'''卷二百一十六上''' 列傳第一百四十一上吐蕃上

◎吐蕃上

◎ Tibet (Part One)

吐蕃本西羌屬，蓋百有五十種，散處河、湟、江、岷間，有發羌、唐旄等，然未始與中國通。居析支水西。祖曰鶻提勃悉野，健武多智，稍並諸羌，據其地。蕃、發聲近，故其子孫曰吐蕃，而姓勃窣野。或曰南涼禿發利鹿孤之後。二子，曰樊尼，曰傉檀。傉檀嗣，為乞佛熾盤所滅。樊尼挈殘部臣沮渠蒙遜，以為臨松太守。蒙遜滅，樊尼率兵西濟河，逾積石，遂撫有群羌云。

The Tibetans sprang from the western Qiang peoples. Some hundred and fifty clans lived scattered along the Yellow River, the Huangshui, the Yangtze, and the Min—among them the Fa Qiang and the Tangmao—but they had never yet dealt with the Middle Kingdom. They settled west of the Qizhi River. An ancestor named Nutiboxiye, vigorous in arms and shrewd in counsel, gradually brought the Qiang clans under his sway and took possession of their lands. Because the words for "Fan" and "Fa" sounded alike, their descendants came to be called the Tibetans (Tubo), and they took the clan name Boxiye. Some hold that they were descended from Tufa Lilugu of Southern Liang. He had two sons: Fanni and Nutan. Nutan succeeded to the rule but was overthrown and destroyed by Qifo Chiban. Fanni led the surviving tribes to submit to Juqu Mengxun, who appointed him Administrator of Linsong. After Mengxun's fall, Fanni marched west across the river, crossed beyond Jishi Mountain, and in time brought the Qiang peoples under his control.

其俗謂強雄曰贊，丈夫曰普，故號君長曰贊普，贊普妻曰末蒙。其官有大相曰論茝，副相曰論茝扈莽，各一人，亦號大論、小論；都護一人，曰悉編掣逋；又有內大相曰曩論掣逋，亦曰論莽熱，副相曰曩論覓零逋，小相曰曩論充，各一人；又有整事大相曰喻寒波掣逋，副整事曰喻寒覓零逋，小整事曰喻寒波充：皆任國事，總號曰尚論掣逋突瞿。地直京師西八千里，距鄯善五百里，勝兵數十萬。國多霆、電、風、雹，積雪，盛夏如中國春時，山谷常冰。地有寒癘，中人輒痞促而不害。其贊普居跋布川，或邏娑川，有城郭廬舍不肯處，聯毳帳以居，號大拂廬，容數百人。其衛候嚴，而牙甚隘。部人處小拂廬，多老壽至百餘歲者。衣率氈韋，以赭塗面為好。婦人辮發而縈之。其器屈木而韋底，或氈為般，凝面為碗，實羹酪並食之，手捧酒漿以飲。其官之章飾，最上瑟瑟，金次之，金塗銀又次之，銀次之，最下至銅止，差大小，綴臂前以辨貴賤。屋皆平上，高至數丈。其稼有小麥、青稞麥、蕎麥、荳豆。其獸，牦牛、名馬、犬、羊、彘，天鼠之皮可為裘，獨峰駝日馳千里。其寶，金、銀、錫、銅。其死，葬為冢，塈塗之。其吏治，無文字，結繩齒木為約。其刑，雖小罪必抉目，或刖、劓，以皮為鞭抶之，從喜怒，無常算。其獄，窟地深數丈，內囚於中，二三歲乃出。其宴大賓客，必驅耗牛，使客自射，乃敢饋。其俗，重鬼右巫，事原羝為大神。喜浮屠法，習咒詛，國之政事，必以桑門參決。多佩弓刀。飲酒不得及亂。婦人無及政。貴壯賤弱，母拜子，子倨父，出入前少而後老。重兵死，以累世戰沒為甲門，敗懦者垂狐尾於首示辱，不得列於人。拜必手據地為犬號，再揖身止。居父母喪，斷髮、黛面、墨衣，既葬而吉。其舉兵，以七寸金箭為契。百里一驛，有急兵，驛人臆前加銀鶻，甚急，鶻益多。告寇舉烽。其畜牧，逐水草無常所。其鎧胃精良，衣之周身，竅兩目，勁弓利刃不能甚傷。其兵法嚴，而師無饋糧，以鹵獲為資。每戰，前隊盡死，後隊乃進。其四時，以麥熟為歲首。其戲，棋、六博。其樂，吹螺、擊鼓。其君臣自為友，五六人曰共命。君死，皆自殺以殉，所服玩乘馬皆瘞，起大屋冢顛，樹眾木為祠所。贊普與其臣歲一小盟，用羊、犬、猴為牲；三歲一大盟，夜肴諸壇，用人、馬、牛、閭為牲。凡牲必折足裂腸陳於前，使巫告神曰：「渝盟者有如牲。」

By their custom the mighty were called zan and a man pu; hence their chieftain was titled Zanpu, and the Zanpu's consort Momo. Their chief minister was called Lunzhi and his deputy Lunzhi Humang, one of each—also known as the Great Lun and the Lesser Lun; a single protector-general titled Xibian Chibo; an inner great minister, Nanglun Chibo (also Lun Mangre), with a deputy Nanglun Milengbo and a junior minister Nanglun Chong, again one apiece; and ministers of state business titled Yuhanbo Chibo, Yuhan Milengbo, and Yuhanbo Chong—all charged with government, together styled the Shanglun Chibo Tuqu. Their territory lay eight thousand li west of the capital, five hundred li from Shanshan, and they could field several hundred thousand fighting men. Thunder, lightning, gales, and hail were common; snow lay deep, and even at midsummer the air felt like spring in China—yet ice lingered in the valleys. Cold miasmas haunted the region; those who fell ill would grow short of breath and feel constricted in the chest, yet the sickness was not fatal. The Zanpu lived along the Babu or Luosa River. Though walled towns and houses stood ready, he refused them, linking felt tents into a great encampment called the Great Fulü, large enough for several hundred people. His guard was strict, but the royal camp itself was cramped. The people lived in smaller tent compounds; many reached great age, some living more than a hundred years. They commonly dressed in felt and hides, and prized painting the face with red ochre. Women wore their hair in braids wound about the head. They bent wood for bowls with leather bases, or used felt for plates and clotted curd for bowls; broth and dairy were served together, and they drank wine from cupped hands. Official insignia ranked from turquoise at the top, then gold, gilt silver, plain silver, and finally copper; size varied, and badges were worn on the forearm to mark rank. Their houses had flat roofs and stood several zhang high. They grew wheat, highland barley, buckwheat, and legumes. Among their beasts were yaks, fine horses, dogs, sheep, and swine; the pika's pelt served for furs, and the dromedary could cover a thousand li in a day. Their mineral wealth included gold, silver, tin, and copper. The dead were buried in earthen mounds and sealed with plaster. They kept no written records in government; contracts were made with knotted cords and notched tally sticks. Even petty offenses might cost an eye, a limb, or the nose; leather whips were applied at the ruler's whim, with no fixed penalty. Prisons were pits dug many zhang deep; inmates were cast inside and might not emerge for two or three years. When feasting honored guests they drove out a yak and required the guest to kill it with his own shot before food was served. They revered spirits and trusted shamans, holding Yuandi as their chief deity. They favored Buddhism, practiced charms and curses, and no state business was settled without monks taking part. Most men went armed with bow and blade. Drunken disorder was forbidden. Women took no part in public affairs. Strength was prized and weakness scorned; mothers bowed to sons and sons showed little deference to fathers; the young went ahead and the aged followed when people passed in or out. Death in war was honored; clans with generations of fallen soldiers ranked as elite houses. Cowards wore fox tails on the head in shame and were shut out of respectable company. To bow they pressed their hands to the earth and gave a doglike cry, bowed twice, then rose and stopped. For parents' mourning they cut their hair, blackened their faces, and wore dark clothes; once the burial was done they regarded the rites as complete. To mobilize for war they passed a seven-inch golden arrow as the pledge of alliance. Post stations stood every hundred li; urgent dispatches were marked with silver hawk badges on the courier's chest—the greater the urgency, the more hawks. Enemy raids were signaled with beacon fires. Herdsmen followed pasture and water and had no fixed dwelling. Their armor was excellent—worn over the entire body with only slits for the eyes—so that even powerful bows and keen blades inflicted little harm. Military discipline was harsh, but armies carried no grain trains and lived on booty. In battle the front rank had to be cut down to the last man before the rear rank moved forward. Their year began when the wheat ripened. They played chess and liubo for pastime. Music was made with conch horns and drums. Ruler and ministers bound themselves as sworn companions; groups of five or six were called "shared fate." When the lord died his companions took their own lives to follow him; clothes, treasures, and horses were buried with him; a great hall was built atop the tomb and many trees planted for sacrifice. Each year the Zanpu and his ministers swore a lesser oath with sheep, dogs, and monkeys as offerings; every three years a great oath by night at the altars, with human beings, horses, cattle, and lü beasts as sacrifices. Victims were always displayed with broken legs and torn bellies; shamans proclaimed to the gods, "Whoever breaks this oath shall fare as this victim."

其後有君長曰瘕悉董摩，董摩生佗土度，佗土生揭利失若，揭利生勃弄若，勃弄生詎素若，詎素生論贊索，論贊生棄宗弄贊，亦名棄蘇農，亦號弗夜氏。其為人慷慨才雄，常驅野馬、犛牛，馳刺之以為樂，西域諸國共臣之。

Later rulers included Jiaxi Dongmo; from him came Tuotudu, then Jielishiruo, Bonongruo, Jusuruo, Lunzansuo, and finally Qizong Nongzan—also called Qisunong and known as the Fuye clan. He was open-handed, gifted, and bold, and took his pleasure in driving wild horses and yaks to gallop and spear them; the kingdoms of the Western Regions all acknowledged his rule.

太宗，始遣使者來朝，帝遣行人馮德遐下書臨撫。弄贊聞突厥、吐谷渾並得尚公主，乃遣使賫幣求昏，帝不許。使者還，妄語曰：「天子遇我厚，幾得公主，會吐谷渾王入朝，遂不許，殆有以間我乎？」弄贊怒，率羊同共擊吐谷渾，吐谷渾不能亢，走青海之陰，盡取其貲畜。又攻党項、白蘭羌，破之。勒兵二十萬入寇松州，命使者貢金甲，且言迎公主，謂左右曰：「公主不至，我且深入。」都督韓威輕出覘賊，反為所敗，屬羌大擾，皆叛以應賊。乃詔吏部尚書侯君集為行軍大總管，出當彌道，右領軍大將軍執失思力出白蘭道，右武衛大將軍牛進達出闊水道，右領軍將軍劉蘭出洮河道，並為行軍總管，率步騎五萬進討。進達自松州夜鏖其營，斬首千級。

Under Taizong they first sent envoys to court, and the emperor dispatched the envoy Feng Dexia with an imperial letter of reassurance. Learning that both the Turks and the Tuyuhun had received Tang princesses, Nongzan sent envoys with gifts to seek a marriage alliance, but the emperor refused. On their return the envoys lied, saying, "The Son of Heaven received us warmly and we nearly won a princess, but when the Tuyuhun king came to court the match was refused—has someone come between us?" Nongzan flew into a rage, led the Yangtong in an attack on Tuyuhun, and when Tuyuhun could not hold its ground it fled beyond Qinghai Lake while the Tibetans seized all its wealth and herds. He next struck the Dangxiang and Bailan Qiang and broke them. He massed two hundred thousand men and raided Songzhou, sent envoys offering golden armor and claiming he had come to receive the princess, and told his followers, "If the princess is not sent, I will drive farther in." Protectorate General Han Wei rashly rode out to scout the enemy and was beaten in turn; the dependent Qiang rose in turmoil and went over to the invaders. The emperor then named Minister Hou Junji grand campaign commander on the Dangmi route, with Zhishi Sili on the Bailan route, Niu Jinda on the Kuanshui route, and Liu Lan on the Taohe route—each at the head of fifty thousand foot and horse—to advance against the Tibetans. From Songzhou, Niu Jinda stormed the Tibetan camp by night and took a thousand heads.

初東寇也，連歲不解，其大臣請返國，不聽，自殺者八人。至是弄贊始懼，引而去，以使者來謝罪，固請昏，許之。遣大論薛祿東贊獻黃金五千兩，它寶稱是，以為聘。

The eastern campaign had dragged on for years; ministers pleaded to withdraw but were refused, and eight took their own lives. Only then did Nongzan take fright, pull back his forces, and send envoys to apologize and press anew for a marriage alliance; the emperor consented. He dispatched the great minister Gar Tongtsen (Xue Ludongzan) with five thousand taels of gold and comparable treasures as bride-price.

十五年，妻以宗女文成公主，詔江夏王道宗持節護送，築館河源王之國。弄贊率兵次柏海親迎，見道宗，執婿禮恭甚，見中國服飾之美，縮縮愧沮。歸國，自以其先未有昏帝女者，乃為公主築一城以誇後世，遂立宮室以居。公主惡國人赭面，弄贊下令國中禁之。自褫氈罽，襲紈綃，為華風。遣諸豪子弟入國學，習《詩》、《書》。又請儒者典書疏。

In the fifteenth year the emperor gave his clanswoman as Princess Wencheng in marriage, ordered Prince Jiangxia Li Daozong to escort her with imperial credentials, and built a lodge in the King of Heyuan's territory. Nongzan marched to Bohai to meet the bride in person; when he saw Daozong he observed the rites of a son-in-law with deep respect, but the splendor of Chinese dress left him abashed and ill at ease. Back in Tibet he reflected that no ancestor had ever married an emperor's daughter, built a city for the princess to show posterity, and raised palaces for their residence. The princess detested the Tibetan custom of painting the face with ochre, and Nongzan forbade it throughout the kingdom. He set aside felt and woolens for silk gauze and took up Chinese ways. He sent noble youths to the National University to study the Odes and the Documents. He also asked for Confucian scholars to handle official correspondence.

帝伐遼還，使祿東贊上書曰：「陛下平定四方，日月所照，並臣治之。高麗恃遠，弗率於禮，天子自將度遼，隳城陷陣，指日凱旋，雖雁飛於天，無是之速。夫鵝猶雁也，臣謹冶黃金為鵝以獻。」其高七尺，中實酒三斛。二十二年，右衛率府長史王玄策使西域，為中天竺所鈔，弄贊發精兵從玄策討破之，來獻俘。

After the emperor's return from the Liaodong campaign, Gar Tongtsen sent a memorial: "Your Majesty has pacified the four quarters; wherever sun and moon shine, all bow to your rule. Goguryeo, trusting in its distance, defied the rites; the Son of Heaven led the crossing of the Liao in person, stormed cities and shattered their lines, and would return victorious within days—no wild goose in flight could match such speed. A goose is kin to the wild goose; your servant has therefore cast a golden goose as tribute." It stood seven chi tall and held three hu of wine within. In the twenty-second year Wang Xuance of the Right Guard was robbed in Central India on a mission to the west; Nongzan sent picked troops to join him, crushed the Indians, and presented captives at court.

高宗即位，擢駙馬都尉、西海郡王。弄贊以書詒長孫無忌曰：「天子初即位，下有不忠者，願勒兵赴國共討之。」並獻金琲十五種以薦昭陵。進封賨王，賜餉蕃渥。又請蠶種、酒人與碾硙等諸工，詔許。永徽初，死，遣使者吊祠。無子，立其孫，幼不事，故祿東贊相其國。

When Gaozong came to the throne, Nongzan was made Commandant of the Horse and Prince of Xihai. Nongzan wrote to Zhangsun Wuji: "Now that the Son of Heaven has newly ascended, if any below are disloyal, I am ready to march to your aid and help punish them." He also sent fifteen kinds of golden ornaments as offerings for Taizong's Zhaoling tomb. He was advanced to Prince of Bin and given lavish gifts and supplies. He also asked for silkworm eggs, vintners, millwrights, and other craftsmen, and the emperor approved. Early in Yonghui he died, and the court sent envoys to mourn and sacrifice. He left no son; a grandson was enthroned but was too young to rule, and Gar Tongtsen governed in his stead.

，獻金盎、金頗羅等，復請昏。未幾，吐谷渾內附，祿東贊怨忿，率銳兵擊之，而吐谷渾大臣素和貴奔吐蕃，槊以虛實，故吐蕃能破其國。慕容諾曷缽與弘化公主引殘落走涼州，詔涼州都督鄭仁泰為青海道行軍大總管，率將軍獨孤卿雲等屯涼、鄯，左武候大將軍蘇定方為安集大使，為諸將節度，以定其亂。吐蕃使論仲琮入朝，表吐谷渾罪，帝遣使者譙讓，乃使來請與吐谷渾平憾，求赤水地牧馬，不許。會祿東贊死。

In the third year of Xianqing (658) he presented golden bowls, golden patra vessels, and other treasures, and again sought a marriage alliance. Soon after, when Tuyuhun submitted to the Tang, Gar Tongtsen in anger led elite troops against them; the Tuyuhun minister Suhe Gui defected to Tibet and revealed their situation, enabling the Tibetans to overrun the kingdom. Murong Nuohubo and Princess Honghua fled with the survivors to Liangzhou; Zheng Rentai was named grand commander of the Qinghai route, Dugu Qingyun and others encamped at Liang and Shan, and Su Dingfang was made pacification commissioner to direct the generals and restore order. The Tibetan envoy Lun Zhongqiong came to court accusing Tuyuhun; the emperor sent envoys to rebuke Tibet, after which they asked to make peace with Tuyuhun and sought grazing rights at Chishui—both were refused. About this time Gar Tongtsen died.

東贊不知書而性明毅，用兵有節制，吐蕃倚之，遂為強國。始入朝，占對合旨，太宗擢拜右衛大將軍，以瑯邪公主外孫妻之。祿東贊自言：「先臣為聘婦，不敢奉詔。且贊普未謁公主，陪臣敢辭！」帝異其言，然欲懷以恩，不聽也。有子曰欽陵、曰贊婆、曰悉多於、曰勃論。祿東贊死，而兄弟並當國。自是歲入邊，盡破有諸羌羈縻十二州。

Gar Tongtsen was illiterate but shrewd and resolute, disciplined in war; Tibet leaned on him and grew into a great power. On his first audience his replies pleased Taizong, who made him General of the Right Guard and married him to a granddaughter of the Princess of Langye. Gar Tongtsen said, "My late father served as betrothal envoy; I dare not accept this command. Moreover the tsenpo has not yet presented himself to the princess—how dare a mere companion minister refuse!" The emperor was impressed by his reply but, wishing to win him over with kindness, did not press the matter. His sons were Qinling, Zanpo, Siduoyu, and Bolun. After Gar Tongtsen died, the brothers ruled Tibet jointly. From then on they raided the frontier every year, overrunning the twelve jimi prefectures of the Qiang.

總章中，議徙吐谷渾部於涼州旁南山。帝刈吐蕃之入，召宰相姜恪閻立本、將軍契何力等議先擊吐蕃。立本曰：「民饑未可以師。」何力曰：「吐蕃介在西極，臣恐師到，獸竄山伏，捕討無所得，至春復侵吐谷渾。臣請勿救，使疑吾力困而驕之，一舉可滅也。」恪曰：「不然，吐谷渾方衰，吐蕃負勝，以衰氣拒勝兵，戰必不亢，不救則滅。臣謂王師亟助之，使國幸存，後且徐圖可也。」議不決，亦不克徙。

During Zongzhang, the court debated moving the Tuyuhun to the southern hills near Liangzhou. Wary of Tibetan raids, the emperor summoned Jiang Ke, Yan Liben, Qi Heli, and others to discuss a preemptive strike against Tibet. Yan Liben said, "The people are starving; this is no time to mobilize." Qi Heli replied, "Tibet sits at the far west; I fear our armies will find only beasts fled into the hills—nothing to pursue—and by spring they will again harry Tuyuhun. Let us withhold aid so they think us exhausted and grow overbold; then one blow can wipe them out." Jiang Ke said, "No—Tuyuhun is failing while Tibet rides a victory; they cannot fight winning troops with failing spirit. Without rescue they are finished. I urge the imperial forces to rescue them at once so the state may survive; we can plan the rest later." No decision was reached, and the relocation never took place.

，入殘羈縻十八州，率於闐取龜茲撥換城，於是安西四鎮並廢。詔右威衛大將軍薛仁貴為邏娑道行軍大總管，左衛員外大將軍阿史那道真、左衛將軍郭待封自副，出討吐蕃，並護吐谷渾還國。師凡十餘萬，至大非川，為欽陵所拒，王師敗績，遂滅吐谷渾而盡有其地。詔司戎太常伯、同東西臺三品姜恪為涼州道行軍大總管出討，會恪卒，班師。

In 671 (Xianqing 1) they invaded and devastated eighteen jimi prefectures, used Khotan to seize Kucha's Boluan fortress, and the Four Garrisons of Anxi were abandoned. Xue Rengui was appointed grand commander of the Luosha route, with Ashina Daozhen and Guo Daifeng as deputies, to attack Tibet and restore Tuyuhun. An army of more than one hundred thousand reached the Da Fei River, was blocked by Qinling, and suffered a crushing defeat; Tuyuhun was destroyed and Tibet took all its territory. Jiang Ke was sent as grand commander of the Liangzhou route but died en route and the force was recalled.

吐蕃遣大臣仲琮入朝。仲琮少遊太學，頗知書。帝召見問曰：「贊普孰與其祖賢？」對曰：「勇果善斷不逮也，然勤以治國，下無敢欺，令主也。且吐蕃居寒露之野，物產寡薄，烏海之陰，盛夏積雪，暑毼冬裘。隨水草以牧，寒則城處，施廬帳。器用不當中國萬分一。但上下一力，議事自下，因人所利而行，是能久而強也。」帝曰：「吐谷渾與吐蕃本甥舅國，素和貴叛其主，吐蕃任之，奪其土地。薛仁貴等往定慕容氏，又伏擊之，而寇我涼州，何邪？」仲琮頓首曰：「臣奉命來獻，它非所聞。」帝韙其答。然以仲琮非用事臣，故殺其禮。

Tibet sent Minister Zhongqiong to the capital. Zhongqiong had studied at the Imperial Academy as a youth and was well read. The emperor received him and asked, "Is the present tsenpo the equal of his grandfather in worth?" He answered, "He lacks his grandfather's courage and decisiveness, yet he governs diligently and none below dare deceive him—a capable ruler. Tibet lives on barren highlands with meager produce; west of Wuhai snow lies thick even in midsummer—they wear felt in summer and fur in winter. They herd by water and grass; in cold weather they settle in walled camps and pitch felt tents. Their tools and goods are not one ten-thousandth of China's. Yet court and people pull together, policy rises from below, and they act on what benefits their people—that is how they endure and grow strong." The emperor said, "Tuyuhun and Tibet were kin by marriage; Suhegui betrayed his lord, Tibet used him, and seized Tuyuhun's lands. Xue Rengui went to restore the Murong, yet you ambushed him and now raid Liangzhou—why?" Zhongqiong kowtowed and said, "I came only to present tribute on orders; I have heard nothing of the rest." The emperor approved his reply. But because Zhongqiong held no real power at court, his ceremonial honors were cut back.

，遣大臣論吐渾彌來請和，且求與吐谷渾脩好，帝不聽。明年，攻鄯、廓、河、芳四州，殺略吏及馬牛萬計。乃詔周王顯為洮州道行軍元帥，率工部尚書劉審禮等十二總管，以相王輪為涼州道行軍元帥，率左衛大將軍契何力、鴻臚卿蕭嗣業等軍討之。二王不克行。吐蕃進攻疊州，破密恭、丹嶺二縣，又攻扶州，敗守將。乃高選尚書左僕射劉仁軌為洮河鎮守使，久之，無功。

In 675 (Shangyuan 2) they sent Minister Lun Tuhunmi to sue for peace and to reconcile with Tuyuhun; the emperor refused. The next year they struck Shan, Kuo, He, and Fang, killing officials and plundering tens of thousands of horses and cattle. Prince Xian was made marshal of the Tao route with Liu Shenli and twelve commanders; Prince Lun was made marshal of the Liang route with Qi Heli, Xiao Siye, and others to attack Tibet. Neither prince could take the field. Tibet attacked Die Prefecture, overran Migong and Danling counties, then struck Fu Prefecture and defeated its garrison commander. Liu Ren'gui was then chosen as defender of the Tao and He region, but after a long campaign achieved nothing.

吐蕃與西突厥連兵攻安西，復命中書令李敬玄為洮河道行軍大總管、西河鎮撫大使、鄯州都督，代仁軌。下詔募猛士，毋限籍役痕負，帝自臨遣。又敕益州長史李孝逸、巂州都督拓王奉益發劍南、山南士。先戰龍支，吐蕃敗。敬玄率劉審禮擊吐蕃青海上，審禮戰沒。敬玄頓承風嶺，礙險不得縱，吐蕃壓王師屯，左領軍將軍黑齒常之率死士五百，夜斧其營，虜驚，自相藺藉而死者甚眾，乃引去。敬玄僅脫。

Tibet allied with the Western Turks to attack Anxi; Li Jingxuan was made grand commander of the Tao-He route, pacification commissioner of the western rivers, and protector of Shan, replacing Liu Ren'gui. An edict recruited fierce fighters without regard to household register, corvée status, or criminal marks; the emperor saw them off in person. Li Xiaoyi of Yizhou and Tuowang Fengyi of Qizhou were also ordered to raise troops from Jiannan and Shannan. They first fought at Longzhi and defeated the Tibetans. Li Jingxuan led Liu Shenli against Tibet on the Qinghai Sea; Liu Shenli was killed in battle. Li Jingxuan was pinned at Chengfeng Ridge by the terrain while Tibet pressed the imperial camp; Heichi Changzhi led five hundred picked men in a night raid on the enemy camp; the Tibetans panicked, trampled one another to death in great numbers, and withdrew. Li Jingxuan barely escaped with his life.

帝既儒仁無遠略，見諸將數敗，乃博咨近臣，求所以御之之術。帝曰：「朕未始擐甲履軍，往者滅高麗、百濟，比歲用師，中國騷然，朕至今悔之。今吐蕃內侵，盍為我謀？」中書舍人劉祎之等具對，須家給人足可擊也。或言賊險黠不可與和，或言營田嚴守便。惟中書侍郎薛元超謂：「縱敵生患，不如料兵擊之。」帝顧黃門侍郎來恒曰：「自李勣亡，遂無善將。」恒即言：「向洮河兵足以制敵，但諸將不用命，故無功。」帝殊不悟，因罷議。

The emperor, scholarly and mild and lacking long-range strategy, saw his generals fail again and again and broadly consulted his close advisers on how to cope with Tibet. The emperor said, "I have never myself taken the field; we destroyed Goguryeo and Baekje, and in recent years constant campaigning has unsettled the realm—I regret it still. Now Tibet raids within our borders—what will you advise?" Liu Yizhi and others answered at length that Tibet could be attacked only once every household was secure and the people were provided for. Some said the enemy was too treacherous to treat with; others favored garrison farming and strict defense. Only Xue Yuanchao said, "Indulging the enemy breeds trouble; better to muster troops and strike." The emperor turned to Lai Heng and said, "Since Li Ji's death there has been no capable general." Lai Heng said at once, "The Tao-He forces were strong enough to hold the enemy, but the generals would not obey—that is why we failed." The emperor did not grasp this at all and dismissed the council.

儀鳳四年，贊普死，子器弩悉弄立，欽陵復擅政，使大臣來告喪，帝遣使者往會葬。明年，贊婆、素和貴率兵三萬攻河源，屯良非川，敬玄與戰湟川，敗績。左武衛將軍黑齒常之以精騎三千夜搗其營，贊婆懼，引去。遂擢常之為河源軍經略大使。乃嚴烽邏，開屯田，虜謀稍折。

In 679 (Yifeng 4) the tsenpo died; his son Qinu Sennong succeeded while Qinling again seized power; Tibet sent ministers to announce the death, and the emperor sent envoys to the funeral. The next year Zanpo and Suhegui led thirty thousand men against Heyuan and encamped at the Liangfei River; Li Jingxuan fought them on the Huang River and was routed. Heichi Changzhi with three thousand elite horsemen raided their camp by night; Zanpo fled in alarm. Changzhi was then made commissioner for the Heyuan army. He tightened the beacon lines, opened garrison farms, and Tibetan designs were gradually checked.

初，劍南度茂州之西築安戎城，以迮其鄙。俄為生羌導虜取之以守，因並西洱河諸蠻，盡臣羊同、党項諸羌。其地東與松、茂、巂接，南極婆羅門，西取四鎮，北抵突厥，幅圓餘萬里，漢、魏諸戎所無也。

Earlier Jiannan had built Anrong Fortress west of Maozhou to pinch the Tibetan frontier. Soon living Qiang guided the Tibetans to seize and hold it; they then absorbed the tribes west of the Er River and brought Yangtong and the Dangxiang Qiang under subjection. Their lands stretched east to Song, Mao, and Qi, south to India, west to the Four Garrisons, and north to the Turks—a domain of more than ten thousand li, such as no barbarian power of Han or Wei had held.

永隆元年，文成公主薨，遣使者吊祠，又歸我陳行焉之喪。初，行焉使虜，論欽陵欲拜己，臨以兵，不為屈，留之十年。及是喪還，贈睦州刺史。贊婆復入良非川，常之擊走之。

In 680 (Yonglong 1) Princess Wencheng died; Tibet sent envoys to mourn and returned the body of our envoy Chen Xingyan. When Chen Xingyan was envoy to Tibet, Qinling demanded he bow to him and threatened him with troops; he would not yield and was held ten years. When his body was returned, he was posthumously made prefect of Mu. Zanpo again entered the Liangfei River valley; Changzhi drove him off.

武後時，與蠻夷同朝賀。，詔文昌右相韋待價為安息道大總管，安西大都護閻溫古副之，以討吐蕃，兵逗留，坐死、徙。明年，復詔文昌右相岑長倩為武威道行軍大總管討之，兵半道罷。

Under Empress Wu they came to court with other barbarians to offer congratulations. In 689 (Yongchang 1) Wei Daojia was made grand commander of the Anxi route with Yan Wengu as deputy to attack Tibet; the army stalled and commanders were executed or banished. The next year Cen Changqian was sent as grand commander of the Wuwei route, but the campaign was called off en route.

又明年，大首領曷蘇率貴川部與党項種三十萬降，後以右玉鈐衛將軍張玄遇為安撫使，率兵二萬迎之，次大度水，吐蕃禽曷蘇去。而它酋昝插又率羌、蠻八千自來，玄遇即其部置葉州，用昝插為刺史，刻石大度山以紀功。

The following year the chieftain Hesu led the Guichuan tribe and three hundred thousand Dangxiang to surrender; Zhang Xuanyu was sent with twenty thousand men to receive them but, halted at the Dadu River, Tibet seized Hesu. Another chieftain, Zancha, then brought eight thousand Qiang and tribesmen of his own accord; Xuanyu established Ye Prefecture for them, made Zancha prefect, and carved a stone on Dadu Mountain to commemorate the feat.

是歲，又詔右鷹揚衛將軍王孝傑為武威道行軍總管，率西州都督唐休璟、左武衛大將軍阿史那忠節擊吐蕃，大破其眾，復取四鎮，更置安西都護府於龜茲，以兵鎮守。議者請廢四鎮勿有也，右史崔融獻議曰：「戎狄為中國患尚矣，五帝、三王所不臣。漢以百萬眾困平城，其後武帝赫然發憤，甘心四夷，張騫始通西域，列四郡，據兩關，斷匈奴右臂，稍稍度河、湟，築令居，以絕南羌。於是鄣候亭燧出長城數千里，傾府庫，殫士馬，行人使者歲月不絕，至作皮幣，算緡法，稅舟車，榷酒酤。夫豈不懷，為長久計然也！匈奴於是孤特遠竄，遂開西域，置使者領護。光武中興，皆復內屬，至於延光，三絕三通。太宗文皇帝踐漢舊跡，並南山抵蔥嶺，剖裂府鎮，煙火相望，吐蕃不敢內侮。高宗時，有司無狀，棄四鎮不能有，而吐蕃遂張，入焉耆之西，長鼓右驅，逾高昌，歷車師，鈔常樂，絕莫賀延磧，以臨敦煌。今孝傑一舉而取四鎮，還先帝舊封，若又棄之，是自毀成功而破完策也。夫四鎮無守，胡兵必臨西域，西域震則威憺南羌，南羌連衡，河西必危。且莫賀延磧袤二千里，無水草，若北接虜，唐兵不可度而北，則伊西、北庭、安西諸蕃悉亡。」議乃格。

That year Wang Xiaojie was made commander of the Wuwei route with Tang Xiujing and Ashina Zhongjie; they routed the Tibetans, recovered the Four Garrisons, and re-established the Anxi protectorate at Kucha with a garrison. Some urged abandoning the Four Garrisons; Right Scribe Cui Rong submitted a memorial: "Barbarians have long plagued China—even the Five Emperors and Three Kings could not fully subdue them. Han was trapped at Pingcheng with a million men; then Emperor Wu roused himself, bent on the four quarters; Zhang Qian opened the west, established four commanderies, held the two passes, severed the Xiongnu right wing, crossed the Huang and Tao, and built Lingju to isolate the Southern Qiang. Beacon towers ran thousands of li beyond the Wall; treasuries were drained and armies exhausted; envoys and merchants never ceased; leather currency, suanmin taxes, boat and cart levies, and wine monopolies followed. This was not indulgence but long-range planning! The Xiongnu were isolated and driven far off; the Western Regions were opened and protector envoys were installed. Under Guangwu's restoration all submitted again; by the Yanguang era contact had been broken and restored three times. Taizong followed Han precedent, linked the southern mountains to the Pamirs, divided prefectures and garrisons until beacon fires faced one another, and Tibet dared not raid within. Under Gaozong incompetent officials abandoned the Four Garrisons; Tibet then expanded west of Yanqi, drove through Gaochang and Cheshi, raided Changle, crossed the Moheyan Desert, and threatened Dunhuang. Xiaojie has now recovered the Four Garrisons and restored the former emperor's frontier; to abandon them again would destroy our success and ruin a sound policy. Without the Four Garrisons, barbarian armies will overrun the west; once the west falls, the Southern Qiang will be cowed into alliance and the Hexi corridor will be in peril. The Moheyan Desert stretches two thousand li without water or grass; if it links to the north and Tang armies cannot cross, Yixi, Beiting, Anxi, and all western tribes will be lost." The proposal to abandon the garrisons was dropped.

於是首領勃論贊與突厥偽可汗阿史那俀子南侵，與孝傑戰冷泉，敗走。碎葉鎮守使韓思忠破泥熟沒斯城。證聖元年，欽陵、贊婆攻濫洮，孝傑以肅邊道大總管戰素羅汗山，虜敗還。又攻涼州，殺都督。遣使者請和，約罷四鎮兵，求分十姓地。武後詔通泉尉郭元振往使，道與欽陵遇。元振曰：「東贊事朝廷，誓好無窮，今猥自絕，歲擾邊，父通之，子絕之，孝乎？父事之，子叛之，忠乎？」欽陵曰：「然！然天子許和，得罷二國戍，使十姓突厥、四鎮各建君長，俾其國自守若何？」元振曰：「唐以十姓、四鎮撫西土，為列國主，道非有它，且諸部與吐蕃異，久為唐編人矣。」欽陵曰：「使者意我規削諸部為唐邊患邪？我若貪土地財賦，彼青海、湟川近矣，今舍不爭何哉？突厥諸部磧漠廣莽，去中國遠甚，安有爭地萬里外邪？且四夷唐皆臣並之，雖海外地際，靡不磨滅，吐蕃適獨在者，徒以兄弟小心，得相保耳。十姓五咄陸近安西，於吐蕃遠，俟斤距我裁一磧，騎士騰突，不易旬至，是以為憂也。烏海、黃河，關源阻奧，多癘毒，唐必不能入；則弱甲孱將易以為蕃患，故我欲得之，非規諸部也。甘、涼距積石道二千里，其廣不數百，狹才百里，我若出張掖、玉門，使大國春不耕，秋不獲，不五六年，可斷其右。今棄不為，亦無虞於我矣。青海之役，黃仁素約和，邊守不戒，崔知辯徑俟斤掠我牛羊萬計，是以求之。」使使者固請，元振固言不可許，後從之。

Bolunzan and the Turks' puppet qaghan Ashina Houzi then invaded south; Wang Xiaojie defeated them at Lengquan and drove them off. Han Sizhong, defender of Suyab, took the city of Nishu Meisi. In 695 (Zhengsheng 1) Qinling and Zanpo attacked Lantao; Wang Xiaojie as grand commander of the Subi route defeated them at Suluo Khan Mountain and they withdrew. They again attacked Liangzhou and killed its protector. They sent envoys seeking peace, offering to withdraw garrison troops from the Four Garrisons and demanding a partition of the Ten Surnames' lands. Empress Wu sent Tongquan magistrate Guo Yuanzhen as envoy; en route he met Qinling. Yuanzhen said, "Gar Tongtsen served the court and swore endless friendship; you rashly break it and raid our border yearly—the father kept faith, the son breaks it—is that filial? The father served them, the son rebels—is that loyal?" Qinling said, "True! Yet if the Son of Heaven grants peace, we could withdraw both sides' garrisons, let the Ten Surnames Turks and the Four Garrisons each set up their own rulers, and let them guard themselves—what say you?" Yuanzhen said, "Tang holds the west through the Ten Surnames and Four Garrisons as sovereign over those states—there is no other design; those tribes differ from Tibet and have long been Tang subjects." Qinling said, "Do you think I mean to strip away those tribes to plague Tang's border? If I coveted land and wealth, Qinghai and the Huang River are close—why leave them uncontested now? The Turkic tribes lie in vast deserts far from China—why contend for land ten thousand li away? Tang has subdued all the four quarters—even distant lands have been crushed; Tibet alone survives only because we brothers have been careful and preserved one another. The Ten Surnames and the five Tulu tribes lie near Anxi, far from us; their yabghu is only one desert away—horsemen can strike within ten days; that is our worry. Wuhai and the Yellow River—their headwaters are rugged and pestilent; Tang surely cannot penetrate them; then weak garrisons and poor commanders would easily become a Tibetan menace; that is why I want those lands—not to seize the tribes themselves. Ganzhou and Liangzhou lie two thousand li along the Jishi Pass road—only a few hundred li wide, and in places barely a hundred. If we march out through Zhangye and Yumen and keep your great state from sowing in spring and reaping in autumn, within five or six years we can sever its right flank. If we forgo this now, they need not fear us either. At Qinghai, Huang Rensu negotiated peace, yet the border garrisons took no precautions; Cui Zhibian rode straight to the yabghu's pastures and drove off tens of thousands of our cattle and sheep—that is what we seek redress for." The envoy pressed his suit, but Yuanzhen insisted it must not be granted; in the end the court took his side.

欽陵專國久，常居中制事，諸弟皆領方面兵，而贊婆專東境幾三十年，為邊患。兄弟皆才略沈雄，眾憚之。器弩悉弄既長，欲自得國，漸不平，乃與大臣論巖等圖去之。欽陵方提兵居外，贊普托言獵，即勒兵執其親黨二千餘人殺之，發使者召欽陵、贊婆，欽陵不受命，贊普自討之。未戰，欽陵兵潰，乃自殺，左右殉而死者百餘人。

Qinling had long monopolized power, governing from the center while his brothers each held regional armies; Zanpo alone commanded the eastern marches for nearly thirty years and was the scourge of the border. The brothers were all formidable in talent and strategy, and the people feared them. When Qinu Sennong came of age and wished to rule in his own right, resentment grew; he joined ministers such as Lun Yan in plotting Qinling's removal. Qinling was abroad with the army when the tsenpo, under pretense of a hunt, mustered troops, seized and killed more than two thousand of his partisans, and sent envoys to summon Qinling and Zanpo. Qinling refused; the tsenpo marched against him in person. Before battle was joined Qinling's army collapsed; he took his own life, and more than a hundred attendants died with him.

贊婆以所部及兄子莽布支等款塞，遣羽林飛騎迎勞，擢贊婆特進、輔國大將軍、歸德郡王，莽布支左羽林大將軍、安國公，皆賜鐵券，禮尉良厚。贊婆即領部兵戍河源，死，贈安西大都護。又遣左肅政臺御史大夫魏元忠為隴右諸軍大總管，率隴右諸軍大使唐休璟出討。方虜攻涼州，休璟擊之，斬首二千級。於是論彌薩來朝請和。贊普自將萬騎攻悉州，都督陳大慈四戰皆克。明年，乃獻馬、黃金求昏。而虜南屬帳皆叛，贊普自討，死於軍。諸子爭立，國人立棄隸蹜贊為贊普，始七歲，使者來告喪，且求盟。又使大臣悉董熱固求昏，未報。會監察御史李知古建討姚州蠻，削吐蕃向導，詔發劍南募士擊之。蠻酋以情輸虜，殺知古，屍以祭天，進攻蜀漢。詔靈武監軍右臺御史唐九征為姚巂道討擊使，率兵擊之。虜以鐵縆梁漾、濞二水，通西洱蠻，築城戍之。九征毀縆夷城，建鐵柱於滇池以勒功。

Zanpo, with his troops and his brother's son Mangbuzhi and others, surrendered at the passes. The court sent Flying Cavalry of the Forest of Plumes to welcome them. Zanpo was made extraordinary deputy minister, Grand General Who Assists the State, and Prince of Guide; Mangbuzhi was made Left General of the Forest of Plumes and Duke of Anguo. Both received iron certificates, and the court treated them with generous courtesy. Zanpo then led his troops to garrison Heyuan; when he died he was posthumously made Grand Protector-General of Anxi. The court also appointed Wei Yuanzhong, censor-in-chief of the Left Bureau of Rectitude, grand commander of all Longyou armies, and sent him with Longyou commissioners such as Tang Xiujing on campaign. While the invaders were attacking Liangzhou, Xiujing struck them and took two thousand heads. Thereupon Lun Misa came to court to sue for peace. The tsenpo himself led ten thousand horsemen against Xizhou; Protector Chen Daci won all four battles. The next year they offered horses and gold and sought a marriage alliance. But all the southern subject clans rebelled; the tsenpo campaigned against them in person and died on campaign. Sons fought over the succession; the people enthroned Qilisuzan as tsenpo, a child of seven. Envoys came to announce the death and also to seek alliance. They also sent the great minister Sidongre to press a marriage request; the court gave no answer. Meanwhile Supervising Censor Li Zhigu proposed campaigning against the Yao prefecture tribes and cutting off Tibetan guides; an edict ordered Jiannan to raise troops and attack. A tribal chieftain betrayed intelligence to the Tibetans; they killed Zhigu and offered his body to Heaven, then advanced against Shu and Han. An edict appointed Tang Jiuzheng, military overseer at Lingwu and censor of the Right Bureau, commander of the Yao-Exi punitive route, to lead troops against them. The Tibetans bridged the Yang and Bi rivers with iron chains to reach the western Erhai tribes and built fortified towns to hold the line. Jiuzheng destroyed the Gengyi stronghold and erected an iron pillar at Dianchi to commemorate the victory.

中宗，還其昏使。或言彼來逆公主，且習聞華言，宜勿遣，帝以中國當以信結夷狄，不許。明年，吐蕃更遣使者納貢，祖母可敦又遣宗俄請昏。帝以雍王守禮女為金城公主妻之，吐蕃遣尚贊咄名悉臘等逆公主。帝念主幼，賜錦繒別數萬，雜伎諸工悉從，給龜茲樂。詔左衛大將軍楊矩持節送。帝為幸始平，帳飲，引群臣及虜使者宴，酒所帝悲涕噓欷，為赦始平縣，罪死皆免，賜民繇賦一年，改縣為金城，鄉曰鳳池，里曰愴別。公主至吐蕃，自築城以居。拜矩鄯州都督。吐蕃外雖和而陰銜怒，即厚餉矩，請河西九曲為公主湯沐，矩表與其地。九曲者，水甘草良，宜畜牧，近與唐接。自是虜益張雄，易入寇。

Under Emperor Zhongzong the court sent back the Tibetan marriage envoys. Some urged that the Tibetans came to receive the princess with hostile intent and already understood Chinese—she should not be sent. The emperor held that the Middle Kingdom must bind its neighbors with good faith and would not heed them. The next year Tibet again sent tribute envoys, and the grandmother khatun again sent Zonge to request marriage. The emperor gave Prince Yong Li Shouli's daughter as Princess Jincheng in marriage; Tibet sent Shang Zanzhuo Ming Xila and others to meet the bride. Mindful that the princess was still young, the emperor bestowed tens of thousands of brocades and silks beyond the regular dowry, sent every sort of artisan and performer with her, and provided Kuchean musicians. An edict ordered Left Guard General Yang Ju to escort her bearing imperial credentials. The emperor traveled to Shiping and held a tent feast, leading officials and Tibetan envoys in banquet. Over the wine he wept aloud, pardoned Shiping county and remitted all capital sentences, granted the people a year's relief from corvée and tax, renamed the county Jincheng, a township Fengchi ("phoenix pool"), and a lane Cangbie ("parting sorrow"). When the princess reached Tibet she built her own walled settlement to live in. Ju was appointed protector-general of Shanzhou. Outwardly Tibet was at peace but secretly harbored resentment; they lavished gifts on Ju and asked for the Nine Bendings of the Yellow River in Hexi as the princess's bath fief. Ju memorialized and surrendered the land. The Nine Bendings offered sweet grass and good pasture and lay close to Tang territory. From then on the Tibetans grew bolder and raids came more easily.

玄宗，其相坌達延上書宰相，請載盟文，定境於河源，丐左散騎常侍解琬涖盟。帝令姚崇等報書，命琬持神龍誓往。吐蕃亦遣尚欽藏、御史名悉臘獻載辭。未及定，坌達延將兵十萬寇臨洮，入攻蘭、渭，掠監馬。楊矩懼，自殺。有詔薛訥為隴右防禦使，與王晙等並力擊。帝怒，下詔自將討之。會晙等戰武階，斬首萬七千，獲馬羊無慮二十萬。又戰長子，豐安軍使王海賓戰死。乘之，虜大敗，眾奔突不能去，相枕藉死，洮水為不流。帝乃罷行。詔紫微舍人倪若水臨按軍實戰功，且吊祭戰亡士，敕州縣並瘞吐蕃露胔。

Under Emperor Xuanzong, his minister Benduyan wrote to the chief ministers, asking that the alliance text be inscribed and the border fixed at Heyuan, and begging Left Regular Attendant Xie Wan to preside over the oath. The emperor had Yao Chong and others answer in writing and ordered Wan to carry the Divine Dragon Oath and go. Tibet also sent Shang Qinzang and Censor Ming Xila to present the inscribed oath text. Before terms were settled Benduyan led a hundred thousand men against Lintao, pushed into Lan and Wei, and drove off the government herds. Yang Ju, in fear, took his own life. An edict appointed Xue Ne Longyou defense commissioner; he and Wang Jun and others joined forces to attack. The emperor, enraged, issued an edict to lead the campaign in person. Meanwhile Wang Jun and the others fought at Wujie, taking seventeen thousand heads and no fewer than two hundred thousand horses and sheep. They fought again at Changzi; Feng'an army commissioner Wang Haibin fell in battle. Pressing the victory, they routed the Tibetans utterly; the fugitives could not escape and lay dead in heaps; the Tao River was said to have stopped flowing. The emperor then canceled his march. An edict sent Purple Micro Attendant Ni Ruoshui to verify battle merit on the spot, mourn the fallen, and order prefectures and counties jointly to bury the Tibetan dead left exposed in the field.

宰相建言：「吐蕃本以河為境，以公主故，乃橋河築城，置獨山、九曲二軍，距積石二百里。今既負約，請毀橋，復守河如約。」詔可。遣左驍衛郎將尉遲瑰使吐蕃，慰安公主。然小小入犯邊無閑歲，於是郭知運、王君㚟相繼節度隴右、河西，一以捍之。吐蕃遣宗俄因子到洮水祭戰死士，且請和。然恃盛強，求與天子敵國，語悖傲。使者至臨洮，詔不內。金城公主上書求聽脩好，且言贊普君臣欲與天子共署誓刻。吐蕃又遣使者上書言：「孝和皇帝嘗賜盟，是時唐宰相豆盧欽望、魏元忠、李嶠、紀處訥等凡二十二人及吐蕃君臣同誓。孝和皇帝崩，太上皇嗣位，脩睦如舊。然唐宰相在誓刻者皆歿，今宰相不及前約，故須再盟。比使論乞力等前後七輩往，未蒙開許，且張玄表、李知古將兵侵暴甥國，故違誓而戰。今舅許湔貸前惡，歸於大和，甥既堅定，然不重盟為未信，要待新誓也。甥自總國事，不牽於下，欲使百姓久安。舅雖及和，而意不專，於言何益？」又言：「舅責乞力徐集兵，且兵以新故相代，非集也。往者疆埸自白水皆為閑壤，昨郭將軍屯兵而城之，故甥亦城。假令二國和，以迎送；有如不通，因以守境。又疑與突厥骨咄祿善者，舊與通聘，即日舅甥如初，不與交矣。因奉寶瓶、杯以獻。」帝謂昔已和親，有成言，尋前盟可矣，不許復誓。禮其使而遣，且厚賜贊普，自是歲朝貢不犯邊。

The chief ministers memorialized: "Tibet originally took the river as its border; because of the princess it bridged the river and built fortresses, establishing the Dushan and Nine Bendings garrisons two hundred li from Jishi. Now that they have broken faith, we ask that the bridges be destroyed and the river again held as the treaty provides." The edict approved it. The court sent Left Martial Guard Commandant Yuchi Gui as envoy to Tibet to comfort the princess. Yet petty border raids came year after year without respite; thereupon Guo Zhiyun and Wang Junzhi in succession took command of Longyou and Hexi and devoted themselves to holding the line. Tibet sent Zong'e's son to the Tao River to sacrifice to the war dead and also to sue for peace. Yet relying on their strength they demanded to be treated as the Son of Heaven's peer; their language was insolent and perverse. When the envoy reached Lintao, an edict refused him entry. Princess Jincheng memorialized asking leave to restore good relations, and said that the tsenpo and his ministers wished to affix their names with the Son of Heaven on a new oath stone. Tibet again sent an envoy who wrote: "Emperor Xiaohé once granted alliance; at that time Tang chancellors Dou Lu Qinwang, Wei Yuanzhong, Li Qiao, Ji Chun'e, and twenty-two in all, together with Tibetan ruler and ministers, swore the oath. When Emperor Xiaohé died the Retired Emperor succeeded, and amity continued as before. Yet the Tang chancellors named on the oath stone have all died, and today's ministers do not match the former covenant; therefore a new oath is required. Envoys such as Lun Qili came in seven successive missions without receiving approval; moreover Zhang Xuanbiao and Li Zhigu led troops to ravage the nephew-state—therefore we broke the oath and fought. Now the uncle grants pardon for past wrongs and returns to great harmony; the nephew is already resolute, yet without renewing the oath there can be no trust—we must await a new oath. Since the nephew has governed the state I am not swayed by subordinates and wish the people lasting peace. Though the uncle speaks of peace his intent is not wholehearted—what good are words alone?" They added: "The uncle blamed Qili for massing troops, yet troops rotate in relief of old by new—that is not a gathering. Formerly the frontier from Baishui was all idle land; yesterday General Guo stationed troops and built walls, so the nephew built walls as well. If the two states are at peace, they may receive and send envoys; if communication should fail, then to hold the border accordingly. They also suspected friendship with the Turk Kutlug; though we once exchanged envoys with him, from this day uncle and nephew are as before and we shall have no dealings with him. They thereupon presented a treasure flask and cups as tribute." The emperor said that marriage alliances had long since been made with binding words; the former oath would suffice, and he would not permit a renewed oath. The court treated the envoy with ceremony and sent him home, richly rewarding the tsenpo; from then on yearly tribute came and the border was not violated.

十年，攻小勃律國，其王沒謹忙詒書北庭節度使張孝嵩曰：「勃律，唐西門。失之，則西方諸國皆墯吐蕃，都護圖之。」孝嵩聽許，遣疏勒副使張思禮以步騎四千晝夜馳，與謹忙兵夾擊吐蕃，死者數萬，多取鎧仗、馬羊，復九城故地。始勃律王來朝，父事帝。還國，置綏遠軍以捍吐蕃，故歲常戰。吐蕃每曰：「我非利若國，我假道攻四鎮爾。」及是，累歲不出兵。

In the tenth year Tibet attacked Lesser Bolü; its king Mujinmang wrote Beiting commissioner Zhang Xiaosong: "Bolü is Tang's western gate. Lose it and every western state will fall to Tibet—Protector-General, take thought for this." Xiaosong agreed and sent Sule deputy commissioner Zhang Silu with four thousand foot and horse at forced march day and night; together with Jinmang's troops they struck Tibet from both flanks. Tens of thousands perished; they seized much armor, horses, and sheep and recovered the nine walled towns' former territory. Earlier the king of Bolü had come to court and addressed the emperor as father. On returning home he established the Pacify-the-Distance Army to hold off Tibet, and they fought every year. Tibet would always say, "We do not covet your kingdom; we only borrow the road to strike the Four Garrisons." After this, for years they sent out no armies.

於是隴右節度使王君㚟請深入取償。十二年，破吐蕃，獻俘。後二年，悉諾邏兵入大斗拔谷，遂攻甘州，火鄉聚。王君㚟勒兵避其銳，不戰。會大雪，吐蕃皸凍如積，乃逾積石軍趨西道以歸。君㚟豫遣諜出塞，燒野草皆盡，悉諾邏頓大非川，無所牧，馬死過半。君㚟率秦州都督張景順約賫窮躡，出青海西，方冰合，師乘而度。於時虜已逾大非山，留輜重疲弱濱海，君㚟縱兵俘以旋。時中書令張說以吐蕃出入數十年，勝負略相當，甘、涼、河、鄯之人奉調發困甚，願聽其和。帝方寵君㚟，不聽。未幾，悉諾邏恭祿、燭龍莽布支入陷瓜州，毀其城，執刺史田元獻及君㚟父，遂攻玉門軍，圍常樂，不能拔，回寇安西，副都護趙頤貞擊卻之。會君㚟為回紇所殺，功不遂。帝乃用蕭嵩為河西節度使，左金吾將軍張守珪瓜州刺史，復城之。嵩縱反間，殺悉諾邏恭祿。明年，大將悉末朗攻瓜州，守珪擊走之；鄯州都督張志亮又戰青海西，破大莫門城，焚橐它橋；隴右節度使杜賓客以強弩四千射虜，破之祁連城下，斬副將一，上級五千首。虜敗，慟而走山。又明年，守珪率伊、沙等州兵破虜大同軍；又信安王祎出隴西，拔石堡城，即之置振武軍，獻俘於廟。帝以書賜將軍裴旻曰：「敢有掩戰功不及賞者，士自陳，將吏皆斬。戰有逗留，舉隊如軍法。能禽其王者，授大將軍。」於是士益奮。

Thereupon Longyou commissioner Wang Junzhi asked to strike deep into Tibet for compensation. In the twelfth year they defeated Tibet and presented captives at court. Two years later Sinuoluo's army entered the Great Douba valley, then attacked Ganzhou and burned the countryside. Wang Junzhi drew up his troops to avoid their spearhead and did not give battle. Heavy snow fell; Tibetan dead of frostbite piled like heaps; they then crossed past Jishi garrison and took the western route homeward. Junzhi had sent spies ahead beyond the passes to burn all the pasture; Sinuoluo halted at the Da Fei River with nothing to graze, and more than half his horses died. Junzhi led Qinzhou protector-general Zhang Jingshun in relentless pursuit west of Qinghai; the ice had just frozen, and the army crossed on it. By then the enemy had crossed Mount Da Fei, leaving baggage and the weak along the lakeshore; Junzhi unleashed his troops, took them captive, and withdrew. Chief Secretariat Zhang Yue urged that after decades of Tibetan raids, with victory and defeat roughly balanced, the people of Gan, Liang, He, and Shan were exhausted by levies and corvée, and wished the court to permit peace. The emperor was then favoring Junzhi and would not hear of it. Before long Sinuoluo Gonglu and Zhulong Mangbuzhi took Guazhou, destroyed its walls, and seized prefect Tian Yuanxian and Junzhi's father; they then attacked Yumen garrison and besieged Changle without success, turned back to raid Anxi, and vice protector-general Zhao Yizhen drove them off. But Junzhi was killed by the Uyghurs, and the campaign came to nothing. The emperor then appointed Xiao Song Hexi commissioner and Left Golden Crow Guard General Zhang Shougui prefect of Guazhou, and the city was rebuilt. Song used a counter-intelligence stratagem and had Sinuoluo Gonglu killed. The next year the great commander Ximolang attacked Guazhou; Shougui struck and drove him off; Shanzhou protector-general Zhang Zhiliang again fought west of Qinghai, took Damomen city, and burned the Tuota bridge; Longyou commissioner Du Binke with four thousand powerful crossbows shot the enemy, routed them below Qilian fortress, beheaded one vice commander, and reported five thousand heads. The Tibetans were defeated and fled wailing into the mountains. The next year Shougui led troops from Yi, Sha, and other prefectures and defeated the Tibetan Datong garrison; Prince Xin'an Wang Yi also marched out of Longxi, took Shibao fortress, immediately established the Quell-the-Barbarians Army there, and presented captives at the ancestral temple. The emperor wrote to General Pei Min: "If anyone conceals battle merit and fails to reward it, let the soldiers report it themselves; the officers shall all be executed. Any delay in battle was punished—entire units held to account under military law. Whoever captured the Tibetan king would be made Grand General." The troops fought all the harder thereafter.

吐蕃令曩骨委書塞下，言：「論莽熱、論泣熱皆萬人將，以贊普命，謝都督刺史：二國有舅甥好，昨彌不弄羌、党項交構二國，故失歡，此不聽，唐亦不應聽。」都督遣腹心吏與曩骨還議盟事。曩骨，猶千牛官也。於是忠王友皇甫惟明並言約和便。帝曰：「贊普向上書悖慢，朕必滅之，毋議和！」惟明曰：「昔贊普幼，是必邊將好功之人為之，以激怒陛下。且二國交惡必興師，師興則隱盜財利，詐功級，希陛下過賞以甘心焉。今河西、隴右貲耗力窮，陛下幸詔金城公主許贊普約，以紓邊患，息民之上策也。」帝采其言，敕惟明及中人張元方往聘，以書賜公主。惟明見贊普言天子意，贊普大喜，因悉出貞觀以來書詔示惟明，厚饋獻。使名悉臘隨使者入朝，奉表言：「甥，先帝舅顯親也。曩為張玄表、李知古交鬥，遂成大釁。甥以文成、金城公主，敢失禮乎？特以沖幼，枉為邊將讒亂。如蒙澄亮，死且萬足，千萬歲不敢先負盟。」且獻怪寶。使者至，帝御前殿，列羽林仗內之。悉臘略通華文，既宴與語，禮甚厚，賜紫服、金魚。悉臘受服辭魚，曰：「國無是，不敢當。」帝遣御史大夫崔琳報聘。

Tibet sent Nanggu to write to the frontier garrisons, saying, "Lun Mangre and Lun Qire, each commanding ten thousand men, bring the zanpu's thanks to the governors and prefects. Our two states share the tie of uncle and nephew, but lately the Mibu Nong Qiang and the Tangut tribes have sown discord between us and goodwill has soured. Neither side should listen to such agents of strife—including Tang." The governor sent a trusted clerk back with Nanggu to negotiate the treaty. Nanggu held a rank comparable to the Palace's Thousand-Ox attendant. Then Huangfu Weiming, a companion of Prince Zhong, joined others in urging that peace talks would serve both courts well. The emperor said, "The zanpu's letter to the throne was brazen and insolent. I shall destroy him—no talk of peace!" Weiming replied, "When the zanpu was still young, frontier officers hungry for glory must have written that letter to provoke Your Majesty. When the two powers fall out, war follows; and when war follows, men steal and loot in secret, pad the body counts, and angle for excessive rewards from Your Majesty to line their pockets. Hexi and Longyou are spent of treasure and exhausted of strength. Your Majesty would do well to have Princess Jincheng approve a treaty with the zanpu—to ease the border and give the people rest. That is the best policy." The emperor accepted this counsel and ordered Weiming and the eunuch Zhang Yuanfang on an embassy, with a letter for the princess. Weiming presented the emperor's wishes to the zanpu, who was overjoyed and brought out every letter and edict since the Zhenguan era to show him, lavish with gifts. He sent Xila with the embassy to court with a memorial: "Your nephew—I am the Former Emperor's nephew by blood, kin manifest and honored. Formerly Zhang Xuanbiao and Li Zhigu quarreled and war followed—a great breach. With Princess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng between us, how dare your nephew fail in courtesy? I was young and tender, and frontier generals slandered and misled me. If Your Majesty will clear and forgive, death itself would be more than enough; for ten thousand years I dare not be the first to break our pact." He also presented rare and curious treasures. When the envoys arrived, the emperor received them in the front hall, with Feathered Forest guards drawn up within. Xila had some command of written Chinese; after a banquet and conversation the court treated him with great honor, granting purple robes and a gold fish tally. Xila accepted the robes but declined the fish tally, saying, "My country has no such custom; I dare not accept it." The emperor sent Censor-in-Chief Cui Lin on a return embassy.

吐蕃又請交馬於赤嶺，互市於甘松嶺。宰相裴光庭曰：「甘松中國阻，不如許赤嶺。」乃聽以赤嶺為界，表以大碑，刻約其上。又請《五經》，敕秘書寫賜，並遣工部尚書李暠往聘，賜物萬計。吐蕃遣使謝，且言：「唐、吐蕃皆大國，今約和為久長計，恐邊吏有妄意者，請以使人對相曉敕，令昭然具知。」帝又令金吾將軍李佺監赤嶺樹碑，詔張守珪與將軍李行祎、吐蕃使者莽布支分諭劍南、河西州縣曰：「自今二國和好，無相侵暴。」乃使悉諾渤海納貢，並以幣器遍遺執政。明年，上寶器數百具，制冶詭殊，詔置提象門示群臣。

Tibet again asked to exchange horses at Chiling and to trade at Gansong Ridge. Chief minister Pei Guangting said, "Gansong lies within China's interior barriers—better to allow Chiling." The court approved Chiling as the border, set up a great stele, and carved the treaty upon it. They also requested the Five Classics; the emperor ordered the Secretariat to copy and present them, and sent Minister of Works Li Hao on an embassy with gifts beyond counting. Tibet sent envoys to give thanks and said, "Tang and Tibet are both great powers; this treaty is meant to last. We fear some frontier officer may act rashly—let our envoys meet face to face and proclaim the edict together, so all may know it plainly." The emperor also ordered Golden Crow General Li Quan to supervise the stele at Chiling and decreed that Zhang Shougui, General Li Xingyi, and the Tibetan envoy Mangbuzhi should proclaim throughout Jiannan and Hexi: "From this day the two realms are at peace; neither shall invade the other." Tibet then sent Sinuo Bohai with tribute and distributed silks and vessels among the chief ministers. The next year they presented several hundred precious vessels of bizarre and marvelous workmanship; the emperor ordered them displayed at the Elephant-Presentation Gate for the ministers to see.

其後吐蕃西擊勃律，勃律告急，帝諭令罷兵，不聽，卒殘其國。於是崔希逸為河西節度使，鎮涼州，故時疆畔皆樹壁守捉，希逸謂虜戍將乞力徐曰：「兩國約好，而守備不廢，云何？請皆罷，以便人。」乞力徐曰：「公忠誠，無不可，恐朝廷未皆信，脫掩吾不備，其可悔？」希逸固邀，乃許。即共刑白犬盟，而後悉徹障壁，虜畜牧被野。

Later Tibet struck Boli in the west; Boli sent urgent appeals, and the emperor ordered them to withdraw, but they refused and in the end laid waste to the kingdom. Then Cui Xiyi became military governor of Hexi and took post at Liangzhou. Along the old frontier every post had walls and garrisons. Xiyi said to the Tibetan frontier commander Qili Xu, "Our two states have sworn friendship—why keep defenses up? Let us abolish them all, for the people's ease." Qili Xu replied, "Your sincerity leaves nothing impossible—but I fear the court may not all trust us. If you strike when we are unready, what regret would there be?" Xiyi pressed him again and again, and at last he agreed. They sacrificed a white dog in covenant together, then tore down every barrier wall, and Tibetan herds spread across the open country.

明年，傔史孫誨奏事，妄言「虜無備，可取也」。帝采之，詔內豎趙惠琮共往按狀。小人欲僥幸，至涼州，因共矯詔，詔希逸發兵襲破吐蕃青海上，斬獲不貲，乞力徐遁走。吐蕃恚，不朝。二十六年，大入河西，希逸拒破之。鄯州都督杜希望又拔新城，更號威戎軍。希逸顧失信，悒悒悵恨，召拜河南尹。既而與惠琮俱見犬崇，疑而死，誨亦及它誅。

The next year the clerk Sun Hui reported at court, falsely claiming, "The Tibetans are unprepared—we can strike them." The emperor believed him and ordered the eunuch Zhao Huizong to go with him and verify the report. These petty men sought their chance; reaching Liangzhou, they forged an edict together and ordered Xiyi to attack, routing the Tibetans on the Qinghai with slaughter and captures beyond count; Qili Xu fled. Tibet was furious and stopped sending tribute missions. In the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan they invaded Hexi in force; Xiyi repelled and defeated them. Shazhou governor Du Xiwang also took the new fortress and renamed it the Quell-the-Barbarians Army. Xiyi, brooding over the broken faith, grew despondent and bitter; he was recalled and made governor of Henan. Before long he and Huizong both saw a dog baying at the moon; Xiyi took it as an omen and died of anxiety, and Hui was executed along with others.

蕭炅代為河西節度留後，杜希望隴右節度留後，王昱劍南節度使，分道經略，碎赤嶺碑。希望發鄯州兵奪虜河橋，並河築鹽泉城，號鎮西軍，破吐蕃兵三萬。昱以劍南兵入攻安戎城，築二少壘左右之，兵次蓬婆嶺，輸劍南粟餉軍。吐蕃悉銳來救，昱大敗，少壘皆沒，士死凡數萬。昱貪妄，非將選，故敗，貶死高要。明年，吐蕃攻白草、安人軍，詔臨洮、朔方分援。虜絕臨洮道，白水軍使高柬於拒守，虜引去。炅遣將追尾，有雲出軍上，白兔舞，大破吐蕃。昱之敗，以張宥代節度劍南，以章仇兼瓊為益州司馬。宥，文吏，不知兵，委事兼瓊。兼瓊因得入奏，天子果其議，拔兼瓊代宥節度。兼瓊諜誘吐蕃安戎城主為應，導官軍入，盡殺虜戍，以監察御史許遠守之。吐蕃圍安戎，絕水泉，會石裂泉湧，虜驚引去。復攻維州，不得志。詔乃改安戎曰平戎云。

Xiao Jiong became acting military governor of Hexi, Du Xiwang of Longyou, and Wang Yu of Jiannan; they campaigned on separate fronts and smashed the Chiling stele. Xiwang led Shazhou troops to seize the Tibetan river bridge, built Salt Spring fortress along the river, named it the Pacify-the-West Army, and routed thirty thousand Tibetan soldiers. Yu led Jiannan troops against Anrong fortress, built two outworks on either flank, advanced to Pengpo Ridge, and shipped grain from Jiannan to feed the army. Tibet threw every elite unit into the relief; Yu was routed, both outworks were lost, and tens of thousands of his men died. Yu was greedy and rash, no proper choice for command—hence his defeat; he was demoted and died in exile at Gaoyao. The next year Tibet attacked the Baicao and Anren garrisons; the emperor ordered Lintao and Shuofang to send relief columns. The Tibetans cut the Lintao road; Baishui garrison commander Gao Jianyu held them off, and they withdrew. Jiong sent troops in pursuit; clouds gathered over the army and a white hare was seen leaping—a great victory over Tibet. After Yu's defeat, Zhang You was made military governor of Jiannan and Zhang Qiu Jianqiong was appointed vice-governor of Yizhou. You was a civil officer who knew nothing of war and left everything to Jianqiong. Jianqiong thus gained access to report at court; the emperor approved his counsel and promoted Jianqiong to replace You as military governor. Jianqiong suborned the Tibetan commander of Anrong to open the gates, led the imperial army in, slaughtered the garrison, and left investigating censor Xu Yuan to hold the fortress. Tibet besieged Anrong and cut off its water; then the rock split and springs burst forth—the Tibetans fled in alarm. They attacked Weizhou again but gained nothing. An edict renamed Anrong to Pingrong—the Pacified Barbarians.

是歲，金城公主薨。明年，為發哀，吐蕃使者朝，因請和，不許。虜乃悉眾四十萬攻承風堡，抵河源軍，西入長寧橋、安仁軍，渾崖烽騎將臧希液以銳兵五千破之。吐蕃又襲廓州，敗一縣，屠吏人。攻振武軍石堡城，蓋嘉運不能守。

That year Princess Jincheng died. The next year the court proclaimed mourning; Tibetan envoys came to court and asked for peace, but the emperor refused. The Tibetans then raised four hundred thousand men against Chengfeng fortress, reached Heyuan garrison, and pushed west to Changning Bridge and Anren Army; beacon-cavalry general Zang Xiye with five thousand picked troops routed them. Tibet raided Kuozhou again, overran a county, and massacred officials and civilians. They attacked Shibao fortress of the Quell-the-Barbarians Army; Gai Jiayun could not hold it.

，隴右節度使皇甫惟明破虜大嶺軍；戰青海，破莽布支，斬首三萬級。明年，破洪濟城，戰石堡，不克，副將諸葛誗死之。又明年，惟明破虜，獻俘京師。帝以哥舒翰節度隴右，翰攻拔石堡，更號神武軍。又禽其相兀論樣郭。

In the first year of Tianbao (742), Longyou military governor Huangfu Weiming defeated the Tibetan Daling garrison; fought on the Qinghai, routed Mangbuzhi, and took thirty thousand heads. The next year he took Hongji fortress; fought at Shibao but failed to capture it, and vice-general Zhuge Bang was killed. The year after that, Weiming defeated the Tibetans and presented captives at the capital. The emperor appointed Geshu Han military governor of Longyou; Han stormed and took Shibao, renaming it the Divine Martial Army. He also captured their chancellor Wulun Yangguo.

十載，安西節度使高仙芝俘大酋以獻。是時，吐蕃與蠻閣羅鳳聯兵攻瀘南，劍南節度使楊國忠方以奸罔上，自言：「破蠻眾六萬於雲南，拔故洪州等三城，獻俘口。」哥舒翰破洪濟、大莫門諸城，收九曲故地，列郡縣，實天寶十二載。於是置神策軍於臨洮西、澆河郡於積石西、及宛秀軍以實河曲。後二年，蘇毗子悉諾邏來降，封懷義王，賜李氏。蘇毗，強部也。是歲，贊普乞黎蘇籠臘贊死，子挲悉籠臘贊嗣，遣使者脩好，詔京兆少尹崔光遠持節賫冊吊祠。還而安祿山亂，哥舒翰悉河、隴兵東守潼關，而諸將各以所鎮兵討難，始號行營，邊候空虛，故吐蕃得乘隙暴掠。

In the tenth year of Tianbao (751), Anxi military governor Gao Xianzhi captured a great chieftain and presented him at court. At this time Tibet allied with the Nanzhao king Geluofeng to attack southern Luzhou; Jiannan military governor Yang Guozhong was deceiving the throne and claimed, "I defeated sixty thousand barbarians in Yunnan, recovered the former Hongzhou and two other cities, and presented captives." Geshu Han took Hongji, Damen, and other fortresses, recovered the old Nine-Bends territory, and established prefectures and counties—in the twelfth year of Tianbao (753). The court then established the Divine Strategy Army west of Lintao, Jiaohe prefecture west of Jishi, and the Wanyou garrison to hold the River Bend. Two years later Sinuoluo, son of a Supi chieftain, surrendered; he was enfeoffed as Prince of Cherishing Righteousness and given the imperial surname Li. The Supi were a powerful tribe. That year the zanpu Qilisuolongzan died and his son Suoxisulongzan succeeded; Tibet sent envoys to renew friendship, and the emperor ordered Capital Assistant Governor Cui Guangyuan to bear credentials with patents of investiture and offerings of condolence. On his return the An Lushan rebellion erupted; Geshu Han marched every He-Long soldier east to hold Tong Pass while other generals led their garrisons to suppress the revolt—the first mobile campaigning armies. The frontier was left bare, and Tibet seized the chance to raid at will.

至德初，取巂州及威武等諸城，入屯石堡。其明年，使使來請討賊且脩好。肅宗遣給事中南巨川報聘。然歲內侵，取廓、霸、岷等州及河源、莫門軍。使數來請和，帝雖審其譎，姑務紓患，乃詔宰相郭子儀、蕭華、裴遵慶等與盟。

At the beginning of the Zhide era (756) they took Xizhou, Weiwu, and other cities and garrisoned Shibao. The next year they sent envoys offering to fight the rebels and renew the alliance. Emperor Suzong sent Supervising Secretary Nan Juchuan on a return embassy. Yet within the year they invaded again, seizing Kuo, Ba, Min, and other prefectures and the Heyuan and Momen garrisons. Envoys came again and again to sue for peace; though the emperor saw their treachery, he sought a respite and decreed that chief ministers Guo Ziyi, Xiao Hua, Pei Zunqing, and others should treat with them.

寶應元年，陷臨洮，取秦、成、渭等州。明年，使散騎常侍李之芳、太子左庶子崔倫往聘，吐蕃留不遣。破西山合水城。明年，入大震關，取蘭、河、鄯、洮等州，於是隴右地盡亡。進圍涇州，入之，降刺史高暉。又破邠州，入奉天，副元帥郭子儀禦之。吐蕃以吐谷渾、党項兵二十萬東略武功，渭北行營將呂日將戰盩厔西，破之。又戰終南，日將走。代宗幸陜，子儀退趨商州。高暉導虜入長安，立廣武王承宏為帝，改元，擅作赦令，署官吏。衣冠皆南奔荊、襄，或逋棲山谷，亂兵因相攘鈔，道路梗閉。光祿卿殷仲卿率千人壁藍田，選二百騎度浐，或紿虜曰：「郭令公軍且來！」吐蕃大震。會少將王甫與惡少年伐鼓噪苑中，虜驚，夜引去。子儀入長安，高暉東奔至潼關，守將李日越殺之。吐蕃留京師十五日乃走，天子還京。

In the first year of Baoying (762) they overran Lintao and seized Qin, Cheng, Wei, and other prefectures. The next year the court sent Regular Attendant Li Zhifang and Left Assistant to the Heir Apparent Cui Lun on an embassy; Tibet detained them and refused to let them return. They overran Heshui fortress in the western mountains. The next year they forced Dazhen Pass and took Lan, He, Shan, Tao, and other prefectures; all of Longyou was lost. They advanced on Jingzhou, took it, and its governor Gao Hui surrendered. They overran Binzhou and entered Fengtian; Vice Grand Marshal Guo Ziyi met them in defense. Tibet marched two hundred thousand Tuyuhun and Tangut troops east against Wugong; Weibei campaigning general Lü Rijiang fought them west of Zhouzhi and routed them. They fought again on Zhongnan Mountain, and Rijiang was driven off. Emperor Daizong fled to Shan prefecture; Guo Ziyi withdrew toward Shangzhou. Gao Hui guided the Tibetans into Chang'an, set up Prince of Guangwu Chenghong as emperor, changed the reign title, issued amnesties on his own authority, and appointed officials. Officials and gentry fled south to Jing and Xiang or hid in the hills; marauding soldiers looted one another and the roads were cut off. Director of the Imperial Household Yin Zhongqing led a thousand men to hold Lantian, sent two hundred horsemen across the Chan River, and someone deceived the Tibetans, crying, "Lord Guo's army is coming!" The Tibetans panicked. Then Junior General Wang Fu and some rowdy youths beat drums and raised an uproar in the imperial park; the Tibetans were alarmed and withdrew by night. Guo Ziyi re-entered Chang'an; Gao Hui fled east to Tong Pass, where garrison commander Li Riyue killed him. The Tibetans occupied the capital for fifteen days and then withdrew; the emperor returned to Chang'an.

吐蕃退圍鳳翔，節度使孫志直拒守，鎮西節度使馬璘以千騎戰卻之，吐蕃屯原、會、成、渭間，自如也。是歲，南入松、維、保等州及雲山新籠城。明年，還使人李之芳等。劍南嚴武破吐蕃南鄙兵七萬，拔當狗城。會仆固懷恩反，自靈武遣其將范志誠、任敷合吐蕃、吐谷渾兵攻邠州，白孝德、郭晞嬰壘守，乃入居奉天西。子儀入奉天，按軍不戰。郭晞以銳士夜搗其營，斬首數千級，奪馬五百，取四將，吐蕃引去。是時嚴武拔鹽川，又戰西山，取其眾八萬。虜圍涼州，河西節度使楊志烈不能守，跳保甘州，而涼州亡。

The Tibetans lifted the siege of Fengxiang; military governor Sun Zhizhi held the city, and Western Frontier governor Ma Lin drove them back with a thousand horsemen. They then camped across Yuan, Hui, Cheng, and Wei and ranged at will. That year they pushed south into Song, Wei, Bao, and other prefectures and took Yunshan New Cage fortress. The following year they sent envoys back, including Li Zhifang. In Jiannan, Yan Wu routed seventy thousand Tibetan troops on the southern frontier and captured Danggou fortress. When Pugu Huai'en rebelled, he sent Fan Zhicheng and Ren Fu from Lingwu with Tibetan and Tuyuhun forces against Binzhou. Bai Xiaode and Guo Xi walled up and held out, whereupon the allies moved in and camped west of Fengtian. Guo Ziyi entered Fengtian and held his army back from battle. Guo Xi led picked troops in a night assault on their camp, took several thousand heads and five hundred horses, captured four generals, and the Tibetans withdrew. About then Yan Wu seized Yanchuan, fought again in the western hills, and took eighty thousand of the enemy. The Tibetans besieged Liangzhou. Hexi military governor Yang Zhilie could not hold the city, fled to Ganzhou for safety, and Liangzhou fell.

，吐蕃請和，詔宰相元載、杜鴻漸與虜使者同盟。懷恩不得志，導虜與回紇、党項羌、渾、奴刺犯邊，吐蕃大酋尚結息、贊摩、尚悉東贊等眾二十萬至醴泉、奉天，邠將白孝德不能亢，任敷以兵略鳳翔、盩厔，於是京師戒嚴。朔方兵馬使渾日時、孫守亮屯奉天，詔子儀以河中兵屯涇陽，李忠臣屯東渭橋，李光進屯雲陽，馬璘、郝廷玉屯便橋，駱奉先、李日越屯盩厔，李抱玉屯鳳翔，周智光屯同州，杜冕屯坊州，天子自率六軍屯於苑。吐蕃逼奉天，日進以單騎馳之，士二百踵進，左右擊刺，射皆應弦仆，虜大驚辟易。日進挾虜一將躍出，舉軍望而噪，士還，無一矢著身者。明日，虜薄城，日進發機石勁弩，故兵多死。凡三日，虜斂軍入壁，日進知虜曲折，即夜斫其營，斬千餘級，生禽五百。又戰馬嵬，凡七日，破賊萬人，斬首五千，獲馬、橐它、幟械甚眾。帝欲自討賊，下詔大搜馬，京師始置團練，都人震擾，鑿垣亡去者十八，詔中人戶都門，不能止。吐蕃遊騎四百略武功，鎮西節度使馬璘使健士五十擊之，殲，士氣益奮。虜徙營九𡼇之陰，掠醴泉居人數萬，焚室廬，田皆赤地。周智光與虜戰澄城，破之。吐蕃至邠北，復與回紇合，還攻奉天，抵馬嵬。任敷以兵五千掠白水，殘同州。於是城中渭橋、鄠以屯兵。

After Liangzhou's fall the Tibetans sued for peace, and the emperor ordered chief ministers Yuan Zai and Du Hongjian to conclude an alliance with their envoys. Frustrated, Huai'en led the Tibetans, Uyghurs, Tangut Qiang, Hun, and Nuci against the frontier. Great chiefs Shang Jiexi, Zanmo, and Shang Sidongzan marched two hundred thousand men to Liquan and Fengtian. Binzhou general Bai Xiaode could not hold them; Ren Fu raided Fengxiang and Zhouzhi, and the capital went on full alert. Shuofang commissioners Hun Rishi and Sun Shouliang held Fengtian. The emperor ordered Guo Ziyi with Hezhong troops to Jingyang, Li Zhongchen to the East Wei Bridge, Li Guangjin to Yunyang, Ma Lin and Hao Tingyu to Bian Bridge, Luo Fengxian and Li Riyue to Zhouzhi, Li Baoyu to Fengxiang, Zhou Zhiguang to Tongzhou, and Du Mian to Fangzhou, while he himself led the Six Armies into the imperial park. The Tibetans pressed Fengtian. Ri Jin charged alone at the head of two hundred men who closed behind him, cutting left and right; every arrow found its mark, and the enemy recoiled in alarm. Ri Jin seized a Tibetan officer and burst back through the lines; the army roared its approval. His men returned unscathed—not an arrow had touched them. The next day the Tibetans pressed the walls. Ri Jin brought up catapults and heavy crossbows, and the enemy suffered heavy losses. After three days the Tibetans pulled back behind their ramparts. Knowing their dispositions, Ri Jin struck their camp that night, killing more than a thousand and capturing five hundred alive. They fought again at Mawei. In seven days they routed ten thousand of the enemy, took five thousand heads, and seized horses, camels, banners, and arms in abundance. The emperor meant to take the field himself and ordered a sweeping levy of horses. For the first time the capital raised militia regiments. Panic spread through the city; eight households in ten broke through their walls and fled. Edicts posted men at every gate could not stem the flight. Four hundred Tibetan scouts raided Wugong. Ma Lin sent fifty picked warriors who wiped them out, and army morale soared. The Tibetans shifted camp to the slopes of Jiuling, carried off tens of thousands of people from Liquan, burned their homes, and left the countryside a scorched wasteland. Zhou Zhiguang met the Tibetans at Chengcheng and routed them. The Tibetans reached the country north of Bin, allied again with the Uyghurs, turned back to assault Fengtian, and advanced as far as Mawei. Ren Fu led five thousand men to plunder Baishui and lay waste to Tongzhou. Troops were then posted within the capital at the Wei Bridge and at Ye.

會懷恩死，虜謀無主，遂與回紇爭長。回紇怒，詣子儀請擊吐蕃自效，子儀許之，使白元光合兵攻吐蕃於靈臺西，大破之，降仆固名臣，帝乃班師。

When Huai'en died the allied campaign lost its leader, and the Tibetans soon quarreled with the Uyghurs over who should command. Enraged, the Uyghurs asked Guo Ziyi to let them prove themselves against Tibet. He agreed and sent Bai Yuanguang to join them west of Lingtai, where they inflicted a crushing defeat. Pugu Mingchen surrendered, and the emperor recalled his armies.

◎吐蕃下

◎ Tibet (Part Two)

永泰、大歷間，再遣使者來聘，於是戶部尚書薛景仙往報。詔宰相與吐蕃使者盟。俄寇靈州，掠宜祿，郭子儀精甲三萬戍涇陽，入屯奉天。靈州兵破虜二萬，上級五百首。景仙與倫泣陵偕來，請境鳳林關，而路悉等十五人又來。三年，虜引眾十萬復攻靈州，略邠州。先是，尚悉結自寶應後數入邊，以功高請老，而贊磨代之，為東面節度使，專河、隴。邠寧馬璘、朔方將白元光再破其眾，獲馬羊數千，劍南亦破虜萬人。尚悉摩復來朝。天子以虜數入塞，詔治守障，徙當、悉、柘、靜、恭五州，皆據險以守。

During the Yongtai and early Dali years they again sent friendly embassies, and Minister of Revenue Xue Jingxian was dispatched in reply. The emperor ordered his chief ministers to conclude an alliance with the Tibetan envoys. Before long they raided Lingzhou and plundered Yilu. Guo Ziyi posted thirty thousand picked troops at Jingyang and moved into Fengtian. Lingzhou troops routed twenty thousand Tibetans and sent up five hundred heads. Jingxian returned with Lun Qiling, who asked that the border be fixed at Fenglin Pass, while Lu Xi and fifteen other envoys also arrived. In the third year of Dali they mustered one hundred thousand men, attacked Lingzhou again, and raided Binzhou. Earlier, Shang Xijie had raided the frontier repeatedly since the Baoying era. Citing his long service, he asked to retire; Zanmo replaced him as eastern commander with authority over the He and Long regions. Ma Lin of Binning and Shuofang general Bai Yuanguang again routed the Tibetans and seized thousands of horses and sheep; Jiannan forces also defeated ten thousand of the enemy. Shang Ximo came to court again. Because the Tibetans kept crossing the frontier, the emperor ordered the border defenses repaired and relocated the five prefectures of Dang, Xi, Zhe, Jing, and Gong to strong positions.

八年，虜六萬騎侵靈州，敗民稼，進寇涇、邠，渾瑊與戰不利，副將死，略數千戶。瑊整卒夜襲其營；涇原馬璘以兵掩之潘原，射豹皮將死，軍中哭，乃遁去。璘收所俘士及男女而還。郭子儀又破其眾十萬。

In the eighth year of Dali sixty thousand Tibetan horsemen invaded Lingzhou, destroyed the harvest, and pushed on against Jing and Bin. Hun Zhen fought them without success; a deputy commander was killed and several thousand households were carried off. Zhen rallied his men and struck their camp that night; Ma Lin of Jingyuan ambushed them at Panyuan and killed their leopard-skin commander; the enemy camp broke into mourning wails and they fled. Ma Lin gathered the soldiers and civilians he had rescued and marched back. Guo Ziyi again routed one hundred thousand of the enemy.

九年，帝遣諫議大夫吳損修好，虜亦使使者入朝。於是子儀屯邠州，李抱玉屯高壁，馬璘屯原州，李忠臣屯涇州，李忠誠屯鳳翔，臧希讓屯渭北，備虜之入。明年，西川節度使崔寧破虜於西山。虜攻臨涇、隴州，次普潤，焚掠人畜；與抱玉戰義寧，破之；道涇州，璘尾追，敗之於百里。又明年，崔寧破虜故洪節度、氐、蠻、党項等兵，斬首萬級，禽酋領千人，牛羊廩鎧甚眾，獻之朝。吐蕃不得志，入掠黎、雅，於是劍南兵合南詔與戰，破之，禽大籠官論器然。又侵坊州，取党項牧馬。崔寧攻望漢城，破之。山南西道節度使張獻恭戰岷州，吐蕃走。寧破西山三路及邛南兵，斬首八千級。十三年，虜大酋馬重英以四萬騎寇靈州，塞漢、御史、尚書三渠以擾屯田，為朔方留後常謙光所逐，重英殘鹽、慶而去。乃南合南詔眾二十萬攻茂州，略扶、文，遂侵黎、雅。時天子已發幽州兵馳拒，虜大奔破。

In the ninth year of Dali the emperor sent Remonstrating Censor Wu Sun to renew friendly ties, and the Tibetans also sent envoys to court. Guo Ziyi then held Binzhou, Li Baoyu Gaobi, Ma Lin Yuanzhou, Li Zhongchen Jingzhou, Li Zhongcheng Fengxiang, and Zang Xianrang the country north of the Wei River, all to block Tibetan incursions. The following year Western Sichuan military governor Cui Ning defeated the Tibetans in the western hills. The Tibetans attacked Linjing and Longzhou, pushed on to Purun, and burned and looted people and herds; fought Li Baoyu at Yining and were beaten; retreated past Jingzhou; Ma Lin pursued and routed them at Baili. The next year Cui Ning routed Tibetan forces of the old Hong circuit together with Di, Man, and Tangut allies, took ten thousand heads and a thousand chieftains, and sent up vast herds, stores, and armor to the court. Thwarted in the north, the Tibetans raided Li and Ya; Jiannan troops then joined Nanzhao, defeated them, and captured the great frontier officer Lun Qiran. They raided Fangzhou again and drove off Tangut horse herds. Cui Ning stormed Wanghan fortress and captured it. Southwestern Shannan military governor Zhang Xiangong fought them at Minzhou and the Tibetans withdrew. Cui Ning routed the three western-hill columns and Qiongnan forces, taking eight thousand heads. In the thirteenth year of Dali the Tibetan great chief Ma Chongying led forty thousand horsemen against Lingzhou, dammed the Han, Yushi, and Shangshu canals to ruin the frontier farms, was driven off by Shuofang acting commissioner Chang Qian'guang, and after ravaging Yan and Qing withdrew. He then joined two hundred thousand Nanzhao troops in the south, attacked Maozhou, overran Fu and Wen, and pushed on into Li and Ya. By then the emperor had already rushed Youzhou troops to meet them, and the Tibetans fled in rout.

初，虜使數至，留不遣，所俘虜口，悉部送江南。德宗即位，先內靖方鎮，顧歲與虜確，其亡獲相償，欲以德綏懷之，遣太常少卿韋倫持節歸其俘五百，厚給衣褚，切敕邊吏護亭障，無輒侵虜地。吐蕃始聞未信，使者入境，乃皆感畏。是時，乞立贊為贊普，姓戶虜提氏，曰：「我乃有三恨：不知天子喪，不及吊，一也；山陵不及賻，二也；不知舅即位，而發兵攻靈州，入扶、文，侵灌口，三也。」即發使者隨倫入朝。帝又遣倫還蜀俘。虜以倫再至，歡甚，授館，作聲樂，九日留，以論欽明思等五十人從獻方物。

At first Tibetan envoys came again and again but were held and not returned, while every Tibetan captive was marched off to the lower Yangtze. When Emperor Dezong came to the throne he first pacified the internal military governors, reckoned that yearly border losses and gains had largely canceled out, and wished to win the Tibetans by kindness. He sent Taichang Vice Minister Wei Lun with credentials to return five hundred captives, furnished them generously with clothing, and strictly ordered frontier officials to guard the posts and not cross into Tibetan lands. The Tibetans at first would not believe it; once the envoys crossed the frontier, they were deeply moved. At this time the Zanpu was Qili Zan of the Hutudi clan. He said, "I bear three grievances: I did not know the emperor had died and could not send condolences—that is the first; I could not present funeral gifts at the imperial tomb—that is the second; I did not know my imperial uncle had succeeded, yet I sent troops against Lingzhou, entered Fu and Wen, and raided Guankou—that is the third." With that he dispatched envoys to accompany Lun to court. The emperor again sent Lun to return Sichuan captives. Delighted that Lun had come again, the Tibetans lodged him, entertained him with music, kept him nine days, and sent Lun Qinmingsi and fifty others back with him bearing tribute.

明年，殿中少監崔漢衡往使，贊普猥曰：「我與唐舅甥國，詔書乃用臣禮卑我。」又請雲州西盡賀蘭山為吐蕃境，邀漢衡奏天子。乃遣入蕃使判官常魯與論悉諾羅入朝，道贊普語，且引景龍詔書曰「唐使至，甥先與盟，蕃使至，舅亦將親盟」；贊普曰「其禮本均。」帝許之，以「獻」為「進」，「賜」為「寄」，「領取」為「領之」。以前宰相楊炎不通故事為解，並約地於賀蘭。其大相尚悉結嗜殺人，以劍南之敗未報，不助和議，次相尚結贊有謀，固請休息邊人，贊普卒用結贊為大相，乃講好。漢衡與其使區頰贊偕來，約盟境上。拜漢衡鴻臚卿，以都官員外郎樊澤為計會使，與結贊約；且告隴右節度使張鎰同盟。澤與結贊約盟清水，以牛馬為牲。鎰欲末其禮，乃紿結贊曰：「唐非牛不田，蕃非馬不戰，請用犬、豕、羊。」結贊聽諾。將盟，乃除地為壇，約二國各以二千士列壝外，冗從立壇下。鎰與幕府齊映齊抗、鴻臚漢衡、計會使於頔及澤、魯皆朝服，結贊與論悉頰藏、論臧熱、論利陀、論力徐等對升壇，刑牲壇北，雜其血以進，約：「唐地涇州右盡彈箏峽，隴州右極清水，鳳州西盡同谷，劍南盡西山、大度水。吐蕃守鎮蘭、渭、原、會，西臨洮，東成州，抵劍南西磨些諸蠻、大度水之西南。盡大河北自新泉軍抵大磧，南極賀蘭橐它嶺，其間為閑田。二國所棄戍地毋增兵，毋創城堡，毋耕邊田。」既盟，請鎰詣壇西南隅浮屠幄為誓。於是升壇大享，獻酬乃還。

The following year Palace Vice Director Cui Hanheng was sent as envoy. The Zanpu said bluntly, "Tang and Tibet are uncle and nephew, yet your edicts treat me as a subject and demean me." He also demanded that everything west of Yunzhou to Helan Mountain be Tibetan territory and pressed Hanheng to report this to the emperor. He then sent border envoy judge Chang Lu with Lun Sinoluo to court, relayed the Zanpu's message, and cited the Jinglong edict: "When a Tang envoy comes, the nephew shall ally first; when a Tibetan envoy comes, the uncle shall ally in person"; the Zanpu said, "the ceremonial standing was always meant to be equal." The emperor agreed, substituting "forward" for "present," "send" for "bestow," and "receive" for "receive and take." He blamed the change on former chief minister Yang Yan's ignorance of precedent and also agreed to set the frontier at Helan. The great minister Shang Xijie was bloodthirsty; still smarting from the defeat in Jiannan, he opposed peace. The second minister Shang Jiezan was shrewder and pressed to give the frontier a rest. The Zanpu finally made Jiezan great minister, and peace talks followed. Hanheng returned with the Tibetan envoy Qu Zan and arranged to conclude an alliance on the frontier. Hanheng was made Director of the Court for Diplomatic Receptions; Bureau of Revenue Vice Fan Ze was appointed accountant envoy to treat with Jiezan; and Longyou military governor Zhang Yian was told to join the alliance as well. Fan Ze and Jiezan concluded the alliance at Qingshui with oxen and horses as sacrifices. Wishing to scale back the rites, Zhang Yian deceived Jiezan, saying, "Tang cannot farm without oxen, nor can Tibet fight without horses—let us sacrifice dogs, pigs, and sheep instead." Jiezan agreed. Before the rites they cleared ground for an altar, posted two thousand soldiers from each side outside the embankment, and stationed attendants below the platform. Zhang Yian with his staff Qi Ying and Qi Kang, Honglu Director Hanheng, accountant envoy Yu Hao, Fan Ze, and Chang Lu—all in court dress—faced Jiezan, Lun Xizang, Lun Zangre, Lun Lituo, Lun Lixu, and others as they mounted the altar together. Victims were slaughtered north of the altar, their blood mingled and offered. The treaty fixed Tang territory from the right of Jingzhou to Tanji Gorge, from the right of Longzhou to Qingshui, from the west of Fengzhou to Tonggu, and all of Jiannan to the western hills and the Dadu River. Tibet would hold Lan, Wei, Yuan, and Hui, with Lintao on the west, Chengzhou on the east, and the southwest as far as the Mosuo tribes beyond Jiannan's western hills and the Dadu River. North of the Yellow River from Xinquan garrison to the great desert, and south to Helan Camel Ridge, the intervening land would remain unoccupied. Neither side would reinforce abandoned posts, build new forts, or farm the border marches." After the pact they asked Zhang Yian to swear in the Buddhist tent at the altar's southwest corner. They then mounted the altar for a great feast, exchanged gifts, and withdrew.

帝命宰相、尚書與虜使者盟長安，而清水之約，疆埸不定，復令漢衡決於贊普，乃克盟。於是宰相李忠臣盧杞關播崔寧、工部尚書喬琳、御史大夫於頎、太府卿張獻恭、司農卿段秀實、少府監李昌夔、京兆尹王翃、金吾衛大將軍渾瑊與區頰贊等同盟京城之右郊，禮如清水。前二月告廟，齊，三日，關播跪讀載書，已盟，乃大享。詔左僕射李揆為入蕃會盟使，還區頰贊等。

The emperor ordered his chief ministers and senior officials to conclude an alliance with the Tibetan envoys at Chang'an. Because the Qingshui treaty had left the frontier lines unsettled, Hanheng was sent back to settle the matter with the Zanpu before the pact could stand. Chief ministers Li Zhongchen, Lu Qi, Guan Bo, and Cui Ning, together with Minister of Works Qiao Lin, Censor-in-Chief Yu Yi, Grand Steward Zhang Xiangong, Minister of Agriculture Duan Xiushi, Director of the Palace Workshops Li Changkui, Metropolitan Governor Wang Hong, Golden Guard general Hun Zhen, and Qu Zan then concluded the alliance in the capital's eastern suburb with the same rites as at Qingshui. Two months earlier the court had notified the ancestral temple and observed a fast. On the third day Guan Bo knelt and read the treaty text; once the alliance was sealed, a great feast followed. The emperor appointed Left Vice Director Li Kui envoy to Tibet to ratify the alliance and sent Qu Zan and his party home.

朱泚之亂，吐蕃請助討賊，詔右散騎常侍於頎持節慰撫，太常少卿沈房為安西、北庭宣慰使以報之。渾瑊用論莽羅兵破泚將韓旻於武亭川。初，與虜約，得長安，以涇、靈四州畀之。會大疫，虜輒引去。及泚平，責先約求地。天子薄其勞，第賜詔書，償結贊、莽羅等帛萬匹，於是虜以為怨。

During Zhu Ci's rebellion the Tibetans offered to help suppress the rebels. The emperor sent Right Attendant Cavalier Yu Yi with credentials to receive them graciously, and appointed Taichang Vice Minister Shen Fang comfort envoy to Anxi and Beiting in reply. Hun Zhen used Lun Mangluo's Tibetan troops to defeat Zhu Ci's general Han Min at Wuting River. At the outset they had promised the Tibetans that if Chang'an fell, the four prefectures of Jing, Ling, and the rest would be ceded to them. A great epidemic broke out, and the Tibetans withdrew. After Zhu Ci's defeat they invoked the earlier bargain and demanded the promised territory. The emperor thought little of their service and sent only an edict with ten thousand bolts of silk for Jiezan, Mangluo, and the rest. The Tibetans took this as an insult.

，詔倉部郎中趙建往使，而虜已犯涇、隴、邠、寧，掠人畜，敗田稼，內州皆閉壁。遊騎至好畤，左金吾將軍張獻甫、神策將李升曇等屯咸陽，河中渾瑊、華州駱元光援之。以左監門將軍康成使焉。尚結贊屯上砦原，亦令使論乞陀來請盟。鳳翔李晟遣部將王佖以銳兵三千夜入汧陽，明日，薄其中軍，虜驚潰走，結贊僅自脫。虜眾二萬侵鳳翔，李晟擊卻之，因襲破摧沙堡，燒儲廥，斬守者。吐蕃攻鹽、夏，刺史杜彥光、拓拔乾暉不能守，悉其眾南奔，虜遂有其地。天子以邊人殘沒，下詔避正殿，痛自咎。詔駱元光經略鹽、夏。

In the wake of that resentment the emperor sent Treasury Bureau Director Zhao Jian as envoy, but the Tibetans had already struck Jing, Long, Bin, and Ning, looting people and herds, destroying the harvest, and every interior prefecture had shut its gates. Tibetan scouts reached Haochi. Left Golden Guard general Zhang Xianfu and Divine Strategy general Li Shengyan held Xianyang, while Hun Zhen from Hezhong and Luo Yuanguang from Huazhou hurried to reinforce them. Left Gate general Kang Cheng was dispatched on the mission. Shang Jiezan camped at Shangzhaiyuan and also sent Lun Qituo to ask for peace talks. Li Sheng of Fengxiang sent his deputy Wang Fu with three thousand elite troops into Qianyang by night; the next day they pressed the enemy center; the barbarians panicked, broke, and fled, and Jiezan barely escaped. Twenty thousand barbarians invaded Fengxiang; Li Sheng struck and drove them back, then raided and broke Cuisha Fort, burned the storehouses, and beheaded the garrison. Tibet attacked Yan and Xia; prefects Du Yanguang and Tuo Ba Qianhui could not hold; they led all their forces south in flight, and the barbarians then possessed those lands. Because frontier people had been slaughtered and wiped out, the Son of Heaven issued an edict to avoid the main audience hall and bitterly blamed himself. An edict appointed Luo Yuanguang to oversee Yan and Xia.

三年，命左庶子崔瀚、李铦踵使。結贊得鹽、夏，皆戍以兵，乃自屯鳴沙，然饋餉數困。於是駱元光、韓遊瑰濱塞而屯，而燧次石州，跨河相掎角。結贊大懼，屢請盟，天子不許。即以貴將論頰熱厚賂乞和於燧，燧以為情，身入見天子，諸將以燧入，皆守壁不戰。結贊遽還走，馬多死，士不能步，有饑色。瀚始至鳴沙，傳詔讓結贊破約陷鹽、夏，對曰：「本以武亭功未償乃來，又候碑仆，疆埸不明，故行境上。涇州乘城自保，鳳翔李令不納吾使，雖康成等來，皆不能致委曲。我日望大臣而卒無至者，我故引還。鹽、夏守將懼吾眾，以城丐我，非我敢攻也。若天子復許盟，虜之願也，唯所命，當以鹽、夏還唐。」又言清水盟，大臣少，故約易壞，請悉遣宰相元帥二十一人會盟。並言靈鹽節度使杜希全、涇原節度使李觀，外蕃所信，請主盟。帝復使瀚報結贊曰：「希全守靈州，有分地，不可以越境；觀既徙官，以渾瑊為盟會使。」約五月盟清水，使先效二州，以驗虜信。結贊辭清水非吉地，請會原州之土梨樹，乃歸二州。天子從之。

In the third year he appointed Left Palace Companion Cui Han and Li Qian to follow as envoys. Jiezan took Yan and Xia, garrisoned them with troops, and himself encamped at Mingsha, yet supplies were repeatedly strained. Thereupon Luo Yuanguang and Han Yougui encamped along the border passes, while Ma Sui held at Shizhou; across the river they braced each other like pincers. Jiezan was greatly afraid and repeatedly asked for an alliance; the Son of Heaven would not agree. He then sent the noble general Lun Xia're with lavish bribes to beg peace from Ma Sui; Sui took it as sincere and went in person to audience with the emperor; the generals, because Sui had gone in, all held their walls and did not fight. Jiezan hurriedly turned back and fled; most of the horses died; the soldiers could not walk and showed signs of hunger. When Han first reached Mingsha he transmitted an edict reproaching Jiezan for breaking the covenant and seizing Yan and Xia. Jiezan replied: "I came because Wuting merit had not been repaid; I also awaited the stele's fall—the border was unclear—so I marched on the frontier. Jingzhou manned its walls for self-defense; Li Ling of Fengxiang would not admit my envoys; though Kang Cheng and others came, none could convey the full particulars. I daily looked for great ministers, yet in the end none came, so I withdrew. The Yan and Xia defending generals feared my forces and offered the cities to beg me—it was not that I dared attack on my own. If the emperor again grants alliance, that is the barbarians' wish; whatever is commanded, we shall return Yan and Xia to Tang." He also said that at the Qingshui alliance the great ministers were few, so the pact was easily broken, and asked that all twenty-one chancellors and marshals be sent to meet in alliance. He also said that Lingyan governor Du Xiquan and Jingyuan governor Li Guan were trusted by the outer barbarians and asked that they preside over the alliance. The emperor again sent Han to reply to Jiezan: "Xiquan guards Lingzhou and has allotted territory; he cannot cross the border; Guan has already been transferred; Hun Zhen is made alliance convenor." They agreed to ally at Qingshui in the fifth month, with envoys first to surrender the two prefectures to verify barbarian sincerity. Jiezan declined Qingshui as an inauspicious site and requested meeting at the Tuli tree of Yuanzhou; then he would return the two prefectures. The Son of Heaven agreed.

瑊來受命，拜漢衡兵部尚書以副瑊。瑊率師二萬待期，詔駱元光助之。宰相議所盟地，左神策將馬有鄰建言：「土梨樹林薈巖阻，兵易詭伏，不如平涼夷漫坦直，且近涇，緩急可保也。」乃定盟平涼。瑊約結贊，主客均以兵三千至壇外，誕從四百叩壇，以遊軍交邏相入。將盟，結贊伏精騎三萬於西，縱邏騎出入瑊軍，瑊將梁奉貞亦駷馬入虜軍營，陰執之，而瑊不知也。客請瑊等具冠劍，皆就幄更衣，從容胖肆。虜忽三伐鼓，眾噪而興，瑊不知所出，走幄後，得馬不銜而馳，十里始得銜。虜追，矢若雨不傷也，至元光營乃脫。裨將辛榮兵數百據北阜與虜戰，矢盡乃降。判官韓弇、監軍宋鳳朝死之。漢衡與判官鄭叔矩路泌、掌書記袁同直、列將扶余準馬寧孟日華李至言樂演明範澄馬弇、中人劉延邕俱文珍李朝清等六十人皆被執，士死者五百，生獲者千餘人。漢衡語虜曰：「我，崔尚書也，結贊與我善。若殺我，結贊亦殺若。」乃不死。人負一木，以繩三約之，系其發驅之；夜則杙地系而仆，蒙以罽，守者寢其上。始結贊將劫希全、觀，急以銳兵直趣京師，既不克，又欲禽瑊等，搗虛入寇，其謀本然。既引去，至故原州，坐帳中見漢衡等，慢言：「渾瑊戰武功，我力也。許裂地償我，而自食其言。吾既作金枷，將必得瑊以見贊普，乃今失之，徒致公等，無益也。當使人歸報。」初，漢衡遇亂，從史呂溫身蔽兵，溫傷而漢衡脫，虜人嘉其義，厚給養之。結贊屯石門，以俱文珍、馬寧、馬弇歸唐，而囚漢衡、叔矩河州，辛榮廓州，扶余準鄯州。帝猶使中人賫詔書賜結贊，拒不受。虜戍鹽、夏，涉春疫大興，皆思歸。結贊以騎三千迎之，火二州廬舍，頹郛堞而去，杜希全分兵保之。帝哀漢衡等陷辱，下詔賜其子七品官，叔矩、泌、弇、日華、榮、至言、澄、良賁、演明一子八品官，袁同直而下一子九品官。以決勝軍使唐良臣屯潘原，神策將蘇太平屯隴州。結贊召漢衡、日華、延邕至石門，以五騎送境上，遣使者奉表來。李觀曰：「有詔不內吐蕃使者。」受漢衡等，放其使。

Zhen came to receive the commission; Han Heng was appointed Minister of War as Zhen's deputy. Zhen led twenty thousand troops awaiting the appointed day; an edict ordered Luo Yuanguang to assist him. The chancellors debated the alliance site; Left Divine Strategy general Ma Youlin said: "The Tuli tree grove is dense with cliffs and barriers, and troops are easy to ambush by trickery—better Pingliang, level and open, and near Jing; in urgency or ease it can be secured." Thus they fixed the alliance at Pingliang. Zhen arranged with Jiezan that host and guest each bring three thousand troops to outside the altar, four hundred attendants to approach the altar, and patrol forces to enter and out in rotation. As they were about to ally, Jiezan hid thirty thousand elite cavalry to the west and let patrol horsemen pass through Zhen's army; Zhen's general Liang Fengzhen also spurred into the barbarian camp and was secretly seized, yet Zhen did not know. The guests asked Zhen and the others to don caps and swords; all went to the tent to change clothes, at ease and unrestrained. The barbarians suddenly thrice beat drums; the crowd clamored and rose; Zhen did not know which way to flee; he ran behind the tent, mounted a horse without a bit and galloped, and went ten li before obtaining a bit. The barbarians pursued; arrows fell like rain yet did not harm him; reaching Yuanguang's camp he escaped. Vice general Xin Rong with several hundred men held the north hill and fought the barbarians; when arrows were exhausted he surrendered. Judge Han Mian and supervising commissioner Song Fengchao were killed. Han Heng, judges Zheng Shuju and Lu Bi, secretary Yuan Tongzhi, generals Fuyu Zhun, Ma Ning, Meng Rihua, Li Zhiyan, Yue Yanming, Fan Cheng, and Ma Yan, eunuchs Liu Yanyong, Ju Wenzhen, Li Chaoqing, and sixty others were all seized; five hundred soldiers died and more than a thousand were captured alive. Han Heng said to the barbarians: "I am Vice Director Cui; Jiezan and I are on good terms. If you kill me, Jiezan will also kill you." Thus he did not die. Each man bore a log, bound thrice with rope, tied by the hair and driven along; at night they were pegged to the ground, tied, and made to lie down, covered with felt, while guards slept on top of them. Initially Jiezan had intended to seize Xiquan and Guan and hurry elite troops straight toward the capital; when that failed he also wished to capture Zhen and others and raid in weakness to invade—the plan had been so from the start. After he withdrew, reaching old Yuanzhou, he sat in his tent and received Han Heng and the others, saying dismissively: "Hun Zhen fought at Wugong—that was my doing. He promised to cede land to compensate me, yet himself broke his word. I had already made a golden cage intending surely to get Zhen to present to the tsanpo; now I have lost him—only bringing you gentlemen, of no use. I shall send someone back to report." Earlier, when Han Heng met the turmoil, attendant Lu Wen shielded him with his body; Wen was wounded yet Han Heng escaped; the barbarians admired his loyalty and gave him generous support. Jiezan encamped at Shimen, sent Ju Wenzhen, Ma Ning, and Ma Yan back to Tang, and imprisoned Han Heng and Shuju at Hezhou, Xin Rong at Kuozhou, and Fuyu Zhun at Qinzhou. The emperor still sent a eunuch bearing an edict to bestow on Jiezan; he refused and would not accept. The barbarians garrisoned Yan and Xia; when spring came epidemic broke out greatly and all wished to return. Jiezan went with three thousand cavalry to meet them, burned the dwellings of the two prefectures, toppled the ramparts, and withdrew; Du Xiquan divided troops to secure them. The emperor pitied Han Heng and others in captivity and disgrace; he issued an edict granting their sons seventh-rank offices, one son of Shuju, Bi, Yan, Rihua, Rong, Zhiyan, Cheng, Liangben, and Yanming each eighth-rank, and one son of Yuan Tongzhi and those below ninth-rank. Victory-deciding army commissioner Tang Liangchen was posted at Panyuan, and Divine Strategy general Su Taiping at Longzhou. Jiezan summoned Han Heng, Rihua, and Yanyong to Shimen, sent them to the border with five riders, and dispatched envoys bearing a memorial. Li Guan said: "There is an edict not to admit Tibetan envoys." He received Han Heng and the others and released their envoys.

結贊以羌、渾眾屯潘口，傍青石嶺，三分其兵趨隴、汧陽間，連營數十里，中軍距鳳翔一舍，詭漢服，號邢君牙兵，入吳山、寶雞，焚聚落，略畜牧、丁壯，殺老孺，斷手剔目，乃去。李晟嘗蹙大木塞安化隘處，虜過，悉焚之。詔神策將石季章壁武功，良臣移師百里城。虜又剽汧陽、華亭男女萬人以畀羌、渾，將出塞，令東向辭國，眾慟哭，投塹谷死者千數。吐蕃又入豐義，圍華亭，絕汲道。守將王仙鶴請救於隴州，刺史蘇清沔合太平兵赴之，虜逆戰，太平不勝，引還。虜日千騎四掠，隴兵不敢出。虜積薪將焚華亭，仙鶴以眾降。清沔潛兵大象龕，夜半，約城中舉火燭天，虜眾驚，因襲其營，乃去。更攻連雲堡，飛石投中，井皆滿。為虛梁絕塹而升，守將張明遠降於虜。虜分捕山間亡人及牛羊率萬計，涇、隴、邠之民蕩然盡矣。諸將曾不能得一俘，但賀賊出塞而已。連雲堡，涇要地也，三垂峭絕，北據高，虜所進退，候火易通。既失之，城下即虜境，每藝稼，必陳兵於野，故多失時。是歲，三州不宿麥。虜數千騎犯長武城，城使韓全義拒之。韓遊瑰兵不出，於是虜安行邠、涇間，諸屯西門皆閉，虜治故原州保之。帝取所獲吐蕃生口不二百，徇諸市以安京師。

Jiezan with Qiang and Hun forces encamped at Pankou along Qingshi Ridge, divided his troops in three toward Long and Qianyang, and linked camps for several tens of li; the center army was one stage from Fengxiang; feigning Han dress they called themselves Xing Junya's troops, entered Wushan and Baoji, burned settlements, plundered livestock and strong youths, killed the old and infants, severed hands and gouged out eyes, then withdrew. Li Sheng had once piled large timbers to block Anhua Pass; when the barbarians passed they burned them all. An edict ordered Divine Strategy general Shi Jizhang to fortify Wugong, and Liangchen moved his army to Bailicheng. The barbarians again plundered ten thousand men and women of Qianyang and Huating to give to the Qiang and Hun; as they were about to leave the passes they were ordered to face east and bid farewell to their country; the crowd wailed, and thousands died throwing themselves into ditches and ravines. Tibet again entered Fengyi, besieged Huating, and cut off the water route. Defender Wang Xianhe requested rescue from Longzhou; prefect Su Qingmian combined Taiping's troops to go; the barbarians met them in battle; Taiping did not prevail and withdrew. The barbarians daily sent a thousand cavalry to raid on four sides, and Long troops dared not sortie. The barbarians piled firewood intending to burn Huating; Xianhe surrendered with his force. Qingmian secretly sent troops to Daxiang grotto; at midnight he coordinated with the city to raise fires lighting the sky; the barbarian host panicked; they raided the camp and withdrew. They again attacked Lianyun Fort; flying stones struck home and all the wells were filled. They made false bridges and cut the moats to ascend; defending general Zhang Mingyuan surrendered to the barbarians. The barbarians separately captured mountain fugitives and cattle and sheep numbering tens of thousands in all; the people of Jing, Long, and Bin were utterly swept away. The generals could not obtain even one captive; they only congratulated themselves that the bandits had left the passes. Lianyun Fort was a Jing strategic point, precipitous on three sides, holding the heights to the north—barbarian advance and retreat; signal fires easily communicated. Once it was lost, below the walls was barbarian territory; whenever they planted crops they had to array troops in the open, so they often missed the season. That year the three prefectures did not plant winter wheat. Several thousand barbarian cavalry attacked Changwu Fort; fort commissioner Han Quanyi resisted them. Han Yougui's troops did not sortie; thereupon the barbarians passed at ease between Bin and Jing; all garrison west gates were closed; the barbarians repaired old Yuanzhou and held it. The emperor took fewer than two hundred captured Tibetan captives alive and paraded them through the markets to reassure the capital.

四年五月，虜三萬騎略涇、邠、寧、慶、鄜五州之鄙，焚吏舍民閻，系執數萬。韓全義以陳許兵戰長武，無功。初，吐蕃盜塞，畏春夏疾疫，常以盛秋。及是得唐俘，多厚給產，質其孥，故盛夏入邊。尚悉董星、論莽羅等又寇寧州，張獻甫拒斬裁百級，轉剽鄜、坊乃去。

In the fifth month of the fourth year thirty thousand barbarian cavalry raided the outskirts of Jing, Bin, Ning, Qing, and Fu, burned officials' quarters and commoners' lanes, and bound and seized tens of thousands. Han Quanyi fought at Changwu with Chenxu troops without success. Initially Tibet raided the passes, fearing spring and summer epidemics, and usually came in full autumn. By this time, having obtained Tang captives, they gave many generous grants of property and held their families as pledges, so they entered the frontier in high summer. Shang Xidongxing, Lun Mangluo, and others again raided Ningzhou; Zhang Xianfu resisted and beheaded barely a hundred, then turned to plunder Fu and Fang before leaving.

五年，韋臯以劍南兵戰臺登，殺虜將乞臧遮遮、悉多楊朱，西南少安。不三年，盡得巂州地。久之，北庭沙陀別部叛，吐蕃因是陷北庭都護府，安西道絕。獨西州人尚為唐守。

In the fifth year Wei Gao with Jiannan troops fought at Taideng, killed the barbarian generals Qizang Zhezhe and Siduo Yangzhu, and the southwest was somewhat quiet. Within less than three years he entirely recovered Xi prefecture's territory. After a long while the Beiting Shatuo separate division rebelled; Tibet thereby took the Beiting Protectorate and the Anxi route was cut off. Only the people of Xizhou still held for Tang.

八年，寇靈州，陷水口，塞營田渠。發河東、振武兵，合神策軍擊之，虜引還。又寇涇州，掠田軍千人，守捉使唐朝臣戰不利。山南西道節度使嚴震破虜於芳州，取黑水壁，焚積聚。自虜得鹽州，塞防無以障遏，而靈武單露，鄜、坊侵迫，寇日以驕，數入為邊患。帝復詔城之，使涇原、劍南、山南深入窮討，分其兵，毋令專向東方。詔朔方河中晉絳邠寧兵馬副元帥渾瑊、朔方靈鹽豐夏綏銀節度都統杜希全、邠寧節度使張獻甫、右神策軍行營節度使邢君牙、夏綏銀節度使韓潭、鄜坊丹延節度使王棲曜、振武麟勝節度使範希朝合兵三萬，以左神策將軍胡堅、右神策將軍張昌為鹽州行營節度使，板築之，役者六千人，餘皆陣城下。九年始栽，閱二旬訖功，而虜兵不出，遂以兼御史大夫紇幹遂與兼中丞杜彥光戍之。當是時，韋臯功最多，破堡壁五十餘所，敗其南道元帥論莽熱沒籠乞悉蓖；又與南詔破之於神川、於鐵橋，臯俘馘三萬，降首領論乞髯湯沒藏悉諾硉。

In the eighth year they raided Lingzhou, took Shuikou, and blocked the garrison-farm canals. Hedong and Zhenwu troops were deployed, combined with the Divine Strategy army to strike them, and the barbarians withdrew. They again raided Jingzhou, plundered a thousand men of the Tiantian army, and frontier guard commissioner Tang Chaochen fought unsuccessfully. South of the Mountains West Circuit governor Yan Zhen defeated the barbarians at Fangzhou, took Heishui rampart, and burned their stores. Since the barbarians obtained Yanzhou, the pass defenses had nothing to block them, Lingwu stood exposed alone, Fu and Fang were pressed, raids grew daily more arrogant, and they repeatedly entered as frontier troubles. The emperor again ordered the city built and sent Jingyuan, Jiannan, and the south of the mountains to pursue deep in exhaustive raids, divide their forces, and not let them focus only on the east. An edict ordered deputy marshals Hun Zhen of Shuofang, Hezhong, Jin, Jiang, Bin, and Ning; overall commander Du Xiquan of Shuofang, Lingyan, Feng, Xia, Sui, and Yin; Binning governor Zhang Xianfu; Right Divine Strategy field army governor Xing Junya; Xia-Sui-Yin governor Han Tan; Fu-Fang-Dan-Yan governor Wang Qiyao; and Zhenwu-Linsheng governor Fan Xichao to combine thirty thousand troops; Left Divine Strategy generals Hu Jian and Right Zhang Chang were made Yanzhou field army governors to build the walls—six thousand laborers, the rest arrayed below the city. In the ninth year planting began; within twenty days the work was finished, yet barbarian troops did not sortie; thereupon concurrent Grand Censorate commissioner Qagan Sui and concurrent vice commissioner Du Yanguang garrisoned it. At that time Wei Gao's achievements were greatest—he broke more than fifty forts and ramparts and defeated their southern-route marshal Lun Mangre Molong Qixipi; again with Nanzhao he defeated them at Shenchuan and at Iron Bridge—Gao took thirty thousand heads and accepted the surrender of chieftains Lun Qiran, Tangmeizang, and Sinuoluo.

十二年，寇慶州及華池，殺略吏人。是歲，尚結贊死。明年，贊普死，其子足之煎立。邢君牙築永信城於隴州以備虜，虜使者農桑昔來請脩好，朝廷以其無信，不受。韋臯取新城，虜治劍山、馬嶺，進寇臺登，巂州刺史曹高仕擊卻之，禽籠官，斬級三百，獲馬、糧、械數千。

In the twelfth year they raided Qingzhou and Huachi, killing and plundering officials and people. That year Shang Jiezan died. The next year the tsanpo died; his son Trizig was enthroned. Xing Junya built Yongxin Fort at Longzhou to guard against the barbarians; barbarian envoy Nongsangxi came to request restored good relations; the court, finding them untrustworthy, did not accept. Wei Gao took Xincheng; the barbarians repaired Jianshan and Maling and advanced to raid Taideng; Xi prefect Cao Gaoshi struck and drove them back, captured Longguan, beheaded three hundred, and obtained thousands of horses, grain, and weapons.

十四年，韓全義破虜於鹽州。十六年，靈州破虜於烏蘭橋，韋臯拔末恭、颙二城。十七年，寇鹽州，陷麟州，殺刺史郭鋒，湮隍墮陴，系居人，掠党項諸部，屯橫槽烽。虜將徐舍人者，語俘道人延素曰：「我乃司空英公裔孫也。武后時，家祖以兵尊王室不克，子孫奔播絕域，今三世矣。我雖握兵，心未嘗忘歸也，顧不能自拔耳。」陰使延素夜逸。又言：「吾按邊求資糧，至麟而守者無備，遂入之。知郭使君勛臣家，欲全安之，不幸死亂兵。」語方已，會飛鳥使至，召其軍還，遂引去。飛鳥，猶傳騎也。韋臯出西山與虜戰，破之雅州。籠官馬定德本虜之知兵有策慮者，周知山川險易，每用兵，常馳驛計議，授諸將以行。比年寇黎、巂，臯常折其兵，定德畏得罪，遂來降，因定昆明諸蠻。吐蕃以下屢叛，大侵靈州。時臯圍維州，贊普使論莽熱沒籠乞悉蓖兼松州五道節度兵馬都統、群牧大使，引兵十萬援維州。臯率南詔兵薄險設伏以待，才使千人嘗敵，乞悉蓖見兵寡，悉眾追，墮伏中，兵四合急擊，遂禽之，獻京師。明年，吐蕃使者論頰熱復來，右龍武大將軍薛伾往報。

In the fourteenth year Han Quanyi defeated the barbarians at Yanzhou. In the sixteenth year Lingzhou defeated the barbarians at Wulan Bridge; Wei Gao took the two cities of Mogong and Yong. In the seventeenth year they raided Yanzhou, took Linzhou, and killed Prefect Guo Feng; they filled the moats and toppled the walls, bound the inhabitants, plundered the Tangut tribes, and encamped at Hengcao Beacon. A barbarian general called Xu Sheren spoke to the captive monk Yansu and said: "I am a descendant of Duke Ying, Minister of Works. In Empress Wu's time my forebear raised troops to uphold the royal house but failed; his descendants fled to the far borderlands—it has been three generations now. Though I hold troops, my heart has never forgotten returning—only that I cannot extricate myself." He secretly had Yansu escape by night. He also said: "I was pressing the border to obtain provisions; when I reached Lin the defenders were unprepared, so we entered. Knowing that Commissioner Guo came from a house of meritorious ministers, I wished to keep him safe; he unluckily died in the chaos of troops." As he had just finished speaking, a flying-bird envoy arrived, summoned his army back, and they withdrew. "Flying bird" meant relay riders. Wei Gao went out from Xishan and fought the barbarians, defeating them at Yazhou. Longguan Ma Dingde had originally been among the barbarians skilled in warfare and strategy; he knew thoroughly the difficult and easy points of mountains and rivers; whenever troops were employed he often sent relays along the post-roads to deliberate plans and instruct the generals how to proceed. In recent years they had raided Li and Juan; Gao often broke their forces; Dingde feared punishment and came to surrender, thereby pacifying the Kunming tribes. The peoples subject to Tibet repeatedly rebelled and greatly invaded Lingzhou. At the time Gao was besieging Weizhou; the tsenpo sent Lun Mangre Molong Qixibi as combined commander of the Songzhou five-circuit forces and herds commissioner, leading a hundred thousand troops to relieve Weizhou. Gao led Nanzhao troops through narrow terrain to set an ambush and wait; he sent only a thousand men to test the enemy; Qixibi saw few troops and pursued with his whole force; he fell into the ambush; troops closed on four sides and struck urgently; they captured him and presented him to the capital. The next year the Tibetan envoy Lun Renault came again, and Right Dragon Martial grand general Xue Yi went to respond.

二十年，贊普死，遣工部侍郎張薦吊祠，其弟嗣立，再使使者入朝。

In the twentieth year the tsenpo died; the court sent Ministry of Works vice minister Zhang Jian to offer condolence sacrifices; his younger brother succeeded, and envoys were again sent to court.

順宗立，以左金吾衛將軍田景度、庫部員外郎熊執易持節往使。，論乞縷勃藏歸金幣、馬牛助崇陵，有詔陳太極廷中。

When Shunzong ascended, Left Golden Guard general Tian Jingdu and Treasury department vice director Xiong Zhiyi were appointed bearing credentials to go as envoys. Lun Qilü Bocang returned gold, coins, horses, and cattle to assist the Chong Mausoleum; an edict ordered them displayed in the Taiji courtyard.

憲宗初，遣使者脩好，且還其俘。又以使告順宗喪，吐蕃亦以論勃藏來。後比年來朝，然以五萬騎入振武拂鵜泉，萬騎至豐州大石谷，鈔回鶻還國者。

At the beginning of Xianzong's reign envoys were sent to restore good relations and also to return their captives. Envoys were also sent to announce Shunzong's death, and Tibet likewise sent Lun Bocang. Afterwards they came to court year after year, yet with fifty thousand riders they entered Zhenwu brushing Piquan, and ten thousand riders reached Fengzhou's Dashigu Valley to plunder Uyghurs returning to their country.

五年，以祠部郎中徐復往使，並賜缽闡布書。缽闡布者，虜浮屠豫國事者也，亦曰「缽掣逋」。復至鄯州擅還，其副李逢致命贊普，復坐貶。虜以論思邪熱入謝，且歸鄭叔矩、路泌之柩，因言原歸秦、原、安樂州。詔宰相杜佑等與議中書，論思邪熱拜於廷，佑答拜堂上，復以鴻臚少卿李铦、丹王府長史吳暈報之。自是朝貢歲入。又款隴州塞，丐互市，詔可。

In the fifth year Ministry of Rites director Xu Fu was sent as envoy, and a letter was also bestowed on Bonchanbu. Bonchanbu was the barbarian monk who deliberated on state affairs; he was also called "Bochebo." Fu reached Shazhou and returned on his own authority; his vice Li Fengming reported to the tsenpo, and Fu was demoted on that account. The barbarians sent Lun Sixie to offer thanks, also returned the coffins of Zheng Shuju and Lu Bi, and requested the return of Qin, Yuan, and Anle prefectures. An edict ordered grand counselors Du You and others to discuss the matter at Zhongshu; Lun Sixie bowed in court and You returned the bow on the hall; Honglu vice director Li Xian and Prince of Dan chief administrator Wu Yun were again sent to respond. From this tribute came in every year. They again appealed at the Longzhou pass and begged for a mutual market; an edict approved it.

十二年，贊普死，使者論乞髯來，以右衛將軍烏重玘、殿中侍御史段鈞吊祭之。可黎可足立為贊普，重玘以扶余準、李驂偕歸。準，東明人，本朔方騎將；驂，隴西人，貞元初戰沒於虜者。使者知不死，求之，乃得還。詔以準為澧王府司馬，驂嘉王友。

In the twelfth year the tsenpo died; envoy Lun Qiran came; Right Guard general Wu Chongqi and palace censor Duan Jun were sent to offer condolence sacrifices. Kelikexun was established as tsenpo; Chongqi returned with Fuyu Zhun and Li Can. Zhun, a native of Dongming, had originally been a Shuofang cavalry officer; Can, a native of Longxi, who in the early Zhenyuan era had fallen in battle to the barbarians. The envoys knew they were not dead, sought them, and obtained their return. An edict appointed Zhun marshal of the Prince of Li's household and Can friend to the Prince of Jia.

吐蕃使論矩立藏來朝，未出境，吐蕃寇宥州，與靈州兵戰定遠城，虜不勝，斬首二千級。平涼鎮遏使郝玼又破虜兵二萬，夏州節度使田縉破其眾三千，詔留矩立藏等不遣。劍南兵拔峨和、棲雞城。十四年，乃歸矩立藏等。吐蕃節度論二摩、宰相尚塔藏、中書令尚綺心兒總兵十五萬圍鹽州，為飛梯、鵝車攻城，刺史李文悅拒之，城壞輒補，夜襲其營，晝出戰，破虜萬人，積三旬不能拔。朔方將史敬奉以奇兵繞出虜背，大破之，解圍去。

The Tibetan envoy Lun Julizang came to court; before he had left the border Tibet raided Youzhou and fought Lingzhou troops at Dingyuan City; the barbarians did not prevail and two thousand heads were cut. Pingliang suppression commissioner Hao Qian again broke twenty thousand barbarian troops; Xiazhou circuit commissioner Tian Jin broke a force of three thousand; an edict detained Julizang and the others without sending them back. Jiannan troops took the cities of Ehe and Qiji. In the fourteenth year Julizang and the others were at last returned. Tibetan commissioner Lun Erma, grand counselor Shang Tacang, and chancellor Shang Qixiner commanded a hundred fifty thousand troops to besiege Yanzhou; they built flying ladders and goose carts to attack the city; Prefect Li Wenyue resisted, repairing the walls whenever they broke, raiding their camp by night and fighting by day; they broke ten thousand barbarians, yet after thirty days could not take the city. Shuofang general Shi Jingfeng with surprise troops circled behind the barbarians and broke them greatly; they lifted the siege and withdrew.

始，沙州刺史周鼎為唐固守，贊普徙帳南山，使尚綺心兒攻之。鼎請救回鶻，逾年不至，議焚城郭，引眾東奔，皆以為不可。鼎遣都知兵馬使閻朝領壯士行視水草，晨入謁辭行，與鼎親吏周沙奴共射，彀弓揖讓，射沙奴即死，執鼎而縊殺之，自領州事。城守者八年，出綾一端募麥一斗，應者甚眾。朝喜曰：「民且有食，可以死守也。」又二歲，糧械皆竭，登城而謼曰：「茍毋徙佗境，請以城降。」綺心兒許諾，於是出降。自攻城至是凡十一年。贊普以綺心兒代守。後疑朝謀變，置毒靴中而死。州人皆胡服臣虜，每歲時祀父祖，衣中國之服，號慟而藏之。

Initially Shazhou Prefect Zhou Ding held firm for Tang; the tsenpo moved his camp to the southern mountains and sent Shang Qixiner to attack. Ding requested rescue from the Uyghurs; after more than a year they had not come; he discussed burning the city walls and leading the host east to flee, but all considered it impossible. Ding sent military affairs commissioner Yan Chao with stalwarts to reconnoiter water and pasture; in the morning Chao entered audience to bid farewell; he and Ding's intimate clerk Zhou Shanü shot together; drawing the bow with courteous yielding he shot Shanü dead at once, seized Ding and strangled him, and himself took charge of the prefecture. The city had been defended for eight years; they offered one bolt of silk to recruit one dou of wheat, and very many responded. Chao rejoiced and said: "The people will have food; we can die defending the city." After two more years grain and weapons were all exhausted; he ascended the walls and cried: "If only we are not relocated to other territory, I ask to surrender the city." Qixiner promised, and thereupon they came out to surrender. From the beginning of the siege to this point it had been eleven years in all. The tsenpo had Qixiner replace him to garrison the place. Later, suspecting Chao of plotting mutiny, they placed poison in his boots and he died. The people of the prefecture all wore barbarian dress and submitted to the barbarians; each year when they sacrificed to their fathers and ancestors they wore Chinese dress, wailed in mourning, and hid the garments away.

穆宗即位，遣秘書少監田洎往告，使者亦來。虜引兵入屯靈武，靈州兵擊卻之。又犯青塞烽，進寇涇州，瀕水而營，綿五十里。始洎至牙，虜欲會盟長武，洎含糊應之。至是顯言：「洎許我盟，我是以來。」逼涇一舍止。詔右軍中尉梁守謙為左右神策軍、京西北行營都監，發卒合八鎮兵援涇州，泛洎郴州司戶參軍，以太府少卿邵同持節為和好使。初，夏州田縉裒沓，党項怨之，導虜入鈔，郝玼與戰，多殺其眾。李光顏又以邠兵至，乃引去。復遣使者來。南略雅州，詔方鎮與虜接者謹備邊。

When Muzong ascended, Secretariat vice director Tian Ji was sent to announce it, and envoys also came. The barbarians led troops in and encamped at Lingwu; Lingzhou troops struck and repelled them. They again attacked Qingsai Beacon, advanced to raid Jingzhou, camped along the water, and stretched their lines for fifty li. When Ji first reached the Tibetan court the barbarians wished to meet for an alliance at Changwu, and Ji vaguely assented. At this they openly said: "Ji promised us an alliance—that is why I have come." They pressed to within one stage of Jing and halted. An edict appointed Right Army commandant Liang Shouqian overseer of the combined Left and Right Divine Strategy Armies and the Northwest Capital expeditionary force, raised troops from the eight garrisons to aid Jingzhou, demoted Ji to Chenzhou revenue clerk, and appointed Grand Storehouse vice director Shao Tong bearing credentials as peace envoy. Initially Xiazhou's Tian Jin was grasping; the Tangut resented him and guided the barbarians in to plunder; Hao Qian fought them and killed many of their force. Li Guangyan also arrived with Bin troops, and they then withdrew. They again sent envoys. They raided south toward Yazhou; an edict ordered the regional commands bordering the barbarians to guard the frontier carefully.

，聞回鶻和親，犯清塞堡，為李文悅所逐。乃遣使者尚綺力陀思來朝，且乞盟，詔許之。崔植、杜元穎、王播輔政，議欲告廟。禮官謂：「肅宗、代宗皆嘗與吐蕃盟，不告廟。德宗建中之盟，將重其約，始詔告廟。至會平涼，不復告，殺之也。」乃止。以大理卿劉元鼎為盟會使，右司郎中劉師老副之，詔宰相與尚書右僕射韓臯、御史中丞牛僧孺、吏部尚書李絳、兵部尚書蕭俯、戶部尚書楊於陵、禮部尚書韋綬、太常卿趙宗儒、司農卿裴武、京兆尹柳公綽、右金吾將軍郭鏦及吐蕃使者論訥羅盟京師西郊。贊普以盟言約：「二國無相寇讎，有禽生問事，給服糧歸之。」詔可。大臣豫盟者悉載名於策。方盟時，吐蕃以壯騎屯魯州，靈州節度使李進誠與戰大石山，破之。虜遣使者趙國章來，且致宰相信幣。

Hearing of the Uyghur peace marriage, they attacked Qingsai Fort and were driven off by Li Wenyue. They thereupon sent envoy Shang Qilituosi to court and also begged for an alliance; an edict approved it. Cui Zhi, Du Yuanying, and Wang Bo assisted the government and discussed announcing the alliance at the ancestral temple. Rites officials said: "Suzong and Daizong both once allied with Tibet without announcing at the temple. Dezong's Jianzhong alliance, intending to give weight to the covenant, was the first for which an edict announced it at the temple. When it came to the Pingliang meeting it was no longer announced—slaughter followed." The plan was then dropped. Court of Review director Liu Yuanding was appointed alliance commissioner with Right Department director Liu Shilao as his deputy; an edict ordered the grand counselors together with Right Vice Director Han Gao, censor-in-chief Niu Sengru, personnel director Li Jiang, war director Xiao Fu, revenue director Yang Yuling, rites director Wei Shou, grand steward Zhao Zongru, agriculture director Pei Wu, Jingzhao intendant Liu Gongchuo, Right Golden Guard general Guo Chong, and the Tibetan envoy Lun Naluo to conclude the alliance at the western suburb of the capital. The tsenpo covenanted in the alliance words: "The two states shall not raid each other as foes; if living captives inquire on affairs, provide clothes and grain and return them." An edict approved. All grand ministers participating in the alliance had their names recorded on the covenant document. Just as the alliance was being made Tibet stationed strong cavalry at Luzhou; Lingzhou circuit commissioner Li Jincheng fought them at Dashishan and broke them. The barbarians sent envoy Zhao Guozhang and also presented the grand counselor's trust gifts.

明年，請定疆候，元鼎與論訥羅就盟其國，敕虜大臣亦列名於策。元鼎逾成紀、武川，抵河廣武梁，故時城郭未隳，蘭州地皆杭稻，桃、李、榆柳岑蔚，戶皆唐人，見使者麾蓋，夾道觀。至龍支城，耋老千人拜且泣，問天子安否，言：「頃從軍沒於此，今子孫未忍忘唐服，朝廷尚念之乎？兵何日來？」言己皆嗚咽。密問之，豐州人也。過石堡城，崖壁峭豎，道回屈，虜曰鐵刀城。右行數十里，土石皆赤，虜曰赤嶺。而信安王祎、張守珪所定封石皆仆，獨虜所立石猶存。赤嶺距長安三千里而贏，蓋隴右故地也。曰悶怛盧川，直邏娑川之南百里，臧河所流也。河之西南，地如砥，原野秀沃，夾河多檉柳。山多柏，坡皆丘墓，旁作屋，赪塗之，繪白虎，皆虜貴人有戰功者，生衣其皮，死以旌勇，徇死者瘞其旁。度悉結羅嶺，鑿石通車，逆金城公主道也。至麋谷，就館。臧河之北川，贊普之夏牙也。周以槍累，率十步植百長槊，中剚大幟為三門，相距皆百步。甲士持門，巫祝鳥冠虎帶擊豉，凡入者搜索乃進。中有高臺，環以寶楯，贊普坐帳中，以黃金飾蛟螭虎豹，身被素褐，結朝霞冒首，佩金鏤劍。缽掣逋立於右，宰相列臺下。唐使者始至，給事中論悉答熱來議盟，大享於牙右，飯舉酒行，與華制略等，樂奏《秦王破陣曲》，又奏《涼州》、《胡渭》、《錄要》、雜曲，百伎皆中國人。盟壇廣十步，高二尺。使者與虜大臣十餘對位，酋長百餘坐壇下，上設巨榻，缽掣逋升，告盟，一人自旁譯授於下。已歃血，缽掣逋不歃。盟畢，以浮屠重為誓，引郁金水以飲，與使者交慶，乃降。

The next year they requested fixing the border markers; Yuanding and Lun Naluo concluded the alliance in their state; an edict ordered barbarian grand ministers also to list their names on the covenant. Yuanding crossed Chengj and Wuchuan and reached the Guangwu ford on the river; the city walls of former times were not yet ruined; the lands of Lanzhou were all paddy fields; peach, plum, elm, and willow grew lush; the households were all Tang people; seeing the envoy's banners and canopies they lined the roads to watch. At Longzhi City a thousand aged men bowed and wept, asking whether the Son of Heaven was well, and said: "Not long ago we followed the army and perished here; now our descendants cannot bear to forget Tang dress—does the court still remember us? When will the troops come?" Having spoken, all sobbed. He asked them privately—they were people of Fengzhou. Passing Shibao Fort, where cliff walls rose steep and vertical and the road wound and bent, the barbarians called it Iron Knife Fort. Turning right and traveling several tens of li, the earth and stones were all red—the barbarians called it Red Ridge. Yet the boundary stones set by Prince Xin'an Yi and Zhang Shougui had all fallen; only the stones the barbarians erected still remained. Red Ridge was more than three thousand li from Chang'an—it was the former Longyou territory. It was called the Mondalu River, a hundred li due south of the Luosuo River, where the Zang River flows. Southwest of the river the land was level as a whetstone, the open fields lush and fertile, and tamarisk willows grew thick along the river. The mountains had many cypresses; the slopes were all mounds and tombs; houses were built beside them, painted red and decorated with white tigers—all barbarian nobles with battle merit, who in life wore the skins and in death displayed courage; followers who died were buried beside them. They crossed Xijieluo Ridge, chiseled through the stone to open a road for carts—the road against which Princess Jincheng had traveled. They reached Migu and took lodging. The north bank of the Zang River was the tsenpo's summer court. The perimeter was piled with spears; every ten paces a hundred long spears were planted; in the center great banners were set as three gates, each a hundred paces apart. Armored soldiers held the gates; shamans in bird crowns and tiger belts struck drums; all who entered were searched before they advanced. Within was a high terrace ringed with precious shields; the tsenpo sat in his tent adorned with gold dragons, horned dragons, tigers, and leopards; he wore plain brown, a dawn-clouds cap bound on his head, and a gold-inlaid sword. Bochebo stood at his right; the grand counselors were arrayed below the terrace. When the Tang envoys first arrived, attendant Lun Xidare came to discuss the alliance; a great feast was held to the right of the court; the meal was served and wine circulated in rites roughly equal to Chinese practice; music played "Prince of Qin Breaks the Array," then "Liangzhou," "Huwei," "Luyao," and miscellaneous tunes—all hundred performers were Chinese. The alliance altar was ten paces wide and two chi high. The envoys and more than ten barbarian grand ministers faced each other; a hundred-plus chieftains sat below the altar; a great couch was set above; Bochebo ascended and announced the alliance, while one man at the side translated and transmitted it below. After the blood oath had been tasted, Bochebo did not taste it. When the alliance was complete, they took the Buddhist monk Zhong as witness to the oath, drew water from the Yushui to drink, exchanged congratulations with the envoys, and then descended.

元鼎還，虜元帥尚塔藏館客大夏川，集東方節度諸將百餘，置盟策臺上，遍曉之，且戒各保境，毋相暴犯。策署。尚塔藏語元鼎曰：「回鶻小國，我嘗討之，距城三日危破，會國有喪乃還，非我敵也。唐何所畏，乃厚之？」元鼎曰：「回鶻有功，且如約，未始妄以兵取尺寸地，是以厚之。」塔藏默然。元鼎逾湟水，至龍泉谷，西北望殺胡川，哥舒翰故壁多在。湟水出蒙谷，抵龍泉與河合。河之上流，繇洪濟梁西南行二千里，水益狹，春可涉，秋夏乃勝舟。其南三百里三山，中高而四下，曰紫山，直大羊同國，古所謂昆侖者也，虜曰悶摩黎山，東距長安五千里，河源其間，流澄緩下，稍合眾流，色赤，行益遠，它水並註則濁，故世舉謂西戎地曰河湟。河源東北直莫賀延磧尾殆五百里，磧廣五十里，北自沙州，西南入吐谷渾浸狹，故號磧尾。隱測其地，蓋劍南之西。元鼎所經見，大略如此。

Yuan Ding returned. The barbarian commander Shang Tacang received guests at Daxia River and gathered more than a hundred generals of the eastern circuits. He placed the alliance document on a platform, informed them all, and warned each to guard his own territory and not raid one another. The document was signed. Shang Tacang said to Yuan Ding, "The Uyghurs are a small state. I once campaigned against them and within three days of their city had them on the brink of collapse, but returned when their state fell into mourning. They are no match for us. What does Tang have to fear that it treats them so generously? Yuan Ding said, "The Uyghurs have rendered service and kept their agreements. They have never rashly seized so much as a foot of ground by force. That is why Tang treats them generously." Tacang said nothing. Yuan Ding crossed the Huangshui, reached Longquan Valley, and looking northwest toward Slaughter-Hu River valley saw many of Geshu Han's old fortifications still standing. The Huangshui rises in Meng Valley, reaches Longquan, and joins the river. The river's upper course, from Hongji Ford southwest for two thousand li, grows ever narrower: in spring one can wade across, but only in autumn and summer can boats navigate it. Three hundred li to the south stand three mountains, high in the center and sloping on four sides, called Purple Mountain, facing the Great Yangtong state—the Kunlun of antiquity, which the barbarians call Munmoli Mountain, five thousand li east of Chang'an. The river's source lies among them; its current runs clear and slow, gradually gathering tributaries and turning red. Farther downstream, when other streams pour in together, it grows turbid; hence the world calls the Western Rong lands He-Huang. From the river's source northeast to the tail of the Moheyan Desert is nearly five hundred li; the desert is fifty li wide, running north from Shazhou and narrowing as it enters Tuyuhun to the southwest—hence the name Desert Tail. By covert reckoning, that country lay roughly west of Jiannan. What Yuan Ding passed through and observed was broadly as described.

虜遣論悉諾息等入謝，天子命左衛大將軍令狐通、太僕少卿杜載答之。是歲，尚綺心兒以兵擊回鶻、党項，小相尚設塔率眾三萬牧馬木蘭梁。比歲，使者獻金盎、銀冶犀、鹿，貢牦牛。

The barbarians sent Lun Xinuoqi and others to present thanks. The Son of Heaven ordered Left Guard General Linghu Tong and Grand Stable Vice Minister Du Zai to respond. That year Shang Qixin'er attacked the Uyghurs and Tangut with troops, while junior minister Shang Sheta led thirty thousand men to pasture horses at Mulan Ford. In recent years envoys presented gold bowls, silver-worked rhinoceros horn, and deer, and offered yaks as tribute.

寶歷至大和，再遣使者朝。五年，維州守將悉怛謀挈城以降，劍南西川節度使李德裕受之，收符章仗鎧，更遣將虞藏儉據之。州南抵江陽岷山，西北望隴山，一面崖，三涯江，虜號無憂城，為西南要捍。會牛僧孺當國，議還悉怛謀，歸其城。吐蕃夷誅無遺種，以怖諸戎。自是比五年虜使來，必報。所貢有玉帶、金皿、獺褐、牦牛尾、霞氈、馬、羊、橐它。

From the Baoli through the Dahe reigns, they again sent envoys to court. In the fifth year, Weizhou garrison commander Sidamo brought the city over in surrender. Li Deyu, military commissioner of Jiannan West Circuit, accepted it, collected the tallies, seals, arms, and armor, and sent General Yu Zangjian to hold the place. The prefecture abuts the Jiangyang Min Mountains to the south and looks toward the Long Mountains to the northwest; cliffs on one side and rivers on three, the barbarians called it Carefree City—a key bulwark of the southwest. Niu Sengru was then directing the state; the court debated returning Sidamo and restoring the city to Tibet. The Tibetans exterminated them to the last man, to terrify the other frontier peoples. From then on, whenever barbarian envoys came within five years, Tang always repaid them in kind. Their tribute included jade belts, gold vessels, otter pelts, yak tails, cloud-pattern felt, horses, sheep, and camels.

贊普立幾三十年，病不事，委任大臣，故不能抗中國，邊候晏然。死，以弟達磨嗣。達磨嗜酒，好畋獵，喜內，且凶愎少恩，政益亂。，遣太子詹事李景儒往使，吐蕃以論集熱來朝，獻玉器羊馬。自是國中地震裂，水泉湧，岷山崩；洮水逆流三日，鼠食稼，人饑疫，死者相枕藉。鄯、廓間夜聞鼙鼓聲，人相驚。

The tsenpo had reigned nearly thirty years. Illness kept him from affairs of state, and he entrusted everything to his grand ministers, so Tibet could not stand against China and the border posts were tranquil. He died, and his younger brother Damo succeeded him. Damo was addicted to wine, loved hunting and the inner quarters, and was fierce, obstinate, and sparing of mercy; government grew ever more chaotic. The court dispatched Crown Prince Household Minister Li Jingru as envoy; Tibet sent Lun Jire to court with jade vessels, sheep, and horses. From then on the land quaked and split within the realm, springs burst forth, and the Min Mountains collapsed; the Tao River flowed backward for three days, rats devoured the crops, famine and plague struck the people, and the dead lay heaped upon one another. Between Shan and Kuo prefectures people heard war drums at night and alarmed one another.

，贊普死，論贊熱等來告，天子命將作監李璟吊祠。無子，以妃綝兄尚延力子乞離胡為贊普，始三歲，妃共治其國。大相結都那見乞離胡不肯拜，曰：「贊普支屬尚多，何至立綝氏子邪？」哭而出，用事者共殺之。

The tsenpo died. Lun Zanre and others came to announce it, and the Son of Heaven ordered Directorate of Works Commissioner Li Jing to offer mourning and sacrifice. He had no son, so they made Qilihu, son of the consort's clansman Shang Yanli, tsenpo at the age of three, and the consort ruled the state with him. Grand minister Jeduna, seeing that Qilihu would not bow, said, "Collateral lines of the tsenpo are still numerous—why install a child of the Chen clan? He wept and left; those in power together killed him.

別將尚恐熱為落門川討擊使，姓末，名農力，「熱」猶中國號「郎」也，譎詭善幻，約三部得萬騎，擊鄯州節度使尚婢婢，略地至渭州，與宰相尚與思羅戰薄寒山。思羅敗走松州，合蘇毗、吐渾、羊同兵八萬保洮河自守，恐熱謂蘇毗等曰：「宰相兄弟殺贊普，天神使我舉義兵誅不道，爾屬乃助逆背國耶？」蘇毗等疑而不戰，恐熱麾輕騎涉河，諸部先降，並其眾至十餘萬，禽思羅縊殺之。

Vice general Shang Kongje served as punitive commissioner of Luomen River; his surname was Mo and his name Nongli—"je" being the Tibetan equivalent of the Chinese "lang." Cunning and skilled in illusion, he mustered ten thousand horsemen from three divisions, attacked Shanzhou military commissioner Shang Bibi, raided as far as Weizhou, and fought grand counselor Shang Yusiluo at Bohen Mountain. Yusiluo was defeated and fled to Songzhou. He united eighty thousand troops of the Supi, Tuhun, and Yangtong to hold the Tao River. Kongje said to the Supi and others, "The grand counselor brothers murdered the tsenpo. The spirits of heaven sent me to raise a righteous army and punish the wicked—will you aid rebellion and betray the state? The Supi hesitated and would not fight. Kongje led light cavalry across the river; the various divisions surrendered first. Combining their forces he reached more than a hundred thousand men, captured Yusiluo, and strangled him.

婢婢，姓沒盧，名贊心牙，羊同國人，世為吐蕃貴相，寬厚，略通書記，不喜仕，贊普強官之。三年，國人以贊普立非是，皆叛去。恐熱自號宰相，以兵二十萬擊婢婢，鼓鼙、牛馬、橐它聯千餘里，至鎮西軍，大風雷電，部將震死者十餘人，羊、馬、橐它亦數百。恐熱惡之，按軍不進。婢婢聞之，厚幣詒書約，恐熱大喜曰：「婢婢，書生，焉知軍事。我為贊普，當以家居宰相處之。」於是退營大夏川。婢婢遣將厖結心、莽羅薛呂擊恐熱於河州之南，伏兵四萬，結心據山射書極罵，恐熱怒甚，盛兵出鬥。結心偽北，恐熱追至數十里，莽羅薛呂以伏兵衷擊，大風雨，河溢，溺死甚眾，恐熱單騎而逃。既不得志，尤猜忍殺戮，部將岌藏、豐贊皆降，婢婢厚遇之。明年，恐熱復攻鄯州，婢婢分兵五道拒守，恐熱保東谷山，堅壁不出。岌藏繚以重柵，斷汲道，旬日，恐熱走薄寒山，募散卒稍至，得數千人，復戰鹖雞山，再戰南谷，皆大敗。兵拿仍歲不解。

Bibi, surname Molu, name Zanxinya, was a man of the Yangtong state whose family for generations had been grand counselors of Tibet. Generous and with some knowledge of writing, he disliked office, but the tsenpo forced rank upon him. In the third year, because the tsenpo's installation was deemed illegitimate, the people of the realm all rebelled and departed. Kongje styled himself grand counselor and attacked Bibi with two hundred thousand men. Drums, cattle, horses, and camels stretched in a line more than a thousand li to Zhenxi Army. A great storm of wind, thunder, and lightning struck; more than ten subordinate generals were killed by lightning, along with several hundred sheep, horses, and camels. Kongje took it as an ill omen and halted the army without advancing. Bibi heard of it and sent rich gifts with a deceptive letter proposing alliance. Kongje was greatly pleased and said, "Bibi is a bookish man—what does he know of war? When I become tsenpo, I shall keep him at home as my grand counselor. He then withdrew his camp to Daxia River. Bibi sent generals Mangjiexin and Mangluoxuelu to strike Kongje south of Hezhou with forty thousand men in ambush. Jiexin held the mountain, shot letters of the vilest abuse, and Kongje, enraged, massed his troops and gave battle. Jiexin feigned retreat north; Kongje pursued for several tens of li; Mangluoxuelu struck from ambush in the center. A great storm blew, the river overflowed, and very many drowned; Kongje fled alone on horseback. Frustrated in his ambitions, he grew all the more suspicious and cruel in slaughter. Subordinate generals Jizang and Fengzan both surrendered, and Bibi treated them generously. The next year Kongje again attacked Shanzhou. Bibi divided his forces along five routes to resist him; Kongje held East Valley Mountain and would not come out behind his walls. Jizang built heavy palisades and cut off the water routes. After ten days Kongje fled to Bohen Mountain, gathered scattered soldiers until he had several thousand, and fought again at Pheasant Mountain and again at South Valley—but was utterly defeated both times. Arms were locked in struggle year after year without respite.

，婢婢屯兵河源，聞恐熱謀度河，急擊之，為恐熱所敗。婢婢統銳兵扼橋，亦不勝，焚橋而還。恐熱間出雞頂嶺關，馮硤為梁攻婢婢，至白土嶺，敗其將尚鐸羅榻藏，進戰牦牛硤。婢婢將燭盧鞏力欲負硤自固以困恐熱，大將磨離羆子不從，乃辭疾先歸。羆子急擊恐熱，一戰而死。婢婢糧盡，引眾趨甘州西境，以拓拔懷光居守，恐熱麾下多歸之。

Bibi stationed troops at River Source. Hearing that Kongje planned to cross the river, he struck urgently but was defeated by Kongje. Bibi led elite troops to hold the bridge but still could not win; he burned the bridge and withdrew. Kongje slipped out through Jiding Ridge pass, bridged the gorge, and attacked Bibi. Reaching White Earth Ridge, he defeated Bibi's general Shang Duoluotazang and pressed on to fight at Yak Gorge. Bibi's general Zhulu Gongli wished to hold the gorge and wear Kongje down, but great general Moli Bizi would not agree and pleaded illness to return first. Bizi pressed the attack on Kongje and died in a single battle. Bibi's provisions were exhausted. He led his host toward the western border of Ganzhou, left Tuoba Huaiguang to hold the place, and many of Kongje's followers came over to him.

恐熱大略鄯、廓、瓜、肅、伊、西等州，所過捕戮，積屍狼藉，麾下內怨，皆欲圖之。乃揚聲將請唐兵五十萬共定其亂，保渭州，求冊為贊普，奉表歸唐。宣宗詔太僕卿陸耽持節慰勞，命涇原、靈武、鳳翔、邠寧、振武等兵迎援。恐熱既至，詔尚書左丞李景讓就問所欲。恐熱倨誇自大，且求河渭節度使，帝不許。還過咸陽橋，咄嘆曰：「我舉大事，覬得濟此河與唐分境。」於是復趨落門川收散卒，將寇邊，會久雨糧絕，恐熱還奔廓州。

Kongje raided broadly through Shan, Kuo, Gua, Su, Yi, Xi, and other prefectures. Wherever he passed he seized and slaughtered until corpses lay heaped in disorder. Resentment grew within his ranks, and all wished to destroy him. He then proclaimed that he would ask Tang for five hundred thousand troops to pacify the turmoil together, held Weizhou, sought investiture as tsenpo, and presented a memorial submitting to Tang. Emperor Xuanzong ordered Grand Stable Minister Lu Dan to go with credentials to comfort him and commanded troops of Jingyuan, Lingwu, Fengxiang, Binning, Zhenwu, and other circuits to go forth in support. When Kongje had arrived, an edict sent Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs Li Jingrang to ask what he wanted. Kongje was arrogant and boastful and also demanded to be military commissioner of He-Wei; the emperor refused. On his return he passed Xianyang Bridge and sighed, "I raised a great enterprise, hoping to cross this river and divide the border with Tang. He then rushed again to Luomen River to gather scattered soldiers and was about to raid the border, but prolonged rain cut off his provisions, and Kongje fled back to Kuo prefecture.

於是鳳翔節度使李比復清水；涇原節度使康季榮復原州，取石門等六關，得人畜幾萬；靈武節度使李欽取安樂州，詔為威州；邠寧節度使張欽緒復蕭關；鳳翔收秦州；山南西道節度使鄭涯得扶州。鳳翔兵與吐蕃戰隴州，斬首五百級。是歲，河、隴高年千餘見闕下，天子為禦延喜樓，賜冠帶，皆爭解辮易服。因詔差賜四道兵，錄有勞者；三州七關地腴衍者，聽民墾藝，貸五歲賦；溫池委度支榷其鹽，以贍邊；四道兵能營田者為給牛種，戍者倍其資餉，再歲一代；商賈往來於邊者，關鎮毋何留；兵欲墾田，與民同。

Then Fengxiang military commissioner Li Bi recovered Qingshui; Jingyuan military commissioner Kang Jirong recovered Yuanzhou, took Shimen and six other passes, and gained nearly ten thousand people and livestock; Lingwu military commissioner Li Qin took Anle prefecture, which was issued an edict as Weizhou; Binning military commissioner Zhang Qinxu recovered Xiaoguan; Fengxiang recovered Qinzhou; Shannan West Circuit military commissioner Zheng Ya took Fuzhou. Fengxiang troops fought Tibet at Longzhou and took five hundred heads. That year more than a thousand elders of He-Long came to court. The Son of Heaven mounted Yanxi Tower for them, bestowed caps and belts, and all vied to unbind their braids and change into Chinese dress. An edict then differentially rewarded the troops of the four circuits and recorded those who had merit; on fertile land in the three prefectures and seven passes the people were permitted to reclaim and plant, with taxes remitted for five years; Warm Pool was entrusted to the Revenue Commission to monopolize its salt for border support; troops of the four circuits able to open garrison farms were given oxen and seed; garrison soldiers received double provisions, with rotation every two years; merchants traveling to the border were not to be detained at passes; and soldiers who wished to reclaim land were treated the same as civilians.

初，太宗平薛仁杲，得隴上地；虜李軌，得涼州；破吐谷渾、高昌，開四鎮。玄宗繼收黃河積石、宛秀等軍，中國無斥候警者幾四十年。輪臺、伊吾屯田，禾菽彌望。開遠門揭候署曰「西極道九千九百里」，示戍人無萬里行也。乾元後，隴右、劍南西山三州七關軍鎮監牧三百所皆失之。憲宗常覽天下圖，見河湟舊封，赫然思經略之，未暇也。至是群臣奏言：「王者建功立業，必有以光表於世者。今不勤一卒，血一刃，而河湟自歸，請上天子尊號。」帝曰：「憲宗嘗念河、湟，業未就而殂落。今當述祖宗之烈，其議上順、憲二廟謚號，誇顯後世。」又詔：「朕姑息民，其山外諸州，須後經營之。」

In the beginning, when Taizong pacified Xue Rengao, he gained the lands of Longshang; captured Li Gui and gained Liangzhou; broke Tuyuhun and Gaochang and opened the Four Garrisons. Xuanzong in turn recovered the armies of the Yellow River, Jishi, Wanshow, and others, and China went nearly forty years without scout alarms. At Luntai and Yiwu garrison farms, grain and beans stretched as far as the eye could see. At Kaiyuan Gate the scout office posted "Western extremity road: nine thousand nine hundred li," to show garrison men they need not march ten thousand li. After the Qianyuan era, Longyou, the western mountains of Jiannan, the three prefectures, seven passes, and three hundred army forts and supervisory pastures were all lost. Emperor Xianzong often studied the maps of the realm, and seeing the old domains of He-Huang vividly wished to recover them, but had no leisure. At this the ministers memorialized, "A king who establishes merit and enterprise must have something to display his glory to the world. Now without mobilizing a single soldier or drawing a single blade, He-Huang has returned of itself—we beg to elevate the Son of Heaven's honorific title. The emperor said, "Xianzong once yearned for He and Huang, but died before the work was done. Now we should recount the brilliance of our ancestors. Let the court discuss elevating the posthumous titles of the Shun and Xian temple shrines, to display our glory to later generations." He also issued an edict: "I wish to ease the burden on the people; the prefectures beyond the mountains must be brought under control in due course." (close of edict)

明年，沙州首領張義潮奉瓜、沙、伊、肅、甘等十一州地圖以獻。始，義潮陰結豪英歸唐，一日，眾擐甲噪州門，漢人皆助之，虜守者驚走，遂攝州事。繕甲兵，耕且戰，悉復余州。以部校十輩皆操挺，內表其中，東北走天德城，防禦使李丕以聞。帝嘉其忠，命使者賫詔收慰，擢義潮沙州防禦使，俄號歸義軍，遂為節度使。其後河、渭州虜將尚延心以國破亡，亦獻款。秦州刺史高駢誘降延心及渾末部萬帳，遂收二州，拜延心武衛將軍。駢收鳳林關，以延心為河、渭等州都遊弈使。

The next year Shazhou leader Zhang Yichao presented maps of eleven prefectures including Gua, Sha, Yi, Su, and Gan. At first Yichao secretly rallied bold men to return to Tang. One day the crowd donned armor and clamored at the prefectural gate; Han people all aided them; the barbarian garrison fled in alarm, and he then took charge of prefectural affairs. He repaired arms and armor, farmed while fighting, and recovered all the remaining prefectures. He sent ten company officers, each bearing a club with the memorial hidden within, who ran northeast to Tiande city; defense commissioner Li Pi reported it to court. The emperor praised his loyalty, sent an envoy with an edict to accept and comfort him, promoted Yichao to defense commissioner of Shazhou, soon styled his force the Guiyi Army, and made him military commissioner. Afterward the barbarian general Shang Yanxin of He and Wei prefectures, seeing the state broken and ruined, also submitted his allegiance. Qinzhou prefect Gao Pian induced Yanxin and ten thousand tents of the Hunmo division to surrender, recovered the two prefectures, and enfeoffed Yanxin as Martial Guard general. Pian recovered Fenglin Pass and appointed Yanxin overall patrol commissioner of He, Wei, and other prefectures.

，義潮奉涼州來歸。七年，北庭回鶻仆固俊擊取西州，收諸部。鄯州城使張季颙與尚恐熱戰，破之，收器鎧以獻。吐番餘眾犯邠、寧，節度使薛弘宗卻之。會仆固俊與吐蕃大戰，斬恐熱首，傳京師。

In the sixth year Zhang Yichao offered Liangzhou and came over to the Tang. In the seventh year Pugu Jun of the Beiting Uyghurs seized Xizhou and brought the tribes under his sway. Zhang Jiying, garrison commander of Shanzhou, defeated Shang Kongre and sent captured arms and armor to court. Tibetan remnants attacked Bin and Ning prefectures; Xue Hongzong repulsed them. Pugu Jun then fought a major engagement with the Tibetans, killed Kongre, and forwarded his head to Chang'an.

八年，義潮入朝，為右神武統軍，賜第及田，命族子淮深守歸義。十三年卒。沙州以長史曹義金領州務，遂授歸義節度使。後中原多故，王命不及，甘州為回鶻所並，歸義諸城多沒。

In the eighth year Zhang Yichao attended court, was appointed commander of the Right Divine Martial Army, given a residence and farmland, and his kinsman Huai Shen was left to hold Guiyi. He died in the thirteenth year. Cao Yijin as chief administrator ran Shazhou and was made military governor of Guiyi. Later turmoil in the heartland cut off imperial authority; Ganzhou fell to the Uyghurs and most of the Guiyi circuit was lost.

渾末，亦曰嗢末，吐蕃奴部也。虜法，出師必發豪室，皆以奴從，平居散處耕牧。及恐熱亂，無所歸，共相嘯合數千人，以嗢末自號，居甘、肅、瓜、沙、河、渭、岷、廓、疊、宕間，其近蕃牙者最勇，而馬尤良云。

The Hunmo, also known as the Wamo, were a servile people under Tibet. Tibetan law required great households to march with their slaves whenever armies took the field; in peacetime they farmed and grazed livestock in scattered settlements. When Kongre's revolt left them homeless, several thousand united under the name Wamo and ranged across the northwestern marches from Ganzhou to Dangzhou; those closest to the Tibetan seat were the boldest fighters and their horses were renowned.

贊曰：唐興，四夷有弗率者，皆利兵移之，蹙其牙，犁其廷而後已。惟吐蕃、回鶻號強雄，為中國患最久。贊普遂盡盜河湟，薄王畿為東境，犯京師，掠近輔，殘馘華人。謀夫虓帥，圜視共計，卒不得要領。晚節二姓自亡，而唐亦衰焉。夫外撫內寧，惟聖人不讓。玄宗有逸德，而拓地太大，務遠功，忽近虞，逆賊一奮，中原封裂，訖二百年不得復完，而至陵夷。然則內先自治，釋四夷為外懼，守成之良資也。

The historian comments: At the founding of Tang, any refractory tribe among the four quarters was met with armed force—its strongholds cornered and its court uprooted before peace returned. Only Tibet and the Uyghurs ranked as the great powers, and they troubled China the longest. The Tibetan kings seized the whole Hehuang region, made the Tang heartland their eastern frontier, struck at Chang'an, ravaged the capital's outskirts, and massacred Chinese subjects. Counselors and generals debated in circles yet never found a decisive answer. In the end both dynasties destroyed themselves—and Tang declined with them. Pacifying outsiders while securing the realm within is a task only the sage fully masters. Xuanzong indulged his pleasures yet pushed the frontier too far, chasing distant glory while ignoring threats at hand; one rebel uprising split the empire, and for two centuries the heartland never fully healed—until Tang slid into decay. The lesson is plain: put internal order first, keep the four quarters at arm's length, and you have the true foundation of a lasting realm.

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