼色。廣琛知事不集，謂諸將曰：「與公等從王，豈欲反邪？上皇播遷，道路不通，而諸子無賢於王者。如總江淮銳兵，長驅雍、洛，大功可成。今乃不然，使吾等名絓叛逆，如後世何？」眾許諾，遂割臂盟。於是惟明奔江寧，馮季康奔白沙，廣琛以兵六千奔廣陵。璘使騎追躡之，廣琛曰：「我德王，故不忍決戰，逃命歸國耳。若逼我，且決死。」追者止，乃免。是夜，銑陣江北，夜然束葦，人執二炬，景亂水中，覘者以倍告，璘軍亦舉火應之。璘疑王師已濟，攜兒女及麾下遁去。遲明覺其紿，復入城，具舟楫，使亻易驅眾趨晉陵。諜者告曰：「王走矣！」成式以兵進，先鋒至新豐，璘使亻易、仙琦逆擊之。銑合勢，張左右翼，射亻易中肩，軍遂敗。仙琦與璘奔鄱陽，司馬閉城拒，璘怒，焚城門入之，收庫兵，掠余幹，將南走嶺外。皇甫侁兵追及之，戰大庾嶺，璘中矢被執，侁殺之。亻易為亂兵所害，仙琦逃去。璘未敗時，上皇下誥：「降為庶人，徙置房陵。」及死，侁送妻子至蜀，上皇傷悼久之。肅宗以少所自鞠，不宣其罪。謂左右曰：「皇甫侁執吾弟，不送之蜀而擅殺之，何邪？」由是不復用。薛寔等皆伏誅。子儹為余姚王，偵莒國公，儇郕國公，伶、儀並國子祭酒。

The following year Suzong sent the eunuch Dan Tingyao and others to join Chengshi in planning to win Lin over through persuasion. At that time Li Xian, adjutant of the Hebei pacification campaign, was at Guangling with more than a thousand troops. Tingyao invited Xian to encamp at Yangzi, while Chengshi sent Pei Rong with three thousand Guangling soldiers to garrison Yilou dam, raising banners and holding a grand troop review. Lin and Yi climbed the battlements to look out, and their faces showed fear. Guangchen knew the venture would not succeed and said to the generals, 'When you followed the prince with me, did you intend to rebel? The Retired Emperor is in exile and the roads are cut off, yet among the sons none is worthier than our prince. If we gather the elite troops of the Jiang-Huai and drive straight to Yong and Luo, great merit can still be achieved. Now it is otherwise, and you bind our names to rebellion—what shall we say to posterity?' All assented, and they cut their arms to swear alliance. Thereupon Weiming fled to Jiangning, Feng Jikang to Baisha, and Guangchen fled to Guangling with six thousand troops. Lin sent cavalry in pursuit. Guangchen said, 'I am grateful to the prince and could not bear to fight him to the death—I am only fleeing for my life to return to the state. If you press me, I will fight to the death.' The pursuers halted, and he escaped. That night Xian arrayed his troops on the north bank. They lit bundles of reeds at night, each man holding two torches, so that the reflections in the water seemed to double their numbers. Scouts reported the enemy had crossed in force, and Lin's army also raised fires in response. Lin suspected the imperial army had already crossed the river and fled with his children and followers. At dawn he realized he had been deceived, returned to the city, prepared boats, and sent Yi to drive the troops toward Jinling. A spy reported, 'The prince has fled!' Chengshi advanced with troops. When the vanguard reached Xinfeng, Lin sent Yi and Xianqi to strike them head-on. Xian combined forces, deployed both wings, shot Yi in the shoulder, and the army was routed. Xianqi and Lin fled to Poyang, but the prefect closed the city against them. Enraged, Lin burned the gate to enter, seized weapons from the arsenal, plundered Yugan, and prepared to flee south beyond the mountains. Huangfu You's troops overtook them and fought at Dayu Ridge. Lin was struck by an arrow, captured, and You killed him. Yi was killed by mutinous soldiers, and Xianqi escaped. Before Lin's defeat the Retired Emperor issued an edict: 'Reduce him to commoner status and relocate him to Fangling.' When he died, You sent his wife and children to Shu, and the Retired Emperor mourned for a long time. Because Suzong had largely raised him himself, he did not publicly proclaim his crimes. He said to those around him, 'Huangfu You seized my younger brother, failed to send him to Shu, and killed him on his own authority—what does this mean?' For this reason You was never again employed. Xue Shi and the others were all executed. His sons were Qian, Prince of Yuyao; Zhen, Duke of Ju; Xuan, Duke of Bin; and Ling and Yi, both Chancellors of the Directorate of Education.

15

壽王瑁，母惠妃頻姙不育，及瑁生，寧王請養邸中，元妃自乳之，名為己子，故封比諸王最後。開元十五年，遙領益州大都督。初，帝以永王等尚幼，詔不入謁。瑁七歲，請與諸兄眾謝，拜舞有儀矩，帝異之。寧王薨，請制服以報私恩，詔可。大歷十年薨，贈太傅。子王者三人，僾王德陽郡，伓濟陽郡，偡廣陽郡，伉薛國公，傑國子祭酒。

The Prince of Shou, Mao: his mother Consort Hui had been pregnant many times without bearing a child. When Mao was born, the Prince of Ning asked to raise him in his residence, and the primary consort nursed him herself and claimed him as her own son; hence his enfeoffment came last among the princes. In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan he held in name the post of grand protector of Yizhou. At first, because the Prince of Yong and others were still young, an edict ordered them not to attend imperial audience. At seven Mao asked to join his elder brothers in mass thanksgiving. His bowing and dancing were properly formed, and the emperor was impressed. When the Prince of Ning died, Mao asked to wear mourning garb to repay a private debt of gratitude, and an edict approved his request. He died in the tenth year of Dali and was posthumously honored as Grand Tutor. Three sons attained princely rank: Qian as Prince of Deyang commandery, Fu of Jiyang, and Ting of Guangyang; Kang as Duke of Xue; and Jie as Chancellor of the Directorate of Education.

16

盛宣王琦，既封，領揚州大都督。帝之西，詔為廣陵大都督、淮南江東河南節度大使，以劉匯為副，李成式為副大使，琦不行。廣德二年薨，贈太傅。子償封真定王，佩武都王，俗徐國公，系許國公。

Prince Xuancheng of Sheng, Qi, once enfeoffed, held in name the post of grand protector of Yangzhou. When the emperor went west, an edict appointed Qi grand protector of Guangling and commissioner of the Huainan, Jiangdong, and Henan circuits, with Liu Hui as deputy and Li Chengshi as deputy commissioner, but Qi did not go. He died in the second year of Guangde and was posthumously honored as Grand Tutor. His sons were Chang, enfeoffed as Prince of Zhending; Pei as Prince of Wudu; Su as Duke of Xu; and Xi as Duke of Xu.

17

濟王環，逸其薨年。子傃王永嘉郡，俛平樂郡。

The Prince of Ji, Huan—the year of his death is not recorded. His sons were Su, Prince of Yongjia commandery, and Mian, Prince of Pingle commandery.

18

信王瑝，開元二十一年始王，與義、陳、豐、恒、涼、汴六王同封。子佟封新安王，倜晉陵王。

The Prince of Xin, Huang, was first enfeoffed in the twenty-first year of Kaiyuan, together with the six princes Yi, Chen, Feng, Heng, Liang, and Bian. His son Tong was enfeoffed as Prince of Xin'an and Ti as Prince of Jinling.

19

義王玼，與信王並失薨年。子儀為舞陽王，僇高密王。

The Prince of Yi, Ci—like the Prince of Xin, the year of his death is not recorded. His sons were Yi, Prince of Wuyang, and Lu, Prince of Gaomi.

20

陳王珪，二十一子，得王者三人，倫王安南郡，佗臨淮，佼安陽。

The Prince of Chen, Gui, had twenty-one sons. Three attained princely rank: Lun as Prince of Annan commandery, Tuo of Linhuai, and Jiao of Anyang.

21

豐王珙，已封，為左衛大將軍。帝至普安，授珙武威都督、河西隴右安西北庭節度大使，以隴西太守鄧景山為副，珙不行。廣德初，吐蕃入京師，代宗幸陜，將軍王懷忠閉苑門，以五百騎劫諸王西迎虜，遇郭子儀，懷忠曰：「上東遷，宗社無主，今仆奉諸王西奔，以系天下望。公為元帥，惟所廢置。」子儀未對。珙輒曰：「公何如？」司馬王延昌質責珙曰：「上雖蒙塵，未有失德，王為籓翰，安得狂悖之言？」子儀亦讓之，即護送行在所，帝赦不責。珙語不遜，群臣恐其亂，請除之，乃賜死。子佻為齊安王。

The Prince of Feng, Gong, already enfeoffed, became General-in-Chief of the Left Guard. When the emperor reached Pu'an, Gong was appointed military governor of Wuwei and commissioner of the Hexi, Longyou, Anxi, and Beiting circuits, with Deng Jingshan, prefect of Longxi, as deputy, but Gong did not go. At the beginning of Guangde the Tibetans entered the capital and Emperor Daizong fled to Shan. General Wang Huaizhong closed the park gates and with five hundred cavalry seized the princes to flee west and welcome the invaders. He met Guo Ziyi and said, 'The sovereign has moved east and the altars of state are without a master. I am leading the princes west to sustain the hopes of the realm. You are the commander-in-chief—dispose of us as you will.' Ziyi did not answer. Gong then said, 'What do you think, sir?' The prefectural marshal Wang Yanchang sternly rebuked Gong: 'Though the sovereign suffers exile, he has committed no fault. As a prince you are a bulwark of the realm—how can you utter such reckless words?' Ziyi also reproved him, then escorted them to the emperor's temporary residence. The emperor pardoned them and did not punish. Gong's speech was insubordinate. The ministers feared he would cause disorder and asked that he be removed, and he was ordered to take his own life. His son Tiao was made Prince of Qi'an.

22

恒王瑱，好方士，常服道士服。從帝幸蜀，還，代宗時薨。

The Prince of Heng, Zhen, loved masters of the esoteric arts and often wore Daoist robes. He accompanied the emperor to Shu and returned, and died during the reign of Daizong.

23

涼王璿，母高平王重規之女，宮中號小武妃者。璿薨代宗時。子仂為瀘陽郡王。

The Prince of Liang, Xuan: his mother was the daughter of the Prince of Gaoping Chonggui, known in the palace as the Lesser Lady Wu. Xuan died during the reign of Daizong. His son Le was made Prince of Luyang commandery.

24

唐制：親王封戶八百，增至千；公主三百，長公主止六百。高宗時，沛英豫三王、太平公主武後所生，戶始逾制，垂拱中，太平至千二百戶。聖歷初，相王、太平皆三千，壽春等五王各三百。神龍初，相王、太平至五千，衛王三千，溫王二千，壽春等王皆七百，嗣雍、衡陽、臨淄、巴陵、中山王五百，安樂公主二千，長寧千五百，宣城、宜城、宣安各千，相王女為縣主，各三百。相王增至七千，安樂三千，長寧二千五百，宜城以下二千。相王、太平、長寧、安樂以七丁為限，雖水旱不蠲，以國租、庸滿之。中宗遺詔，雍、壽春王進為親王，戶千。開元後，天子敦睦兄弟，故寧王戶至五千五百，岐、薛五千，申王以外家微，戶四千，邠王千八百，帝妹戶千，中宗諸女如之，通以三丁為限。及皇子封王，戶二千，公主五百。咸宜公主以母惠妃故，封至千，自是，諸公主例千戶止。初，文德皇后崩，晉王最幼，太宗憐之，不使出閤。豫王亦以武後少子不出閤，嗣聖初，即帝位，及降封相王，乃出閤。中宗時，譙王失愛，遷外籓，溫王年十七，猶居宮中，遂立為帝。開元後，皇子幼，多居禁內，既長，詔附苑城為大宮，分院而處，號「十王宅」，所謂慶、忠、棣、鄂、榮、光、儀、潁、永、延、盛、濟等王，以十，舉全數也。中人押之，就夾城參天子起居。家令日進膳。引詞學士入授書，謂之侍讀。壽、信、義、陳、豐、恒、涼七王就封，亦居十宅。鄂、光廢死，忠王立為太子，慶、棣繼薨，唯榮、儀十四王居院，而府幕列於外坊，歲時通名起居。既又諸孫多，則於宅外更置「百孫院」。天子歲幸華清宮，又置十王、百孫院於宮側。宮人每院四百余，百孫院亦三四十人。禁中置維城庫，以給諸王月奉。諸孫納妃、嫁女，就十王宅。太子不居東宮，處乘輿所幸別院。太子、親王、公主婚嫁並供帳於崇仁之禮院。此承平制雲。

Under Tang institutions, imperial princes received eight hundred fief households, later increased to one thousand; princesses three hundred, and grand princesses no more than six hundred. Under Gaozong the three princes Pei, Ying, and Yu and the Princess Taiping, born of Empress Wu, first exceeded the regulation. In the Chuigong era Taiping reached twelve hundred households. At the beginning of the Shengli era the Prince of Xiang and Taiping each had three thousand households, while the five princes including Shouchun each had three hundred. At the beginning of Shenlong the Prince of Xiang and Taiping reached five thousand households; the Prince of Wei three thousand; the Prince of Wen two thousand; the princes including Shouchun seven hundred each; the heirs of Yong, Hengyang, Linzi, Baling, and Zhongshan five hundred each; the Princess Anle two thousand; Changning fifteen hundred; Xuancheng, Yicheng, and Xuan'an one thousand each; and the Prince of Xiang's daughters as county mistresses three hundred each. The Prince of Xiang was increased to seven thousand; Anle to three thousand; Changning to twenty-five hundred; and Yicheng and below to two thousand. For the Prince of Xiang, Taiping, Changning, and Anle the limit was seven adult males per household. Even in flood or drought there was no exemption—the shortfall was made up from state land tax and corvée revenue. In Zhongzong's testamentary edict the Princes of Yong and Shouchun were advanced to full imperial princes with one thousand households each. After Kaiyuan the emperor cultivated brotherly harmony, so the Prince of Ning reached fifty-five hundred households, Qi and Xue five thousand, the Prince of Shen four thousand because his mother's family was of low standing, the Prince of Bin eighteen hundred, and the emperor's sisters one thousand, with Zhongzong's daughters treated likewise—the general limit being three adult males. When imperial sons were enfeoffed as princes they received two thousand households, and princesses five hundred. The Princess of Xianyi, because her mother was Consort Hui, received a fief of one thousand households. From then on princesses were generally limited to one thousand. At first, when Empress Wende died, the Prince of Jin was the youngest child. Taizong pitied him and would not let him leave the inner quarters. The Prince of Yu likewise, as Empress Wu's youngest son, did not leave the inner quarters. At the beginning of Sisheng he took the throne, and only when demoted to Prince of Xiang did he leave the inner quarters. Under Zhongzong the Prince of Qiao lost favor and was moved to an outer fief. The Prince of Wen, at seventeen, still lived in the palace and was thereupon established as emperor. After Kaiyuan, while princes were young they mostly lived within the forbidden precincts. When they grew up, an edict ordered them lodged beside the park city in a great palace, dwelling in separate courtyards called the 'Ten Princes' Residence'—the Princes of Qing, Zhong, Di, E, Rong, Guang, Yi, Ying, Yong, Yan, Sheng, and Ji. The term 'ten' is used to mean the full number. Eunuchs escorted them through the walled passage to attend upon the emperor's daily movements. The household steward presented meals daily. Literary academicians were brought in to teach the classics; they were called attendants for study. The seven princes Shou, Xin, Yi, Chen, Feng, Heng, and Liang, though they went to their fiefs, also dwelt in the Ten Princes' Residence. E and Guang were deposed and died. The Prince of Zhong was established as crown prince, and Qing and Di died in succession. Only Rong, Yi, and fourteen other princes dwelt in the compound, while household staffs were stationed in outer wards and at year's end sent their names to inquire after the emperor's well-being. When there were many grandsons, they further established the 'Hundred Grandsons' Court' outside the residence. Each year when the emperor visited Huaqing Palace, the Ten Princes' and Hundred Grandsons' courts were also set up beside the palace. Each courtyard had more than four hundred palace women, and the Hundred Grandsons' Court thirty or forty as well. Within the forbidden precincts a Weicheng Treasury was established to supply the princes' monthly stipends. When grandsons took consorts or married daughters, the ceremonies were held at the Ten Princes' Residence. The crown prince did not dwell in the Eastern Palace but in a separate courtyard favored by the emperor. Marriages of the crown prince, imperial princes, and princesses all had provisions supplied at the Ritual Court of Chongren. These were institutions of peaceful times.

25

肅宗十四子：章敬皇后生代宗皇帝，宮人孫生系，張生倓，王生佖，陳婕妤生僅，韋妃生，張美人生侹，後宮生榮，裴昭儀生僙，段婕妤生倕，崔妃生偲，張皇后生佋，侗，後宮生僖。

Suzong had fourteen sons. Empress Zhangjing bore Emperor Daizong. The palace woman Sun bore Xi; Zhang bore Tan; Wang bore Bi. Lady Chen the Jieyu bore Jin. Consort Wei bore Shen. Lady Zhang the Beauty bore Ting. The rear palace bore Rong. Lady Pei the Zhaoyi bore Qian. Lady Duan the Jieyu bore Chun. Consort Cui bore Si. Empress Zhang bore Zhao and Tong. The rear palace bore Xi.

26

越王系，生開元時。玄宗末年，悉王太子子，故系王南陽郡。帝即位，至德二載十二月，進王趙，與彭、兗、涇、鄆、襄、杞、召、興、定九王同封。乾元二年，九節度兵潰河北，朝廷震駭，乃以李光弼代郭子儀總兵關東，而光弼請賢王為帥，於是詔系充天下兵馬元帥，而光弼以司空兼侍中、薊國公副，知節度行營事，系留京師。史思明陷洛陽，系請行，不聽。明年，徙王越。帝寢疾，皇太子監國，張皇后與中人李輔國有隙，因召太子入，謂曰：「輔國典禁軍，用事久，四方詔令皆出其口，矯天子制，逼徙聖皇，天下側目。今上疾彌留，輔國常怏怏，忌吾與汝。又程元振陰結黃門，圖不軌。若釋不誅，禍不移頃。」太子泣曰：「此二人者，陛下勛舊，而上體不豫，重以此事，得無震驚乎？願出外徐計之。」後曰：「是難與共事者！」乃召系曰：「汝能行此乎？」系許諾。即遣內謁者監段恒俊選材勇宦者二百人，授甲長生殿，以帝命召太子。元振以告輔國，乃相與勒兵淩霄門，迎太子，以難告。太子曰：「上疾亟，吾可懼死不赴乎？」元振曰：「赴則及禍。」乃以兵護太子止飛龍廄，勒兵夜入三殿，收系及恒俊等百余人系之，幽後別殿。後及系皆為輔國所害。系三子：建王武威郡，逌興道，逾齊國公。

The Prince of Yue, Xi, was born in the Kaiyuan era. At the end of Xuanzong's reign all were registered as sons of the crown prince, hence Xi was made Prince of Nanyang commandery. When the emperor took the throne, in the twelfth month of the second year of Zhide Xi was advanced to Prince of Zhao, enfeoffed together with the nine princes Peng, Yan, Jing, Yun, Xiang, Qi, Shao, Xing, and Ding. In the second year of Qianyuan the troops of nine circuits collapsed in Hebei and the court was shaken. Li Guangbi replaced Guo Ziyi in commanding the armies east of the Pass and requested a worthy prince as commander. An edict appointed Xi commander-in-chief of all armies under Heaven, with Guangbi, Vice Minister of Works and Palace Attendant and Duke of Ji, as deputy in charge of the circuit campaign headquarters—while Xi remained in the capital. When Shi Siming took Luoyang, Xi requested to go but was not permitted. The following year he was reassigned as Prince of Yue. When the emperor fell gravely ill, the crown prince took charge of state affairs. Empress Zhang was at odds with the eunuch Li Fuguo. She summoned the crown prince and said, "Fuguo commands the Forbidden Army and has wielded power for years. Edicts from every quarter come from his mouth alone. He forges the Son of Heaven's orders and drove the retired emperor from the capital. The whole realm watches in alarm. The emperor's illness is now beyond hope. Fuguo has grown restless and bears ill will toward us both. Cheng Yuanzhen, moreover, has been secretly colluding with the palace eunuchs to plot treason. If you spare them and do not put them to death, catastrophe will strike within moments. The crown prince wept and said, "These two are your majesty's old servants with meritorious service, and the emperor himself is unwell. To burden him with this on top of everything—would it not terrify him? Let me withdraw and consider the matter at leisure. The empress said, "This is a man impossible to work with! She then summoned Xi and asked, "Can you do this? Xi agreed. She immediately sent the Inner Usher Supervisor Duan Hengjun to select two hundred stalwart eunuchs, issued them armor in Changsheng Hall, and summoned the crown prince in the emperor's name. Yuanzhen informed Fuguo. The two then mustered troops at Lingxiao Gate, received the crown prince, and warned him of the plot. The crown prince said, "The emperor is desperately ill. How could I, for fear of death, refuse to go to him? Yuanzhen said, "If you go, you will walk into disaster. They then used armed guards to hold the crown prince at Feilong Stable. By night they led troops into the Three Halls, seized Xi, Hengjun, and more than a hundred others and bound them, and confined the empress in a separate palace. Both the empress and Xi were killed by Fuguo. Xi had three sons: the Prince of Jian, enfeoffed in Wuwei commandery; You, Grand Preceptor of Xingdao; and Yu, Duke of Qi.

27

承天皇帝倓，始王建寧。英毅有才略。善騎射。祿山亂，典親兵，扈車駕。度渭，百姓遮道留太子，太子使喻曰：「至尊播遷，吾可以違左右乎？」倓進說曰：「逆胡亂常，四海崩分，不因人情圖興復，雖欲從上入蜀，而散關以東非國家有。夫大孝莫若安社稷，殿下當募豪桀，趣河西，收牧馬。今防邊屯士不下十萬，而光弼、子儀全軍在河朔，與謀興復，策之上者。」廣平王亦贊之，於是議定。太子北過渭，兵仗鹽惡，士氣崩沮，日數十戰。倓以驍騎數百從，每接戰，常身先，血殷袂，不告也。太子或過時未食，倓輒涕泗不自勝，三軍皆屬目。至靈武，太子即帝位，議以倓為天下兵馬元帥，左右固請廣平王。帝曰：「廣平既冢嗣，安用元帥？」答曰：「太子從曰撫軍，守曰監國。元帥，撫軍也，莫宜於廣平王。」帝從之，更詔倓典親軍，以李輔國為府司馬。時張良娣有寵，與輔國交構，欲以動皇嗣者。倓忠謇，數為帝言之，由是為良娣、輔國所譖，妄曰：「倓恨不總兵，郁郁有異志。」帝惑偏語，賜倓死，俄悔悟。明年，廣平王收二京，使李泌獻捷。泌與帝雅素，從容語倓事，帝改容曰：「倓於艱難時實自有力，為細人間鬩，欲害其兄，我計社稷，割愛而為之所。」泌曰：「爾時臣在河西，知其詳。廣平於兄弟篤睦，至今言建寧，則嗚咽不自己。陛下此言得之讒口耳。」帝泣下曰：「事已爾，末耐何！」泌曰：「陛下嘗聞《黃臺瓜》乎？高宗有八子，天後所生者四人，自為行，而睿宗最幼。長曰弘，為太子，仁明孝友，後方圖臨朝，鴆鐐之，而立次子賢。賢日憂惕，每侍上，不敢有言，乃作樂章，使工歌之，欲以感悟上及後。其言曰：『種瓜黃臺下，瓜熟子離離。一摘使瓜好，再摘令瓜稀。三摘尚雲可，四摘抱蔓歸。』而賢終為後所斥，死黔中。陛下今一摘矣，慎無再！」帝愕然曰：「公安得是言？」是時，廣平有大功，亦為後所構，故泌因對及之，廣平遂安。及即位，追贈倓齊王。大歷三年，有詔以倓當艱難時，首定大謀，排眾議，於中興有功，乃進謚承天皇帝，以興信公主季女張為恭順皇后，冥配焉，葬順陵，祔主奉天皇帝廟，同殿異室雲。初，李泌請加贈倓，代宗曰：「倓性忠孝，而困於讒，追帝之，若何？」答曰：「開元中，上皇兄弟皆贈太子。」帝曰：「是特祖宗友愛耳，豈若倓有功乎？」於是追帝號。遣使迎喪彭原，既至城門，喪輴不動。帝謂泌曰：「豈有恨邪？卿往祭之，以白朕意。且卿及知倓艱難定策者。」泌為挽詞二解，追述倓誌，命挽士唱，泌因進輴，乃行，觀者皆為垂泣。

Emperor Chengtian, Tan, was first enfeoffed as Prince of Jianning. He was bold and resolute, with talent and strategic ability. He excelled at mounted archery. When the An Lushan rebellion erupted, he commanded the emperor's personal guard and escorted the imperial procession. At the Wei River the people blocked the road, begging the crown prince to stay. The crown prince sent word: "The emperor wanders in exile—how can I abandon his side? Tan stepped forward and urged, "The rebel barbarians have overturned the order of the realm and the empire lies in fragments. Unless you heed the people's will and plan for restoration, even if you follow the emperor into Shu, everything east of San Pass will be lost to the dynasty. The highest filial duty is to secure the altars of state. Your Highness should recruit bold men, march swiftly to Hexi, and gather the frontier horse herds. The frontier garrisons now field no fewer than a hundred thousand men, and Guangbi and Ziye still command full armies in Hebei. To win them to a plan of restoration would be the finest strategy. The Prince of Guangping endorsed the plan as well, and the decision was made. The crown prince marched north beyond the Wei. Arms were shoddy, provisions were foul, and morale crumbled. They fought skirmishes day after day. Tan rode behind with several hundred elite horsemen. In every engagement he charged at the fore. Blood soaked his sleeves, yet he never mentioned it. When the crown prince sometimes went without a meal, Tan would weep until he could not contain himself. The whole army watched him in admiration. At Lingwu the crown prince took the throne. The court considered appointing Tan commander-in-chief of all armies under Heaven, but those on the left and right insisted on the Prince of Guangping. The emperor said, "Guangping is already the heir—why does he need the title of commander-in-chief? A minister answered, "When the crown prince accompanies the army he is called commander of the army; when he remains behind he is called overseer of the state. The title commander-in-chief means commander of the army—no one is more suitable than the Prince of Guangping. The emperor agreed. He issued a new edict placing Tan in command of the intimate guard and appointing Li Fuguo administrative marshal of his household. At that time Consort Zhang Liangdi held the emperor's favor. She colluded with Fuguo in intrigues aimed at unsettling the imperial succession. Tan was loyal and outspoken and repeatedly warned the emperor. Liangdi and Fuguo therefore slandered him, falsely claiming, "Tan resents being denied supreme command and broods with rebellious intent. The emperor, swayed by one-sided reports, ordered Tan to take his own life. Before long he regretted it. The following year the Prince of Guangping recaptured the two capitals and sent Li Mi to announce the victory. Mi had long been close to the emperor. Speaking casually of Tan's case, he drew a changed expression: "Tan truly fought hard through the crisis. Petty men stirred up strife and tried to destroy his elder brother. I weighed the needs of the state and sacrificed my love to do what had to be done. Mi said, "At that time I was in Hexi and knew the full story. Guangping is deeply devoted to his brothers. Even now, when he speaks of Jianning, he breaks into sobs he cannot control. Your Majesty, those words reached you only through slander. The emperor wept and said, "What is done cannot be undone—there is no remedy! Mi said, "Has your majesty ever heard of 'Melons under the Yellow Terrace'? Emperor Gaozong had eight sons. The four born to Empress Wu formed one group by birth order, and Ruizong was the youngest. The eldest was Hong, appointed crown prince—a man humane, bright, filial, and brotherly. When the empress was plotting to seize power herself, she poisoned him and installed the second son, Xian. Xian lived in daily dread. Whenever he attended the emperor he dared not speak plainly. He composed a song and had musicians perform it, hoping to move the emperor and the empress. The lyrics run: 'I plant melons beneath the Yellow Terrace; when ripe the melons hang thick.' One picking leaves good melons on the vine; a second picking thins them out. A third picking may still be tolerated; a fourth—and only the bare vine remains. Yet in the end Xian was driven out by the empress and died in exile at Qianzhong. Your majesty has plucked once. Take care not to pluck again! The emperor started in alarm and said, "Sir, how can you say such a thing? At that time Guangping had won great merit but was also being framed by the empress. Mi therefore used this exchange to warn the emperor, and Guangping was spared. When he took the throne he posthumously ennobled Tan as Prince of Qi. In the third year of Dali an edict declared that Tan, during the crisis, had first shaped the grand strategy, overrode dissent, and merited credit in the restoration. His posthumous title was therefore raised to Emperor Chengtian. Zhang, third daughter of Princess Xingxin, was made Empress Gongshun in spirit marriage. He was buried at Shun Mausoleum, with his tablet enshrined in the temple of Emperor Fengtian in the same hall but a separate chamber. Earlier Li Mi had petitioned to elevate Tan's posthumous honors. Daizong said, "Tan was loyal and filial by nature yet was destroyed by slander. To posthumously proclaim him emperor—would that be fitting? Mi answered, "In the Kaiyuan era the Retired Emperor's brothers were all posthumously given the title of crown prince. The emperor said, "That was only the ancestral clan's brotherly affection. How can it compare with Tan's actual merit? Thereupon the imperial posthumous title was granted. Emissaries were sent to bring the coffin from Pengyuan. When it reached the city gate the funeral carriage would not budge. The emperor said to Mi, "Does he still harbor resentment? Go offer sacrifice on my behalf and speak my mind to him. You, moreover, shared in the hardships of settling the strategy with him. Mi composed two stanzas of elegy recounting Tan's purpose and had the bearers sing them. He then pressed the carriage forward and it moved. All who looked on wept.

28

彭王亻堇，始王新城，進封彭。史思明陷河、洛，人心震騷，群臣請以諸王臨統方鎮兵，遙相維壓。於是詔亻堇充河西節度，兗王北庭，涇王隴右，杞王陜西，興王鳳翔，並為大使。是歲亻堇薨。子鎮為常山郡王。

Prince Peng, Jin, was first enfeoffed as Prince of Xincheng and later advanced to Prince of Peng. When Shi Siming seized the He and Luo regions, public morale shook. Ministers urged that several princes take personal command of the frontier armies, coordinating pressure from afar. An edict then appointed Jin military commissioner of Hexi, the Prince of Yan of Beiting, the Prince of Jing of Longyou, the Prince of Qi of Shaanxi, and the Prince of Xing of Fengxiang—all as grand commissioners. That same year Jin died. His son Zhen was enfeoffed as Prince of Changshan.

29

兗王亻閑，始王潁川，進王兗。寶應元年薨。

Prince Yan, Xian, was first Prince of Yingchuan and later advanced to Prince of Yan. He died in the first year of Baoying.

30

涇王侹，始王東陽，進王涇。興元元年薨。

Prince Jing, Ting, was first Prince of Dongyang and later advanced to Prince of Jing. He died in the first year of Xingyuan.

31

鄆王榮，始王靈昌。蚤薨，追封。

Prince Yun, Rong, was first enfeoffed as Prince of Lingchang. He died in infancy; his princely title was granted posthumously.

32

襄王僙，至德二載始王，與杞、召、興、定四王同封。貞元七年薨。子宣為伊吾郡王，寀樂安王。宣裔孫煴。

Prince Xiang, Pu, received his first enfeoffment in the second year of Zhide, together with the Princes of Qi, Zhao, Xing, and Ding in the same ceremony. He died in the seventh year of Zhenyuan. His sons were Xuan, Prince of Yiwu, and Cai, Prince of Le'an. Xuan's descendant was Yun.

33

煴，性謹柔，材無過人者。光啟二年，田令孜逼僖宗幸興元，邠寧節度使硃玫以五千騎追乘輿不及。煴以疾不能從，玫劫之，駐鳳翔，得臺省官百余，乃脅宰相蕭遘等率群臣盟石鼻驛，奉煴為嗣襄王，監軍國事，因還京師，即封拜官屬。初，遘執不可，於是罷遘，而玫自為侍中，號令己出。以裴澈為門下侍郎，鄭昌圖中書侍郎，皆平章事。遣柳陟等十余人分諭天下嗣襄王所以監國意，皆得進官。玫又脅太子太師裴璩等奉箋勸進，煴五讓乃即位，改元建貞，尊僖宗為太上元皇聖帝。河中節度使王重榮率諸籓貢奉，歸者十八九，而蔡州秦宗權自僭號，惟太原李克用不從。時帝遣使喻重榮、克用，故二人聽命。樞密使楊復恭等傳檄三輔，募能斬玫者，以邠寧節度界之。其偽將王行瑜自鳳州入京師殺玫，而煴與澈、昌圖並官屬奔東渭橋。重榮紿使迎之，煴與官屬別，且泣曰：「朕見重榮，當令備所服迓公等。」至蒲，執殺之，因械澈等於獄，誅殺偽官，函煴首至行在所。煴即偽位凡九月敗。始，煴首至，群臣白帝禦興元南門受之，百官稱賀。太常博士殷盈孫奏言：「禮，公族有罪，有司曰：『某之罪在大辟。』君曰：『赦之。』如是者三，走出，致刑焉，君為素服不舉者三日。今煴皇族，以不能固節，迫脅至此，宜廢為庶人，絕屬籍，葬以庶人禮。大捷之慶，須硃玫首至乃賀。」詔可。

Yun was cautious and mild by nature, his abilities unremarkable. In the second year of Guangqi, Tian Lingzi forced Emperor Xizong to flee to Xingyuan. Zhu Mei, military commissioner of Binning, pursued with five thousand cavalry but could not catch the imperial train. Yun, too ill to travel, was seized by Mei. Mei halted at Fengxiang, gathered more than a hundred secretariat and censorate officials, and forced Chancellor Xiao Dun and the rest to swear allegiance at Shibizi Post, installing Yun as Heir Apparent Xiang to oversee state and military affairs. They then returned to the capital and immediately enfeoffed and appointed their followers. At first Dun refused outright. He was then dismissed, and Mei made himself Left Attendant. From that point orders issued from Mei alone. Pei Che was appointed vice director of the Chancellery and Zheng Changtu vice director of the Secretariat, both with the designation of Grand Councilor. They sent Liu Zhi and more than ten others in separate missions to announce throughout the empire why the Heir Apparent Xiang was overseeing the state. Each envoy received a promotion. Mei again forced Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent Pei Cong and others to submit a memorial urging Yun to ascend the throne. Yun declined five times before accepting, changed the era name to Jianzhen, and honored Xizong as Supreme Yuanhuang Sacred Emperor. Wang Chongrong, military commissioner of Hezhong, led the circuits in paying tribute. Eight or nine tenths of them submitted; only Qin Zongquan of Caizhou declared himself emperor on his own, and Li Keyong of Taiyuan refused to obey. The legitimate emperor had meanwhile sent envoys to win over Chongrong and Keyong, and both then submitted. Palace Secretariat Commissioner Yang Fugong and others issued proclamations across the three metropolitan districts, promising the Binning circuit to anyone who could kill Mei. Mei's puppet general Wang Xingyu marched from Fengzhou into the capital and killed Mei. Yun fled with Che, Changtu, and the rest of the officials to the Eastern Wei Bridge. Chongrong lured them with a promise of welcome. Yun took leave of the officials and wept, saying, "When I see Chongrong I will have proper robes prepared to receive you all. At Pu they seized and killed him, threw Che and the others into chains, executed the puppet officials, and sent Yun's head in a box to the emperor's camp. Yun's puppet reign lasted nine months before it collapsed. When Yun's head first arrived, officials urged the emperor to receive it at the south gate of Xingyuan. The court offered congratulations. Yin Yingsun, Academician of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, submitted: "By ritual, when a member of the imperial clan is guilty, the responsible office reports, 'So-and-so's offense warrants death. The ruler replies, 'Pardon him.' This is repeated three times; only then do they leave and carry out the sentence. The ruler wears plain garments and refrains from music for three days. Yun belongs to the imperial clan. Unable to hold firm to his integrity, he was driven to this end. He should be stripped to commoner rank, removed from the genealogy, and buried with commoner's rites. The celebration of great victory should wait until Zhu Mei's head arrives before congratulations are offered. The edict approved.

34

杞王倕，貞元十四年薨。

Chun, Prince of Qi, died in the fourteenth year of Zhenyuan (798).

35

召王偲，元和元年薨。

Si, Prince of Shao, died in the first year of Yuanhe (806).

36

恭懿太子佋，始封興王。上元元年薨。佋生，後方專愛，帝最憐之。後數撼儲嫡，欲以佋嗣，會薨，計塞。是夕，帝及後夢佋辭決流涕去，帝鯁悵，故冊贈皇太子。

Crown Prince Gongyi, Jiao, was first enfeoffed as Prince of Xing. He died in the first year of Shangyuan (760). From birth Jiao enjoyed the empress's exclusive favor, and the emperor cherished him above all his sons. The empress repeatedly pressed against the heir designate, hoping to install Jiao as successor, but he died unexpectedly and the scheme came to nothing. That night the emperor and empress dreamed that Jiao bade them farewell in tears and departed. The emperor was overcome with grief, and therefore posthumously enfeoffed him as crown prince.

37

定王侗，寶應初薨。

Tong, Prince of Ding, died at the beginning of the Baoying era (762).

38

代宗二十子：睿真皇后生德宗皇帝，崔妃生邈，貞懿皇后生迥；十七王，史亡其母之氏、位。

Daizong had twenty sons: Empress Ruizhen bore Emperor Dezong; Consort Cui bore Miao; and Empress Zhenyi bore Hui; For the other seventeen princes the histories do not record their mothers' surnames or titles.

39

昭靖太子邈，好學，以賢聞。上元二年始王益昌。帝即位，寶應元年進王鄭，與韓王同封。淄青牙將李懷玉逐其帥侯希逸，詔邈為平盧淄青節度大使，以懷玉知留後。大歷初，代皇太子為天下兵馬元帥。八年薨，遂罷元帥府。

Crown Prince Zhaojing, Miao, loved learning and was renowned for his virtue. In the second year of Shangyuan (761) he was first enfeoffed as Prince of Yichang. When the emperor took the throne, in the first year of Baoying (762) he was advanced to Prince of Zheng and enfeoffed on the same day as the Prince of Han. The Ziqing garrison officer Li Huaiyu drove out his commander Hou Xiyi. An edict appointed Miao military commissioner of Pinglu and Ziqing, with Huaiyu serving as acting regent. At the beginning of the Dali era (766) he replaced the crown prince as commander-in-chief of all armies under Heaven. He died in the eighth year (773), and the marshal's headquarters was abolished.

40

均王遐，早薨。貞元八年追封。

Xia, Prince of Jun, died young. He was posthumously enfeoffed in the eighth year of Zhenyuan (792).

41

睦王述。大歷十年，田承嗣不臣，而昭靖夭，無強王，帝乃悉王諸子，領諸鎮軍，威天下。於是以述為睦王，領嶺南節度，逾郴王、渭北鄜坊節度，過韓王、汴宋節度，造忻王、昭義節度，皆為大使；連為恩王，遘鄜王，暹韶王，遇端王，遹循王，通恭王，逵原王，逸雅王，並開府儀同三司，然不出閤。

Shu, Prince of Mu. In the tenth year of Dali (775) Tian Chengsi turned rebellious. Zhaojing had died young, leaving no formidable prince among the sons, so the emperor enfeoffed all his sons as princes to head the circuit armies and overawe the realm. Shu was made Prince of Mu and given the Lingnan command; Yu, Prince of Chen, the Weibei Fufang command; Guo, Prince of Han, the Biansong command; and Zao, Prince of Xin, the Zhaoyi command—all as grand commissioners; Lian was made Prince of En; Gou, Prince of Zheng; Xian, Prince of Shao; Yu, Prince of Duan; Yuan, Prince of Xun; Tong, Prince of Gong; Kui, Prince of Yuan; and Yi, Prince of Ya—all granted the Grand Preceptorate of the Palace with rank equal to the Three Excellencies, yet none ever left the inner quarters.

42

德宗建中初，周天下訪太后所在，述於諸王最長，故拜奉迎太后使，以工部尚書喬琳副之。貞元七年薨。

At the beginning of the Jianzhong era (780), Dezong searched the empire for his mother's whereabouts. Shu was the eldest among the princes and was appointed envoy to welcome the empress dowager, with Minister of Works Qiao Lin as his deputy. He died in the seventh year of Zhenyuan (791).

43

丹王逾，始王郴，建中四年，與簡王同徙封。元和十五年薨。

Yu, Prince of Dan, was first enfeoffed as Prince of Chen. In the fourth year of Jianzhong (783) he and the Prince of Jian were reassigned to new titles on the same day. He died in the fifteenth year of Yuanhe (820).

44

恩王連，元和十二年薨。

Lian, Prince of En, died in the twelfth year of Yuanhe (817).

45

韓王迥，始王延慶郡，以母寵，故與鄭王先徙封。貞元十二年薨。

Hui, Prince of Han, was first enfeoffed in Yanqing commandery. Because his mother was favored, he and the Prince of Zheng were advanced to new titles ahead of the other princes. He died in the twelfth year of Zhenyuan (796).

46

簡王遘，始王鄜，徙封簡。元和四年薨。

Gou, Prince of Jian, was first enfeoffed as Prince of Zheng and later reassigned as Prince of Jian. He died in the fourth year of Yuanhe (809).

47

益王乃，大歷十四年始王。亡薨年。

Nai, Prince of Yi, was first enfeoffed in the fourteenth year of Dali (779). The year of his death is not recorded.

48

隋王迅，興元元年薨。

Xun, Prince of Sui, died in the first year of Xingyuan (784).

49

荊王選，蚤薨，建中二年追王。

Xuan, Prince of Jing, died in infancy and was posthumously enfeoffed in the second year of Jianzhong (781).

50

蜀王溯，本名遂，大歷十四年始王，建中二年改今名。

Su, Prince of Shu, whose original name was Sui, was first enfeoffed in the fourteenth year of Dali (779) and received his present name in the second year of Jianzhong (781).

51

忻王造，元和六年薨。

Zao, Prince of Xin, died in the sixth year of Yuanhe (811).

52

韶王暹，貞元十二年薨。

Xian, Prince of Shao, died in the twelfth year of Zhenyuan (796).

53

嘉王運，貞元十七年薨。

Yun, Prince of Jia, died in the seventeenth year of Zhenyuan (801).

54

端王遇，貞元七年薨。

Yu, Prince of Duan, died in the seventh year of Zhenyuan (791).

55

循王遹，亡薨年。

Yuan, Prince of Xun—the year of his death is not recorded.

56

恭王通，亡薨年。

Tong, Prince of Gong—the year of his death is not recorded.

57

原王逵，大和六年薨。

Kui, Prince of Yuan, died in the sixth year of Dahe (832).

58

雅王逸，貞元十五年薨。

Yi, Prince of Ya, died in the fifteenth year of Zhenyuan (799).

59

德宗十一子：昭德皇后生順宗皇帝，帝取昭靖太子子誼為第二子，又取順宗子謜為第六子；余八王，史亡其母之氏、位。

Dezong had eleven sons: Empress Zhaode bore Emperor Shunzong; the emperor adopted Zhaojing Crown Prince's son Yi as his second son, and also adopted Shunzong's son Yun as his sixth son; For the other eight princes the histories do not record their mothers' surnames or titles.

60

舒王誼，初名謨。帝愛其幼，取為子。大歷十四年始王舒，與通、虔、肅、資四王同封。拜開府儀同三司，詔有司給奉稍，俄以軍興罷。謨於諸王最長，帝欲試以事，故拜涇原節度大使。時尚父郭子儀病篤，帝臨軒遣謨持詔往視。謨冠遠遊冠，禦絳袍，乘象輅四馬，飛龍士三百，國府官皆袴褶以從。子儀手叩頭謝恩。謨宣詔已，乃易服勞問還。

Yi, Prince of Shu, was originally named Mo. The emperor loved him from childhood and adopted him as his son. In the fourteenth year of Dali (779) he was first enfeoffed as Prince of Shu, together with the four princes Tong, Qian, Su, and Zi. He was appointed Grand Preceptor of the Palace with rank equal to the Three Excellencies, and an edict ordered the responsible offices to provide him a stipend, but it was soon suspended when war broke out. Mo was the eldest among the princes. The emperor wished to test him in office and therefore appointed him military commissioner of Jingyuan. At that time Grand Mentor Guo Ziyi lay gravely ill. The emperor came to the hall and sent Mo with an edict to visit him. Mo wore the far-traveling cap and an imperial crimson robe, rode a four-horse elephant carriage, and was escorted by three hundred Feilong guards. All officials of the Directorate of the Imperial Clan wore riding dress and followed in his train. Ziyi bowed with his hands pressed to his forehead in gratitude. After proclaiming the edict, Mo changed garments, offered his condolences, and returned.

61

於是，李希烈反，招討使李勉戰不勝，奔宋州，朝廷大震。乃拜謨揚州大都督、荊襄江西沔鄂節度使、諸軍行營兵馬都元帥。改名誼。軍中以哥舒翰由元帥敗，而王所封同之，帝乃使徙王普。以兵部侍郎蕭復為統軍長史，湖南觀察使孔巢父為行軍左司馬，山南東道節度行軍司馬樊澤為右，刑部員外郎劉從一、侍御史韋儹為判官，兵部員外郎高參掌書記，右金吾大將軍渾瑊為中軍虞候，江西節度使嗣曹王臯為前軍兵馬使，鄂嶽團練使李兼副之，山南東道節度使賈耽為中軍兵馬使，荊南節度使張伯儀為後軍兵馬使，左神武軍使王價、左衛將軍高承謙、檢校太子詹事郭曙、檢校右庶子常願為押衙。未及行，涇原兵反，誼從帝出奉天。硃泚攻城，誼晝夜傳勞諸軍不解帶。帝還京師，復故封揚州大都督如故。永貞元年薨。

Thereupon Li Xilie rebelled. The pacification commissioner Li Mian was defeated and fled to Songzhou, throwing the court into alarm. Mo was then appointed Grand Protector of Yangzhou, military commissioner of Jing-Xiang, Jiangxi, Mian, and E, and commander-in-chief of all campaign armies under Heaven. His name was changed to Yi. The troops recalled that Geshu Han had been destroyed while serving as commander-in-chief, and the prince's new title sounded the same. The emperor therefore had him reassigned as Prince of Pu. Vice Minister of War Xiao Fu was made chief administrator of the unified army; Hunan observation commissioner Kong Chaofu, left campaign marshal; Shannan East circuit campaign marshal Fan Ze, right campaign marshal; Vice Director of Punishments Liu Congyi and attendant censor Wei Qian, adjudicators; Vice Director of War Gao Can, recorder; Right Golden Guards general Hun Jian, central army quartermaster; Jiangxi military commissioner and Heir of the Prince of Cao Li Gao, vanguard army marshal, with E-Yue training commissioner Li Jian as his deputy; Shannan East military commissioner Jia Dan, central army marshal; Jingnan military commissioner Zhang Boyi, rear army marshal; and Left Divine Martial Army commander Wang Jia, Left Guard general Gao Chengqian, Chief of the Crown Prince's Household Guo Shu, and Right Assistant of the Heir Apparent Chang Yuan, commandants of the headquarters guard. Before he could set out, the Jingyuan troops mutinied, and Yi accompanied the emperor in flight to Fengtian. When Zhu Ci besieged the city, Yi day and night carried encouragement to the troops without ever unfastening his belt. When the emperor returned to the capital, he restored Yi's former title as Grand Protector of Yangzhou. He died in the first year of Yongzhen (805).

62

通王諶，始王，拜開府儀同三司。貞元九年，領宣武節度大使，以李萬榮為留後，二年徙河東，以李說為留後，皆不出閤。

Chen, Prince of Tong, was first enfeoffed as a prince and appointed Grand Preceptor of the Palace with rank equal to the Three Excellencies. In the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793) he was named military commissioner of Xuanyi, with Li Wanrong as acting regent. Two years later he was transferred to Hedong, with Li Shuo as acting regent. In neither case did he leave the inner quarters.

63

虔王諒，以王拜開府儀同三司。貞元二年，領蔡州節度大使，以吳少誠為留後；十年，徙節朔方靈鹽，以李欒為留後；明年，領橫海，又徙徐州，以程懷信、張愔為留後。不出閤。

Liang, Prince of Qian, upon his enfeoffment was appointed Grand Preceptor of the Palace with rank equal to the Three Excellencies. In the second year of Zhenyuan (786) he was named military commissioner of Caizhou, with Wu Shaocheng as acting regent; In the tenth year (794) he was transferred to command Shuofang, Ling, and Yan, with Li Luan as acting regent; The following year he headed Henghai, then was transferred to Xuzhou, with Cheng Huaixin and Zhang Yin as acting regents. He never left the inner quarters.

64

肅王詳，資秀異，帝愛之。建中二年薨，甫四歲。帝欲用浮屠說，塔而不墳，禮儀判官李岧諫非禮，乃止。詔贈揚州大都督。

Xiang, Prince of Su, was gifted and remarkable in talent, and the emperor loved him dearly. He died in the second year of Jianzhong (781), at only four years of age. The emperor wished to follow Buddhist custom and raise a pagoda instead of a tomb. Li Kan, adjudicator of Ritual Affairs, remonstrated that this violated proper rites, and the emperor desisted. An edict posthumously enfeoffed him as Grand Protector of Yangzhou.

65

文敬太子謜，見愛於帝，命為子。貞元初，先諸王王邕。歷義武、昭義二軍節度大使，以張茂昭、王虔休為留後，不出閤。十五年薨，年十八，追贈及謚。葬日，君臣以位而哭通化門外。陵及廟置令、丞雲。

Crown Prince Jing Weng, Yun, was beloved by the emperor, who adopted him as his son. At the beginning of the Zhenyuan era he was enfeoffed as Prince of Yong ahead of the other princes. He successively held the Yiwu and Zhaoyi military commissions, with Zhang Maozhao and Wang Qianxiu as acting regents. He never left the inner quarters. He died in the fifteenth year (799) at eighteen. Posthumous honors and a posthumous title were granted. On the day of burial, ministers and officials wept in order of rank outside Tonghua Gate. Directors and deputy directors were appointed for his tomb and spirit temple.

66

資王謙，亡薨年。

Qian, Prince of Zi—the year of his death is not recorded.

67

代王諲，始王縉雲郡。蚤薨，建中二年追王。

Yin, Prince of Dai, was first enfeoffed in Jinyun commandery. He died in infancy and was posthumously enfeoffed in the second year of Jianzhong (781).

68

昭王誡，貞元二十一年始王。亡薨年。

Jie, Prince of Zhao, was first enfeoffed in the twenty-first year of Zhenyuan (805). The year of his death is not recorded.

69

欽王諤，順宗即位，與珍王同封。亡薨年。

E, Prince of Qin, was enfeoffed on the same day as the Prince of Zhen when Shunzong took the throne. The year of his death is not recorded.

70

珍王諴，大和六年薨。

Shen, Prince of Zhen, died in the sixth year of Dahe (832).

71

順宗二十七子：莊憲皇后生憲宗皇帝及綰，張昭訓生經，趙昭儀生結，王昭儀生總、約、緄；余二十王，史亡母之氏、位，四王蚤薨，亡官謚。

Shunzong had twenty-seven sons: Empress Zhuangxian bore Emperor Xianzong and Wan; Zhang Zhaoxun bore Jing; Zhao Zhaoyi bore Jie; and Wang Zhaoyi bore Zong, Yue, and Chun; For the other twenty princes the histories do not record their mothers' surnames or titles. Four died young, and their offices and posthumous titles are not recorded.

72

均王緯，初名沔。王洋川，後進王。王三十三年，開成二年薨。

Wei, Prince of Jun, was originally named Mian. He was enfeoffed as Prince of Yangchuan and later advanced in princely rank. He held princely rank for thirty-three years and died in the second year of Kaicheng (837).

73

漵王縱，初名洵。王臨淮，後進王。王三十二年，開成元年薨。

Zong, Prince of Xu, was originally named Xun. He was enfeoffed as Prince of Linhuai and later advanced in princely rank. He held princely rank for thirty-two years and died in the first year of Kaicheng (836).

74

莒王紓，初名浼。為秘書監。王弘農，後進王。王二十九年，大和八年薨。

Shu, Prince of Ju, was originally named Mei. He served as Director of the Secretariat. He was enfeoffed as Prince of Hongnong and later advanced in princely rank. He held princely rank for twenty-nine years and died in the eighth year of Dahe (834).

75

密王綢，初名訁永。王漢東，後進王。王三年，元和二年薨。

Chou, Prince of Mi, was originally named Yong. He was enfeoffed as Prince of Handong and later advanced in princely rank. He held princely rank for three years and died in the second year of Yuanhe (807).

76

邵王約，初名漵。為國子祭酒。王高平，進王。王二年，元和元年薨。

Yue, Prince of Shao, was originally named Xu. He served as Chancellor of the Directorate of Education. He was enfeoffed as Prince of Gaoping and later advanced in princely rank. He held princely rank for two years and died in the first year of Yuanhe (806).

77

集王緗，初名淮。王宣城，進王。王十八年，長慶二年薨。

Xiang, Prince of Ji, was originally named Huai. He was enfeoffed as Prince of Xuancheng and later advanced in princely rank. He held princely rank for eighteen years and died in the second year of Changqing (822).

78

冀王絿，初名湑。為太常卿。王德陽，進王。王三十年，大和九年薨。

Qiu, Prince of Ji, was originally named Xu. He served as Minister of Ceremonies. He was enfeoffed as Prince of Deyang and later advanced in princely rank. He held princely rank for thirty years and died in the ninth year of Dahe (835).

79

和王綺，初名浥。王河東，進王。王二十八年，太和七年薨。

Qi, Prince of He, was originally named Yi. He was enfeoffed as Prince of Hedong and later advanced in princely rank. He held princely rank for twenty-eight years and died in the seventh year of Taihe (833).

80

衡王絢，王二十二年，寶歷二年薨。

Xuan, Prince of Heng, held princely rank for twenty-two years and died in the second year of Baoli (826).

81

會王纁，王六年，元和五年薨。

Xun, Prince of Hui, held princely rank for six years and died in the fifth year of Yuanhe (810).

82

福王綰，歷魏博節度大使。咸通元年，進拜司空。王五十七年，咸通二年薨。

Wan, Prince of Fu, had served as military commissioner of Weibo. In the first year of Xiantong (860) he was promoted to Minister of Works. He held princely rank for fifty-seven years and died in the second year of Xiantong (861).

83

珍王繕，初名況。王洛交，後進王。亡薨年。

Shan, Prince of Zhen, was originally named Kuang. He was enfeoffed as Prince of Luojiao and later advanced in princely rank. The year of his death is not recorded.

84

撫王纮，咸通初，歷司空，又進司徒、太尉。王七十三年，乾符三年薨。

Hong, Prince of Fu, in the early Xiantong reign served as Minister of Works and was later promoted to Minister of Education and then Grand Preceptor. He held princely rank for seventy-three years and died in the third year of Qianfu (876).

85

嶽王緄，王二十三年，太和二年薨。

Gun, Prince of Yue, held princely rank for twenty-three years and died in the second year of Taihe (828).

86

袁王紳，王五十六年，咸通元年薨。

Shen, Prince of Yuan, held princely rank for fifty-six years and died in the first year of Xiantong (860).

87

桂王綸，王十年，元和九年薨。

Lun, Prince of Gui, held princely rank for ten years and died in the ninth year of Yuanhe (814).

88

翼王綽，王五十八年，咸通三年薨。

Chuo, Prince of Yi, held princely rank for fifty-eight years and died in the third year of Xiantong (862).

89

蘄王緝，王六年，咸通八年薨。

Ji, Prince of Qi, held princely rank for six years and died in the eighth year of Xiantong (867).

90

欽王績，亡薨年。

Ji, Prince of Qin—the year of his death is not recorded.

91

憲宗二十子：紀美人生寧，懿安皇后生穆宗皇帝，孝明皇后生宣宗皇帝；余十七王，皆後宮所生，史逸其母之號、氏。

Xianzong had twenty sons: Consort Ji bore Ning; Empress Yian bore Emperor Muzong; Empress Xiaoming bore Emperor Xuanzong; The other seventeen princes were all born to women of the inner palace; the histories do not record their mothers' titles or surnames.

92

惠昭太子寧，貞元二十一年，始王平原，與同安、彭城、高密、文安四王同封。帝即位，進王鄧，與澧、深、洋、絳四王同封。

Crown Prince Zhao Ning was first enfeoffed as Prince of Pingyuan in the twenty-first year of Zhenyuan (805), together with the Princes of Tong'an, Pengcheng, Gaomi, and Wen'an. When the emperor acceded, Ning was advanced to Prince of Deng and enfeoffed together with the Princes of Li, Shen, Yang, and Jiang.

93

於是國嗣未立，李絳等建言：「聖人以天下為大器，知一人不可獨化，四海不可無本，故建太子以自副，然後人心定，宗祏安，有國不易之常道。陛下受命四年，而冢子未建，是開窺覦之端，乖慎重之義，非所以承列聖，示萬世。」帝曰：「善。」以寧為皇太子，更名宙，前以制示絳等。未幾，復初名。冊禮用孟夏，雨，不克，改用孟秋，亦雨，冬十月克行禮。明年薨，年十九。

At that time no heir had yet been named. Li Jiang and others urged: "The sage regards the realm as a great vessel, knowing that one man cannot govern it alone and that the empire cannot be without a foundation. He therefore establishes a crown prince as his deputy; only then are minds settled and the ancestral temple secure—an enduring principle of rulership. Your Majesty has reigned four years, yet no heir has been appointed. This invites scheming ambition and falls short of prudent statesmanship—not the way to carry forward your august predecessors or set an example for ages to come. The emperor said, "Well said." He named Ning crown prince, changed his name to Zhou, and had already shown the edict in advance to Jiang and his colleagues. Before long his original name was restored. The investiture was scheduled for early summer, but rain forced a postponement; moved to early autumn, it rained again. The ceremony was finally completed in the tenth month of winter. He died the following year, at the age of nineteen.

94

澧王惲，始王同安，後進王。惠昭之喪，吐突承璀議復立儲副，意屬惲，帝自以穆宗為太子。帝崩之夕，承璀死，王被殺，秘不發喪，久之以告，廢朝三日。三子：曰漢，王東陽郡；曰源，安陸；曰演，臨安。初，惲名寬，深王察，洋王寰，絳王寮，建王審，元和七年，並改今名。

Yun, Prince of Li, was first enfeoffed as Prince of Tong'an and later advanced in princely rank. At Crown Prince Zhao's funeral, the eunuch Tufa Chengcui urged naming a new heir and favored Yun, but the emperor himself installed Muzong as crown prince. On the night the emperor died, Chengcui was killed and the Prince was put to death. The imperial death was kept secret for a long time before it was announced, and court mourning lasted three days. He had three sons: Han, enfeoffed as Prince of Dongyang; Yuan, of Anlu; and Yan, of Lin'an. Originally Yun had been named Kuan; the Princes of Shen, Yang, Jiang, and Jian had been named Cha, Huan, Liao, and Shen respectively. In the seventh year of Yuanhe (812) all received their present names.

95

深王悰，始王彭城郡，進王深。子潭王河內，淑吳興。

Cong, Prince of Shen, was first enfeoffed as Prince of Pengcheng and later advanced to Prince of Shen. His sons were Tan, Prince of Henei, and Shu, Prince of Wuxing.

96

洋王忻，始王高密，進王洋。大和二年薨。子沛王潁川郡。

Xin, Prince of Yang, was first enfeoffed as Prince of Gaomi and later advanced to Prince of Yang. He died in the second year of Dahe (828). His son Pei was enfeoffed as Prince of Yingchuan.

97

絳王悟，始王文安，進王。敬宗崩，蘇佐明等矯詔以王領軍國事。王守澄等立文宗，王見殺。二子：洙王新安，滂高平。

Wu, Prince of Jiang, was first enfeoffed as Prince of Wen'an and later advanced in princely rank. When Jingzong died, Su Zuoming and others forged an edict placing the Prince in charge of state affairs. Wang Shoucheng and his faction enthroned Wenzong, and the Prince was put to death. He had two sons: Zhu, Prince of Xin'an, and Pang, Prince of Gaoping.

98

建王恪，元和元年始封。時淄青節度使李師古死，其弟師道丐符節，故詔恪為鄆州大都督、平盧軍淄青等州節度大使，以師道為留後，然不出閤。長慶元年薨，無嗣。

Ke, Prince of Jian, received his first enfeoffment in the first year of Yuanhe (806). When Li Shigu, military commissioner of Ziqing, died, his brother Shidao sought the commission. An edict therefore named Ke Grand Protector of Yanzhou and military commissioner over Pinglu, Ziqing, and related circuits, with Shidao left as acting commissioner—but Ke never left the palace. He died in the first year of Changqing (821), leaving no heirs.

99

鄜王憬，長慶元年始王，與瓊、沔、婺、茂、淄、衢、澶七王同封。開成四年薨。子溥平陽郡王。

Jing, Prince of Fu, was first enfeoffed in the first year of Changqing (821), together with the Princes of Qiong, Mian, Wu, Mao, Zi, Qu, and Chan. He died in the fourth year of Kaicheng (839). His son Pu was enfeoffed as Prince of Pingyang.

100

瓊王悅，子津河間郡王。

Yue, Prince of Qiong, had a son Jin, enfeoffed as Prince of Hejian.

101

沔王恂，子瀛晉陵郡王。

Xun, Prince of Mian, had a son Ying, enfeoffed as Prince of Jinling.

102

婺王懌，子清新平郡王。

Yi, Prince of Wu, had a son Qing, enfeoffed as Prince of Xinping.

103

茂王愔，子潓武功郡王。

Yin, Prince of Mao, had a son Wei, enfeoffed as Prince of Wugong.

104

淄王忄辦，開成元年薨。子浣許昌郡王，渙馮翊郡王。

Xie, Prince of Zi, died in the first year of Kaicheng (836). His sons were Huan, Prince of Xuchang, and Huan, Prince of Fengyi.

105

衢王詹，子涉晉平郡王。

Zhan, Prince of Qu, had a son She, enfeoffed as Prince of Jinping.

106

澶王忄充，子濘雁門郡王。

Chong, Prince of Chan, had a son Ning, enfeoffed as Prince of Yanmen.

107

棣王惴，大中六年始王，與彭、信二王同封。咸通三年薨，無嗣。

Zhui, Prince of Di, was first enfeoffed in the sixth year of Dazhong (852), together with the Princes of Peng and Xin. He died in the third year of Xiantong (862), leaving no heirs.

108

彭王惕，乾寧中，韓建殺之石堤谷。無嗣。

Ti, Prince of Peng, was killed by Han Jian at Shidi Valley during the Qianning era (894–898). He left no heirs.

109

信王憻，咸通八年薨，無嗣。

Tan, Prince of Xin, died in the eighth year of Xiantong (867), leaving no heirs.

110

榮王忄責，咸通三年始王。廣明初，拜司空。子令平嗣王。

Cui, Prince of Rong, was first enfeoffed in the third year of Xiantong (862). In the early Guangming era (880–881) he was appointed Minister of Works. His son Lingping succeeded to the princely title.

111

凡八王，史失其薨年。

Eight princes in all—the histories do not record the years of their deaths.

112

穆宗五子：恭僖皇后生敬宗皇帝，貞獻皇后生文宗皇帝，宣懿皇后生武宗皇帝；余二王，亡其母之氏、位。

Muzong had five sons: Empress Gongxi bore Emperor Jingzong; Empress Zhenxian bore Emperor Wenzong; Empress Xuanyi bore Emperor Wuzong; The other two princes' mothers' surnames and ranks are not recorded.

113

安王溶。初，楊賢妃得寵於文宗，晚稍多疾，妃陰請以王為嗣，密為自安地。帝與宰相李玨謀，玨謂不可，乃止。乃帝崩，仇士良立武宗，欲重己功，即擿溶嘗欲以為太子事，殺之。

Rong, Prince of An. Consort Yang Xian had once been favored by Wenzong. When she grew ill in her later years, she secretly urged that Prince An be named heir, quietly securing her own safety. The emperor consulted Chief Minister Li Jue, who argued against it, and the plan was abandoned. When the emperor died, the eunuch Qiu Shiliang enthroned Wuzong and, eager to magnify his own role, immediately exposed Rong's earlier bid for the crown princehood and had him executed.

114

敬宗五子：妃郭氏生普，余四王，亡母之氏、位。

Jingzong had five sons: Consort Guo bore Pu; for the other four princes, their mothers' surnames and ranks are not recorded.

115

文宗二子：王德妃生永，後宮生宗儉。

Wenzong had two sons: Consort Wang De bore Yong; a woman of the inner palace bore Zongjian.

116

莊恪太子永，大和四年始王魯。帝以王幼，宜得賢輔，因召見傅和元亮。元亮以卒史進，有所問，不能答。帝責謂宰相：「王可教，官屬應任士大夫賢者，寧元亮比邪！」於是劇選戶部侍郎庾敬休兼王傅，太常卿鄭肅兼長史，戶部郎中李踐方兼司馬。六年，遂立為皇太子。帝承寶歷荒怠，身勤儉率天下，謂晉王生謹敏，欲引為嗣，會蚤夭，故久不議東宮事。及太子立，天下屬心焉。開成三年，詔宮臣詣崇明門謁朔望，侍讀偶日入對。太子稍事燕豫，不能壹循法，保傅戒告，不納。又母愛弛，楊賢妃方幸，數譖之。帝它日震怒，禦延英，引見群臣，詔曰：「太子多過失，不可屬天下，其議廢之。」群臣頓首言：「太子春秋盛，雖有過，尚可改。且天下本，不可輕動，惟陛下幸赦。」御史中丞狄兼暮流涕固爭，帝未決，罷。群臣又連章論救，意稍釋，詔太子還少陽院，以中人護視，誅幸昵數十人，敕侍讀竇宗直、周敬復詣院授經。然太子終不能自白其讒，而行己亦不加修也。是年暴薨，帝悔之。明年，下詔以陳王為太子，置酒殿中。有俳兒緣橦，父畏其顛，環走橦下。帝感動，謂左右曰：「朕有天下，返不能全一兒乎！」因泣下。即取坊工劉楚才等數人付京兆榜殺之，及禁中女倡十人斃永巷，皆短毀太子者。宰相楊嗣復等不及知，因言：「楚才等罪當誅，京兆殺之，不覆奏，敢以請。」翌日，詔京兆後有決死敕不覆者，亦許如故事以聞。

Crown Prince Zhuangke Yong was first enfeoffed as Prince of Lu in the fourth year of Dahe (830). Because the Prince was young and deserved worthy tutors, the emperor summoned and examined He and Yuanliang. Yuanliang had risen from the ranks of clerks; when questioned, he could not answer. The emperor reproached his chief ministers: "The Prince can be educated, and his staff should be drawn from worthy scholar-officials—is Yuanliang worthy of such a post? He then had Vice Minister of Revenue Yu Jingxiu appointed tutor to the Prince, Minister of Ceremonies Zheng Su chief administrator, and Director of the Revenue Bureau Li Jianfang marshal—all concurrent posts. In the sixth year (832) he was formally named crown prince. Inheriting the dissolute neglect of the Baoli era, the emperor personally practiced thrift to set an example for the realm. He had regarded Prince Jin as prudent and quick-witted and meant to make him heir, but when Jin died young he long put off naming a crown prince. Once the crown prince was installed, the hopes of the empire settled upon him. In the third year of Kaicheng (838), an edict directed palace officials to attend Chongming Gate for the new- and full-moon observances, while the crown prince's tutors were to enter the palace for audience on alternate days. The crown prince gradually turned to feasting and ease and could no longer keep strictly to the rules. His tutors and guardians warned him, but he would not listen. Moreover his mother's affection had cooled, while Consort Yang Xian was then in favor and repeatedly slandered him. On another day the emperor flew into a rage, held court at Yanying, summoned the ministers, and declared: "The crown prince has committed many faults and cannot be entrusted with the realm. Consider deposing him. The ministers kowtowed and said: "The crown prince is still young; though he has faults, he can yet be reformed. Moreover he is the foundation of the realm and must not be lightly unsettled. We beg Your Majesty to show mercy." Vice Censor-in-Chief Di Jianmu wept as he argued his case without yielding. The emperor could not decide and dismissed court. The ministers again submitted memorial after memorial in his defense, and the emperor's anger eased somewhat. He decreed that the crown prince return to Shaoyang Courtyard under eunuch guard, executed dozens of favored intimates, and ordered the tutors Dou Zongzhi and Zhou Jingfu to the courtyard to continue his instruction in the classics. Yet the crown prince never succeeded in clearing himself of the slanders, nor did he set about reforming his conduct. That year he died suddenly, and the emperor came to regret what had been done. The following year an edict named Prince Chen crown prince, and a banquet was held in the palace hall. A boy acrobat climbed a pole, while his father, fearing a fall, circled anxiously beneath it. Deeply moved, the emperor said to those around him: "I hold all under Heaven—can I not even keep one son safe! He broke into tears. He immediately handed several workshop artisans, including Liu Chucai, to the metropolitan prefect for public beating to death, and had ten female entertainers of the inner palace executed in Yong Lane—all had slandered the crown prince. Chief ministers Yang Sifu and the rest had not been informed in time. They therefore said: "Chucai and the others deserved death, but the metropolitan prefect executed them without reporting back—we venture to inquire. The next day an edict declared that when the metropolitan prefect hereafter carried out death sentences by direct imperial order without prior memorial, he might still report afterward according to precedent.

117

蔣王宗儉，開成二年始王。亡薨年。

Prince Jiang Zongjian was first enfeoffed as a prince in the second year of Kaicheng (837). The year of his death is not recorded.

118

武宗五子，其母氏、位皆不傳。

Wuzong had five sons; for all of them their mothers' surnames and ranks are unrecorded.

119

杞王峻，開成五年始王；益王峴，會昌二年始王，與兗、德、昌三王同封；兗王岐；德王嶧；昌王嵯：並逸其薨年。

Prince Qi Jun was first enfeoffed in the fifth year of Kaicheng (840); Prince Yi Xian was first enfeoffed in the second year of Huichang (842), together with the Princes of Yan, De, and Chang; Prince Yan Qi; Prince De Yi; Prince Chang Cuo: for all of them the years of death are not recorded.

120

宣宗十一子：元昭太后生懿宗皇帝，余皆亡其母之氏、位。

Xuanzong had eleven sons: Empress Dowager Yuanzhao bore Emperor Yizong; for the remaining sons their mothers' surnames and ranks are not recorded.

121

靖懷太子渼，會昌六年始王雍，與夔、慶二王同封。大中六年薨，有詔追冊。

Crown Prince Jinghuai Mei was first enfeoffed as Prince of Yong in the sixth year of Huichang (846), together with the Princes of Kui and Qing. He died in the sixth year of Dazhong (852); an edict posthumously elevated his title.

122

雅王涇，大中元年始王。亡薨年。

Prince Ya Jing was first enfeoffed in the first year of Dazhong (847). The year of his death is not recorded.

123

通王滋，會昌六年始王夔，與慶王沂同封。帝初詔鄆王居十六宅，余五王處大明宮內院，以諫議大夫鄭漳、兵部郎中李鄴為侍讀，五日一謁乾符門，為王授經。鄆王立為懿宗，乃罷。滋徙王。昭宗乾寧三年，領侍衛諸軍。是時，誅王行瑜，而李茂貞怨，以兵入覲，詔滋與諸王分統安聖、奉宸、保寧、安化軍衛京師。天子將狩太原，韓建道迎之，留次華州。建畏王等有兵，遣人上急變，告諸王欲殺建，脅帝幸河中。帝驚，召建論之，稱疾不肯入。敕滋與睦王、濟王、韶王、彭王、韓王、沂王、陳王謁建自解，建留軍中，奏言：「中外異體，臣不可以私見。」又言：「晉八王擅權，卒敗天下。請歸十六宅，悉罷所領兵。」帝不許。建以兵環行在，請誅大將李筠。帝懼，斬筠以謝。建盡逐衛兵，自是天子孤弱矣。

Prince Tong Zi was first enfeoffed as Prince of Kui in the sixth year of Huichang (846), together with Prince Qing Yin. At first the emperor decreed that Prince Yun reside in the Sixteen Mansions while the other five princes lived in the inner court of Daming Palace. Remonstrance Officer Zheng Zhang and Director of the Military Ministry Bureau Li Ye were appointed tutors; every five days they attended at Qianfu Gate to instruct the princes in the classics. When Prince Yun was enthroned as Yizong, the arrangement was discontinued. Zi was transferred to a different princedom. In the third year of Qianning (896) under Emperor Zhaozong, he took command of the palace guard armies. At this time Wang Xingyu was executed, but Li Maozhen, nursing a grievance, marched into the capital with troops under the pretext of an audience. An edict ordered Zi and the other princes to divide command of the Ansheng, Fengchen, Baoning, and Anhua armies to defend the capital. The emperor was about to proceed on a hunting tour to Taiyuan; Han Jian went out to meet him on the road and detained him at Hua Prefecture. Jian feared the armed princes and sent an urgent report alleging that they meant to kill him and force the emperor to go to Hezhong. The emperor was alarmed and summoned Jian to discuss the matter, but Jian pleaded illness and refused to come in. He ordered Zi, together with Princes Mu, Ji, Shao, Peng, Han, Yin, and Chen, to visit Jian and clear themselves. Jian stayed with his army and memorialized: "Court and camp are separate realms; as a subject I cannot grant a private audience. He added: "In Jin the Eight Princes seized power and in the end ruined the realm. He asked that they return to the Sixteen Mansions and that all troops under their command be disbanded." The emperor refused. Jian surrounded the imperial encampment with troops and demanded the execution of the great general Li Yun. In fear, the emperor had Yun beheaded to appease him. Jian drove out all the palace guards, and from that time the emperor stood utterly alone and powerless.

124

初，帝使嗣延王戒丕、嗣丹王允往見李克用，二王還，建惡之；又嗣覃王嘗督軍伐茂貞，於是劾奏：「比歲兵纏近輔，諸王階其禍，使乘輿越在下籓，不得安，臣已請解其兵。今延、覃、丹三王尚陰計以危國，請誅之。」帝曰：「渠至是邪？」後三日，與劉季述矯詔以兵攻十六宅。諸王被發乘垣走，或升屋極號曰：「帝救我！」建乃將十一王並其屬至石堤谷殺之，徐以謀反聞，天下冤之。濟、韶、彭、韓、沂、陳、延、覃、丹九王，史逸其系胄雲。

Earlier the emperor had sent the collateral Prince Yan Jiepi and the collateral Prince Dan Yun to visit Li Keyong. When the two princes returned, Jian turned against them; moreover the collateral Prince Tan had once commanded troops against Maozhen. He therefore impeached them: "In recent years warfare has engulfed the capital region; the princes have shared in the calamity, driving the imperial carriage to linger below the frontier in unrest. I have already asked that their troops be relieved. Now the three princes Yan, Tan, and Dan still secretly plot to endanger the state. I beg that they be put to death. The emperor said: "Have they truly come to this?" Three days later, together with Liu Jishu, he forged an edict and attacked the Sixteen Mansions with troops. The princes fled with hair unbound, scaling walls; some climbed onto rooftops and cried out with all their strength: "Emperor, save me! Jian then led eleven princes and their households to Shidi Valley and killed them, afterward reporting them as plotting rebellion. All under Heaven regarded it as a grievous wrong. For the nine princes Ji, Shao, Peng, Han, Yin, Chen, Yan, Tan, and Dan, the histories have lost their genealogies—that is all.

125

慶王沂，大中十四年薨。

Prince Qing Yin died in the fourteenth year of Dazhong (860).

126

濮王澤，大中二年始王。亡薨年。

Prince Pu Ze was first enfeoffed in the second year of Dazhong (848). The year of his death is not recorded.

127

鄂王潤，大中五年始王。乾符三年薨。

Prince E Run was first enfeoffed in the fifth year of Dazhong (851). He died in the third year of Qianfu (876).

128

懷王洽，大中八年與昭、康二王同封。亡薨年。

Prince Huai Qia was enfeoffed in the eighth year of Dazhong (854), together with the Princes Zhao and Kang. The year of his death is not recorded.

129

昭王汭，乾符三年薨。

Prince Zhao Run died in the third year of Qianfu (876).

130

康王汶，乾符四年薨。

Prince Kang Wen died in the fourth year of Qianfu (877).

131

懿宗八子：惠安皇后生僖宗皇帝，恭憲皇后生昭宗皇帝，余六王亡其母氏、位。

Yizong had eight sons: Empress Huian bore Emperor Xizong; Empress Gongxian bore Emperor Zhaozong; for the other six princes their mothers' surnames and ranks are not recorded.

132

魏王佾，咸通三年始王，與涼、蜀二王同封。

Prince Wei Ji was first enfeoffed in the third year of Xiantong (862), together with the Princes of Liang and Shu.

133

涼王侹，乾符六年薨。

Prince Liang Ting died in the sixth year of Qianfu (879).

134

蜀王佶。

Prince Shu Ji.

135

威王偘，咸通六年始王郢，十年徙王。

Prince Wei Kan was first enfeoffed as Prince of Ying in the sixth year of Xiantong (865); in the tenth year (869) he was transferred to another princedom.

136

吉王保，咸通十三年始王，與睦王同封。王於兄弟為最賢。始，僖宗崩，王最長，將立之，楊復恭獨議以昭宗嗣。乾寧元年，李茂貞等以兵入京師，謀廢帝立王，會李克用以兵逐行瑜，乃止。

Prince Ji Bao was first enfeoffed in the thirteenth year of Xiantong (872), together with Prince Mu. Among the brothers he was accounted the most worthy. When Xizong first died, the Prince was the eldest and was about to be enthroned, but Yang Fugong alone argued that Zhaozong should succeed. In the first year of Qianning (894), Li Maozhen and others marched into the capital with troops and plotted to depose the emperor and install the Prince; but when Li Keyong drove off Xingyu with his army, they abandoned the plan.

137

恭哀太子倚，初封睦王。為劉季述所殺，天復初追贈。

Crown Prince Gong'ai Yi was at first enfeoffed as Prince Mu. He was killed by Liu Jishu and was posthumously enfeoffed at the beginning of Tianfu (901).

138

僖宗二子，史失其母氏、位。

Xizong had two sons; the histories have lost their mothers' surnames and ranks.

139

建王震，中和元年始王；益王陛，光啟三年始王；並亡薨年。

Prince Jian Zhen was first enfeoffed in the first year of Zhonghe (881); Prince Yi Bi was first enfeoffed in the third year of Guangqi (887); For both, the years of death are not recorded.

140

昭宗十七子：積善皇后生裕及哀皇帝，余皆失母之氏、位。

Zhaozong had seventeen sons: Empress Jishan bore Yu and the Lamented Emperor; for the rest their mothers' surnames and ranks are not recorded.

141

德王裕，大順二年始王。帝幸華州，韓建已奪諸王兵，不自安，乃請王皇子之未王者，既又殺諸王，因請立裕為皇太子，釋言於四方，時乾寧四年也。劉季述等幽帝東內，奉裕即皇帝位。季述誅，裕匿右軍，或請殺之，帝曰：「太子沖孺，賊強立之，且何罪？」詔還少陽院，復為王。硃全忠自鳳翔還，見王春秋盛，標宇軒秀，忌之，密語崔胤曰：「王既竊帝矣，大義滅親，渠可留？公任宰相，盍啟之？」胤從容言如全忠意，帝不許。它日，以語全忠，全忠曰：「此國大事，臣安敢與？此必胤賣臣也。」乃免。帝遷洛，它日謂蔣玄暉曰：「德王，朕愛子，全忠奈何欲殺之？」言已泣下，自嚙指流血。玄暉即擿語全忠，全忠恚。帝被殺，玄暉置酒邀諸王九曲池，飲酣，皆殺之，投屍水中。

Prince De Yu was first enfeoffed in the second year of Dashun (891). When the emperor sojourned at Hua Prefecture, Han Jian had already stripped the princes of their troops. Uneasy in his position, he asked that imperial sons not yet enfeoffed be made princes; after he had also killed the princes, he asked that Yu be established as crown prince and proclaimed this to the four quarters. It was the fourth year of Qianning (897). Liu Jishu and his faction imprisoned the emperor in the eastern inner palace and enthroned Yu as emperor. When Jishu was executed, Yu hid in the Right Army. Some urged that he be killed, but the emperor said: "The crown prince was young and innocent; the rebels forced the throne upon him—what crime has he committed? He decreed that Yu return to Shaoyang Courtyard and resume his rank as prince. Zhu Quanzhong returned from Fengxiang and, seeing that the Prince was in the prime of life with a commanding bearing and striking presence, grew jealous. He said secretly to Cui Yin: "The Prince has already usurped the throne. By the great principle of righteousness one extinguishes kin—how can he be allowed to remain? You hold the post of chief minister—why not raise the matter with the throne? Yin spoke diplomatically along the lines Quanzhong wished, but the emperor refused. Another day the emperor spoke of it to Quanzhong. Quanzhong said: "This is a grave affair of state—how would I dare to be party to it? This must be Yin betraying me. The prince was then spared. After the emperor moved the capital to Luoyang, he said another day to Jiang Xuanhui: "Prince De is the son I love—how can Quanzhong wish to kill him? As he spoke he wept, biting his finger until it bled. Xuanhui immediately repeated these words to Quanzhong, and Quanzhong was enraged. After the emperor was killed, Xuanhui set out wine and invited the princes to Nine-Bend Pool. When they were drunk, he killed them all and cast their bodies into the water.

142

棣王祤，乾寧元年始王，與虔、沂、遂三王同封。

Prince Di Yi was first enfeoffed in the first year of Qianning (894), together with the Princes Qian, Yin, and Sui.

143

虔王禊。

Prince Qian Xi.

144

沂王禋。

Prince Yin Yin.

145

遂王祎。

Prince Sui Yi.

146

景王秘，乾寧四年始王，與祁王同封。

Prince Jing Mi was first enfeoffed in the fourth year of Qianning (897), together with Prince Qi.

147

祁王祺。

Prince Qi Qi.

148

雅王禛，光化元年始王，與瓊王同封。

The Prince of Ya, Zhen, was first enfeoffed in the first year of Guanghua, together with the Prince of Qiong.

149

瓊王祥。

The Prince of Qiong, Xiang.

150

端王禎，天祐元年始王，與豐、和、登、嘉四王同封。

The Prince of Duan, Zhen, was first enfeoffed in the first year of Tianyou, together with the four princes Feng, He, Deng, and Jia.

151

豐王祁。

The Prince of Feng, Qi.

152

和王福。

The Prince of He, Fu.

153

登王禧。

The Prince of Deng, Xi.

154

嘉王祜。

The Prince of Jia, You.

155

潁王禔，天祐二年始王，與蔡王祐同封。

The Prince of Ying, Ti, was first enfeoffed in the second year of Tianyou, together with the Prince of Cai.

156

蔡王祐。

The Prince of Cai, You.

157

贊曰：唐自中葉，宗室子孫多在京師，幼者或不出閤，雖以國王之，實與匹區夫不異，故無赫赫過惡，亦不能為王室軒輊，運極不還，與唐俱殫。然則歷數短長，自有底止。彼漢七國、晉八王，不得其效，愈速禍雲。

The commentator says: From the mid-Tang onward, members of the imperial clan mostly lived in the capital, and the young sometimes never left the inner quarters. Though they bore the title of princes, in truth they differed little from ordinary townsmen. Thus there were no glaring great crimes, yet neither could they sustain the royal house. When fortune reached its limit it did not return, and they perished together with the dynasty. Thus whether a dynasty's allotted span is long or short has its own proper limit. The cases of the seven states of Han and the eight princes of Jin did not achieve such an outcome; disaster came all the sooner.

Cite this Chapter