'''卷二百一十七上''' 列傳第一百四十二上回鶻上

◎回鶻上

◎ The Uyghurs (Part One)

回紇，其先匈奴也，俗多乘高輪車，元魏時亦號高車部，或曰敕勒，訛為鐵勒。其部落曰袁紇、薛延陀、契羽、都播、骨利幹、多覽葛、仆骨、拔野古、同羅、渾、思結、斛薛、奚結、阿跌、白霫，凡十有五種，皆散處磧北。

The Huihe traced their origins to the Xiongnu. They commonly traveled in high-wheeled carts. Under the Northern Wei they were also known as the Gaoche tribes, or as the Chile—a name later corrupted to Tiele. Their tribal groups included the Yuanhe, Xueyantuo, Qiyu, Dubo, Guligan, Duolange, Pugu, Bayegu, Tongluo, Hun, Sijie, Huxue, Xijie, Adie, and Baixi—fifteen in all—scattered across the lands north of the desert.

袁紇者，亦曰烏護，曰烏紇，至隋曰韋紇。其人驍強，初無酋長，逐水草轉徙，善騎射，喜盜鈔，臣於突厥，突厥資其財力雄北荒。大業中，處羅可汗攻脅鐵勒部，裒責其財，既又恐其怨，則集渠豪數百悉坑之，韋紇乃並仆骨、同羅、拔野古叛去，自為俟斤，稱回紇。

The Yuanhe were also known as the Wuhu and the Wuhe; under the Sui dynasty they were called the Weihe. They were a fierce people who at first had no single chief, roaming with pasture and water. They excelled at mounted archery and delighted in plunder. They submitted to the Turks, who drew on their wealth and fighting power to dominate the northern frontier. During the Daye reign, Qaghan Chuluo attacked the Tiele and extorted their wealth. Fearing their resentment afterward, he summoned several hundred tribal leaders and had them all buried alive. The Weihe then rose with the Pugu, Tongluo, and Bayegu, set up their own irkin, and called themselves the Huihe.

回紇姓藥羅葛氏，居薛延陀北娑陵水上，距京師七千里。眾十萬，勝兵半之。地磧鹵，畜多大足羊。有時健俟斤者，眾始推為君長。子曰菩薩，材勇有謀，嗜獵射，戰必身先，所向輒摧破，故下皆畏附，為時健所逐。時健死，部人賢菩薩，立之。母曰烏羅渾，性嚴明，能決平部事。回紇繇是浸盛。與薛延陀共攻突厥北邊，頡利遣欲谷設領騎十萬討之，菩薩身將五千騎破之馬鬛山，追北至天山，大俘其部人，聲震北方。繇是附薛延陀，相唇齒，號活頡利發，樹牙獨樂水上。

The Huihe clan was the Yaglakar. They lived on the Selenga River north of the Xueyantuo, seven thousand li from the capital. They numbered one hundred thousand people, with half that many men fit for war. The land was salty and poor, and they raised mostly fat-tailed sheep. A man named Shijian irkin was the first whom the people acclaimed as their paramount leader. His son was named Pusa—a man of talent, courage, and cunning who loved the hunt and the bow. In battle he always charged ahead, and wherever he struck the foe broke. All the tribes feared and followed him, until Shijian drove him into exile. After Shijian died, the tribes judged Pusa worthy and set him up as their leader. His mother Wuluohun was stern and discerning, and could judge and settle disputes throughout the tribe. From that time the Huihe grew steadily stronger. He joined the Xueyantuo in raiding the Turks' northern marches. Jieli sent the yabgu she at the head of one hundred thousand horsemen against them. Pusa personally led five thousand cavalry, routed them at Mount Mane, and pursued north to the Heavenly Mountains, taking vast numbers prisoner. His renown thundered across the north. He then allied with the Xueyantuo as mutual shield and sword, took the title Huotelifa, and pitched his royal camp on the Duluo River.

，始來朝，獻方物。突厥已亡，惟回紇與薛延陀為最雄強。菩薩死，其酋胡祿俟利發吐迷度與諸部攻薛延陀，殘之，並有其地，遂南逾賀蘭山，境諸河。遣使者獻款，太宗為幸靈州，次涇陽，受其功。於是鐵勒十一部皆來言：「延陀不事大國，以自取亡，其下麕駭鳥散，不知所之。今各有分地，願歸命天子，請置唐官。」有詔張飲高會，引見渠長等，以唐官官之，凡數千人。

They came to court for the first time and presented tribute goods from their land. With the Turks gone, only the Huihe and the Xueyantuo remained the strongest powers of the steppe. After Pusa died, the tribal chief Tumidu, Hulusili fa, led the tribes against the Xueyantuo, broke their power, and took their territory. They then crossed the Helan Mountains to the south and reached the banks of the Yellow River. He sent envoys to pledge allegiance. Emperor Taizong traveled to Lingzhou for his sake and stopped at Jingyang to honor his service. Then the eleven Tiele tribes all came forward and said, "The Xueyantuo refused to serve the great empire and destroyed themselves. Their people fled like frightened deer and scattered birds, with no one knowing where they had gone. Now each of us holds his own territory. We wish to submit to the Son of Heaven and ask that Tang officials be appointed over us. An edict called for a grand banquet. The tribal chiefs were presented in audience and invested with Tang offices—several thousand men in all.

明年復入朝。乃以回紇部為瀚海，多覽葛部為燕然，仆骨部為金微，拔野古部為幽陵，同羅部為龜林，思結部為盧山，皆號都督府；以渾為臯蘭州，斛薛為高闕州，阿跌為雞田州，契羽為榆溪州，奚結為雞鹿州，思結別部為蹛林州，白霫為窴顏州；其西北結骨部為堅昆府，北骨利幹為玄闕州，東北俱羅勃為燭龍州；皆以酋領為都督、刺史、長史、司馬，即故單于臺置燕然都護府統之，六都督、七州皆隸屬，以李素立為燕然都護。其都督、刺史給玄金魚符，黃金為文，天子方招寵遠夷，作絳黃瑞錦文袍、寶刀、珍器賜之。帝坐秘殿，陳十部樂，殿前設高坫，置朱提瓶其上，潛泉浮酒，自左閣通坫趾註之瓶，轉受百斛鐐盎，回紇數千人飲畢，尚不能半。又詔文武五品官以上祖飲尚書省中。渠領共言：「生荒陋地，歸身聖化，天至尊賜官爵，與為百姓，依唐若父母然。請於回紇、突厥部治大塗，號『參天至尊道』，世為唐臣。」乃詔磧南鸊鵜泉之陽置過郵六十八所，具群馬、湩、肉待使客，歲內貂皮為賦。乃拜吐迷度為懷化大將軍、瀚海都督；然私自號可汗，署官吏，壹似突厥，有外宰相六、內宰相三，又有都督、將軍、司馬之號。帝更詔時健俟斤它部為祁連州，隸靈州都督，白霫它部為居延州。

The following year they came to court again. The Huihe were made the Hanhai protectorate, the Duolange Yanshan, the Pugu Jinwei, the Bayegu Youling, the Tongluo Guilin, and the Sijie Lushan—each styled a protectorate; the Hun became Gaolan prefecture, the Huxue Gaoque, the Adie Jitian, the Qiyu Yuxi, the Xijie Jilu, a separate Sijie branch Dailin, and the Baixi Tuyan; to the northwest the Jiegu were made Jiankun prefecture, to the north Guligan Xuanque, and to the northeast Jurubo Zhulong; Tribal leaders were appointed protectors, prefects, chief administrators, and aides. On the site of the old Chanyu Terrace the Yanshan Protectorate was set up to govern them; all six protectorates and seven prefectures were placed under it, and Li Suli was named Yanshan protector. Protectors and prefects received dark-gold fish tally tokens with gold inscriptions. The emperor was courting distant peoples and had crimson-and-yellow brocade robes, precious swords, and rare vessels made to bestow on them. The emperor sat in the inner hall while the music of the ten tribes was performed. Before the hall stood a high altar bearing a Zhuti vase; wine rose from a hidden spring and flowed from the left gate through the base of the altar into the vase, then on into a hundred-bushel cauldron. Several thousand Huihe drank their fill and still could not finish half the wine. He also ordered civil and military officials of the fifth rank and above to host a farewell banquet for them at the Secretariat. The tribal chiefs said together, "We were born in a crude and distant land, but we have submitted to your holy rule. The Heaven-Supreme One has granted us offices and made us his people. We rely on Tang as children rely on their parents. We ask that a great road be built between Huihe and Turk lands, called the Way of the Heaven-Reaching Supreme One, and that we remain subjects of Tang for all generations. An edict then established sixty-eight relay stations south of the desert on the sunny side of Pipi Spring, stocked with herds, kumiss, and meat for traveling envoys. Sable pelts were levied as annual tribute. Tumidu was appointed General Who Cherishes Transformation and Hanhai Protector; yet privately he styled himself qaghan, appointed officials, and organized his state on the Turkish model, with six outer chancellors, three inner chancellors, and the ranks of protector, general, and aide. The emperor further made Shijian irkin's other tribes into Qilian prefecture under the Lingzhou protector, and the Baixi's other tribes into Juyan prefecture.

吐迷度兄子烏紇烝吐迷度之妻，遂與俱陸莫賀達干俱羅勃謀亂而歸車鼻可汗，二人者皆車鼻婿，故烏紇領騎夜劫吐迷度殺之。燕然副都護元禮臣遣使紿烏紇，許白為都督，烏紇不疑，即往謝，因斬以徇。帝恐諸部攜解，命兵部尚書崔敦禮持節臨撫，贈吐迷度左衛大將軍，賻祭備厚，擢其子婆閏左驍衛大將軍，襲父所領。俱羅勃既入朝，帝不遣。阿史那賀魯之盜北庭，婆閏以騎五萬助契何力等破賀魯，收北庭；又從伊麗道行軍總管任雅相等再破賀魯金牙山，遷右衛大將軍，從討高麗有功。

Tumidu's nephew Wuhe married Tumidu's widow. He then plotted rebellion with Jurubo, Julu mohada, intending to return to Qaghan Chebi. Both men were Chebi's sons-in-law, so Wuhe led horsemen by night, seized Tumidu, and killed him. Yuan Lichen, vice-protector of Yanshan, sent an envoy to deceive Wuhe, promising to clear his name and make him protector. Wuhe believed him, came at once to give thanks, and was beheaded as a public warning. Fearing the tribes would break apart, the emperor sent Minister of War Cui Dunli with credentials to reassure them. He posthumously honored Tumidu as Left Guard General with lavish funeral gifts, and promoted his son Porun to Left Valiant Cavalry General to inherit his father's command. Jurubo had come to court, and the emperor would not allow him to return home. When Ashina Helu raided Beiting, Porun led fifty thousand horsemen to help Qibi Heli and others defeat Helu and recover Beiting; he again followed Ren Yaqiang, campaign commander of the Yili route, in a second defeat of Helu at Golden Tooth Mountain, was promoted to Right Guard General, and served with merit in the campaign against Koguryŏ.

婆閏死，子比栗嗣。龍朔中，以燕然都護府領回紇，更號瀚海都護府，以磧為限，大抵北諸蕃悉隸之。比栗死，子獨解支嗣。武后時，突厥默啜方強，取鐵勒故地，故回紇與契、思結、渾三部度磧，徙甘、涼間，然唐常取其壯騎佐赤水軍云。獨解支死，子伏帝匐立。明年，助唐攻殺默啜，於是別部移健頡利發與同羅、霫等皆來，詔置其部於大武軍北。伏帝匐死，子承宗立，涼州都督王君㚟誣暴其罪，流死州。當此時，回紇稍不循，族子瀚海府司馬護輸乘眾怨，共殺君㚟，梗絕安西諸國朝貢道。久之，奔突厥，死。

When Porun died, his son Bili succeeded him. During the Longshuo era the Yanshan Protectorate governing the Huihe was renamed the Hanhai Protectorate. With the desert as its boundary, nearly all northern tribes fell under its authority. When Bili died, his son Dujiezhi succeeded him. Under Empress Wu the Turk Mo-ch'o was strong and seized the old Tiele lands. The Huihe therefore crossed the desert with the Qi, Sijie, and Hun tribes and settled between Gan and Liang. Even so, Tang often drafted their strongest horsemen to serve in the Chishui army. When Dujiezhi died, his son Fudifu succeeded him. The following year they helped Tang attack and kill Mo-ch'o. Then the separate tribes led by Yijian telifa, together with the Tongluo, Xi, and others, all came in. An edict settled their people north of the Dawu army. When Fudifu died, his son Chengzong succeeded. Wang Junlie, protector of Liangzhou, falsely accused him of violent crimes and had him exiled to a distant prefecture, where he died. By then the Huihe had grown restive. A clansman named Hu-lu, aide of the Hanhai prefecture, seized on popular anger and joined in killing Junlie, cutting off the tribute route of the Anxi states. After a time he fled to the Turks and died there.

子骨力裴羅立。會突厥亂，天寶初，裴羅與葛邏祿自稱左右葉護，助拔悉蜜擊走烏蘇可汗。後三年，襲破拔悉蜜，斬頡跌伊施可汗，遣使上狀，自稱骨咄祿毗伽闕可汗，天子以為奉義王，南居突厥故地，徙牙烏德山、昆河之間，南距西城千七百里，西城，漢高闕塞也，北盡磧口三百里，悉有九姓地。九姓者，曰藥羅葛，曰胡咄葛，曰啒羅勿，曰貊歌息訖，曰阿勿嘀，曰葛薩，曰斛嗢素，曰藥勿葛，曰奚牙勿。藥羅葛，回紇姓也，與仆骨、渾、拔、野古、同羅、思結、契六種相等夷，不列於數，後破有拔悉蜜、葛邏祿，總十一姓，並置都督，號十一部落。自是，戰常以二客部為先鋒。有詔拜為骨咄祿毗伽闕懷仁可汗，前殿列仗，中書令內案授冊使者，使者出門升輅，至皇城門，降乘馬，幡節導以行。凡冊可汗，率用此禮。明年，裴羅又攻殺突厥白眉可汗，遣頓啜羅達干來上功，拜裴羅左驍衛員外大將軍，斥地愈廣，東極室韋，西金山，南控大漠，盡得古匈奴地。裴羅死，子磨延啜立，號葛勒可汗，剽悍善用兵，歲遣使者入朝。

His son Gulipeiluo succeeded him. The Turks fell into turmoil. At the start of the Tianbao era Peiluo and the Qarlugs styled themselves left and right yabghu and helped the Basmyls drive off Qaghan Wusu. Three years later he overran the Basmyls, beheaded Qaghan Yiedie Yishi, and sent envoys to report his victory. He styled himself Qutluq Bilge Kül Qaghan, and the emperor made him Prince Who Upholds Righteousness. He moved south into the old Turk lands and pitched his camp between Mount Wude and the Kun River—one thousand seven hundred li south of the Western City, the Han Gaoque Pass—with the desert mouth three hundred li to the north, holding all the territory of the Nine Surnames. The Nine Surnames were the Yaglakar, Huduoge, Waluowu, Mogexiqi, Awudi, Gesa, Huwasu, Yaowuge, and Xiyawu. Yaglakar was the Huihe clan name. Together with the six tribes Pugu, Hun, Bayegu, Tongluo, Sijie, and Qi they stood as equals and were not counted among the nine. Later, after the defeat of the Basmyls and Qarlugs, there were eleven surnames in all; each was given a protector, and they were called the Eleven Tribes. From then on they regularly used the two guest tribes as their vanguard in battle. An edict invested him as Qutluq Bilge Kül Qaghan Who Cherishes Benevolence. Arms were arrayed in the front hall; the chief minister at the inner desk handed the patent to the envoy. The envoy left the gate, mounted his carriage, reached the imperial city gate, dismounted for a horse, and proceeded under banners and insignia. Investiture of a qaghan generally followed this ceremony. The following year Peiluo again attacked and killed the Turk White-Brow Qaghan and sent Dunduoluodagan to report his victory. Peiluo was appointed Left Valiant Cavalry Supernumerary General. His domain grew ever wider: east to the Shiwei, west to the Golden Mountains, south across the great desert—he held all the old Xiongnu lands. When Peiluo died, his son Moyanchuo succeeded, styled Qaghan Gele. Fierce and skilled in war, he sent envoys to court every year.

肅宗即位，使者來請助討祿山，帝詔敦煌郡王承寀與約，而令仆固懷恩送王，因召其兵。可汗喜，以可敦妹為女，妻承寀，遣渠領來請和親，帝欲固其心，即封虜女為毗伽公主。於是可汗自將，與朔方節度使郭子儀合討同羅諸蕃，破之河上。與子儀會呼延谷，可汗恃其強，陳兵引子儀拜狼纛而後見。帝駐彭原，使者葛羅支見，恥班下，帝不欲使鞅鞅，引升殿，慰而遣。俄以大將軍多攬等造朝，及太子葉護身將四千騎來，惟所命。帝因冊毗伽公主為王妃，擢承寀宗正卿；可汗亦封承寀為葉護，給四節，令與其葉護共將。帝命廣平王見葉護，約為昆弟，葉護大喜，使首領達干等先到扶風見子儀，子儀犒飲三日。葉護辭曰：「國多難，我助討逆，何敢食！」固命，乃留。既行，日賜牛四十角、羊八百蹄、米四十斛。

When Emperor Suzong ascended the throne, envoys came asking help against Lushan. The emperor ordered Prince of Dunhuang Chengcai to negotiate the alliance and sent Pugu Huai'en to escort the prince and summon Huihe troops. The qaghan rejoiced, adopted his khatun's younger sister as a daughter, and gave her to Chengcai in marriage. He sent tribal leaders to request a marriage alliance. Wishing to secure his loyalty, the emperor ennobled a palace woman as Princess Pijia. The qaghan then led his army in person and, together with Guo Ziyi, military commissioner of Shuofang, attacked the Tongluo and other tribes, defeating them on the river. He met Ziyi at Huyan Valley. Trusting in his strength, the qaghan drew up his troops and made Ziyi bow to the wolf banner before he would receive him. The emperor was at Pengyuan. Envoy Geluozhi came to audience, ashamed to stand below the court ranks. Not wishing him to leave offended, the emperor brought him up to the hall, comforted him, and dismissed him. Soon the great general Duolan and others came to court, and the heir Yehu personally led four thousand horsemen, ready to obey whatever command was given. The emperor then invested Princess Pijia as royal consort and promoted Chengcai to Director of the Imperial Clan; the qaghan also enfeoffed Chengcai as yabghu, granted him the four seasonal gifts, and ordered him to command jointly with his own yabghu. The emperor ordered the Prince of Guangping to meet Yehu and swear brotherhood with him. Yehu was overjoyed and sent chief leaders including Dagan ahead to Fufeng to see Ziyi, who feasted them for three days. Yehu declined, saying, "The empire is in grave trouble. I have come to help put down the rebels—how can I feast! They pressed him until he agreed to stay. Once they marched, they were supplied each day with forty head of cattle, eight hundred sheep, and forty bushels of grain.

香積之戰，陣澧上，賊詭伏騎於王師左，將襲我，仆固懷恩麾回紇馳之，盡翦其伏，乃出賊背，與鎮西、北庭節度使李嗣業夾之，賊大敗，進收長安。懷恩率回紇、南蠻、大食眾繚都而南，壁浐東，進次陜西，戰新店。初，回紇至曲沃，葉護使將軍鼻施吐撥裴羅旁南山東出，搜賊伏谷中，殲之，營山陰。子儀等與賊戰，傾軍逐北，亂而卻，回紇望見，即逾西嶺，曳旗趨賊，出其後，賊反顧，遂大潰，追奔數十里，人馬相騰蹂，死者不可計，收仗械如丘。嚴莊挾安慶緒棄東京北度河，回紇大掠東都三日，奸人導之，府庫窮殫，廣平王欲止不可，而耆老以繒錦萬匹賂回紇，止不剽。葉護還京師，帝遣群臣勞之長樂，帝坐前殿，召葉護升階，席酋領於下，宴且勞之，人人賜錦繡繒器。葉護頓首言：「留兵沙苑，臣歸料馬，以收范陽，訖除殘盜。」帝曰：「為朕竭義勇，成大事，卿等力也。」詔進司空，爵忠義王，歲給絹二萬匹，使至朔方軍受賜。

At the battle of Xiangji the armies formed on the Li River. The rebels hid cavalry to the left of the imperial forces, ready to strike. Pugu Huai'en sent the Huihe charging in and wiped out the ambush. They then struck from behind while Li Siye, military commissioner of Zhenxi and Beiting, attacked from the front. The rebels were routed, and the army advanced to recover Chang'an. Huai'en led the Huihe, southern tribes, and Arab forces south around the capital, encamped east of the Chan, advanced to Shaanxi, and fought at Xindian. When the Huihe first reached Quwo, Yehu sent General Bishi Tubo Peiluo east along the southern mountains to hunt rebel ambushes in the valleys, destroyed them, and encamped on the northern slope. Ziyi and his forces fought the rebels and threw the whole army into a northward pursuit, then fell into disorder and fell back. The Huihe saw this, crossed the western ridge at once, swept their banners toward the enemy, and struck from behind. The rebels looked back and broke in rout. The pursuit ran for miles; men and horses trampled one another, and the dead were beyond count. Captured weapons piled like hills. Yan Zhuang took An Qingxu and abandoned the Eastern Capital, fleeing north across the river. The Huihe looted the Eastern Capital for three days while villains guided them, emptying the treasuries. The Prince of Guangping tried to stop them but could not, until the elders bribed the Huihe with ten thousand bolts of silk and brocade and the looting ceased. Yehu returned to the capital. The emperor sent ministers to welcome him at Changle. Sitting in the front hall, the emperor summoned Yehu to ascend the steps, seated the tribal chiefs below, feasted and honored them, and gave each man brocade, silk, and fine vessels. Yehu bowed low and said, "Leave the troops at Shayuan. I will return to gather horses and recover Fanyang, until every last rebel is destroyed. The emperor said, "You have spent your righteous valor for me and accomplished a great deed. This victory is your doing." An edict promoted him to Grand Marshal and enfeoffed him as Prince of Loyal Righteousness, with an annual grant of twenty thousand bolts of silk to be received at the Shuofang army.

，回紇使者多彥阿波與黑衣大食酋閣之等俱朝，爭長，有司使異門並進。又使請昏，許之。帝以幼女寧國公主下嫁，即冊磨延啜為英武威遠毗伽可汗，詔漢中郡王瑀攝御史大夫為冊命使，以宗子右司郎中巽兼御史中丞為禮會使，並以副瑀，尚書右僕射裴冕送諸境。帝餞公主，因幸咸陽，數尉勉，主泣曰：「國方多事，死不恨。」瑀至虜，而可汗胡帽赭袍坐帳中，儀衛光嚴，引瑀立帳外，問曰：「王，天可汗何屬？」瑀曰：「從昆弟也。」時中人雷靈俊立瑀上，又問：「立王上者為誰？」瑀曰：「中人也。」可汗曰：「中人奴爾，顧立郎上乎？」靈俊趨下。於是引瑀入，瑀不拜，可汗曰：「見國君，禮無不拜。」瑀曰：「天子顧可汗有功，以愛女結好。比中國與夷狄婚，皆宗室子。今寧國乃帝玉女，有德容，萬里來降，可汗天子婿，當以禮見，安踞受詔邪？」可汗慚，乃起奉詔，拜受冊。翌日，尊主為可敦。瑀所賫賜物，可汗盡與其牙下酋領。瑀還，獻馬五百匹、貂裘、白氈等。乃使王子骨啜特勒、宰相帝德等率騎三千助討賊，帝因命仆固懷恩總之。又遣大首領蓋將軍與三女子謝婚，並告破堅昆功。明年，骨啜與九節度戰相州，王師潰，帝德等奔京師，帝厚賜尉其意，乃還。俄而可汗死，國人欲以公主殉，主曰：「中國人婿死，朝夕臨，喪期三年，此終禮也。回紇萬里結昏，本慕中國，吾不可以殉。」乃止，然剺面哭，亦從其俗云。後以無子，得還。

The Huihe envoy Duoyan Abo and Yan Zhi, chief of the Black-Robed Arabs, came to court together and disputed precedence. The authorities had them enter by separate gates at the same time. They again sent envoys to request a marriage alliance, and the emperor agreed. The emperor gave his young daughter Princess Ningguo in marriage and invested Moyanchuo as Qaghan Yingwu Weiyuan Pijia. He appointed Prince of Hanzhong Yu, acting censor-in-chief, as investiture envoy, and clansman Xun of the Right Department, concurrently vice censor-in-chief, as rites envoy—both as Yu's deputies—with Right Vice Director Pei Mian escorting the princess to the border. The emperor saw the princess off and visited Xianyang, comforting her again and again. The princess wept and said, "The empire is in crisis. I do not regret dying for it. When Yu reached the qaghan's camp, the qaghan sat in his tent wearing a barbarian cap and crimson robe, his guards splendid and stern. He had Yu stand outside the tent and asked, "Prince, what is the Heaven Qaghan to you?" Yu said, "He is a cousin brother." At that moment the eunuch Lei Lingjun stood above Yu on a platform. The qaghan asked again, "Who is the man standing above you?" Yu said, "A palace attendant." The qaghan said, "Palace attendants are slaves. Why should one stand above a gentleman?" Lingjun hurried down at once. He then led Yu inside. Yu did not bow. The qaghan said, "When one meets a ruler of a state, custom requires a bow. Yu said, "The Son of Heaven, mindful of your merit, has joined our houses through his beloved daughter. When China marries barbarian rulers, it has always been with daughters of the imperial clan. Princess Ningguo is the emperor's own daughter, virtuous and gracious, who has traveled ten thousand li to marry you. You are the Son of Heaven's son-in-law and ought to receive his envoy with courtesy. How can you sit sprawled and take the patent? Ashamed, the qaghan rose, received the patent with both hands, and bowed to accept the investiture. The next day he honored the princess as khatun. The gifts Yu had brought, the qaghan gave in full to the tribal chiefs of his royal camp. When Yu returned, he presented five hundred horses, sable furs, white felts, and other goods. The court then sent the prince Guchuo tegin, Chancellor Dide, and others at the head of three thousand horsemen to help suppress the rebels, and the emperor ordered Pugu Huai'en to take overall command. He also sent the great chieftain General Gai with three women to thank the court for the marriage alliance and to report the victory over Jian Kun. The next year Guchuo fought the nine military commissioners at Xiang Prefecture. The imperial army was routed. Dide and the others fled to the capital. The emperor gave them rich rewards to console them, and they then returned home. Before long the qaghan died. His people wanted the princess to follow him in death. She said, "When a Chinese woman's husband dies, she attends him morning and evening, and mourning lasts three years—that is the full rite. The Huihe came ten thousand li to wed because they admired China. I cannot die with him. They relented, but she lacerated her face in mourning all the same, following their custom. Later, because she had borne no son, she was allowed to return to China.

始葉護太子前得罪死，故次子移地健立，號牟羽可汗，其妻，仆固懷恩女也。始可汗為少子請昏，帝以妻之，至是為可敦。明年，使大臣俱錄莫賀達干等入朝，並問公主起居，使人通謁於延英殿。

Crown Prince Yabghu had earlier died after falling from favor, so the second son Yidi Jian succeeded him as Qaghan Mouyu. His wife was Pugu Huai'en's daughter. The late qaghan had asked the emperor to marry his younger son; the emperor had given him a bride, and she now became khatun. The next year he sent the senior minister Julu Moyancho and others to court, inquiring after the princess's welfare as well. Their envoys were received in audience at the Yanying Hall.

代宗即位，以史朝義未滅，復遣中人劉清潭往結好，且發其兵。比使者至，回紇已為朝義所訹，曰：「唐薦有喪，國無主，且亂，請回紇入收府庫，其富不貲。」可汗即引兵南，八月也。清潭賫詔至其帳，可汗曰：「人言唐已亡，安得有使邪？」清潭為言：「先帝雖棄天下，廣平王已即天子位，其仁聖英武類先帝，故與葉護收二京、破安慶緒者，是與可汗素厚，且唐歲給回紇繒絹，豈忘之邪？」是時，回紇已逾三城，見州縣榛萊，烽障無守，有輕唐色。乃遣使北收單于府兵、倉庫，數以語淩靳清潭。清潭密白帝：「回紇兵十萬向塞。」朝廷震驚，遣殿中監藥子昂迎勞，且視軍，遇於太原，密識其兵裁四千，孺弱萬餘，馬四萬，與可敦偕來。帝令懷恩與回紇會。因遣使上書，請助天子討賊。回紇欲入蒲關，徑沙苑而東，子昂說曰：「自寇亂來，州縣殘虛，供億無所資，且賊在東京，若入井陘，以取邢、洺、衛、懷，收賊財帑，乃鼓而南，上策也。」不聽。子昂曰：「然則趨懷太行道，南據河陽，扼賊喉衿。」又不聽。曰：「食太原倉粟，右次陜，與澤潞、河南、懷鄭兵合。」回紇從之。

When Emperor Daizong ascended the throne, Shi Chaoyi was still at large, so he again sent the palace attendant Liu Qingtan to renew the alliance and summon Huihe troops. Before the envoy arrived, Chaoyi had already swayed the Huihe with the claim that Tang had just lost its emperor, had no ruler, and was in chaos. "Let the Huihe march in and seize the treasuries," he said. "The wealth is beyond counting. The qaghan thereupon led his army south. It was the eighth month. Qingtan arrived at the qaghan's camp with the imperial patent. The qaghan said, "People say Tang is already gone. How can there still be envoys? Qingtan replied, "The late emperor has indeed passed away, but the Prince of Guangling has already taken the throne. He is benevolent, wise, and martial like his father—the same ally who with Yabghu recovered the two capitals and destroyed An Qingxu, and whom you have long known. Besides, Tang pays the Huihe silks and gauzes every year. Would he forget that?" By then the Huihe had already crossed the frontier passes. Seeing prefectures and counties overgrown and undefended, they began to despise Tang. He sent envoys north to seize the troops and stores of the Chanyu Protectorate, repeatedly saying such things to humiliate Qingtan. Qingtan secretly reported to the emperor, "A hundred thousand Huihe soldiers are marching on the frontier. The court was alarmed and sent Yao Zi'ang of the Palace Directorate to welcome them, offer gifts, and inspect their forces. They met at Taiyuan. He secretly counted only four thousand fighting men, more than ten thousand women and children, and forty thousand horses. The khatun had come with them. The emperor ordered Huai'en to link up with the Huihe. The Huihe then sent envoys with a memorial offering to help the Son of Heaven suppress the rebels. The Huihe wanted to enter through Puguan Pass and strike east across Shayuan. Zi'ang urged them, "Since the rebellion the countryside has been ruined and there is nothing to supply you. The rebels hold the Eastern Capital. If you take the Jingxing route to seize Xing, Ming, Wei, and Huai, gather their wealth and stores, and then march south beating the drums—that is the best plan. They refused. Zi'ang said, "Then take the Taihang road through Huai, hold Heyang to the south, and choke the rebels' lifeline. Again they refused. He said, "Eat grain from Taiyuan's granaries, then swing west to Shan and join the armies of Ze-Lu, Henan, and Huai-Zheng. The Huihe accepted this plan.

詔以雍王為天下兵馬元帥，進子昂兼御史中丞，與右羽林衛將軍魏琚為左右廂兵馬使，中書舍人韋少華為元帥判官，御史中丞李進為行軍司馬，東會回紇。敕元帥為諸軍先鋒，與諸節度會陜州。時可汗壁陜州北，王往見之，可汗責王不蹈舞。子昂辭曰：「王，嫡皇孫，二宮在殯，禮不可以蹈舞。」回紇廷詰曰：「可汗為唐天子弟，於王，叔父行也，容有不蹈舞乎？」子昂固拒，即言：「元帥，唐太子也，將君中國，而可舞蹈見可汗哉？」回紇君臣度不能屈，即引子昂、進、少華、琚搒之百，少華、琚一夕死，王還營。官軍以王見辱，將合誅回紇，王以賊未滅止之。

The emperor appointed the Prince of Yong commander-in-chief of all armies under heaven, promoted Zi'ang to concurrent censor-in-chief, and paired him with Right Wing Linwei General Wei Ju as left and right wing commanders. Zhongshu Sheren Wei Shaohua became the marshal's chief aide, and Censor-in-Chief Li Jin became army march secretary. They marched east to join the Huihe. The prince was ordered to lead the vanguard of all armies and rendezvous with the military commissioners at Shan Prefecture. The qaghan was then encamped north of Shan Prefecture. When the prince went to see him, the qaghan rebuked him for failing to perform the treading dance. Zi'ang objected, "The prince is the legitimate imperial grandson. With the two palaces still in mourning, ritual forbids him to dance. The Huihe pressed him in open court. "The qaghan is the Tang emperor's younger brother," they said. "To the prince he is an uncle. How can he refuse to dance?" Zi'ang held firm. "The marshal is Tang's crown prince and future ruler of China. How can he dance before the qaghan?" Seeing they could not bend him, the Huihe ruler and his ministers had Zi'ang, Jin, Shaohua, and Ju flogged a hundred times. Shaohua and Ju died that night. The prince returned to camp. The imperial armies, furious at the insult to the prince, were ready to turn on the Huihe and destroy them, but the prince forbade it while the rebels still lived.

於是，懷恩與虜左殺為先驅。朝義使反間，左殺執以獻，與諸將同擊賊，戰橫水，走之，進收東都。可汗使拔賀那賀天子，獻朝義旗物。雍王還靈寶，可汗屯河陽，留三月，屯旁人困於剽辱。仆固玚率回紇兵與朝義挐戰，蹀血二千里，梟其首，河北悉平。懷恩道相州西山崞口還屯，可汗出澤、潞，與懷恩會，道太原去。

Huai'en and the Huihe commander Zuo Sha then led the vanguard. Chaoyi tried to sow discord through agents, but Zuo Sha seized them and handed them over. He and the other generals attacked the rebels, fought at Hengshui, routed them, and advanced to recover the Eastern Capital. The qaghan sent Bahana to congratulate the emperor and present Chaoyi's banners and gear. The Prince of Yong withdrew to Lingbao. The qaghan camped at Heyang for three months, and the people around his camps suffered relentless plunder and abuse. Pugu Chang led Huihe troops in a running fight with Chaoyi, trampling blood across two thousand li. They took his head, and Hebei was fully pacified. Huai'en withdrew to camp by way of Gukou in the western hills of Xiang Prefecture. The qaghan marched out through Ze and Lu, met Huai'en, and left by way of Taiyuan.

初，回紇至東京，放兵攘剽，人皆遁保聖善、白馬二祠浮屠避之，回紇怒，火浮屠，殺萬餘人，及是益橫，詬折官吏，至以兵夜斫含光門，入鴻臚寺。方其時，陜州節度使郭英乂留守東都，與魚朝恩及朔方軍驕肆，因回紇為暴，亦掠汝、鄭間，鄉不完廬，皆蔽紙為裳，虐於賊矣。

When the Huihe first reached the Eastern Capital they had let their soldiers plunder at will. People fled into the pagodas of the Shengshan and Baima monasteries for refuge. Enraged, the Huihe burned the pagodas and killed more than ten thousand people. Now they grew still bolder, insulting and browbeating officials, even sending troops by night to break through the Hanguang Gate and storm the Honglu Temple. At that time Guo Yingyi, military commissioner of Shanzhou, held the Eastern Capital as garrison commander. He, Yu Chao'en, and the Shuofang troops were arrogant and violent. Riding on the Huihe's depredations, they plundered between Ru and Zheng as well. In the countryside scarcely a whole house remained; people wrapped themselves in paper for clothing and suffered worse than under the rebels.

帝念少華等死，故贈少華左散騎常侍，琚揚州大都督，賜一子六品官。於是冊可汗曰頡咄登里骨啜蜜施合俱錄英義建功毗伽可汗，可敦曰娑墨光親麗華毗伽可敦，以左散騎常侍王翊使，即其牙命之，自可汗至宰相共賜實封二萬戶。又以左殺為雄朔王，右殺寧朔王，胡祿都督金河王，拔鑒將軍靜漠王，十都督皆國公。

Mindful of Shaohua's death and the others', the emperor posthumously appointed Shaohua Left Regular Attendant of Scattered Cavalry and Ju Governor-General of Yang Prefecture, and granted one son a sixth-rank office. He then invested the qaghan as Keduo Dengli Guchuo Mishehe Julu Yingyi Jian Gong Pijia Qaghan and his consort as Suomo Guangqin Lihua Pijia Khatun, sending Wang Yi, Left Regular Attendant of Scattered Cavalry, to invest them at the royal camp. From the qaghan down to his chancellors, each received a substantive fief of twenty thousand households. He also enfeoffed Zuo Sha as Prince of Xiongshuo, You Sha as Prince of Ningshuo, the Hulu Protector as Prince of Jinhe, General Bajian as Prince of Jingmo, and all ten tribal protectors as dukes of state.

永泰初，懷恩反，誘回紇、吐蕃入寇。俄而懷恩死，二虜爭長，回紇首領潛詣涇陽見郭子儀，請改事。子儀率麾下叩回紇營。回紇曰：「願見令公。」子儀出旗門，回紇曰：「請釋甲。」子儀易服。酋長相顧曰：「真是公矣！」時李光進、路嗣恭介馬在側，子儀示酋長曰：「此渭北節度使某，朔方軍糧使某。」酋長下馬拜，子儀亦下見之。虜數百環視，子儀麾下亦至，子儀麾左右使卻，且命酒與飲，遺以纏頭彩三千，召可汗弟合胡祿等持手，因讓曰：「上念回紇功，報爾固厚，何負而來？今即與汝戰，何遽降也？我將獨入爾營，雖殺我，吾將士能擊汝。」酋長詟服曰：「懷恩詭我曰『唐天子南走，公見廢』，是以來。今天可汗在，公無恙，吾等願還擊吐蕃以報厚恩。然懷恩子，可敦弟也，願赦死。」於是子儀持酒，胡祿請盟而飲，子儀曰：「唐天子萬歲，回紇可汗亦萬歲，二國將相如之。有如負約，身死行陣，家屠戮。」方時，虜宰相磨咄莫賀達干、頓莫賀達干等聞言皆奪氣，酒至其所，輒曰：「無易公誓。」始，虜有二巫，言「此行必不戰，當見大人而還」；及是相顧笑曰：「巫不吾紿也。」

At the start of the Yongtai era Huai'en rebelled and induced the Huihe and Tibetans to raid the frontier. Soon afterward Huai'en died. The two allies quarreled over precedence. A Huihe chieftain slipped away to Jingyang to see Guo Ziyi and offered to switch sides. Ziyi went with his escort to the Huihe camp. The Huihe said, "We wish to see Lord Duke. Ziyi stepped out through the banner gate. The Huihe said, "Lay aside your armor." Ziyi put off his armor and weapons. The chieftains looked at one another and exclaimed, "It truly is the lord! Li Guangjin and Lu Sigong were then at his side on horseback. Ziyi pointed them out to the chieftains and said, "This is the military commissioner of Weibei; this is the grain commissioner of Shuofang." The chieftains dismounted and bowed. Ziyi dismounted to receive them in turn. Hundreds of tribesmen ringed them round. Ziyi's own men arrived as well. He waved his attendants back, ordered wine, and gave three thousand bolts of headcloth silks. Taking the qaghan's younger brother He Hulu and others by the hand, he reproached them: "The emperor remembers your service to Tang and has rewarded you richly. Why have you betrayed us and come? If I fight you now, why have you come begging peace so quickly? I will enter your camp alone. Even if you kill me, my soldiers can still destroy you. Awed, the chieftains submitted. "Huai'en tricked us," they said. "He told us the Son of Heaven had fled south and that you had been removed. That is why we came. But the qaghan lives, you are safe, and we are willing to turn back and attack the Tibetans to repay your kindness. Huai'en's son, however, is the khatun's brother. We beg you to spare his life." Ziyi raised the wine. He Hulu asked to swear and drink together. Ziyi said, "Long live the Son of Heaven of Tang! Long live the Huihe qaghan! May the ministers and generals of both states be as we are now. If anyone breaks this oath, may he die on the field and his house be destroyed." The Huihe chancellors Modu Moyancho, Dun Moyancho, and others lost heart at his words. When the cup reached them they would say only, "Do not change the lord's oath." Earlier two Huihe shamans had declared, "This campaign will bring no battle. We shall see a great man and return." Now they looked at one another and laughed. "The shamans did not lie to us," they said. So they ended.

朔方先鋒兵馬使白元光合回紇兵於靈臺，會雪嚴晦，吐蕃閉營撤備，乃縱擊之，斬首五萬級，生禽萬人，獲馬、橐它、牛、羊，收所俘唐戶五千。仆固名臣降，合胡祿都督等二百人皆來朝，賜與不可計。子儀以名臣見。名臣，懷恩兄子，銳將也。

Bai Yuanguang, Shuofang's vanguard commander, joined Huihe forces at Lingtai. Snow fell thick and the sky was dark. The Tibetans shut their camps and dropped their guard. He then struck, beheading fifty thousand men, taking ten thousand alive, and seizing horses, camels, cattle, and sheep. He also recovered five thousand Tang subjects who had been captured. Pugu Mingchen surrendered. He Hulu the protector and two hundred others came to court, and rewards beyond counting were lavished on them. Ziyi presented Mingchen to the throne. Mingchen was Huai'en's nephew, a fierce commander.

，光親可敦卒，帝遣右散騎常侍蕭昕持節吊祠。明年，以懷恩幼女為崇徽公主繼室，兵部侍郎李涵持節冊拜可敦，賜繒彩二萬。是時，財用屈，稅公卿騾、橐它給行，宰相餞中渭橋。

Khatun Guangqin died. The emperor sent Xiao Xin, Right Regular Attendant of Scattered Cavalry, with credentials to offer condolences and perform the rites. The next year he married Huai'en's young daughter to the qaghan as Princess Chonghui, succeeding the late khatun. Li Han, Vice Minister of War, was sent with credentials to invest her, and twenty thousand bolts of silks were granted. Finances were strained at the time. The court levied mules and camels from high officials to equip the mission, and the chief ministers saw them off at the Zhongwei Bridge.

回紇之留京師者，曹輩掠女子於市，引騎犯含光門，皇城皆闔，詔劉清潭慰止。復出暴市物，奪長安令邵說馬，有司不敢何詰。自乾元後，益負功，每納一馬，取直四十縑，歲以數萬求售，使者相躡，留舍鴻臚，駘弱不可用，帝厚賜欲以愧之，不知也。復以萬馬來，帝不忍重煩民，為償六千。十年，回紇殺人橫道，京兆尹黎幹捕之，詔貸勿劾。又刺人東市，縛送萬年獄，首領劫取囚，殘獄吏去，都人厭苦。

Huihe who remained in the capital were robbing women in the markets and riding through the Hanguang Gate. The whole imperial city was shut tight. The emperor sent Liu Qingtan to calm them. They went out again to loot the markets and seized the horse of Shao Yue, mayor of Chang'an. The authorities did not dare intervene. After the Qianyuan era they grew bolder still on account of their service. For every horse they presented they demanded forty bolts of silk, and each year they offered tens of thousands for sale. Envoys arrived in endless succession and lodged at the Honglu Temple with worn, useless nags. The emperor heaped gifts on them hoping to shame them into moderation, but they never understood. They brought ten thousand horses again. Unwilling to burden the people further, the emperor bought six thousand. In the tenth year Huihe killed people in the streets. Li Gan, intendant of Jingzhao, arrested the culprits. An edict ordered their release and forbade prosecution. They stabbed another man in the eastern market, bound him, and sent him to the Wan'ian jail. A chieftain seized the prisoner, maimed the jailers, and rode off. The people of the capital were worn past endurance.

十三年，回紇襲振武，攻東陘，入寇太原。河東節度使鮑防與戰陽曲，防敗績，殘殺萬人。代州都督張光晟又戰羊虎谷，破之，虜乃去。

In the thirteenth year the Huihe raided Zhenwu, attacked Dongxing, and invaded Taiyuan. Bao Fang, military commissioner of Hedong, met them at Yangqu and was routed. More than ten thousand people were slaughtered. Zhang Guangcheng, protector of Daizhou, fought them again at Yanghugu and defeated them, and the raiders withdrew.

德宗立，使中人告喪，且脩好。時九姓胡勸可汗入寇，可汗欲悉師向塞，見使者不為禮。宰相頓莫賀達干曰：「唐，大國，無負於我。前日入太原，取羊馬數萬，比及國，亡耗略盡。今舉國遠鬥，有如不捷，將安歸？」可汗不聽，頓莫賀怒，因擊殺之，並屠其支黨及九姓胡幾二千人，即自立為合骨咄祿毗伽可汗，使長建達干從使者入朝。，詔京兆少尹源休持節冊頓莫賀為武義成功可汗。

When Emperor Dezong ascended the throne he sent a palace attendant to announce the late emperor's death and renew the alliance. The Nine Surnames Hu were then urging the qaghan to raid. He meant to march his whole army on the frontier and treated the envoy with open contempt. Chancellor Dun Moyancho said, "Tang is a great power and has done us no wrong. When we raided Taiyuan we took tens of thousands of sheep and horses, yet by the time we reached home almost all were gone. If we march the whole nation far to fight and do not win, where will we go home to? The qaghan refused to listen. Enraged, Dun Moyancho struck him down and slaughtered his kin and the Nine Surnames Hu as well—nearly two thousand people in all. He then proclaimed himself Qaghan He'gulu Pijia and sent Chief Minister Chang Jiandagan to court with the envoy. The emperor sent Yuan Xiu, Vice Director of the Capital, with credentials to invest Dun Moyancho as Qaghan Wuyi Chenggong.

始回紇至中國，常參以九姓胡，往往留京師，至千人，居貲殖產甚厚。會酋長突董、翳蜜施、大小梅錄等還國，裝橐系道，留振武三月，供擬珍豐，費不貲。軍使張光晟陰伺之，皆盛女子以橐，光晟使驛吏刺以長錐，然後知之。已而聞頓莫賀新立，多殺九姓胡人，懼不敢歸，往往亡去，突董察視嚴亟。群胡獻計於光晟，請悉斬回紇，光晟許之，即上言：「回紇非素強，助之者九胡爾。今其國亂，兵方相加，而虜利則往，財則合，無財與利，一亂不振。不以此時乘之，復歸人與幣，是謂借賊兵，資盜糧也。」乃使裨校陽不禮，突董果怒，鞭之。光晟因勒兵盡殺回紇群胡，收橐它、馬數千，繒錦十萬，且告曰：「回紇抶大將，謀取振武，謹先誅之。」部送女子還長安。帝召光晟還，以彭令方代之，遣中人與回紇使聿達干往言其端，因欲與虜絕。敕源休俟命太原。明年，乃行，因歸突董等四喪。突董，可汗諸父也。源休至，可汗令大臣具車馬出迎，其大相頡幹迦斯踞坐責休等殺突董事，休言：「彼自與張光晟鬥死，非天子命。」又曰：「使者皆負死罪，唐不自戮，何假手於我邪？」良久罷去，休等幾死。留五旬，卒不見可汗。可汗傳謂休曰：「國人皆欲爾死，我獨不然。突董等已亡，今又殺爾，猶以血濯血，徒益汙。吾以水濯血，不亦善乎？為我言有司，所負馬直一百八十萬，可速償我。」遣散支將軍康赤心等隨休來朝。帝隱忍，賜以金繒。

From the time the Huihe first came to China they usually brought Nine Surnames Hu with them. Many stayed on in the capital—sometimes as many as a thousand—and grew very rich. When the chieftains Tudong, Yimishi, and the great and small Meilu returned home, their baggage trains filled the roads. They lingered at Zhenwu three months on lavish provisions at ruinous expense. Army commander Zhang Guangcheng watched them secretly. They had packed women into their baggage. He had relay clerks pierce the sacks with long awls and only then discovered it. Soon they heard Dun Moyancho had seized power and slaughtered many Nine Surnames Hu. Afraid to return, many fled. Tudong kept them under tight guard. The Hu collectively urged Guangcheng to kill every Huihe at once. He agreed and memorialized, "The Huihe are not strong in themselves; the Nine Hu are what make them formidable. Now their realm is in turmoil and their armies are fighting one another. When they see profit they march; when they see wealth they unite. Without wealth or profit they cannot hold together in chaos. If we do not strike now but again give them men and money, we will be lending arms to bandits and feeding grain to thieves. He sent the lieutenant Yang Buli. Tudong was enraged and had him flogged. Guangcheng then led his troops and slaughtered every Huihe and Hu in the party, seizing thousands of camels and horses and a hundred thousand bolts of silks and brocades. He reported, "The Huihe beat a senior commander and plotted to take Zhenwu, so I have executed them first. He sent the women back to Chang'an under guard. The emperor recalled Guangcheng, installed Peng Lingfang in his place, and sent an eunuch with the Huihe envoy Lü Dagan to explain what had happened, intending to sever relations with the barbarians. He ordered Yuan Xiu to remain at Taiyuan awaiting instructions. The following year he set out, escorting home the four coffins of Tudong and the others. Tudong was a paternal uncle of the qaghan. When Yuan Xiu arrived, the qaghan ordered his ministers to ready carriages and horses to welcome him. The great chancellor Xiegan Jiasi sat cross-legged and rebuked Xiu and his party for killing Tudong. Xiu said, "They died fighting Zhang Guangcheng on their own—it was not on the Son of Heaven's orders. He also said, "Your envoys are all guilty of capital crimes. If Tang will not put them to death itself, why use our hand?" After a long while he let them go. Xiu and the others came close to death. They stayed fifty days and in the end never saw the qaghan. The qaghan sent word to Xiu, "All my people want you dead; I alone do not. Tudong and the others are already dead. To kill you now would be washing blood with blood and would only add to the stain. To wash blood with water—would that not be better? Tell the authorities for me that the horse price owed is 1.8 million and that they should repay me at once. He sent General Kang Chixin of the Sanzhi branch and others to accompany Xiu to court. The emperor swallowed his anger and bestowed gold and silks on them.

後三年，使使者獻方物，請和親。帝蓄前恚未平，謂宰相李泌曰：「和親待子孫圖之，朕不能已。」泌曰：「陛下豈以陜州故憾乎？」帝曰：「然。朕方天下多難，未能報，且毋議和。」泌曰：「辱少華等乃牟羽可汗也，知陛下即位必償怨，乃謀先苦邊，然兵未出，為今可汗所殺矣。今可汗初立，遣使來告，垂髮不翦，待天子命。而張光晟殺突董等。雖幽止使人，然卒完歸，則為無罪矣。」帝曰：「卿言則然，顧朕不可負少華等，奈何？」泌曰：「臣謂陛下不負少華，少華負陛下。且北虜君長身赴難，陛下在藩，春秋未壯，而輕度河入其營，所謂冒豺虎之場也。為少華等計，當先定會見禮，臣猶危之，奈何孑然赴哉？臣昔為先帝行軍司馬，方葉護來，先帝祗使宴於府。及議征討，則不見也。葉護邀臣至營，帝不許，使好謂曰：『主當勞客，客返勞主邪？』東收京師，約曰：『土地、人眾歸我，玉帛、子女予回紇。』戰勝，葉護欲大掠，代宗下馬拜之，回紇乃東向洛。臣猶恨以元帥拜葉護於馬前，為左右過，然先帝曰：『王仁孝，足辦朕事。』下詔尉勉。葉護乃牟羽諸父也，牟羽之來，陛下以元子不拜於帳下，而可汗不敢少有失於陛下，則陛下未嘗屈矣。先帝拜葉護，全京城，陛下乃不拜可汗，固伸威於虜，何恨焉？然計香積、陜州事，以屈己為是乎？伸威為是乎？藉令少華等以陛下見可汗，閉壁五日，與陛下張飲，天下豈不寒心哉？而天助威神，使豺狼馴服，牟羽母捧陛下以貂裘，叱左右促命騎，躬送出營。此少華等負陛下也。假令牟羽為有罪，則今可汗已殺之，立者乃牟羽從父兄，是為有功，渠可忘之邪？且回紇可汗銘石立國門曰：『唐使來，當使知我前後功』云。今請和，必舉部南望，陛下不之答，其怨必深。願聽昏而約用開元故事，如突厥可汗稱臣，使來者不過二百，市馬不過千，不以唐人出塞，亦無不可者。」帝曰：「善。」乃許降公主，回紇亦請如約。詔咸安公主下嫁，又詔使者合闕達干見公主於麟德殿，使中謁者賫公主畫圖賜可汗。

Three years later they sent envoys with tribute and a request for a marriage alliance. The emperor still nursed his old grievance and said to Chief Minister Li Mi, "Let posterity plan a marriage alliance. I cannot agree to one now. Li Mi said, "Does Your Majesty still resent what happened at Shanzhou?" The emperor said, "Yes. The realm is still in many troubles and I cannot yet settle the score. For now do not discuss peace." Li Mi said, "The humiliation of Shaohua and the others was the doing of Qaghan Moyu. Knowing that when Your Majesty took the throne you would surely exact revenge, he plotted first to harry the frontier—but before his troops could march, the present qaghan killed him. The present qaghan has only just succeeded. He sent envoys to announce his accession, leaving his hair uncut until he received the Son of Heaven's command. Yet Zhang Guangcheng killed Tudong and the others. Although the envoys were detained, they returned safe and whole in the end—so Tang is not guilty. The emperor said, "What you say is true, but I cannot fail Shaohua and the others. What then?" Li Mi said, "I would say Your Majesty did not fail Shaohua—Shaohua failed Your Majesty. Moreover, when the northern chieftains came in person to aid in the crisis, Your Majesty was still crown prince and not yet fully grown, yet you lightly crossed the river and entered their camp—what people call walking into a den of wolves and tigers. On Shaohua's plan, they should first have fixed the ceremony for your meeting. I would still have thought that dangerous—how could you go alone? I once served the late emperor as army march secretary. When Yehu came, the late emperor merely had him entertained at the princely residence. When military affairs were discussed, he was not received. Yehu invited me to his camp. The emperor would not allow it and sent a courteous message: "The host should entertain the guest—should the guest turn and entertain the host?" When we marched east to recover the capital, the agreement was: "Land and people are ours; silks and women go to the Huihe." After victory Yehu wanted to plunder on a grand scale. Emperor Daizong dismounted and bowed to him, and the Huihe then turned east toward Luoyang. I still regret that the commander-in-chief bowed to Yehu from horseback—that was a mistake of those around him. Yet the late emperor said, "The prince is filial and capable; he can accomplish my affairs." An edict was issued to console and encourage him. Yehu was Moyu's paternal uncle. When Moyu came, Your Majesty as eldest son did not bow beneath his tent—and the qaghan dared not show the slightest disrespect toward Your Majesty. Thus Your Majesty never humbled yourself. The late emperor bowed to Yehu and saved the capital. Your Majesty did not bow to the qaghan—you firmly asserted prestige over the barbarians. What is there to resent? Yet when you weigh Xiangji and Shanzhou—was humbling yourself right? Or was asserting prestige right? Suppose Shaohua and the others had brought Your Majesty to see the qaghan, shut you in for five days, and feasted with you lavishly—would not the whole realm have been chilled to the heart? Yet Heaven aided with its awesome spirit and made wolves and tigers submit. Moyu's mother wrapped Your Majesty in a sable coat, rebuked the attendants to hurry the horse, and personally escorted you out of camp. That was Shaohua and the others failing Your Majesty. Even if Moyu were guilty, the present qaghan has already killed him. The one enthroned is Moyu's younger cousin on the paternal line—that is a service. How can that be forgotten? Moreover the Huihe qaghan set up an inscribed stone at the state gate: "When Tang envoys come, let them know our services past and present." Now they seek peace and will surely rally the tribes to look south. If Your Majesty does not answer, their resentment will surely run deep. I ask that Your Majesty heed this in your wisdom and covenant by the Kaiyuan precedent—like the Turk qaghans submitting as subjects, envoys not exceeding two hundred, horse purchases not exceeding one thousand, and no Tang people crossing the frontier—none of which would be impossible." The emperor said, "Good." He then agreed to send a princess down in marriage. The Huihe also asked to follow the agreement." An edict sent Princess Xian'an down in marriage. Another edict had the envoy Heque Dagan see the princess at Qinde Hall and sent a palace attendant bearing the princess's portrait as a gift for the qaghan.

明年，可汗遣宰相跌都督等眾千餘，並遣其妹骨咄祿毗伽公主率大酋之妻五十人逆主，且納聘。跌至振武，為室韋所鈔，戰死。有詔其下七百，皆聽入朝，舍鴻臚，帝御延喜門見使者。是時，可汗上書恭甚，言：「昔為兄弟，今婿，半子也。陛下若患西戎，子請以兵除之。」又請易回紇曰回鶻，言捷鷙猶鶻然。帝欲饗回鶻公主，問禮於李泌，對曰：「肅宗於敦煌王為從祖兄，回鶻妻以女，見帝於彭原，獨拜廷下，帝呼曰『婦』而不名『嫂』也。當艱虞時，方藉其用，猶以臣之，況今日乎？」於是引回鶻公主入銀臺門，長公主三人候諸內，譯史傳導，拜必答，揖與進。帝御秘殿，長公主先入侍，回鶻公主入，拜謁已，內司賓導至長公主所，又譯史傳問，乃與俱入。至宴所，賢妃降階俟，回鶻公主拜，賢妃答拜。又拜召已，由西階升，乃坐。有賜則降拜，非帝賜則避席拜，妃、公主皆答拜。訖歸，凡再饗。帝又盡建咸安公主官屬，視王府。以嗣滕王湛然為昏禮使，右僕射關播護送，且將冊書拜可汗為汩咄祿長壽天親毗伽可汗，公主為智惠端正長壽孝順可敦。

The next year the qaghan sent Chancellor Die Dudou with more than a thousand followers, and also sent his younger sister Princess Gutuolu Pijia leading fifty wives of great chieftains to meet the bride and present betrothal gifts. Die reached Zhenwu, was ambushed by the Shiwei, and died in battle. An edict allowed seven hundred of his followers to enter court. They lodged at the Honglu Temple while the emperor received the envoys at the Yanchi Gate. At this time the qaghan's memorial was very respectful, saying, "Formerly we were brothers; now I am son-in-law—a half-son. If Your Majesty is troubled by the western tribes, your son asks to remove them with troops. He also asked to change Huihe to Uyghur, saying they were swift and fierce like hawks." The emperor wished to feast the Uyghur princess and asked Li Mi about the ceremony. He replied, "Emperor Suzong was a cousin once removed to the Prince of Dunhuang. The Uyghurs married him a daughter. When she saw the emperor at Pengyuan she alone bowed in the hall. The emperor called her 'daughter-in-law,' not 'sister-in-law. In those dire days we still needed their help and treated her as a subject—how much more so today?' They then led the Uyghur princess in through the Yintai Gate. Three senior princesses waited inside. Interpreters guided her; every bow received a reply, and they advanced with mutual bows. The emperor sat in the secret hall. The senior princesses entered first to attend him. After the Uyghur princess entered and performed her obeisance, the inner chamberlain of guests led her to the senior princesses; interpreters again conveyed questions, and they entered together. At the banquet hall the Honored Consort descended the steps to await her. The Uyghur princess bowed, and the Honored Consort returned the bow. After another bow at the summons, she ascended by the western steps and then sat. When gifts were given she descended to bow; for gifts not from the emperor she left her seat to bow. The consort and princesses all returned the bows. Before she departed, she was feasted twice in all. The emperor also fully established Princess Xian'an's staff on the model of a princely household. He made Heir Apparent Prince of Teng Zhanran marriage-rites commissioner and Right Vice Director Guan Bo escort, bearing investiture documents to invest the qaghan as Qaghan Gutuolu Changshou Tianqin Pijia and the princess as Khatun Zhihui Duanzheng Changshou Xiaoshun.

，可汗死，子多邏斯立，國人號「泮官特勒」，以鴻臚卿郭鋒持節冊拜愛登里邏汩沒蜜施俱錄毗伽忠貞可汗。

The qaghan died. His son Duoluo Si succeeded, and the people called him "Panguan Tegin." Minister of Honglu Guo Feng was sent with credentials to invest him as Qaghan Aidengli Luogu Meimishi Julu Pijia Zhongzhen.

初，安西、北庭自天寶末失關、隴，朝貢道隔。伊西北庭節度使李元忠、四鎮節度留後郭昕數遣使奉表，皆不至。，元忠等所遣假道回鶻，乃得至長安。帝進元忠為北庭大都護，昕為安西大都護。自是，道雖通，而虜求取無涘。沙陀別部六千帳，與北庭相依，亦厭虜裒索，至三葛祿、白眼突厥素臣回鶻者尤怨苦，皆密附吐蕃，故吐蕃因沙陀共寇北庭，頡幹迦斯與戰，不勝，北庭陷。於是都護楊襲古引兵奔西州。回鶻以壯卒數萬召襲古，將還取北庭，為吐蕃所擊，大敗，士死太半，迦斯奔還。襲古挈餘眾將入西州，迦斯紿曰：「弟與我俱歸，當使公還唐。」襲古至帳，殺之。葛祿又取深圖川，回鶻大恐，稍南其部落以避之。

At first, since the end of the Tianbao era Anxi and Beiting had lost contact through Guan and Long, and the tribute route was cut off. Li Yuanzhong, military commissioner of Yixin and Beiting, and Guo Xin, regent of the Four Garrisons, repeatedly sent envoys with memorials, but none reached court. Those sent by Yuanzhong and the others traveled by way of the Uyghurs and thus reached Chang'an. The emperor promoted Yuanzhong to Grand Protector-General of Beiting and Xin to Grand Protector-General of Anxi. From then on the route was open, but the barbarians' demands were endless. Six thousand households of the Shatuo collateral branch, relying on Beiting, also wearied of the barbarians' extortion. The Three Qarlugs and the White-Eyed Turks who had long submitted to the Uyghurs were especially embittered, and all secretly attached themselves to Tibet. Tibet therefore joined with the Shatuo to attack Beiting together. Xiegan Jiasi fought them but was defeated, and Beiting fell. Thereupon Protector-General Yang Xigu led his troops in flight to Xizhou. The Uyghurs summoned Xigu with tens of thousands of stalwart warriors to recover Beiting. Tibet struck them and they suffered a great defeat; more than half the soldiers died, and Jiasi fled back. Xigu took the survivors and was about to enter Xizhou. Jiasi deceived him, saying, "Younger brother, come home with me and I will have you return to Tang. When Xigu reached the tent, they killed him. The Qarlugs also took the Deep Tufu River region. The Uyghurs were greatly afraid and gradually shifted their tribes southward to avoid them.

是歲，可汗為少可敦葉公主所毒死，可敦亦仆固懷恩之孫，懷恩子為回鶻葉護，故女號葉公主云。可汗之弟乃自立。迦斯方攻吐蕃，其大臣率國人共殺篡者，以可汗幼子阿啜嗣。迦斯還，可汗等出勞，皆俯伏言廢立狀，惟大相生死之。悉發郭鋒所賜器幣餉迦斯。可汗拜且泣曰：「今幸得繼絕，仰食於父也。」迦斯以其柔屈，乃相持哭，遂臣事之，以器幣悉給將士，無所私，其國遂安。遣達北特勒梅錄將軍來告，且聽命。詔鴻臚少卿庾鋋冊阿啜為奉誠可汗。俄以律支達干來告少寧國公主之喪。主，榮王女也。始寧國下嫁，又以媵之。寧國後歸，因留回鶻中為可敦，號「少寧國」，歷配英武、英義二可汗。至天親可汗時，始居外。其配英義生二子，皆為天親所殺。是歲，回鶻擊吐蕃、葛祿於北庭，勝之，且獻俘。明年，使藥羅葛炅來朝，炅本唐人呂氏，為可汗養子，遂從可汗姓。帝以其用事，賜賫殊優，拜檢校尚書右僕射。

That year the qaghan was poisoned to death by the junior khatun, Princess Ye. The khatun was also a granddaughter of Pugu Huai'en; Huai'en's son had been Uyghur yabghu, so the daughter was styled Princess Ye. The qaghan's younger brother thereupon enthroned himself. Jiasi was then attacking Tibet. The ministers led the people together to kill the usurper and enthroned the qaghan's young son A Chuo. When Jiasi returned, the qaghan and others came out to welcome him. All prostrated themselves and reported the deposition and enthronement, leaving the great chancellor's life and death to him alone. They sent out in full the vessels and silks Guo Feng had bestowed to provision Jiasi. The qaghan bowed and wept, saying, "Now we are fortunate to continue the line—I live by relying on a father. Jiasi, moved by his meek submission, embraced him and wept together, then served him as subject. He gave all the vessels and silks to the officers and men and kept nothing for himself, and the state was thereafter at peace. He sent Dabei Tegin General Meilu to report and to await orders. An edict commissioned Vice Minister of Honglu Yu Shen to invest A Chuo as Qaghan Fengcheng. Soon Luzhi Dagan came to announce the death of the junior Ningguo Princess. The princess was a daughter of the Prince of Rong. When Ningguo was first sent down in marriage, she was also given as a secondary bride. After Ningguo later returned, she remained among the Uyghurs as khatun, styled "Junior Ningguo," and successively wed the Yingwu and Yingyi qaghans. Only under Qaghan Tianqin did she begin to live outside the camp. She bore two sons to the Yingyi qaghan, and both were killed by Tianqin. That year the Uyghurs attacked Tibet and the Qarlugs at Beiting, defeated them, and presented captives. The next year they sent Yaoluoge Jiong to court. Jiong was originally of the Tang Lü clan; adopted as the qaghan's son, he then took the qaghan's surname. Because he wielded power, the emperor bestowed gifts of exceptional generosity and appointed him Acting Right Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat.

十一年，可汗死，無子，國人立其相骨咄祿為可汗，以使者來，詔秘書監張薦持節冊拜愛滕里邏羽錄沒蜜施合胡祿毗伽懷信可汗。骨咄祿本跌氏，少孤，為大首領所養，辯敏材武，當天親時數主兵，諸酋尊畏。至是，以藥羅葛氏世有功，不敢自名其族，而盡取可汗子孫內之朝廷。

In the eleventh year the qaghan died without a son. The people enthroned his chancellor Gutuolu as qaghan. When envoys came, an edict commissioned Director of the Secretariat Zhang Jian with credentials to invest him as Qaghan Aitengli Luoyulu Meimishi Hehulu Pijia Huaixin. Gutuolu was originally of the Die clan. Orphaned young, he was raised by a great chieftain. Clever, eloquent, and martial, under Tianqin he often commanded troops, and all chieftains revered and feared him. At this point, because the Yaglakar clan had served with merit for generations, he dared not proclaim his own lineage and instead sent all the qaghan's descendants into the Tang court.

，可汗死，詔鴻臚少卿孫杲臨吊，冊所嗣為滕里野合俱錄毗伽可汗。

The qaghan died. An edict sent Vice Minister of Honglu Sun Gao to mourn on the spot and invest the successor as Qaghan Tengliye He Julu Pijia.

元和初，再朝獻，始以摩尼至。其法日晏食，飲水茹葷，屏湩酪，可汗常與共國者也。摩尼至京師，歲往來西市，商賈頗與囊橐為奸。三年，來告咸安公主喪。主歷四可汗，居回鶻凡二十一歲。無幾，可汗亦死，憲宗使宗正少卿李孝誠冊拜愛登里羅汨蜜施合毗伽保義可汗。閱三歲，使者再朝，遣伊難珠再請昏，未報。可汗以三千騎至鸊鵜泉，於是振武以兵屯黑山，治天德城備虜。禮部尚書李絳奏言：「回鶻盛強，北邊空虛，一為風塵，則弱卒非抗敵之夫，孤城為不守之地。儻陛下懷此，增甲兵，飭城壘，中夏長策，生人大幸也。臣觀今日處置，未得其要。夫邊憂有五，請歷言之：北狄貪沒，唯利是視，比進馬規直，再歲不至，豈厭繒帛利哉？殆欲風高馬肥，而肆侵軼。故外攘內備，必煩朝廷，一可憂；兵力未完，斥侯未明，戈甲未備，城池未固，飾天德則虜必疑，虛西城則磧道無倚，二可憂；夫城保要害，攻守險易，當謀之邊將，今乃規河塞之外，裁廟堂之上，虜猝犯塞，應接失便，三可憂；自脩好以來，山川形勝，兵戍滿虛，虜皆悉之，賊掠諸州，調發在旬朔外，其系累人畜在旦夕內，比王師至則虜已歸，寇能久留，役亦轉廣，四可憂；北狄西戎，素相攻討，故邊無虞，今回鶻不市馬，若與吐蕃結約解仇，則將臣閉壁憚戰，邊人拱手受禍，五可憂。又淮西吳少陽垂死，可乘其變，諸道興發，役且十倍。臣謂宜聽其婚，使守蕃禮，所謂三利也；和親則烽燧不驚，城堞可治，盛兵以畜力，積粟以固軍，一也；既無北顧憂，可南事淮右，申令於垂盡之寇，二也；北虜恃我戚，則西戎怨愈深，內不得寧，國家坐受其安，寇掠長息，三也。今舍三利，取五憂，甚非計。或曰降主費多，臣謂不然。我三分天下賦，以一事邊。今東南大縣賦歲二十萬緡，以一縣賦為婚貲，非損寡得大乎？今惜婚費不與，假如王師北征，兵非三萬、騎五千不能捍且馳也。又如保十全之勝，一歲輒罷，其饋餉供擬，豈止一縣賦哉？」帝不聽。

At the beginning of the Yuanhe era they again came to court with tribute, and Manichaeism arrived for the first time. They ate one meal late in the day, drank water, ate vegetables with meat, and avoided fermented milk and dairy. The qaghan regularly ate in this manner together with his people. When Manichaeism reached the capital, its followers traveled yearly to and from the Western Market, and merchants often profited through shady dealings with them. In the third year they came to announce the death of Princess Xian'an. The princess had served four qaghans and lived among the Uyghurs for twenty-one years in all. Before long the qaghan died as well. Emperor Xianzong sent Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Clan Li Xiaocheng to invest Edgü Bilge Qutlugh Alp Bilge Baoyi Qaghan with a patent of appointment. Three years later envoys came to court again. They sent Yinanzhu to request marriage once more, but received no answer. The qaghan arrived at Lake Pili with three thousand horsemen. Zhenwu then stationed troops at Black Mountain and repaired Tiande city to guard against the barbarians. Minister of Rites Li Jiang memorialized, "The Uyghurs are strong and our northern frontier is empty. Once fighting breaks out, weak soldiers will not be able to resist the enemy, and isolated cities will be indefensible. If Your Majesty bears this in mind, increase armor and troops and repair walls and ramparts. That would be a lasting policy for China and great fortune for the people. I see that the measures taken today have missed the point. There are five frontier worries, and I ask leave to list them. The northern barbarians are greedy and see only profit. Recently they brought horses to set a price but have not come for two years. Can they have grown tired of silk and brocade? They are probably waiting until the winds rise and the horses grow fat to raid at will. Outward defense and inward preparedness will surely burden the court. That is the first worry. Forces are not yet ready, scouts not yet in place, arms and armor not yet stocked, and cities and walls not yet fortified. If we build up Tiande the barbarians will surely grow suspicious; if we leave the western cities empty the desert road will have no support. That is the second worry. Which strongpoints matter, and what is easy or hard to attack or defend, should be planned with frontier generals. Now plans for lands beyond the river frontier are cut off in the court hall alone. If the barbarians suddenly strike the border, response will be clumsy. That is the third worry. Since the peace pact the barbarians have learned every advantage of the terrain and every full or empty garrison. When raiders plunder the prefectures, mobilization takes more than ten or fifteen days, while captives and livestock are seized within a day or two. By the time the imperial army arrives the barbarians are already gone. Raiders cannot stay long, yet the burden of campaigns grows ever greater. That is the fourth worry. Northern barbarians and the western Rong have always fought one another, so the frontier had been untroubled. Now the Uyghurs no longer trade horses. If they make a pact with Tibet and end their feud, generals and ministers will shut themselves behind walls and fear battle, while border people will stand by helplessly and suffer. That is the fifth worry. Moreover Wu Shaoyang of Huai West is near death, and we can seize on that change. If all circuits are mobilized, the corvée will increase tenfold. I hold that you should grant the marriage and have them observe frontier ritual. These are what are called the three benefits. With a marriage alliance, beacon fires will not flare in alarm, walls and parapets can be repaired, troops can be massed to build strength, and grain stored to steady the army. That is the first benefit. Once there is no worry to the north, you can turn south against Huai Right and proclaim orders against a dying foe. That is the second benefit. When the northern barbarians rely on our kinship, western Rong resentment grows deeper and they cannot be at peace within, while the state sits secure and raiding subsides for long stretches. That is the third benefit. To abandon three benefits and take up five worries is very poor planning. Some say that marrying off a princess costs too much. I say that is not so. We devote a third of the empire's tax revenue to a single frontier matter. A large southeastern county now yields two hundred thousand strings in tax each year. To use one county's levy as bride-price—is that not trading little to gain much? If you begrudge the bride-price today and refuse, suppose the imperial army marches north. You would need at least thirty thousand foot soldiers and five thousand cavalry just to hold the line and pursue. Again, even a victory like Pei Quanzhong's ends within a year. Can its supplies and provisions be limited to one county's levy? The emperor did not heed him.

◎回鶻下

◎ The Uyghurs, Part Two

回鶻之請昏，有司度費當五百萬，帝方內討強節度，故遣宗正少卿李誠、太常博士殷侑往諭不可。穆宗立，回鶻又使合達幹等來固求昏，許之。俄而可汗死，使者臨冊所嗣為登啰羽錄沒蜜施句主毗伽崇德可汗。可汗已立，遣伊難珠、句錄、都督思結等以葉護公主來逆女，部渠二千人，納馬二萬、橐它千。四夷之使中國，其眾未嘗多此。詔許五百人至長安，余留太原。詔以太和公主下降。主，憲宗女也。帝為主建府，以左金吾衛大將軍胡證、光祿卿李憲持節護送，太府卿李說為昏禮使，冊拜主為仁孝端麗明智上壽可敦，告於廟，天子禦通化門餞主，群臣班辭於道。公主出塞，距回鶻牙百里，可汗欲先與主由間道私見，胡證不可，虜人曰：「昔鹹安公主行之。」證曰：「天子詔我送公主授可汗，今未見，不可先也。」乃止。於是可汗升樓坐，東向，下設毳幔以居公主，請襲胡衣，以一姆侍出，西向拜已，退即次，被可敦服，絳通裾大襦，冠金冠，前後銳，復出拜已，乃升曲輿，九相分負，右旋於廷者九，降輿升樓，與可汗聯坐，東向，群臣以次謁。可敦亦自建牙，以二相出入帳中。證等歸，可敦大宴，悲啼眷慕。可汗厚贈使者。

When the Uyghurs requested marriage, the authorities estimated the cost at five million. The emperor was just then suppressing powerful military commissioners at home, so he sent Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Clan Li Cheng and Academician of the Court of Sacrificial Worship Yin You to explain that it could not be granted. When Emperor Muzong took the throne, the Uyghurs again sent Heda Gan and others to press hard for marriage, and he agreed. Before long the qaghan died. Envoys came to invest the successor as Dengluo Yulu Mo Mishe Ju Zhu Bilge Chongde Qaghan. Once the qaghan was enthroned, he sent Yinanzhu, Julu, Protector-General Sijie, and others with Princess Yehu to come and receive the bride. Two thousand chiefs came with them, presenting twenty thousand horses and a thousand camels. Among envoys of the four barbarians coming to China, their numbers had never been so great. An edict allowed five hundred men to proceed to Chang'an; the rest remained at Taiyuan. An edict sent Princess Taihe down in marriage. The princess was a daughter of Emperor Xianzong. The emperor built a residence for the princess and sent Left Golden Crow Guard General Hu Zheng and Director of the Court of Imperial Entertainments Li Xian with credentials to escort her. Director of the Court of the Imperial Treasury Li Yue served as marriage envoy. The princess was invested as Khatun Renxiao Duanli Mingzhi Shangshou, and the announcement was made at the ancestral temple. The Son of Heaven went out to Tonghua Gate to bid her farewell, and the ministers took their leave in ranks along the road. The princess crossed the frontier. A hundred li from the Uyghur royal camp the qaghan wished to meet the princess privately first by a side path. Hu Zheng refused. The barbarians said, "Princess Xian'an did this in former times. Zheng said, "The Son of Heaven ordered me to escort the princess and deliver her to the qaghan. I have not yet seen him, so I cannot go ahead." They then desisted. The qaghan then ascended a tower and sat facing east. Below, felt curtains were set for the princess. She was asked to wear barbarian dress. A nurse attended her as she came out, bowed westward, and withdrew to her place. She put on khatun dress: a crimson robe with a full skirt and a golden crown pointed fore and aft. She came out and bowed again, then mounted a curved litter. Nine chancellors bore it in turn, circling right nine times in the court. She descended, ascended the tower, and sat beside the qaghan facing east while the ministers paid their respects in order. The khatun also established her own royal camp, with two chancellors entering and leaving her tent. When Zheng and the others returned, the khatun held a great feast, weeping in longing and affection. The qaghan richly rewarded the envoys.

是時，裴度方伐幽、鎮，回鶻使渠將李義節以兵三千佐天子平河北，議者懲艾前患，不聽，兵已及豐州，使者厚賜乃去。

At this time Pei Du was campaigning against You and Zhen. The Uyghur envoy and tribal general Li Yijie came with three thousand troops to help the Son of Heaven pacify Hebei. Critics, mindful of past troubles, would not agree. The troops had already reached Fengzhou before the envoys were richly rewarded and sent away.

敬宗即位之年，可汗死，其弟曷薩特勒立，遣使者冊為愛登裏羅汨沒密施合毗伽昭禮可汗，賜幣十二車。文宗初，又賜馬直絹五十萬。大和六年，可汗為其下所殺，從子胡特勒立，使者來告。明年，遣左驍衛將軍唐弘實與嗣澤王溶持節冊為愛登裏羅汨沒蜜施合句錄毗伽彰信可汗。開成四年，其相掘羅勿作難，引沙陀共攻可汗，可汗自殺，國人立{廠盍}馺特勒為可汗。方歲饑，遂疫，又大雪，羊、馬多死，未及命。武宗即位，以嗣澤王溶臨告，乃知其國亂。

In the year Emperor Jingzong took the throne the qaghan died. His younger brother Esar Tegin succeeded. Envoys were sent to invest him as Edgü Bilge Qutlugh Alp Bilge Zhaoli Qaghan and to grant twelve cartloads of gifts. At the beginning of Emperor Wenzong's reign they again granted five hundred thousand bolts of silk as payment for horses. In the sixth year of the Dahe era the qaghan was killed by his subordinates. His nephew Hu Tegin succeeded, and envoys came to report it. The next year they sent Left Xiaowei Guard General Tang Hongshi and Prince of Size Rong bearing credentials to invest him as Edgü Bilge Qutlugh Alp Julu Bilge Zhangxin Qaghan. In the fourth year of the Kaicheng era his chancellor Juoluowu rebelled, bringing in the Shatuo to attack the qaghan together. The qaghan killed himself. The people enthroned Hesa Tegin as qaghan. Famine had just struck, then pestilence, and then heavy snow. Sheep and horses died in great numbers. Before an investiture could be sent. Emperor Wuzong took the throne. Prince of Size Rong came in person to announce the situation, and only then did the court learn that the state was in disorder.

俄而渠長句錄莫賀與黠戛斯合騎十萬攻回鶻城，殺可汗，誅掘羅勿，焚其牙，諸部潰其相馺職與厖特勒十五部奔葛邏祿，殘眾入吐蕃、安西。於是，可汗牙部十三姓奉烏介特勒為可汗，南保錯子山。黠戛斯已破回鶻，得太和公主；又自以李陵後，與唐同宗，故遣使者達幹奉主來歸。烏介怒，追擊達幹殺之，劫主南度磧，邊人大恐。進攻天德城，振武節度使劉沔屯雲伽關拒卻之。宰相李德裕建言：「回鶻曩有功，今饑且亂，可汗無歸，不可擊，宜遣使者贍安之。」帝用兵部郎中李拭行邊刺狀。於是，其相赤心與王子嗢沒斯、特勒那頡啜將其部欲自歸，而公主亦遣使者來言烏介已立，因請命。又大臣頡幹伽思等表假振武居公主、可汗。帝乃詔右金吾衛大將軍王會持節慰撫其眾，輸糧二萬斛，不許借振武，令中人好語開諭；又詔使者持冊往，潛稽其行，須變。

Before long the tribal chief Julu Mohe joined the Kirghiz in a combined force of one hundred thousand horsemen to attack the Uyghur capital. They killed the qaghan, executed Juoluowu, and burned the royal camp. The tribes broke apart. Chancellor Sazhi and Tegin Mang fled to the Qarluqs with fifteen tribes, while the remnant people entered Tibet and Anxi. Thereupon thirteen clans of the qaghan's royal guard enthroned Tegin Wujie as qaghan and withdrew south to hold Cuozi Mountain. The Kirghiz had already defeated the Uyghurs and taken Princess Taihe. They also considered themselves descendants of Li Ling and kin to Tang, so they sent the envoy Dagan to escort the princess home. Wujie was enraged. He pursued Dagan, killed him, seized the princess, and crossed the desert southward. The border people were terrified. He advanced to attack Tiande city. Zhenwu Military Commissioner Liu Mian encamped at Yunguan Pass and drove him back. Chief Minister Li Deyu advised, "The Uyghurs once rendered service. Now they are hungry and in disorder, and the qaghan has nowhere to return. They should not be attacked. Envoys should be sent to support and reassure them. The emperor sent Li Shi of the Ministry of War to tour the frontier and report on conditions. Thereupon his chancellor Chixin and Princes Wumosi and Tegin Naxiechuo wished to bring their tribes to submit on their own. The princess also sent envoys to say that Wujie had already been enthroned and to request an appointment. Moreover the great ministers Niegansisi and others memorialized asking to let the princess and qaghan stay at Zhenwu. The emperor then ordered Right Golden Crow Guard General Wang Hui bearing credentials to comfort and reassure their people and sent twenty thousand bushels of grain. He would not let them stay at Zhenwu and ordered eunuchs to speak kindly and instruct them. He also ordered envoys to go bearing patents of appointment, secretly to watch their conduct and wait for a change.

明年，回鶻奉主至漠南，入雲、朔，剽橫水，殺掠甚眾，轉側天德、振武間，盜畜牧自如。乃召諸道兵合討。嗢沒斯以赤心奸桀，難得要領，即密約天德戍將田牟，誘赤心斬帳下。那頡啜收赤心眾七千帳東走振武、大同，因室韋、黑沙南窺幽州，節度使張仲武破之，悉得其眾。那頡啜走，烏介執而殺之。然烏介兵尚強，號十萬，駐牙大同北閭門山。而特勒厖俱遮、阿敦寧等凡四部，及將軍曹磨你眾三萬，因仲武降，嗢沒斯亦附使者送款。帝欲使助可汗復國，而可汗已攻雲州，劉沔與戰，敗績。嗢沒斯率三部及特勒、大酋二千騎詣振武降。詔拜嗢沒斯為右金吾衛大將軍，爵懷化郡王，以天德為歸義軍，即拜歸義軍使；阿歷支寧邊郡公，習勿啜昌化郡公，烏羅思寧朔郡公，並為冠軍大將軍、左威衛大將軍；愛邪勿寧塞郡公，為右領軍大將軍。加賜嗢沒斯牙旗、豹尾、刀器諸物，給其屬冠帶。詔宰相德裕采秦、漢以來興殊俗、忠效卓異者凡三十人，為《異域歸忠傳》寵賜之。嗢沒斯請留族太原，率昆弟為天子捍邊，帝命劉沔為列舍雲、朔間處其家。可汗遣使者藉兵欲還故廷，且假天德城，帝不許。可汗恚，進略大同川，轉戰攻雲州，刺史嬰壁不敢出。詔益發諸鎮兵屯太原以北。

The next year the Uyghurs escorted the princess to the south of the desert. They entered Yun and Shuo, raided Hengshui, killed and plundered in great numbers, shifted between Tiande and Zhenwu, and stole livestock as they pleased. The court then summoned troops from all circuits for a joint campaign. Wumosi found Chixin treacherous and violent and hard to pin down. He secretly arranged with Tiande garrison commander Tian Mou to lure Chixin and behead him in the tent. Naxiechuo gathered Chixin's seven thousand tents and fled east toward Zhenwu and Datong. Passing through the Shiwei and Black Sands he spied south on Youzhou. Military Commissioner Zhang Zhongwu defeated him and took all his followers. Naxiechuo fled. Wujie seized and killed him. Yet Wujie's troops were still strong, claiming a hundred thousand men. He encamped at Lümen Mountain north of Datong. But Tegin Mangjuzhe, Aduning, and four tribes in all, together with General Cao Moni and thirty thousand followers, submitted through Zhongwu. Wumosi also sent pledges of loyalty through the envoys. The emperor wished to have them help the qaghan restore his state, but the qaghan had already attacked Yunzhou. Liu Mian fought him and was defeated. Wumosi led three tribes together with tegins and great chiefs—two thousand horsemen—and came to Zhenwu to submit. An edict appointed Wumosi Right Golden Crow Guard General and enfeoffed him as Prince of Huaihua Commandery. Tiande was made the Guiyi Army, and he was immediately appointed its commissioner. Alizhi was made Duke of Ningbian Commandery, Xiwuchuo Duke of Changhua Commandery, and Wuluosi Duke of Ningshuo Commandery. All were made Champion Generals and Left Weiwu Guard Generals. Aiyiewu was made Duke of Ningsai Commandery and appointed Right Lingjun Guard General. They further granted Wumosi a royal-camp banner, leopard tails, blades, and other objects, and gave his followers caps and belts. An edict ordered Chief Minister Deyu to select thirty men since Qin and Han who had raised foreign peoples and shown outstanding loyalty and service, and compose the "Record of Foreign Lands Returning in Loyalty" to honor and bestow upon them. Wumosi asked to leave his clan at Taiyuan and lead his brothers to defend the frontier for the Son of Heaven. The emperor ordered Liu Mian to arrange dwellings for their families between Yun and Shuo. The qaghan sent envoys to borrow troops, wishing to return to his former royal camp, and also to borrow Tiande city. The emperor refused. The qaghan was resentful. He advanced to raid the Datong River valley, shifted battle to attack Yunzhou, and the prefect shut his walls and dared not come out. An edict ordered additional troops from all military commissions to be stationed north of Taiyuan.

嗢沒斯等既朝，皆賜李氏，名嗢沒斯曰思忠，阿歷支曰思貞，習勿啜曰思義，烏羅思曰思禮；愛邪勿曰弘順，即拜歸義軍副使。於是，詔劉沔為回鶻南面招撫使，張仲武東面招撫使，思忠為河西党項都將、西南面招討使，沔營雁門。又詔銀州刺史何清朝、蔚州刺史契通，以蕃、渾兵出振武，與沔、仲武合，稍逼回鶻。思忠數深入諭降其下。沔分沙陀兵益思忠，河中軍以騎五百益弘順。沔進次雲州，思忠屯保大柵率河中、陳許兵與回鶻戰，敗之。明年，又為弘順所破。沔與天德行營副使石雄料勁騎及沙陀、契等雜虜，夜出雲州，走馬邑，抵安眾塞，逢虜，與戰破之。烏介方薄振武，雄馳入，夜穴壘出鏖兵，烏介驚，引去，雄追北至殺胡山，烏介被創走。雄遇公主，奉主還，降特勒以下眾數萬，盡收輜帑及所賜詔書。可汗收所餘往依黑車子，詔弘順、清朝窮躡。弘順厚啖黑車子以利，募殺烏介。初，從可汗亡者既不能軍，往往詣幽州降，留者皆饑寒痕夷，裁數千。黑車子幸其殘，即殺烏介。其下又奉其弟遏撚特勒為可汗。帝詔德裕紀功銘石於幽州，以誇後世。

After Wumosi and the others had come to court, all were granted the surname Li. Wumosi was named Sizhong, Alizhi Sizhen, Xiwuchuo Siyi, and Wuluosi Sili. Aiyiewu was named Hongshun and immediately appointed deputy commissioner of the Guiyi Army. Thereupon Liu Mian was made Uyghur Southern Pacification Commissioner, Zhang Zhongwu Eastern Pacification Commissioner, and Sizhong Hexi Tangut Commander and Southwestern Campaign Commissioner. Mian encamped at Yanmen. An edict also ordered Yinzhou Prefect He Qingchao and Weizhou Prefect Qitong to lead Fan and Hun troops out from Zhenwu, join Mian and Zhongwu, and gradually press the Uyghurs. Sizhong repeatedly went deep into their territory to persuade their followers to submit. Mian detached Shatuo troops to reinforce Sizhong. The Hezhong army sent five hundred cavalry to reinforce Hongshun. Mian advanced and encamped at Yunzhou. Sizhong encamped at Baoda Stockade, led Hezhong and Chenxu troops against the Uyghurs, and defeated them. The next year they were defeated again by Hongshun. Mian and Tiande Field Deputy Commissioner Shi Xiong selected elite cavalry together with Shatuo, Qi, and other mixed barbarian forces. By night they left Yunzhou, galloped to Mayi, reached Anzhong Pass, met the barbarians, fought, and defeated them. Wujie was then pressing Zhenwu. Xiong galloped in, tunneled through the ramparts by night, and burst out to fight fiercely. Wujie was startled and withdrew. Xiong pursued north to Mount Sha Hu. Wujie was wounded and fled. Xiong met the princess, escorted her back, and received the submission of several tens of thousands below the tegin rank. He recovered all baggage and the edicts that had been granted. The qaghan gathered what remained and went to rely on the Black Cart tribe. An edict ordered Hongshun and Qingchao to pursue them relentlessly. Hongshun richly rewarded the Black Cart tribe and recruited them to kill Wujie. At first those who followed the qaghan in flight could no longer fight as an army. Many went to Youzhou to submit. Those who remained were hungry, cold, and wretched—only a few thousand. The Black Cart tribe, glad at their weakness, thereupon killed Wujie. His followers again enthroned his younger brother Tegin Enian as qaghan. The emperor ordered Li Deyu to inscribe a victory stele at Youzhou, that later ages might read of the triumph.

思忠等以國亡，皆願入朝，見聽，遂罷歸義軍，擢思忠左監門衛上將軍兼撫王傅，兩稟其奉，賜第永樂坊，分其兵賜諸節度。虜人憚隸食諸道，據滹沱河叛，劉沔坑殺三千人。詔回鶻營功德使在二京者，悉冠帶之。有司收摩尼書若象燒於道，產貲入之官。

Because their state was gone, Sizhong and his fellows all asked to come to court, and the request was granted. The Guyi Army was dissolved. Sizhong was made Left Superior General of the Jianmen Guards and tutor to the Prince of Fu, drawing pay from both posts. He was given a mansion in Yongle Ward, and their soldiers were parceled out to the frontier commands. The tribesmen dreaded being parcelled out as dependents to feed the various circuits. They seized the Hutuo River and rose in revolt. Liu Mian had three thousand of them buried alive. An edict commanded that Uyghur merit commissioners serving in the two capitals should all be given official caps and sashes. Officials seized Manichaean scriptures and images, burned them in the roads, and turned confiscated goods over to the government.

遏撚可汗裒殘部五千，仰食於奚大酋碩舍朗。大中初，仲武討奚，破之，回鶻浸耗滅，所存名王貴臣五百餘，轉依室韋。仲武諭令羈致可汗等，遏撚懼，挾妻葛祿、子特勒毒斯馳九騎夜委眾西走，部人皆慟哭。室韋七姓析回鶻隸之。黠戛斯怒，與其相阿播將兵七萬擊室韋，悉收回鶻還磧北。遺帳伏山林間，狙盜諸蕃自給，稍歸厖特勒。是時，特勒已自稱可汗，居甘州，有磧西諸城。宣宗務綏柔荒遠，遣使者抵靈州省其酋長，回鶻因遣人隨使者來京師，帝即冊拜嗢祿登裏邏汨沒蜜施合俱錄毗伽懷建可汗。後十餘年，一再獻方物。

Qaghan Enian mustered five thousand broken followers and lived at the mercy of the Xi grand chief Shuoshelang. Early in the Dazhong reign, Zhang Zhongwu attacked the Xi and broke them. The Uyghurs dwindled steadily; only some five hundred titled kings and nobles survived, drifting to take shelter with the Shiwei. Zhongwu instructed his men to seize the qaghan and his party. Enian was terrified. With his wife Gelu and his son Tegin Dusi he took nine riders and fled west by night, abandoning the host. The whole tribe wept. The seven Shiwei clans carved up the Uyghurs and took them as subjects. The Kirghiz were furious. Their chancellor A Bo marched seventy thousand men against the Shiwei, recovered every Uyghur remnant, and brought them back north of the desert. Stragglers hid in the hills, waylaying other tribes for a living, and little by little rallied again to Tegin Pang. By then the tegin had already proclaimed himself qaghan, ruled from Ganzhou, and held the towns west of the desert. Emperor Xuanzong sought to win over the far frontiers. He sent envoys to Lingzhou to call on their chiefs. The Uyghurs sent men with the envoys to the capital, and the emperor at once invested Wuluodengli Luomo Mimi Shihejulupiji Huaijian as qaghan. For the next dozen years they sent tribute goods once or twice.

懿宗時，大酋仆固俊自北庭擊吐蕃，斬論尚熱盡取西州、輪臺等城，使達幹米懷玉朝且獻俘，因請命，詔可。其後王室亂，貢會不常，史亡其傳。

In the time of Emperor Yizong, the great chief Pugu Jun marched from Beiting against Tibet, slew Lun Shangre, and seized Xizhou, Luntai, and the rest. He sent taghan Mi Huaiyu to court with prisoners and asked for a commission; the throne assented. After that the royal house fell into chaos, tribute came fitfully, and the histories lose the thread.

昭宗幸鳳翔，靈州節度使韓遜表回鶻請率兵赴難，翰林學士韓偓曰：「虜為國仇舊矣。自會昌時伺邊，羽翼未成，不得逞。今乘我危以冀幸，不可開也。」遂格不報。然其國卒不振，時時以玉、馬與邊州相市雲。

When Emperor Zhaozong took refuge at Fengxiang, Han Xun, military commissioner of Lingzhou, reported that the Uyghurs wished to march to the emperor's aid. Han Wo said, "These tribes have been the empire's ancient foe. Since Huichang they have watched our borders. Their wings were not yet grown, and they could not strike. Now they seize our peril to gamble on fortune. This door must not be opened. The proposal was set aside and no answer given. Yet their kingdom never truly revived; they traded jade and horses with the border prefectures from time to time.

薛延陀者，先與薛種雜居，後滅延陀部有之，號薛延陀，姓一利咥氏。在鐵勒諸部最雄張，風俗大抵與突厥同。

The Xueyantuo had first lived intermingled with the Xue clan; after they destroyed the Yantuo tribe they took the compound name Xueyantuo. Their lineage was the Yilishijia clan. Of all the Tiele tribes they were the strongest, and their ways differed little from the Turks'.

西突厥處羅可汗之殺鐵勒諸酋也，其下往往相率叛去，推契哥楞為易勿真莫賀可汗，據貪汗山，奉薛延陀乙失缽為野咥可汗，保燕末山。而突厥射匱可汗復強，二部黜可汗號往臣之。回紇、拔野古、阿跌、同羅、仆骨、白霫在郁督軍山者，東附始畢可汗；乙失缽在金山者，西役葉護可汗。

When the Western Turk qaghan Chuluo slew the Tiele chiefs, their people rose in one revolt after another. They set up Qigeling as Yiwuzhen Mohe qaghan on Mount Tanhan and made Yishibo's Yishibo Yedie qaghan, holding Mount Yanmo. When the Turk qaghan Shekui regained power, both divisions set aside their qaghan titles and submitted to him. The Huihe, Bayegu, Adie, Tongluo, Pugu, and Baixi at Mount Yudujun in the east submitted to Qaghan Shibi; Yishibo at Mount Jinshan in the west served under Qaghan Yehu.

貞觀二年，葉護死，其國亂，乙失缽孫曰夷男，率部帳七萬附頡利可汗。後突厥衰，夷男反攻頡利，弱之，於是諸姓多叛頡利，歸之者共推為主，夷男不敢當。明年，太宗方圖頡利，遣遊擊將軍喬師望路賫詔書、鼓纛，冊拜夷男為真珠毗伽可汗。夷男已受命，遣使謝，歸方物，乃樹牙郁督軍山，直京師西北六千里，東靺鞨，西葉護突厥，南沙磧，北俱倫水，地大眾附，於是回紇等諸部莫不伏屬。其弟統特勒入朝，帝以精刀、寶鞭賜之曰：「下有大過者，以吾鞭鞭之。」夷男以為寵。頡利可汗之滅，塞隧空荒，夷男率其部稍東，保都尉楗山獨邏水之陰，遠京師才三千里而贏，東室韋，西金山，南突厥，北瀚海，蓋古匈奴地也。勝兵二十萬，以二子大度設、突利失分將之，號南、北部。七年間，使者八朝。帝恐後強大為患，欲產其禍，乃下詔拜其二子皆為小可汗。

In the second year of Zhenguan, Yehu died and the realm fell into chaos. Yishibo's grandson Yi Nan led seventy thousand tents to submit to Qaghan Jieli. When the Turks weakened, Yi Nan turned on Jieli and wore him down. Many tribes then deserted Jieli; those who came over jointly urged Yi Nan to rule, but he dared not accept. The following year, while Taizong was moving against Jieli, he sent Strike-General Qiao Shiwang by a detour with edicts, drums, and banners to invest Yi Nan as Zhenzhu Pijia qaghan. Once invested, Yi Nan sent envoys with thanks and tribute. He pitched his royal camp at Mount Yudujun, six thousand li northwest of the capital: Mohe to the east, Yehu's Turks to the west, the southern desert to the south, the Kherlen to the north. His domain was vast and his following great, and the Huihe and the rest all bowed to him. His younger brother Tegin Tong came to court. The emperor gave him a fine blade and a jeweled whip, saying, "If anyone beneath you commits a grave offense, strike him with my whip. Yi Nan regarded this as a mark of favor. After Jieli's fall the frontier stood empty. Yi Nan shifted his people eastward to Mount Dujian on the north bank of the Tula, only three thousand li from the capital and near at hand: Shiwei east, Mount Jinshan west, Turks south, Khara-Nur north—the ancient Xiongnu domain. He could field two hundred thousand warriors. His sons Dadu She and Tuli Shi each commanded a wing, called the southern and northern divisions. Within seven years his envoys came to court eight times. The emperor feared they would grow too mighty and become a threat, and wished to breed trouble among them. He issued an edict making both sons lesser qaghans.

十五年，帝以李思摩為可汗，始度河，牙於漠南。夷男惡之，未發。方帝幸洛陽，將遂封泰山，夷男與其下謀曰：「天子封泰山，萬國皆助兵，悉會行在，邊鄣空單，思摩可取也。」乃使大度設勒兵二十萬，南絕漠，壁白道川，率一兵得四馬，擊思摩。思摩走朔州，言狀，且請師。於是詔營州都督張儉統所部與奚、霫、契丹乘其東，朔州道行軍總管李勣眾六萬、騎三千，營朔州，靈州道行軍總管李大亮眾四萬、騎五千，屯靈武，慶州道行軍總管張士貴眾萬七千出雲中，涼州道行軍總管李襲譽經略之。帝敕諸將曰：「延陀度漠，馬已疲。夫用兵者，見利疾進，不利亟去。今虜不急擊思摩，又不速還，勢必敗，卿等勿與戰，須其歸，可擊也。」既而延陀使者來，求與突厥平。帝曰：「我約漠以北，延陀制之，漠以南，突厥專之，有輒相掠，誅不赦。延陀父事我而首違詔，得非亂邪？而曰與突厥和，乃故約也，尚何請？」不報。

In the fifteenth year the emperor set up Li Simo as qaghan. Simo crossed the river for the first time and pitched his camp south of the desert. Yi Nan resented this and held back. While the emperor was at Luoyang preparing to ascend Mount Tai for the Feng and Shan sacrifices, Yi Nan said to his men, "When the Son of Heaven mounts Tai, every state sends troops. They will all crowd the imperial camp and leave the frontier bare—then Simo is ours. He sent Dadu She with two hundred thousand men south across the desert to camp on the Baidao River, four horses to every soldier, to strike Simo. Simo fled to Shuozhou, reported what had happened, and begged for aid. Edicts went out: Zhang Jian of Yingzhou was to hit their eastern flank with the Xi, Xi, and Khitan; Li Ji on the Shuozhou route camped with sixty thousand foot and three thousand horse; Li Daliang on the Lingzhou route held Lingwu with forty thousand foot and five thousand horse; Zhang Shigui on the Qingzhou route marched seventeen thousand from Yunzhong; Li Xiyu on the Liangzhou route coordinated the whole. The emperor told his generals, "The Xueyantuo have crossed the desert—their horses are spent. In war, press hard when gain is clear; withdraw swiftly when it is not. These tribes neither hurry to finish Simo nor turn back—they are bound to lose. Do not give battle; wait until they withdraw, then strike. Soon Xueyantuo envoys arrived asking peace with the Turks. The emperor said, "I decreed that north of the desert the Xueyantuo should rule and south of the desert the Turks alone; any who raided across the line would die without mercy. The Xueyantuo call me father yet break my edict first—is that not rebellion? And now you speak of peace with the Turks—that was the old bargain. What more is there to plead for? No answer was given.

大度設次長城，思摩已南走，大度設度不可得，乃遣人乘長城罵之。適會勣兵至，行壒屬天，遽率眾走赤柯，度青山，然道回遠，勣選敢死士與突騎徑臘河，趣白道，及大度設，尾之不置。大度設顧不脫，度諾真水，陣以待。先是，延陀擊沙缽羅及阿史那社爾，皆以徒戰勝，至是卻騎不用，率五人為伍，一執馬，四前鬥，令曰：「勝則騎而逐，負者死，沒其家以償戰士。」及戰，突厥兵迮，延陀騰逐，勣救之，延陀縱射，馬輒死。勣乃以步士百人為隊，搗其罅，虜潰，部將薛萬徹率勁騎先收執馬者，故延陀不能去，斬首數千級，獲馬萬五千。大度設亡去，萬徹追弗及。殘卒奔漠北，會雪甚，眾皸踣死者十八。始延陀能以術禬神致雪，冀困勣師，及是反自敝雲。

Dadu She halted at the Great Wall. Simo was already gone south; Dadu She could not catch him and sent men along the wall to curse him. Li Ji's army came up; dust from the columns blotted the sky. He wheeled his host to Chike, swung through the Green Mountains by a long detour, crossed the frozen river, took the Baidao, caught Dadu She, and never let up the pursuit. Dadu She glanced back and could not shake them. He crossed the Nuozhen River and drew up for battle. Before this the Xueyantuo had beaten Shaboluo and Ashina She'er fighting on foot. Now they left their horses, formed fives—one man holding four horses while four fought on foot—and ordered, "Win, mount and chase; lose, die, and your family is forfeit to pay the warriors. In the fight the Turks were hemmed in. The Xueyantuo sprang up to chase them. Li Ji rushed to their aid. The Xueyantuo shot volleys and horses dropped dead. Li Ji formed foot soldiers in hundreds and punched through their gaps. The tribes broke. Xue Wanche led elite cavalry to seize the horse-holders first, so the Xueyantuo could not escape. Several thousand heads were taken and fifteen thousand horses captured. Dadu She escaped. Wanche chased but could not catch him. The survivors fled north of the desert. Snow fell thick; eight or nine in ten froze or fell dead on the road. The Xueyantuo had once prayed to the spirits for snow to trap Li Ji's army. Now the snow destroyed them instead.

勣還入定襄，天子遣使者賫璽書勞問，賞功恤死。延陀之使留待命者，帝悉還之，曰：「歸語爾可汗，爾自負其強，以突厥為弱，厚誅斂之，又取首領以為質，且我為天下主，渠嘗賦發於爾邪？後有利害，當謹思，毋遽也。」延陀乃遣使謝罪，又遣其仲父沙缽羅獻馬三千，因請昏。帝曰：「延陀本一俟斤，我則立之，度其力孰與頡利比，而敢橈邊乎？」不許昏。

Li Ji returned to Dingxiang. The emperor sent envoys with sealed letters of praise, rewarding the living and comforting the fallen. The Xueyantuo envoys still waiting at court were all sent home. The emperor said, "Tell your qaghan: you trusted your strength, thought the Turks weak, taxed them harshly, and took their leaders hostage. I am lord of all under heaven—when did I ever tax you? When gain and loss come again, think hard—do not be hasty. The Xueyantuo sent envoys to apologize and his uncle Shaboluo with three thousand horses to ask for a princess. The emperor said, "The Xueyantuo were only one irkin clan—I made them qaghan. How do they compare with Jieli, that they dare harass the border? The marriage was refused.

明年，以使來益獻馬、牛、羊、橐它，固求昏。帝與大臣計曰：「延陀屈強，朕策顧有二：選士十萬擊之，使無遺種，百年計也；絕昏羈縻，使無邊憂，三十年計也。然則孰利？」房玄齡曰：「今大亂余氓，痍破未完，戰雖勝，猶危道也。不如和親。」帝曰：「善。」許以新興公主下嫁，召突利失大享，群臣侍，陳寶器，奏《慶善》、《破陣》盛樂及十部伎，突利失頓首上千萬歲壽。詔夷男親迎，帝將幸靈州以成昏事。夷男大喜，詫曰：「我鐵勒部人耳，上以我為可汗，公主以女我，乘輿為我幸邊，誰與我榮？」乃搜賦諸下羊馬為貲。或說夷男曰：「可汗與唐，皆一國主，奈何往朝？有如見款，尚可悔？」夷男曰：「不然。吾聞唐天子有德，四方共臣之，借獨留我，磧北亦須有主，然舍我而求它，非計也。」下乃不敢言。

The next year they sent envoys with still more horses, cattle, sheep, and camels, pressing again for marriage. The emperor asked his ministers, "The Xueyantuo are proud and strong. I see two courses: raise a hundred thousand men, crush them root and branch—a hundred-year plan; or refuse the marriage and hold them on reins, free of frontier trouble for thirty years. Which pays better? Fang Xuanling said, "The people are still survivors of chaos, wounded and not yet healed. Even victory in war is a dangerous road. Better to make peace through marriage. The emperor said, "Well spoken." He agreed to marry Princess Xinxing to them and summoned Tuli Shi to a grand banquet. Ministers attended; treasure was displayed; "Qingshan," "Pozhen," splendid music, and the ten-department players performed. Tuli Shi bowed and wished the emperor ten thousand years. Yi Nan was ordered to come in person to fetch the bride. The emperor would go to Lingzhou to seal the marriage. Yi Nan was overjoyed. "I am only a Tiele tribesman," he cried. "The Son of Heaven made me qaghan, gave me his daughter, and will ride to the frontier for me—who else has such honor? He levied sheep and horses from his people for the bride-price. Some told Yi Nan, "You and Tang are both sovereigns—why go to court? If they receive you as a guest, can you still turn back? Yi Nan said, "No. I have heard the Tang emperor is virtuous and all the world serves him. Even if he kept only me, someone would still rule north of the desert—but to cast me aside for another would be folly. His men dared say no more.

時帝詔有司受所獻，延陀無府庫，調斂於下，不亟集，又度磧，水草乏，馬羊多死，納貢後期，帝亦止行。畜口耗死僅半，議者謂：「夷狄嘗為中國私，今禮不具而與昏，恐後有輕中國心。」乃下詔絕昏，謝其使。或曰：「既許之，信不可失。」帝曰：「公等計非也。昔漢匈奴強，中國不抗，故飾子女嫁單於。今北狄弱，我能制之，而延陀方謹事我者，顧新立，倚我以服眾。彼同羅、仆骨力足制延陀而不發，懼我也。我又妻之，固中國婿，名重而援堅，諸部將歸之，戎狄野心，能自立則叛矣。今絕昏，使諸姓聞之，將爭擊延陀，亡可待也。」李思摩果侵掠之。延陀遣突利失寇定襄，詔李勣逐出塞。俄遣使請率師助伐高麗，以刺帝意，帝引使者謂曰：「歸語爾可汗，我父子東征，能寇邊者可即來。」夷男沮縮，不敢謀，以使謝，固請助軍。帝嘉答。高麗莫離支令靺鞨以厚利啖夷男，欲與連和，夷男氣素索，不發，亦會病死，帝為祭於行。

The emperor had ordered officials to receive their gifts. The Xueyantuo had no treasury and taxed their people; the levy came in slowly. Crossing the desert, fodder failed and half their herds died. Tribute arrived late, and the emperor canceled the journey. Critics said, "Barbarians have long been China's servants. To marry before the rites are complete may teach them to despise the Middle Kingdom. An edict broke off the marriage and dismissed their envoys with regrets. Some urged, "A promise was given—faith cannot be broken. The emperor said, "You are wrong. In Han times the Xiongnu were strong and China could not match them, so they dressed up daughters for the chanyu. Now the northern tribes are weak and I can master them. The Xueyantuo serve me carefully only because they are newly raised and lean on me to rule their people. The Tongluo and Pugu could destroy the Xueyantuo yet hold back—they fear me. If I wed them too, I become their son-in-law in earnest—honor and backing fused—and the tribes would flock to them. Barbarian hearts are restless; give them strength and they rebel. Break the marriage and let every clan hear—they will rush to strike the Xueyantuo, and their end needs no long wait. Li Simo did raid them at once. The Xueyantuo sent Tuli Shi against Dingxiang. Li Ji was ordered to drive them out of the passes. Soon they sent envoys offering troops against Goguryeo, testing the emperor's mood. He brought the envoys forward and said, "Tell your qaghan: my father and I march east. Let whoever wants to raid the border come now. Yi Nan shrank back in alarm, dared plot no more, apologized by envoy, and pressed again to join the campaign. The emperor praised and accepted. Goguryeo's Molichi sent Mohe to tempt Yi Nan with rich gifts and win an alliance. Yi Nan had always been timid and did not stir. He fell ill and died besides. The emperor offered sacrifice for him on campaign.

始延陀請以庶子曳莽為突利失可汗，統東方；嫡子拔灼為肆葉護可汗，統西方。白道之役，曳莽實為之謀，國人多怨。及會葬，曳莽亟還部，拔灼分兵襲殺之，自立為頡利俱利失薛沙多彌可汗。方是時，王師猶在遼，因即寇邊。帝遣江夏王道宗屯朔州，代州都督薛萬徹與左驍衛大將軍阿史那社爾屯勝州，左武候大將軍薩孤吳仁屯靈州，執失思力與突厥掎角塞下，虜知有備，乃去。

The Xueyantuo had first asked to make the younger son Yemang Tuli Shi qaghan of the east; and the eldest son Bazhuo Siyehu qaghan of the west. At the Battle of Baidao, Yemang had actually masterminded the campaign, and resentment ran deep among his people. At the funeral assembly Yemang rushed back to his own division, but Bazhuo detached forces in a surprise attack and killed him, then proclaimed himself Jieli Juli Shixueshaduomi qaghan. With the imperial forces still campaigning in Liaodong, he seized the moment to raid the frontier. The emperor dispatched Prince Daizong of Jiangxia to hold Shuozhou; Xue Wanche, surveillance commissioner for Daizhou, and Left Guard grand general Ashina She'er to hold Shengzhou; Left Wuwei grand general Sadokuren to hold Lingzhou; and Zhisi Sili to coordinate with the Turks in a pincer along the frontier. When the enemy saw the border was ready, they withdrew.

拔灼性卞克，多殺父時貴臣而任所親昵，國人不安，而阿波設與唐使者遇於靺鞨東鄙，小戰不利，還怖國人曰：「唐兵至矣！」眾大擾，諸部遂潰。多彌可汗以十餘騎遁去，依阿史那時健，俄為回紇所殺，盡屠其宗，眾五六萬奔西域，立真珠毗伽可汗昆弟子咄摩支，號伊特勿失可汗，遣使者上言：「願保郁督軍山。」常詔兵部尚書崔敦禮與李勣尉安之，俾定其國。

Bazhuo was violent and severe. He killed many eminent ministers from his father's reign and entrusted power only to men he favored, leaving the realm unsettled. Apo She encountered Tang envoys on Mohe's eastern marches and, after a small reverse, returned to terrify his people with the cry: "The Tang army is upon us! Panic spread through the ranks, and the tribes broke apart in flight. Duomi qaghan escaped with little more than a dozen riders and threw himself on Ashina Shijian's protection, but the Huihe soon killed him and exterminated his house. Some fifty or sixty thousand fled west, set up Zhenzhu Pijia qaghan Kun's nephew Duomozhi as Yite Wushi qaghan, and sent envoys to say: "We ask to keep Yudujunshan. The court routinely charged Minister of War Cui Dunli and Li Ji with pacifying them and helping settle their polity.

鐵勒諸部素伏延陀，而咄摩支雖衰孑，尚臣畏之。帝恐卒為患，詔勣等曰：「降則撫之，叛則擊之。」勣至，咄摩支大駭，陰欲拒戰，外好言乞降。勣知之，縱兵擊，斬五千餘級，系老孺三萬，遂滅其國。咄摩支聞天子使者蕭嗣業在回紇，身詣嗣業丐降，入朝，拜右武衛將軍，賜田宅。初，延陀將滅，有丐食於其部者，延客帳中，妻視客人而狼首，主不覺，客已食，妻語部人共追之，至郁督軍山，見二人焉，曰：「我神也，薛延陀且滅。」追者懼，卻走，遂失之。至是果敗此山下。

The Tiele peoples had long bowed to the Xueyantuo, and even in his weakened state Duomozhi still commanded their awe. Fearing he might yet become a sudden menace, the emperor instructed Li Ji and his colleagues: "Comfort those who surrender; attack those who resist. Li Ji's arrival threw Duomozhi into terror. He plotted resistance in secret even as he spoke meekly of submission. Li Ji saw through the ruse, attacked in force, took more than five thousand heads, captured thirty thousand old and young, and extinguished the regime. Learning that the emperor's envoy Xiao Siye was with the Huihe, Duomozhi went to him in person to beg mercy, then came to court and was made Right Martial Guard general with lands and a residence. Before the Xueyantuo fell, a beggar was entertained in a chieftain's tent. The wife saw the visitor's head was that of a wolf, though her husband did not. After the man had eaten, she urged the tribe to pursue him. At Yudujunshan they came upon two figures who declared: "We are divine beings; the Xueyantuo are about to be destroyed. The pursuers fled in fear and lost the trail. And now, as foretold, they were broken on that very mountain.

帝以延陀滅，欲並契等降之，復遣道宗率阿史那社爾等分部窮討，帝幸靈州，節度諸將。於是鐵勒十一部皆歸命天子，請吏內屬。道宗等徑磧擊延陀餘眾阿波達幹，斬首千餘級，逐北二百里。萬徹抵北道，諭降回紇諸酋。虜所遣使踵及帝行在，凡數千人，上言：「天至尊為可汗，世世以奴事，死不恨。」帝剖其地為州縣，北荒遂平。諸姓有來朝者，帝勞曰：「爾來，若鼠得穴、魚得泉，我為爾深廣之。」又曰：「我在，天下四夷有不安安之，不樂樂之，如驥尾受蒼蠅，可使日千里也。」於是告功太廟，賜民三日酺。後三年，餘部叛，以右領軍大將軍執失思力討平之。至永徽時，延陀部亡散者悉還，高宗為置奚彈州處安之。

Once the Xueyantuo were gone, the emperor sought to bring the Qi and other tribes under control as well. He again sent Daozong with Ashina She'er and others in separate columns to hunt down the remnants, while he himself went to Lingzhou to command the armies. All eleven Tiele tribes then pledged themselves to the Son of Heaven and petitioned for officials and incorporation within the empire. Daozong and his forces crossed the desert directly against the Xueyantuo remnant Apodagan, taking more than a thousand heads and driving the enemy two hundred li north. Xue Wanche advanced along the northern road and won the submission of the Huihe chiefs. Barbarian envoys followed the emperor's camp in unbroken succession, thousands in all, declaring: "Let the Heavenly Sovereign be our qaghan; for generation upon generation we will serve as your slaves and die without regret. The emperor divided their territory into prefectures and counties, and the northern frontier was at last quiet. When tribal leaders arrived at court, the emperor reassured them: "You have come as a mouse finds its burrow or a fish its spring; I will make that refuge wider and deeper for you. He added: "So long as I reign, wherever the four quarters are uneasy I will give them peace; wherever they are unhappy I will give them joy—like a thoroughbred whose tail attracts flies yet still flies a thousand li in a day." He then announced the victory in the Grand Ancestral Temple and granted the people three days of public rejoicing. Three years on, scattered remnants rebelled, and Right Guard grand general Zhisi Sili was dispatched to crush them. By the Yonghui period every Xueyantuo refugee had come back, and Emperor Gaozong established Xi Tan prefecture to receive them.

拔野古一曰拔野固，或為拔曳固，漫散磧北，地千里，直仆骨東，鄰於靺鞨。帳戶六萬，兵萬人。地有薦草，產良馬、精鐵。有川曰康幹河，斷松投之，三年輒化為石，色蒼致，然節理猶在，世謂康幹石者。俗嗜獵射，少耕獲，乘木逐鹿冰上。風俗大抵鐵勒也，言語少異。貞觀三年，與仆骨、同羅、奚、霫同入朝。二十一年，大俟利發屈利失舉部內屬，置幽陵都督府，拜屈利失右武衛大將軍，即為都督。顯慶時，與思結、仆固、同羅叛，以左武衛大將軍鄭仁泰擊之，斬其渠首。至天寶間，能自來朝。

The Bayegu—also written Bayegu or Bayegu—were spread across a thousand li north of the desert, due east of the Pugu and adjacent to the Mohe. They had sixty thousand tents and ten thousand fighting men. Their country offered good grazing, fine horses, and quality iron. A stream called the Kanggan was said to petrify pine cast into it within three years into dark blue stone that still showed the wood's grain—the so-called Kanggan stone. They lived by the hunt and the bow, sowed little, and on ice would slide on logs to run down deer. In custom they were much like the other Tiele, with only minor differences of language. In Zhenguan 3 they came to court alongside the Pugu, Tongluo, Xi, and Xi peoples. In year 21 the grand irkin Qulishi brought his people in; the Youling Protectorate was set up, and Qulishi was made Right Martial Guard grand general and protector. During Xianqing they rose with the Sijie, Pugu, and Tongluo; Left Martial Guard grand general Zheng Rentai defeated them and slew their chiefs. By the Tianbao reign they were once more coming to court of their own accord.

仆骨亦曰仆固，在多覽葛之東。帳戶三萬，兵萬人。地最北，俗梗驁，難召率。始臣突厥，後附薛延陀。延陀滅，其酋娑匐俟利發歌濫拔延始內屬，以其地為金微州，拜歌濫拔延為右武衛大將軍、州都督。開元初，為首領仆固所殺，詣朔方降，有司誅之。子曰懷恩，至德時以功至朔方節度使，自有傳。

The Pugu—also called Pugu—dwelt east of the Duolange. They had thirty thousand tents and ten thousand warriors. They held the northernmost territory; proud and unyielding, they were difficult to command. They had first submitted to the Turks, then to the Xueyantuo. After the Xueyantuo fell, their chief Sabo irkin Gelan Bayan led them in; their territory became Jinwei prefecture, and Gelan Bayan was named Right Martial Guard grand general and protector. Early in Kaiyuan a chieftain named Pugu killed him; he went to Shuofang to surrender and was put to death by the court. His son Huai'en later became Shuofang military commissioner for his achievements in the Zhide era and has a separate biography.

同羅在薛延陀北，多覽葛之東，距京師七千里而贏，勝兵三萬。貞觀二年，遣使者入朝。久之，請內屬，置龜林都督府，拜酋俟利發時健啜為左領軍大將軍，即授都督。安祿山反，劫其兵用之，號「曳落河」者也。曳落河，猶言健兒雲。

The Tongluo lived north of the Xueyantuo and east of the Duolange, seven thousand li from the capital by the circuitous road, with thirty thousand men under arms. In Zhenguan 2 they dispatched envoys to the court. Years later they sought incorporation; the Guilin Protectorate was founded, and tribal irkin Shijian Chuo was made Left Guard grand general and protector. When An Lushan rose in rebellion he impressed their warriors—the force known as the "yeluohe." "Yeluohe" means, roughly, "hardy fighters."

渾在諸部最南者。突厥頡利敗時，有俟利發阿貪支款塞。薛延陀之滅，大俟利發渾汪舉部內向，以其地為臯蘭都督府，後分東、西州。太宗以阿貪支於汪屬尊，遣譯者諷汪，汪欣然避位。帝嘉其讓，以阿貪支為右領軍衛大將軍、臯蘭州刺史，汪雲麾將軍兼俟利發為之副。阿貪支死，子回貴嗣。回貴死，子大壽嗣。大壽死，子釋之嗣。釋之鷙勇不凡，從哥舒翰拔石堡城，遷右武衛大將軍，封汝南郡公。李光弼保河陽，釋之以朔方都知兵馬使為裨將，進寧朔郡王，知朔方節度留後。仆固懷恩之走，聲為歸鎮。釋之曰：「是必眾潰。」將拒之，其甥張韶曰：「彼如悔禍還鎮，渠可不納？」釋之信之，乃納懷恩。懷恩已入，使韶殺釋之，收其軍。已而惡韶，罵曰：「若負舅，肯忠於我？」折其脛，囚死彌峨城。釋之子瑊，建中功臣也，自有傳。

Of all the tribes, the Hun lay farthest south. After the defeat of the Turkish qaghan Jieli, irkin Aganzhi presented himself at the border to surrender. At the fall of the Xueyantuo, grand irkin Hun Wang brought his people in; their territory became the Gaolan Protectorate, later split into eastern and western commands. Taizong, holding Aganzhi the senior man in Wang's following, had an interpreter suggest that Wang step aside, and Wang did so willingly. The emperor commended his humility, made Aganzhi Right Guard grand general and Gaolan prefect, and named Wang Cloud-Banner general with the title of vice irkin. Aganzhi died; his son Huigui succeeded. Huigui died; his son Dashou succeeded. Dashou died; his son Shizhi succeeded. Shizhi was a man of uncommon fierceness and courage. Serving under Geshu Han he captured Shibao fortress, rose to Right Martial Guard grand general, and was enfeoffed Duke of Runan. When Li Guangbi defended Heyang, Shizhi became his deputy as Shuofang army inspector, was raised to Prince of Ningshuo, and served as acting Shuofang military commissioner. When Pugu Huai'en broke away, he claimed he was merely going back to his post. Shizhi said: "That can only mean his men have scattered in rout. He was on the point of barring the gates when his nephew Zhang Shao argued: "If he has repented and is truly returning to his post, how can you turn him away?" Shizhi trusted the advice and let Huai'en in. Once within, Huai'en set Shao to kill Shizhi and took control of the army. Before long he turned on Shao and reviled him: "Betray your uncle—would you then be faithful to me? He broke Shao's legs and kept him imprisoned until he died at Mie'e. Shizhi's son Jian became a noted champion of the Jianzhong period and has a separate biography.

契亦曰契羽，在焉耆西北鷹娑川，多覽葛之南。其酋哥楞自號易勿真莫賀可汗，弟莫賀咄特勒，皆有勇。莫賀咄死，子何力尚紐率其部來歸，時貞觀六年也。詔處之甘、涼間，以其地為榆溪州。永徽四年，以其部為賀蘭都督府，隸燕然都護。何力有戰功，忠節臣也。大和中，其種帳附於振武雲。

The Qi—also called Qiyu—dwelt on the Yingcha River northwest of Kucha, south of the Duolange. Chief Geling took the title Yiwu Zhen Mohe qaghan; his younger brother Moheduo tegin was likewise a warrior of note. After Moheduo's death his son Heli Shangniu brought the tribe in—this was Zhenguan 6. The court settled them between Gan and Liang and organized their territory as Yuxi prefecture. In Yonghui 4 their people were organized as the Helan Protectorate under the Yanran Protector-General. Heli won distinction in battle and proved a steadfast servant of the throne. In the Dahe period their tribal registers were attached to Zhenwu.

多覽葛亦曰多濫，在薛延陀東，濱同羅水，勝兵萬人。延陀已滅，其酋俟斤多濫葛末與回紇皆朝，以其地為燕然都督府，授右衛大將軍，即為府都督。死，以多濫葛塞匐為大俟利發，繼為都督。

The Duolange—also Duolan—lived east of the Xueyantuo along the Tongluo River with ten thousand fighting men. Once the Xueyantuo were gone, irkin Duolangemo of the tribe came to court with the Huihe; Yanran Protectorate was established, and he was made Right Guard grand general and protector. On his death Duolangemo Saifu became grand irkin and protector in his stead.

阿跌，亦曰訶咥，或為跌。始與拔野古等皆朝，以其地為雞田州。開元中，跌思泰自突厥默啜所來降。其後，光進、光顏皆以戰功至大官，賜李氏，附屬籍，自有傳。

The Adie were also called Hezhi, sometimes written simply Die. They first presented themselves at court with the Bayegu and others, and their territory was organized as Jitian prefecture. In Kaiyuan Diesitai defected from the Turkish qaghan Mokusho. Later Guangjin and Guangyan both reached high rank through battlefield service, received the imperial surname Li, were entered on the registers, and are treated in separate biographies.

葛邏祿本突厥諸族，在北庭西北、金山之西，跨仆固振水，包多怛嶺，與車鼻部接。有三族：一謀落，或為謀刺；二熾俟，或為婆匐；三踏實力。永徽初，高偘之伐車鼻可汗，三族皆內屬。顯慶二年，以謀落部為陰山都督府，熾俟部為大漠都督府，踏實力部為玄池都督府，即用其酋長為都督。後分熾俟部置金附州。三族當東、西突厥間，常視其興衰，附叛不常也。後稍南徙，自號「三姓葉護」，兵強，甘於鬥，廷州以西諸突厥皆畏之。開元初，再來朝。天寶時，與回紇、拔悉蜜共攻殺烏蘇米施可汗，又與回紇擊拔悉蜜，走其可汗阿史那施於北庭，奔京師。葛祿與九姓復立回紇葉護，所謂懷仁可汗者也。於是葛祿之處烏德犍山者臣回紇，在金山、北庭者自立葉護，歲來朝。久之，葉護頓毗伽縛突厥叛酋阿布思，進封金山郡王。天寶間，凡五朝。至德後，葛邏祿浸盛，與回紇爭強，徙十姓可汗故地，盡有碎葉、怛邏斯諸城。然限回紇，故朝會不能自達於朝。

The Geluolu were originally a Turkish people living northwest of Beiting and west of the Altai, straddling the Pugu's Zhenshui and the Duoduling range, bordering the Chebi tribes. They comprised three clans: the Moluo, also called Moci; the Chishi, also called Pofu; and the Tashili. In early Yonghui, when Gao Kan attacked Qaghan Chebi, all three submitted. In Xianqing 2 the Moluo became the Yinshan Protectorate, the Chishi the Damo Protectorate, and the Tashili the Xuanchi Protectorate, each under its own chieftain as protector. Later a separate Jinfu prefecture was carved from the Chishi branch. Caught between Eastern and Western Turkey, the three clans watched which power was ascendant and shifted allegiance without constancy. They gradually moved south, took the title "Three-Surname Yabghu," grew formidable in war, delighted in fighting, and every Turkish group west of Tingzhou stood in awe of them. Early in Kaiyuan they presented themselves at court on two occasions. Under Tianbao they allied with the Huihe and Basmil to kill Qaghan Wusumishi, then with the Huihe struck the Basmil and drove qaghan Ashna Shi to Beiting and on to the capital. The Geluolu and the Nine Surnames thereupon enthroned a Huihe yabghu—the Qutluq qaghan of tradition. The Geluolu on Wudejian Mountain submitted to the Huihe, while those at the Altai and Beiting maintained an independent yabghu and paid yearly court visits. In time Yabghu Dund pijia captured the Turkish rebel chief Abu Si and was enfeoffed Prince of Jinshan. Throughout the Tianbao reign they presented themselves at court five times altogether. After Zhide the Geluolu waxed powerful, contested supremacy with the Huihe, shifted into the former domains of the Ten Surnames qaghan, and held Suyab, Talas, and the cities between. Still checked by the Huihe, they could not reach the court on their own and had to come only through Huihe channels.

拔悉蜜，貞觀二十三年始來朝。天寶初，與回紇葉護擊殺突厥可汗，立拔悉蜜大酋阿史那施為賀臘毗伽可汗，遣使者入謝，玄宗賜紫文袍、金鈿帶、魚袋。不三歲，為葛邏祿、回紇所破，奔北庭。後朝京師，拜左武衛將軍，地與眾歸回紇。

The Basmil first presented themselves at court in Zhenguan 23. Early in Tianbao, allied with the Huihe yabghu, they slew the Turkish qaghan and enthroned the Basmil grand chief Ashna Shi as Helapijia qaghan. His envoys came to give thanks, and Xuanzong bestowed a purple patterned robe, gold-inlaid belt, and fish tally pouch. In less than three years the Geluolu and Huihe shattered them, and they fled to Beiting. He later presented himself at court and was made Left Martial Guard general, while his lands and followers were turned over to the Huihe.

都播，亦曰都波，其地北瀕小海，西堅昆，南回紇，分三部，皆自統制。其俗無歲時。結草為廬。無畜牧，不知稼穡，土多百合草，掇其根以飯，捕魚、鳥、獸食之。衣貂鹿皮，貧者緝鳥羽為服。其昏姻，富者納馬，貧者效鹿皮草根。死以木櫝斂置山中，或系於樹，送葬哭泣，與突厥同。無刑罰，盜者倍輸其贓。貞觀二十一年，因骨利幹入朝，亦以使通中國。

The Dubo—also Dubo—lay north against the lesser sea, west against the Kirghiz, south against the Huihe, and were split into three divisions, each self-governing. They kept no seasonal calendar. They wove grass into shelters. Without herds or fields, they lived on lily roots dug from soil thick with lilies, supplementing their diet with fish, fowl, and game. The wealthy dressed in sable and deerskin; the poor pieced garments from bird feathers. For marriage the rich paid horses; the poor substituted deer hides and grass roots. They coffined the dead in wood and set them in the hills or hung them in trees, mourning at burial as the Turks did. They had no penal code; thieves made restitution at double value. In Zhenguan 21 they came to court by way of the Guligan and thereafter maintained contact through envoys.

骨利幹處瀚海北，勝兵五千。草多百合。產良馬，首似橐它，筋骼壯大，日中馳數百里。其地北距海，去京師最遠，又北度海則晝長夜短，日入亨羊胛，熟，東方已明，蓋近日出處也。既入朝，詔遣雲麾將軍康蘇蜜勞答，以其地為玄闕州。其大酋俟斤因使者獻馬，帝取其異者號十驥，皆為美名：曰「騰霜白」，曰「皎雪驄』，曰「凝露驄」，曰「縣光驄」，曰「決波騟』，曰「飛霞驃」，曰「發電赤」，曰「流金瓜」，曰「翔麟紫」，曰「奔虹赤」，厚禮其使。龍朔中，以玄闕州更為余吾州，隸瀚海都督府。延載初，亦來朝。

The Guligan lived north of the Hanhai with five thousand men under arms. Lilies grew thickly across their pastures. Their horses were superb: heads like camels, frames powerful enough to gallop hundreds of li in the heat of noon. North to the sea and farther from the capital than any tributary, their country lay so near the sunrise that beyond the northern waters days ran long: a lamb's shoulder could cook from sundown before the eastern sky had fully darkened. Once they had presented themselves, Cloud-Banner general Kang Sumi was dispatched to receive them, and their territory was organized as Xuanque prefecture. Through his envoy the grand irkin offered horses; the emperor selected ten exceptional mounts and gave each a ceremonial name—Soaring Frost White, Gleaming Snow Piebald, Condensed Dew Piebald, Suspended Light Piebald, Breaking Wave Piebald, Flying Rosy Cloud Piebald, Lightning Red, Flowing Gold Melon, Soaring Unicorn Purple, and Galloping Rainbow Red—and lavished gifts on the embassy. Under Longshuo, Xuanque was renamed Yuwu and subordinated to the Hanhai Protector-General. Early in the Yanzai reign they returned to court.

白霫居鮮卑故地，直京師東北五千里，與同羅、仆骨接。避薛延陀，保奧支水、冷陘山，南契丹，北烏羅渾，東靺鞨，西拔野古，地圓袤二千里，山繚其外，勝兵萬人。業射獵，以赤皮緣衣，婦貫銅釧，以子鈴綴襟。其部有三：曰居延，曰無若沒，曰潢水。其君長臣突厥頡利可汗為俟斤。貞觀中再來朝，後列其地為寘顏州，以別部為居延州，即用俟斤為刺史。顯慶五年，授酋長李含珠為居延都督。含珠死，弟厥都繼之。後無聞焉。

The Baixi held the former Xianbei country, five thousand li northeast of the capital, bordering the Tongluo and Pugu. Driven from the Xueyantuo they sheltered on the Aozhi River and Lengling range: Khitan south, Wuluohun north, Mohe east, Bayegu west. Their land ran two thousand li in circuit, mountains hemming it in, with ten thousand warriors. Hunting and the bow were their livelihood. Men trimmed clothing with red borders; women wore copper bracelets and bells at the throat. Three branches made up the people: Juyan, Wuruomo, and Huangshui. Their ruler had served Turkish qaghan Jieli as irkin. They presented themselves twice in Zhenguan; afterward their territory became Zhenyan prefecture, with a separate Juyan prefecture, and the irkin was made prefect. In Xianqing 5 chief Li Hanzhu was named Juyan protector. Hanzhu died; his brother Juedu followed. No further record of them survives.

斛薛處多濫葛北，勝兵萬人。奚結處同羅北，思結在延陀故牙，二部合兵凡二萬。既來朝，列其地州縣之。太宗時，北狄能自通者，又有烏羅渾，或曰烏洛侯，曰烏羅護，直京師東北六千里而贏，東靺鞨，西突厥，南契丹，北烏丸，大抵風俗皆靺鞨也。烏丸或曰古丸。

The Huxue lived north of the Duolange with ten thousand fighting men. The Xijie were north of the Tongluo; the Sijie at the Xueyantuo's former headquarters. Together they could muster twenty thousand men. After presenting themselves at court, their territories were carved into prefectures and counties. Under Taizong other northern peoples who opened their own relations included the Wuluohun—also Wuluohou or Wuluhu—six thousand li northeast by the circuitous road: Mohe east, Turks west, Khitan south, Wuhuan north. In custom they were much like the Mohe. The Wuhuan were also known as Guwan.

又有鞠，或曰祴，居拔野古東北，有木無草，地多苔。無羊馬，人豢鹿若牛馬，惟食苔，俗以駕車。又以鹿皮為衣，聚木作屋，尊卑共居。又有俞折者，地差大，俗與拔野古相埒。少羊馬，多貂鼠。

Farther northeast of the Bayegu lived the Ju—also Kai—where trees grew but grass did not and moss carpeted the earth. Without sheep or horses they kept deer as others keep cattle, fed them moss alone, and harnessed them to carts. Deerskin served for dress; timber houses housed nobles and commoners alike. The Yuzhe held a somewhat larger domain with customs much like the Bayegu's. Sheep and horses were scarce; sables and martens abundant.

又有駁馬者，或曰弊剌，曰遏羅支，直突厥之北，距京師萬四千里。隨水草，然喜居山，勝兵三萬。地常積雪，木不雕。以馬耕田，馬色皆駁，因以名國雲。北極於海，雖畜馬而不乘，資湩酪以食。好與結骨戰，人貌多似結骨，而語不相通。皆劗發，樺皮帽。構木類井幹，覆樺為室。各有小君長，不能相臣也。

North of the Turks lived the Boma—also Bila or Eluozhi—fourteen thousand li from the capital. Pasture and water guided their movements, yet they favored the high country, with thirty thousand men under arms. Snow never left the ground; timber did not decay. They farmed with horses—all piebald—and took that as their country's name. North to the sea they raised horses but did not ride, sustaining themselves on kumiss and curds. They warred constantly with the Jiegu, looked much like them, yet spoke a different tongue. Men cropped their hair and wore birch-bark hats. Houses rose on timber frames like well-shafts, roofed in birch bark. Petty chiefs ruled separate bands; none could command the rest.

大漢者，處鞠之北，饒羊馬，人物頎大，故以自名。與鞠俱鄰於黠戛斯劍海之瀕。此皆古所未賓者，當貞觀逮永徽，奉貂馬入朝，或一再至。

North of the Ju were the Dahan, plentiful in sheep and horses, tall of stature—"Great Han" was the name they gave themselves. Both neighbored the Kirghiz on the Sword Sea. None had bowed to earlier dynasties; between Zhenguan and Yonghui they began sending sable and horses—some once, some repeatedly.

黠戛斯，古堅昆國也。地當伊吾之西，焉耆北，白山之旁。或曰居勿，曰結骨。其種雜丁零，乃匈奴西鄙也。匈奴封漢降將李陵為右賢王，衛律為丁零王。後郅支單於破堅昆，於時東距單於廷七千里，南車師五千里，郅支留都之。故後世得其地者訛為結骨，稍號紇骨，亦曰紇扢斯雲。眾數十萬，勝兵八萬，直回紇西北三千里，南依貪漫山。地夏沮洳，冬積雪。人皆長大，赤發、皙面、綠瞳，以黑髮為不祥。黑瞳者，必曰陵苗裔也。男少女多，以環貫耳，俗趫伉，男子有男黥其手，女已嫁黥項。雜居多淫佚。

The Kirghiz were the old realm of Jiegu. They held the country west of Yiwu, north of Kucha, along White Mountain. They were also known as Juwu or Jiegu. Their people mingled Dingling blood—they were the Xiongnu's western fringe. The Xiongnu had made the Han turncoat Li Ling Right Worthy King and Wei Lü king of the Dingling. Later Qaghan Zhizhi overthrew Jiegu when it stood seven thousand li east of his court and five thousand li south of the Chief of the Chariots; Zhizhi then kept his seat there. Later rulers corrupted the name to Jiegu, then Gegu, also Hegesi. They numbered in the hundreds of thousands with eighty thousand warriors, three thousand li northwest of the Huihe, south along Tanhan Mountain. Summers were sodden; winters buried in snow. They were tall, red-haired, fair-skinned, green-eyed; black hair was deemed unlucky. Anyone with black pupils was declared a descendant of Li Ling. Men were more numerous than women, wore ear-rings, and were fierce by nature. Fathers tattooed the hand at a son's birth; married women tattooed the neck. Communal living bred widespread looseness of morals.

謂歲首為茂師哀，以三哀為一時，以十二物紀年，如歲在寅則曰虎年。氣多寒，雖大河亦半冰。稼有禾、粟、大小麥、青稞，步硙以為面糜。穄以三月種，九月獲，以飯，以釀酒，而無果蔬。畜，馬至壯大，以善鬥者為頭馬，有橐它、牛、羊，牛為多，富農至數千。其獸有野馬、骨咄、黃羊、原羝、鹿、黑尾，黑尾者似獐，尾大而黑。魚，有蔑者長七八尺，莫痕者無骨，口出頤下。鳥，雁、鶩、烏鵲、鷹、隼。木，松、樺、榆、柳、蒲。松高者仰射不能及顛，而樺尤多。有金、鐵、錫，每雨，俗必得鐵，號迦沙，為兵絕犀利，常以輸突厥。其戰有弓矢、旗幟，其騎士析木為盾，蔽股足，又以圓盾傅肩，而捍矢刃。

Their new year was Maoshi'ai; three Maoshi formed a season; twelve animal signs marked the years, as "Tiger Year" for a yin year. Cold dominated the climate; even major rivers froze halfway across. Crops included millet, grain, large and small wheat, and highland barley, ground on foot mills into porridge flour. Broomcorn millet went in the ground in the third month and came off in the ninth, eaten as food or fermented into wine; they grew no fruit or vegetables. Horses grew to great size; the fiercest in battle led the herd. Camels, cattle, and sheep were kept—cattle most of all; a rich man might own thousands. Game included wild horses, gudu, yellow sheep, plain antelope, deer, and black-tail, the last like a roe deer with a large black tail. Among fish, the mie reached seven or eight chi; the mohen was boneless, its mouth thrusting forward beneath the jaw. Birds included wild geese, ducks, magpies, hawks, and falcons. Timber included pine, birch, elm, willow, and bulrush. Pines grew so high an arrow shot upward could not reach the crown; birch was everywhere. Gold, iron, and tin lay in their hills; after rain they gathered iron called jasha, forged into blades of exceptional edge, much of it sent to the Turks. They fought with bow, arrow, and standards; cavalry split planks into shields for thighs and feet and wore round shoulder shields against edged weapons.

其君曰「阿熱」，遂姓阿熱氏，建一纛，下皆尚赤，余以部落為之號。服貴貂、豽，阿熱冬帽貂，夏帽金扣，銳頂而卷末，諸下皆帽白氈，喜佩刀礪，賤者衣皮不帽，女衣毳毼、錦、罽、綾，蓋安西、北庭、大食所貿售也。阿熱駐牙青山，周柵代垣，聯氈為帳，號「密的支」，它首領居小帳。凡調兵，諸部役屬者悉行。內貂鼠、青鼠為賦。其官，宰相、都督、職使、長史、將軍、達幹六等。宰相七，都督三、職使十，皆典兵；長史十五，將軍、達幹無員。諸部食肉及馬酪，惟阿熱設餅餌。樂有笛、鼓、笙、觱篥、盤鈴。戲有弄駝、師子、馬伎、繩伎。祠神惟主水草，祭無時，呼巫為「甘」。昏嫁納羊馬以聘，富者或百千計。喪不剺面，三環屍哭，乃火之，收其骨，歲而乃墓，然後器泣有節。冬處室，木皮為覆。其文字言語，與回鶻正同。法最嚴，臨陣橈、奉使不稱、妄議國若盜者皆斷首；子為盜，以首著父頸，非死不脫。

Their king was titled A-re, from which came the royal A-re clan; a great banner stood above a realm that favored red, while lesser tribes kept their own names. Rank showed in sable and badger dress: the A-re wore sable in winter, a gold-clasped peaked summer cap with curled tip; followers wore white felt and belted blades. The poor went bareheaded in hides. Women dressed in wool, brocade, felt, and silk from Anxi, Beiting, and the Arab lands. The A-re encamped on Green Mountain behind stockades, his great felt hall called Midezhi while lesser chiefs kept smaller tents. At mobilization every dependent tribe was called to the field. They paid tribute in sable and blue rat pelts. Six grades of office existed: chancellor, protector, duty commissioner, chief secretary, general, and taghan. Seven chancellors, three protectors, and ten duty commissioners held military authority; fifteen chief secretaries; generals and taghans without fixed quotas. The tribes lived on meat and kumiss; only the A-re received bread and pastry. Their music used flute, drum, sheng, bili pipe, and hand-bells. Games featured camel performance, lion dance, horsemanship, and rope acrobatics. Their gods were water and pasture, worshipped without calendar; shamans were called Gan. Marriage required sheep and horses; the wealthy paid hundreds or thousands. They did not scar their faces for the dead. Kin circled the body wailing three times, burned it, collected the bones, buried them after a year, and only then observed measured mourning. Winter quarters were roofed in birch bark. Writing and language matched those of the Uyghurs exactly. Law was severe: flinching in battle, an envoy's dereliction, or loose talk about the realm, like theft, brought decapitation; a son's theft meant his head was hung at the father's neck until the father died.

阿熱牙至回鶻牙所，橐它四十日行。使者道出天德右二百里許抵西受降城，北三百里許至鵜泉，泉西北至回鶻牙千五百里許，而有東、西二道，泉之北，東道也。回鶻牙北六百里得仙娥河，河東北曰雪山，地多水泉。青山之東，有水曰劍河，偶艇以度，水悉東北流，經其國，合而北入於海。

Forty camel-days lay between the A-re's headquarters and the Uyghur royal camp. The embassy road ran two hundred li west from Tiande to West Shouxiang city, three hundred li north to Piquan, then some fifteen hundred li northwest to the Uyghur court by eastern or western routes—the eastern road lying north of the spring. Six hundred li north of the Uyghur camp stood the Xian'e River; northeast rose Snow Mountain, rich in springs. East of Green Mountain the Sword River was crossed on rafts; its waters ran northeast through their land, united, and poured north into the sea.

東至木馬突厥三部落，曰都播、彌列、哥餓支，其酋長皆為頡斤。樺皮覆室，多善馬，俗乘木馬馳冰上，以板藉足，屈木支腋，蹴輒百步，勢迅激。夜鈔盜，晝伏匿，堅昆之人得以役屬之。

Eastward lay three Wooden-Horse Turkish tribes—Dubo, Milie, and Ge'ezh—each ruled by an irkin. They roofed in birch, bred fine horses, and on ice rode wooden runners: boards on the feet, bent poles under the arms—one push sent them a hundred paces at furious speed. They raided at night and hid by day, and the Kirghiz could reduce them to servitude.

堅昆，本強國也，地與突厥等，突厥以女妻其酋豪，東至骨利幹，南吐蕃，西南葛邏祿。始隸薛延陀，延陀以頡利發一人監國。其酋長三人，曰訖悉輩，曰居沙波輩，曰阿米輩，共治其國，未始與中國通。貞觀二十二年，聞鐵勒等已入臣，即遣使者獻方物，其酋長俟利發失缽屈阿棧身入朝，太宗勞享之，謂群臣曰：「往渭橋斬三突厥，自謂功多，今俟利發在席，更覺過之。」俟利發酒酣，奏願得持笏，帝以其地為堅昆府，拜俟利發左屯衛大將軍，即為都督，隸燕然都護。高宗世，再來朝。景龍中，獻方物，中宗引使者勞之曰：「而國與我同宗，非它蕃比。」屬以酒，使者頓首。玄宗世，四朝獻。

Jiegu had been a great power, its lands the equal of the Turks', who married their daughters to its chiefs. It reached east to the Guligan, south to Tibet, and southwest to the Geluolu. It first bowed to the Xueyantuo, who posted a single jielifa to supervise the realm. Three chiefs—Qixibei, Jushabobei, and Amibei—governed together and had never opened relations with China. In Zhenguan 22, learning that the Tiele and others had submitted, they sent tribute at once. Irkin Shiboju A-zhan came in person; Taizong feasted him and told the court: "When I slew three Turks at Wei Bridge I thought my achievement unmatched—yet with this irkin at my table I find I have outdone myself. Wine warmed, the irkin begged to hold a court tablet. The emperor organized his territory as the Jiegu Protectorate, named him Left Garrison Guard grand general and protector under the Yanran Protector-General. Under Gaozong they presented themselves twice. During Jinglong they sent tribute; Zhongzong received the embassy and said: "Your country and ours are of one clan—not to be compared with other foreign peoples. The emperor offered wine; the envoy kowtowed. Under Xuanzong they came to court four times.

乾元中，為回紇所破，自是不能通中國。後狄語訛為黠戛斯，蓋回鶻謂之，若曰黃赤面雲，又訛為戛戛斯。然常與大食、吐蕃、葛祿相依杖，吐蕃之往來者畏回鶻剽鈔，必住葛祿，以待黠戛斯護送。大食有重錦，其載二十橐它乃勝，既不可兼負，故裁為二十匹，每三歲一餉黠戛斯。而回鶻授其君長阿熱官為「毗伽頓頡斤」。

In Qianyuan the Huihe shattered them, and thereafter they could not communicate with the Middle Kingdom. Di speech later slurred the name into Kirghiz—the Uyghur term, roughly "yellow-red faces"—and still further into Gagas. They leaned on the Arabs, Tibet, and Geluolu alike. Tibetan travelers, fearing Uyghur raids, lodged with the Geluolu until Kirghiz escorts could see them through. Arab heavy brocade required twenty camels per load; since it could not be carried whole, it was cut into twenty bolts and sent to the Kirghiz every three years. The Uyghurs gave their ruler A-re the title Pijia Dund Irkin.

回鶻稍衰，阿熱即自稱可汗。其母，突騎施女也，為母可敦；妻葛祿葉護女，為可敦。回鶻遣宰相伐之，不勝，挐鬥二十年不解。阿熱恃勝，乃肆詈曰：「爾運盡矣！我將收爾金帳，於爾帳前馳我馬，植我旗，爾能抗，亟來，即不能，當疾去。」回鶻不能討，其將句錄莫賀導阿熱破殺回鶻可汗，諸特勒皆潰。阿熱身自將，焚其牙及公主所廬金帳者，回鶻可汗常坐也。乃悉收其寶貲，並得太和公主，遂徙牙牢山之南。牢山亦曰賭滿，距回鶻舊牙度馬行十五日。阿熱以公主唐貴女，遣使者衛送公主還朝，為回鶻烏介可汗邀取之，並殺使者。

When the Uyghurs waned, A-re proclaimed himself qaghan. His mother, a Turgesh woman, was styled Mother Qatun; his wife, daughter of a Geluolu yabghu, was made Qatun. The Uyghurs sent a chancellor against him and failed; the two sides grappled twenty years without end. Emboldened by success, A-re hurled insults: "Your luck is finished! I will seize your golden tent, ride my horse before it, and raise my banner. Resist if you can—come now; if you cannot, be gone. The Uyghurs could not crush him. Their general Julu Moho led A-re to rout and kill the Uyghur qaghan; the tegins fled in disarray. A-re took the field himself, burning the royal camp and the princess's golden pavilions—the qaghan's own seat. He seized their hoarded wealth and captured Princess Taihe, then shifted his camp south of Laoshan. Laoshan—also Duman—lay fifteen days by horse from the former Uyghur headquarters. Holding the princess a woman of Tang rank, A-re sent an escort to return her; Uyghur Qaghan Wujie intercepted the party, took the princess, and slew the envoys.

會昌中，阿熱以使者見殺，無以通於朝，復遣註吾合素上書言狀。註吾，虜姓也；合，言猛；素者，左也，謂武猛善左射者。行三歲至京師，武宗大悅，班渤海使者上，以其處窮遠，能脩職貢，命太仆卿趙蕃持節臨慰其國，詔宰相即鴻臚寺見使者，使譯官考山川國風。宰相德裕上言：「貞觀時，遠國皆來，中書侍郎顏師古請如周史臣集四夷朝事為《王會篇》。今黠戛斯大通中國，宜為《王會圖》以示後世。」有詔以鴻臚所得繢著之。又詔阿熱著宗正屬籍。

In Huichang, with his envoys slain and no channel to the throne, he sent Zhuyu Hesu with a written account. Zhuyu was a foreign clan name; he meant "fierce"; su meant "left"—a warrior fierce in fight and masterful shooting left-handed. Three years' travel brought him to court. Wuzong rejoiced and seated him above the Bohai embassy. Deeming so distant a land faithful in tribute, he named Grand Master of the Stud Zhao Fan to comfort the realm and ordered the chancellor to meet the envoy at Honglu Temple while interpreters recorded terrain and custom. Chancellor Deyu wrote: "In Zhenguan distant peoples flocked in; Vice Director Yan Shigu proposed a 'Assembly of Kings' chapter after the Zhou model, gathering the four quarters' audiences. Now that the Kirghiz are deeply tied to China, we should paint an Assembly of Kings for later ages. The throne ordered Honglu's sketches incorporated. A-re was also entered in the Directorate of Clans registers.

是時，烏介可汗餘眾托黑車子，阿熱願乘秋馬肥擊取之，表天子請師。帝令給事中劉濛為巡邊使，朝廷亦以河、隴四鎮十八州久淪戎狄，幸回鶻破弱，吐蕃亂，相殘嚙，可乘其衰。乃以右散騎常侍李拭使黠戛斯，冊君長為宗英雄武誠明可汗。未行，而武宗崩。宣宗嗣位，欲如先帝意，或謂黠戛斯小種，不足與唐抗，詔宰相與臺省四品以上官議，皆曰：「回鶻盛時有冊號，今幸衰亡，又加黠戛斯，後且生患。」乃止。至大中元年，卒詔鴻臚卿李業持節冊黠戛斯為英武誠明可汗。逮咸通間，三來朝。然卒不能取回鶻。後之朝聘冊命，史臣失傳。

Wujie's remnant had taken refuge with the Black Carts; A-re asked to attack when autumn horses grew fat and petitioned the throne for soldiers. The emperor named Supervising Secretary Liu Meng frontier inspector. The court also noted that eighteen prefectures of the four He-Long commands had long been lost to barbarians; with the Uyghurs crippled and Tibet in chaos, mutual ruin might let Tang recover what was lost. Right Regular Attendant Li Shi was dispatched to invest the Kirghiz ruler as Qaghan Zongying Xiongwu Chengming. He had not yet departed when Wuzong died. Xuanzong wished to honor his predecessor's plan, but critics called the Kirghiz a minor people unworthy of Tang parity. He convened the chancellor and Secretariat and Censorate officials of the fourth rank and above; all argued: "The Uyghurs at their height received titles; now that they are ruined, elevating the Kirghiz will only breed future harm. The investiture was abandoned. In Dazhong 1 Li Ye, Minister of Honglu, was finally sent to invest the Kirghiz as Qaghan Yingwu Chengming. Under Xiantong they presented themselves three times. They never succeeded in finishing off the Uyghurs. Later embassies, titles, and edicts went unrecorded by the historians.

贊曰：夷狄資悍貪，人外而獸內，惟剽奪是視。故湯、武之興，未嘗與共功，蓋疏而不戚也。太宗初興，嘗用突厥矣，不勝其暴，卒縛而臣之。肅宗用回紇矣，至略華人，辱太子，笞殺近臣，求索無倪。德宗又用吐蕃矣，劫平涼，敗上將，空破西陲。所謂引外禍平內亂者也。夫用之以權，制之以謀，惟太宗能之。若二主懦昏，狃而狎之，烏勝其弊哉！彼親之則責償也多，慊而不滿則滋怨，化以仁義則頑，示以法則忿，熟我險易則為患也博而慘，療餒以冶葛，何時可哉？故《春秋》許夷狄者，不一而足，信矣。

The commentator writes: Barbarians are fierce and greedy by nature—human in face, beast at heart—seeing nothing but raid and spoil. When Tang of Shang and King Wu rose, they never made barbarians partners in founding the state, keeping them distant and without close kinship. Taizong at the start of his reign used the Turks, could not endure their brutality, and finally bound them into submission. Suzong turned to the Huihe, who ravaged Chinese territory, humiliated the crown prince, flogged and killed nearby officials, and exacted without end. Dezong relied on Tibet, which struck Pingliang, routed a leading general, and gutted the western border. Such is the meaning of inviting foreign disaster to settle domestic turmoil. Using them when useful and restraining them by design—only Taizong mastered that art. But when two rulers were timid and dim, clinging to barbarians and handling them lightly, what ruin could be avoided! Favor breeds endless claims; unmet appetite breeds hate. Benevolence and righteousness leave them unchanged; law only angers them. Learn our passes and rivers and their harm grows wider and bloodier. Healing famine with monkshood—is there an end? So the Spring and Autumn rarely praises the barbarians—and how true that is.

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