◎南蠻上 - 新唐書

◎南蠻上南詔南詔，或曰鶴拓，曰龍尾，曰苴咩，曰陽劍，本哀牢夷後，烏蠻別種也。夷語王為「詔」。其先渠帥有六，自號「六詔」，曰蒙秀詔、越析詔、浪穹詔、邆睒詔、施浪詔、蒙舍詔。兵埒，不能相君，蜀諸葛亮討定之。蒙舍詔在諸部南，故稱南詔。居永昌、姚州之間，鐵橋之南，東距爨，東南屬交趾，西摩伽陀，西北與吐蕃接，南女王，西南驃，北抵益州，東北際黔、巫。王都羊苴咩城，別都曰善闡府。

[Southern Barbarians — Upper] Nanzhao—also known as Hetuo, Longwei, Jumie, or Yangjian—was descended from the Ailao Yi, a distinct branch of the Wuman people. In the Yi tongue, zhao means "king." Six chieftains had once styled themselves the Six Zhao: Mengxiu, Yuexi, Langqiong, Dianshan, Shilang, and Mengshe. Their armies were evenly matched and none could dominate the rest, until Zhuge Liang of Shu pacified them. Mengshe Zhao stood south of the other tribes—hence the name Nanzhao, "Southern Zhao." Their territory lay between Yongchang and Yaozhou, south of the Iron Bridge—bordering Cuan to the east, Jiaozhi to the southeast, Magadha to the west, and Tibet to the northwest; the Queen Country lay south, Pyu southwest, Yizhou north, and Qian and Wu to the northeast. The king's seat was Yangjumie City; a secondary capital stood at Shanchan Prefecture.

王坐東向，其臣有所陳，以狀言而不稱臣。王自稱曰元，猶朕也；謂其下曰昶，猶卿、爾也。官曰坦綽、曰布燮、曰久贊，謂之清平官，所以決國事輕重，猶唐宰相也；曰酋望、曰正酋望、曰員外酋望、曰大軍將、曰員外，猶試官也。幕爽主兵，琮爽主戶籍，慈爽主禮，罰爽主刑，勸爽主官人，厥爽主工作，萬爽主財用，引爽主客，禾爽主商賈，皆清平官、酋望、大軍將兼之。爽，猶言省也。督爽，總三省也。乞托主馬，祿托主牛，巨托主倉廩，亦清平官、酋望、大軍將兼之。曰爽酋、曰彌勤、曰勤齊，掌賦稅。曰兵獳司，掌機密。大府主將曰演習，副曰演覽；中府主將曰繕裔，副曰繕覽；下府主將曰淡酋，副曰淡覽；小府主將曰幕撝，副曰幕覽。府有陀酋，若管記；有陀西，若判官。大抵如此。凡調發，下文書聚邑，必占其期。百家有總佐一，千家有治人官一，萬家有都督一。凡田五畝曰雙。上官授田四十雙，上戶三十雙，以是而差。壯者皆為戰卒，有馬為騎軍。人歲給韋衫褲。以邑落遠近分四軍，以旗幟別四方，面一將統千人，四軍置一將。凡敵入境，以所入面將禦之。王親兵曰朱弩佉苴。佉苴，韋帶也。擇鄉兵為四軍羅苴子，戴朱鞮鍪，負犀革銅盾而跣，走險如飛。百人置羅苴子統一人。

The king sat facing east. Ministers who wished to speak did so in memorial form, without styling themselves subjects. The king called himself Yuan—the equivalent of the imperial "I." He addressed subordinates as Chang—the equivalent of "you" or "sir." The chief offices were Tanzhuo, Buxie, and Jiuzan—known as Qingping Officials, who weighed the great affairs of state much like Tang chancellors; below them stood Qiuvang, Zhengqiuvang, Yuanwaiqiuvang, Dajunjiang, and Yuanwai—roughly the equivalent of probationary appointments. Mushuang handled military affairs, Congshuang household registers, Cishuang ritual, Fashuang punishments, Quanshuang appointments, Juesshuang labor, Wanshuang finances, Yinshuang guests, and Heshuang commerce—all posts held concurrently by Qingping Officials, Qiuvang, and Dajunjiang. Shuang means "department" or "ministry." The Dushuang supervised all three departments. Qituo managed horses, Lituo cattle, and Jutuo granaries—again posts held concurrently by Qingping Officials, Qiuvang, and Dajunjiang. Shuangqiu, Miqin, and Qinqi managed taxation and levies. The Bingnusi handled confidential matters. In a great prefecture the commander was called Yanxi and his deputy Yanlan; in a middle prefecture the commander was Shanyi and the deputy Shanlan; in a lower prefecture the commander was Danqiu and the deputy Danlan; in a small prefecture the commander was Mohui and the deputy Molan. Each prefecture had a Tuoqiu, comparable to a registrar; and a Tuoxi, comparable to an assistant magistrate. Broadly speaking, the system worked this way. Whenever troops were mobilized, written orders went out to the settlements with a fixed deadline. Every hundred households had a Zongzuo; every thousand a Zhiren Official; every ten thousand a Dudu. Five mu of farmland constituted one shuang. Senior officials received forty shuang of land, upper households thirty, and so on down the scale. All able-bodied men became fighting soldiers; those with horses joined the cavalry. Each man received an annual issue of leather shirt and trousers. Settlements were grouped into four armies by distance; banners marked the four directions. One general commanded a thousand men, and one general stood over each army. When enemies crossed the border, the general of the direction attacked was responsible for meeting them. The king's personal guard was called the Zhunujuqie. Juqie meant a leather belt. Village soldiers chosen for the four armies formed the Luojuzi—men in red-lacquered helmets and rhinoceros-hide copper shields who fought barefoot over broken ground as if they flew. Every hundred men had one Luojuzi commander.

望苴蠻者，在蘭蒼江西。男女勇捷，不鞍而騎，善用矛劍，短甲蔽胸腹，鞮鍪皆插貓牛尾，馳突若神。凡兵出，以望苴子前驅。以清平子弟為羽儀。王左右有羽儀長八人，清平官見王不得佩劍，唯羽儀長佩之為親信。有六曹長，曹長有功補大軍將。大軍將十二，與清平官等列，日議事王所，出治軍壁稱節度，次補清平官。有內算官，代王裁處；外算官，記王所處分，以付六曹。外則有六節度，曰：弄棟、永昌、銀生、劍川、柘東、麗水。有二都督：會川、通海。有十瞼，夷語瞼若州，曰：雲南瞼、白厓瞼亦曰勃弄瞼、品淡瞼、邆川瞼、蒙舍瞼、大厘瞼亦曰史瞼、苴咩瞼亦曰陽瞼、蒙秦瞼、矣和瞼、趙川瞼。

The Wangju Yi lived west of the Lancang River. Their men and women were fierce and agile, riding without saddles and wielding spear and sword with skill. Short armor covered chest and belly; lacquered helmets bristled with cat and ox tails; in a charge they seemed possessed. Whenever the army marched, Wangjuzi led the vanguard. Sons of Qingping Officials formed the ceremonial guard. Eight guard captains stood at the king's side. Qingping Officials appearing before the king could not wear swords—only these captains could, as his personal confidants. There were six Caozhang; those who distinguished themselves were promoted to Dajunjiang. Twelve Dajunjiang ranked with Qingping Officials, meeting daily at court to deliberate. Sent out to command garrisons they were styled jiedushi, and stood next in line for promotion to Qingping Official. An inner accountant decided affairs on the king's behalf; an outer accountant recorded the king's decisions and passed them to the six Caos. Beyond the capital stood six military commissions: Nongdong, Yongchang, Yinsheng, Jianchuan, Zhedong, and Lishui. Two dudu territories existed: Huichuan and Tonghai. There were ten lian—in Yi usage lian meant something like a prefecture: Yunnan, Baiya (also Bonong), Pindan, Dichuan, Mengshe, Dali (also Shi), Jumie (also Yang), Mengqin, Yihe, and Zhaochuan.

祁鮮山之西多瘴，地平，草冬不枯。自曲靖州至滇池，人水耕，食蠶以柘，蠶生閱二旬而繭，織錦縑精致。大和、祁鮮而西，人不蠶，剖波羅樹實，狀若絮，紐縷而幅之。覽瞼井產鹽最鮮白，惟王得食，取足輒滅竈。昆明城諸井皆產鹽，不征，群蠻食之。永昌之西，野桑生石上，其林上屈兩向而下植，取以為弓，不筋漆而利，名曰瞑弓。長川諸山，往往有金，或披沙得之。麗水多金麩。越睒之西，多薦草，產善馬，世稱越睒駿。始生若羔，歲中紐莎縻之，飲以米潘，七年可禦，日馳數百里。

West of Qixian Mountain miasma hung heavy, but the land was level and grass stayed green through winter. From Qujing to Lake Dian the people irrigated their fields and raised silkworms on mulberry. Cocoons formed in twenty days, and the brocades and fine silks woven from them were exquisite. West of Dahe and Qixian people did not raise silkworms. They split the fruit of the pineapple tree—its fibers like cotton—and spun and wove it into cloth. Salt from Lanlian Well was the whitest and finest. Only the king might use it; once he had taken his share the pans were shut down. Every well around Kunming City yielded salt, untaxed, for the tribes to consume. West of Yongchang wild mulberry grew on stone, its branches bending down to root again. Shaped into bows without sinew or lacquer, they were nonetheless keen—called "sleeping bows." Gold was often found in the long valleys and mountain ranges, sometimes gathered by panning river sand. Lishui abounded in gold dust. West of Yueshan rich pasture produced fine horses renowned as Yueshan steeds. At birth they were lamb-sized; midway through the year they were hobbled with hemp rope and fed rice gruel. At seven they could be ridden and cover several hundred li in a day.

王出，建八旗，紫若青，白斿；雉翣二；有旄鉞，紫囊之；翠蓋。王母曰信麼，亦曰九麼。妃曰進武。信麼出，亦建八旗，絳斿。自曹長以降，系金佉苴。尚絳紫。有功加錦，又有功加金波羅。金波羅，虎皮也。功小者，衿背不袖，次止於衿。婦人不粉黛，以蘇澤發。貴者綾錦裙襦，上施錦一幅。以兩股辮為鬟髻，耳綴珠貝、瑟瑟、虎魄。女、嫠婦與人亂，不禁，婚夕私相送。已嫁有奸者，皆抵死。俗以寅為正，四時大抵與中國小差。膾魚寸，以胡瓜、椒、和之，號鵝闕。吹瓢笙，笙四管。酒至客前，以笙推盞勸釂。以繒帛及貝市易。貝者大若指，十六枚為一覓。師行，人賫糧鬥五升，以二千五百人為一營。其法，前傷者養治，後傷者斬。犁田以一牛三夫，前挽、中壓、後驅。然專於農，無貴賤皆耕。不繇役，人歲輸米二斗。一藝者給田，二收乃稅。

When the king went abroad he raised eight banners—purple, indigo, and white streamers; two pheasant-tail fans; yak-tail axes wrapped in purple bags; and an emerald canopy. The queen mother was called Xinmo, also known as Jiumo. The principal consort was called Jinwu. When Xinmo went abroad she likewise raised eight banners with crimson streamers. From Caozhang downward, officials wore golden juqie belts. Crimson and purple were the favored colors. Meritorious service earned brocade; greater merit earned jinboluo. Jinboluo meant tiger skin. Lesser honors brought sleeveless backs, or decoration limited to the collar. Women wore no powder or rouge; they dressed their hair with suze. Noblewomen wore brocade skirts and jackets with a brocade panel draped across the chest. They braided two locks into a topknot and hung pearls, shells, sese stones, and amber from their ears. Unmarried women and widows might take lovers freely; on the eve of marriage they privately saw men off. Adultery by a married woman meant death for both parties. They reckoned the yin day as New Year's Day; their seasons differed only slightly from those of China. Fish sliced fine and mixed with cucumber, pepper, and spices made a dish called Eque. They played the gourd sheng, a four-pipe instrument. When wine was placed before a guest, the sheng was used to push the cup forward and urge another round. Trade was conducted in silk and cowrie shells. Cowries were about finger-sized; sixteen made one mi. On campaign each soldier carried five sheng of grain; twenty-five hundred men formed one camp. By their law, wounds taken in the van were treated; wounds taken in the rear meant execution. Plowing required one ox and three men—one pulling ahead, one pressing in the middle, one driving from behind. Yet they were devoted to farming; high and low alike worked the fields. There was no corvée; each person paid two dou of rice annually. Craftsmen received land grants; tax was collected only after two harvests.

王蒙氏，父子以名相屬。自舍尨以來，有譜次可考。舍尨生獨邏，亦曰細奴邏，高宗時遣使者入朝，賜錦袍。細奴邏生邏盛炎，邏盛炎生炎閣。武後時，盛炎身入朝，妻方娠，生盛邏皮，喜曰：「我又有子，雖死唐地足矣。」炎閣立，死開元時。弟盛邏皮立，生皮邏閣，授特進，封臺登郡王。炎閣未有子時，以閣羅鳳為嗣，及生子，還其宗，而名承合，遂不改。

The royal house was the Meng clan, father and son linking their names in succession. From Shemang onward the genealogy can be verified. Shemang begot Duluo, also called Xinuluo, who in Gaozong's reign sent envoys to court and received a brocade robe. Xinuluo begot Luoshengyan, and Luoshengyan begot Yanyan. Under Empress Wu, Shengyan came to court in person. His wife was pregnant and bore Shengluopi. He rejoiced: "I have another son—even if I die on Tang soil, I am content. Yanyan succeeded and died during the Kaiyuan reign. His younger brother Shengluopi took the throne, begot Piluoge, was granted Special Grand Master, and enfeoffed as Prince of Taideng. When Yanyan had no son he adopted Geluofeng as heir; after a son was born he returned Geluofeng to his own clan under the name Chenghé, and the arrangement stood unchanged.

開元末，皮邏閣逐河蠻，取大和城，又襲大厘城守之，因城龍口，夷語山陂陀為「和」，故謂「大和」，以處閣羅鳳。天子詔賜皮邏閣名歸義。當是時，五詔微，歸義獨強，乃厚以利啖劍南節度使王昱，求合六詔為一。制可。歸義已並群蠻，遂破吐蕃，浸驕大。入朝，天子亦為加禮。又以破渳蠻功，馳遣中人冊為雲南王，賜錦袍、金鈿帶七事。於是徙治大和城。天寶初，遣閣羅鳳子鳳迦異入宿衛，拜鴻臚卿，恩賜良異。

At the end of Kaiyuan, Piluoge drove out the River Yi, took Dahe City, seized and held Dali, and walled Longkou. In Yi usage a mountain slope was he—hence Dahe—where Geluofeng was installed. The emperor decreed that Piluoge be granted the name Guiyi. By then the Five Zhao had waned while Guiyi alone grew strong. He lavishly bribed Jiannan Military Commissioner Wang Yu to petition for uniting the Six Zhao under one rule. The request was approved. Having brought the tribal peoples under his rule, Piluoge went on to defeat the Tibetans—and with each victory his pride swelled. When he visited the capital, the emperor received him with special distinction. For his victory over the Meng tribes, the court quickly sent an imperial envoy to enfoff him as King of Yunnan, bestowing a brocade robe and the full regalia of a gold-studded belt. He accordingly relocated his capital to Dali. Early in the Tianbao era, Piluoge sent Geluofeng's son Fengjiayi to serve as a hostage at court, where he was appointed Director of the Court of State Ceremonial and lavished with exceptional honors.

七載，歸義死，閣羅鳳立，襲王，以其子鳳迦異為陽瓜州刺史。初，安寧城有五鹽井，人得煮鬻自給。玄宗詔特進何履光以兵定南詔境，取安寧城及井，復立馬援銅柱，乃還。

In the seventh year of Tianbao, Piluoge died and Geluofeng took the throne, installing his son Fengjiayi as prefect of Yangguazhou. Anning had five salt wells whose brine the local people boiled and sold to support themselves. Xuanzong dispatched He Luguang at the rank of Special Grand Master with an army to secure Nanzhao's territory, take Anning and its salt wells, restore Ma Yuan's bronze pillar, and withdraw.

鮮于仲通領劍南節度使，卞忿少方略。故事，南詔嘗與妻子謁都督，過雲南，太守張虔陀私之，多所求丐，閣羅鳳不應。虔陀數詬靳之，陰表其罪。由是忿怨，反，發兵攻虔陀，殺之，取姚州及小夷州凡三十二。明年，仲通自將出戎、巂州，分二道進次曲州、靖州。閣羅鳳遣使者謝罪，願還所虜，得自新，且城姚州；如不聽，則歸命吐蕃，恐雲南非唐有。仲通怒，囚使者，進薄白厓城，大敗引還。閣羅鳳斂戰胔，築京觀，遂北臣吐蕃，吐蕃以為弟。夷謂弟「鐘」，故稱「贊普鐘」，給金印，號「東帝」。揭碑國門，明不得已而叛，嘗曰：「我上世世奉中國，累封賞，後嗣容歸之。若唐使者至，可指碑澡祓吾罪也。」會楊國忠以劍南節度當國，乃調天下兵凡十萬，使侍御史李宓討之，輦餉者尚不在。涉海而疫死相踵於道，宓敗於大和城，死者十八。亦會安祿山反，閣羅鳳因之取巂州會同軍，據清溪關，以破越析，梟於贈，西而降尋傳、驃諸國。

Xianyu Zhongtong, military governor of Jiannan, was impulsive, quick to anger, and short on strategic sense. By custom Nanzhao rulers brought their wives and children when paying respects to the regional commander; en route through Yunnan, Prefect Zhang Qiantuo propositioned the queen and piled on extortionate demands—which Geluofeng refused. Zhang Qiantuo repeatedly abused and belittled him while secretly denouncing him to the court. Stung by outrage, Geluofeng rebelled, marched on Zhang Qiantuo, killed him, and captured Yaozhou along with thirty-two smaller frontier prefectures. The following year Zhongtong personally took the field from Rong and Xi, splitting his forces along two routes toward Qu and Jing. Geluofeng sent envoys to plead guilty, offering to release captives, make amends, and even garrison Yaozhou for the Tang. If the court refused, he warned, he would throw in his lot with Tibet—and Yunnan might be lost to the Tang forever. Zhongtong flew into a rage, threw the envoys in chains, pushed on toward White Cliff City, was routed, and retreated in disarray. Geluofeng collected the dead from the battlefield, erected a grisly victory tumulus, then went north to swear fealty to Tibet, who accepted him as a younger brother. In Yi usage "younger brother" was zhong; he was styled Zhong of the Tsenpo, granted a golden seal, and hailed as Emperor of the East. At the national gate he raised a stele declaring that rebellion had been forced upon him, writing: "For generations my ancestors served China and were richly rewarded; let our descendants someday return. Should Tang envoys come, point them to this stele—it will cleanse me of the stain of treason. Meanwhile Yang Guozhong, who controlled the empire while holding Jiannan, scraped together a hundred thousand men under Palace Censor Li Mi to punish Nanzhao—the supply train alone swelled that number further. Troops sickened and died in waves along the march; Li Mi was crushed before Dali—eight out of ten never came home. When An Lushan rose in rebellion, Geluofeng seized the moment: he took the Huitong garrison at Xizhou, seized Qingxi Pass, crushed Yuexi and displayed his head at Zeng, then marched west to bring the Xunchuan and Pyu peoples to heel.

尋傳蠻者，俗無絲纊，跣履榛棘不苦也。射豪豬，生食其肉。戰，以竹籠頭如兜鍪。其西有裸蠻，亦曰野蠻，漫散山中，無君長，作檻舍以居。男少女多，無田農，以木皮蔽形，婦或十或五共養一男子。廣德初，鳳迦異築柘東城，諸葛亮石刻故在，文曰：「碑即仆，蠻為漢奴。」夷畏誓，常以石搘捂。

The Xunchuan people wore no silk or hemp; they walked barefoot through thorn and bramble as though it were nothing. They hunted giant forest hogs and ate the flesh raw. In war they wore bamboo cage-helmets shaped like iron caps. West of them lived the Naked Tribes—also called the Wild Tribes—scattered through the mountains without rulers, dwelling in cage-like huts. Men were scarce and women plentiful; they tilled no fields, clothed themselves in bark, and as many as five or ten women might share one husband. Early in Guangde, Fengjiayi built Tuodong City, where an inscription attributed to Zhuge Liang still stood: "When this stele topples, the tribes shall be slaves of Han. The tribes feared the curse and always braced the stone against falling.

大歷十四年，閣羅鳳卒，以鳳迦異前死，立其孫異牟尋以嗣。異牟尋有智數，善撫眾，略知書。母李，獨錦蠻女也。獨錦蠻亦烏蠻種，在秦藏川南。天寶中，命其長為蹄州刺史。世與南詔婚聘。

In the fourteenth year of the Dali era, Geluofeng died; Fengjiayi having predeceased him, the throne passed to his grandson Yimouxun. Yimouxun was shrewd and capable, knew how to hold his people together, and was modestly literate. His mother, Lady Li, came from the Dujin tribe. The Dujin were another branch of the Wuman, living south of the Qinzang River. During Tianbao the court made their chieftain prefect of Tizhou. For generations they had intermarried with Nanzhao.

異牟尋立，悉眾二十萬入寇，與吐蕃並力。一趨茂州，逾文川，擾灌口；一趨扶、文，掠方維、白壩；一侵黎、雅，叩邛郲關。令其下曰：「為我取蜀為東府，工伎悉送邏娑城，歲賦一縑。」於是進陷城聚，人率走山。德宗發禁衛及幽州軍以援東川，與山南兵合，大敗異牟尋眾，斬首六千級，禽生捕傷甚眾，顛踣厓峭且十萬。異牟尋懼，更徙苴咩城，築袤十五里，吐蕃封為日東王。

Upon his accession Yimouxun mustered two hundred thousand men for invasion, fighting alongside Tibet. One column drove on Maozhou, crossed Wenchuan, and ravaged Guankou. Another struck toward Fu and Wen, looting Fangwei and Baiba. A third invaded Li and Ya, battering at Qiongxi Pass. He told his commanders: "Make Shu our eastern capital; send every skilled artisan to Luosuo City; and pay one bolt of silk each year in tribute. They swept through towns and forts while the populace fled en masse into the hills. Dezong sent the imperial guard and Youzhou armies to relieve Dongchuan; combined with Shannan troops they shattered Yimouxun's host—six thousand heads taken, countless prisoners—and nearly a hundred thousand more perished on the cliffs. Frightened, Yimouxun relocated to Yangjumie City and ringed it with fifteen li of walls; Tibet crowned him King of the Eastern Sun.

然吐蕃責賦重數，悉奪其險立營候，歲索兵助防，異牟尋稍苦之。故西瀘令鄭回者，唐官也，往巂州破，為所虜。閣羅鳳重其惇儒，號「蠻利」，俾教子弟，得棰搒，故國中無不憚。後以為清平官。說異牟尋曰：「中國有禮義，少求責，非若吐蕃惏刻無極也。今棄之復歸唐，無遠戍勞，利莫大此。」異牟尋善之，稍謀內附，然未敢發。亦會節度使韋臯撫諸蠻有威惠，諸蠻頗得異牟尋語，白於臯，時貞元四年也。臯乃遣諜者遺書，吐蕃疑之，因責大臣子為質，異牟尋愈怨。後五年，乃決策遣使者三人異道同趣成都，遺臯帛書曰：

But Tibet taxed them relentlessly, seized every defensible pass for garrisons, and every year demanded troops for joint defense—until Yimouxun could bear it no longer. Among the captives was Zheng Hui, once magistrate of Xilu—a Tang official taken when Xizhou fell. Geluofeng respected his integrity and erudition, styled him "Barbarian Profit," and set him to instruct the young—with the lash and rod at his disposal, so that none in the kingdom dared defy him. Later he was appointed a Qingping minister. He told Yimouxun: "The Middle Kingdom observes ritual and right conduct and asks little in return—not like Tibet, insatiable and merciless without end. To cast Tibet aside and come back to Tang, free of distant frontier burdens—that would be the greatest gain of all. Yimouxun liked the idea and quietly plotted defection, but did not yet dare move. Meanwhile Wei Gao, military governor of the region, ruled the tribes with a blend of force and grace; word of Yimouxun's intentions reached him through tribal intermediaries—in the fourth year of Zhenyuan. Gao sent secret envoys with letters; Tibet grew suspicious and demanded hostages from his chief ministers' sons—and Yimouxun's resentment only deepened. Five years on he resolved to act, dispatching three envoys by separate routes to Chengdu with a letter on silk for Gao:

異牟尋世為唐臣，曩緣張虔陀誌在吞侮，中使者至，不為澄雪，舉部惶窘，得生異計。鮮于仲通比年舉兵，故自新無繇。代祖棄背，吐蕃欺孤背約。神川都督論訥舌使浪人利羅式眩惑部姓，發兵無時，今十二年。此一忍也。天禍蕃廷，降釁蕭墻，太子弟兄流竄，近臣橫汙，皆尚結贊陰計，以行屠害，平日功臣，無一二在。訥舌等皆冊封王；小國奏請，不令上達。此二忍也。又遣訥舌逼城於鄙，弊邑不堪。利羅式私取重賞，部落皆驚。此三忍也。又利羅式罵使者曰：「滅子之將，非我其誰？子所富當為我有。」此四忍也。

Yimouxun's house has served Tang for generations; once Prefect Zhang Qiantuo sought to humiliate and devour us, and when Tang envoys came they did not vindicate us—our people were left terrified and cornered, and we survived only by desperate expedient. Xianyu Zhongtong campaigned year after year, so we had no path back to grace. Generation upon generation our forebears were cast off and betrayed; Tibet tricked us in our isolation and broke faith. For twelve years now the Shenchuan commander Lun Nashe has sent the Lang tribesman Liluoshi to beguile our clans and call up troops at whim. That was the first indignity. Heaven itself turned on the Tibetan court: rebellion erupted at the palace gates; the crown prince and his brothers were driven into exile; loyal ministers were butchered—all by Shang Jiezan's hidden designs. Of the great men who once served the throne, scarcely one or two survive. Nashe and his ilk were all enfoffed as kings. Petitions from lesser kingdoms were never permitted to reach the Tibetan throne. That was the second indignity. They also sent Nashe to menace our border towns until our settlements could endure no more. Liluoshi took hefty bribes on the side, and every tribe trembled. That was the third indignity. Liluoshi even reviled our envoy: "The man who will destroy your son—if not me, then who? Everything you own should be mine. That was the fourth indignity.

今吐蕃委利羅式甲士六十侍衛，因知懷惡不謬。此一難忍也。吐蕃陰毒野心，輒懷搏噬。有如俞生，實汙辱先人，辜負部落。此二難忍也。往退渾王為吐蕃所害，孤遺受欺；西山女王，見奪其位；拓拔首領，並蒙誅刈；仆固誌忠，身亦喪亡。每虜一朝亦被此禍。此三難忍也。往朝廷降使招撫，情心無二，詔函信節，皆送蕃廷。雖知中夏至仁，業為蕃臣，吞聲無訴。此四難忍也。

Now Tibet has given Liluoshi sixty armored guards—proof enough that their malice is real. That is the first thing beyond bearing. Tibet is venomous at heart and ravenous by nature, always hungering to seize and consume. Men like Yu Sheng truly dishonor their forebears and betray their people. That is the second thing beyond bearing. Once the king of Tuyuhun was murdered by Tibet; the orphaned and bereft were duped. The queen of the Western Mountains was robbed of her throne. Tuoba chieftains were slaughtered to the last. Pugu Zhizhong, too, met his death. Every people who bowed to Tibet suffered the same fate. That is the third thing beyond bearing. When Tang sent envoys to win us back, our loyalty was undivided—yet every edict, letter, and credential was handed straight to Lhasa. We knew Tang's mercy was boundless, but we were already Tibet's vassals and could only swallow our grief in silence. That is the fourth thing beyond bearing.

曾祖有寵先帝，後嗣率蒙襲王，人知禮樂，本唐風化。吐蕃詐紿百情，懷惡相戚。異牟尋願竭誠日新，歸款天子。請加戍劍南、西山、涇原等州，安西鎮守，揚兵四臨，委回鶻諸國，所在侵掠，使吐蕃勢分力散，不能為強，此西南隅不煩天兵，可以立功雲。

Our forebears were cherished by the late emperor; every successor has inherited a royal seal; our people know ritual and music—it is Tang's civilization in our bones. Tibet deceives with endless stratagems, malice breeding malice. Yimouxun pledges to renew his loyalty day by day and submit once more to the Son of Heaven. We ask that Tang strengthen garrisons in Jiannan, the Western Mountains, Jingyuan, and Anxi, show force on every frontier, and unleash the Uyghurs and other allies to raid wherever they can—splitting Tibet's power so it cannot stand whole. Then this corner of the southwest can be won without imperial armies marching south.

且贈臯黃金、丹砂。臯護送使者京師，使者奏異牟尋請歸天子，為唐藩輔。獻金，示順革；丹，赤心也。德宗嘉之，賜以詔書，命臯遣諜往覘。

With the letter he sent Gao gifts of gold and cinnabar. Gao escorted the envoys to court, where they reported Yimouxun's wish to renew allegiance and serve Tang as a frontier ally. The gold signified submission and a change of heart. The cinnabar signified a loyal heart. Dezong was pleased, issued an edict in reply, and ordered Gao to send agents to verify the overture.

臯令其屬崔佐時至羊苴咩城。時吐蕃使者多在，陰戒佐時衣牂柯使者服以入。佐時曰：「我乃唐使者，安得從小夷服？」異牟尋夜迎之，設位陳燎，佐時即宣天子意。異牟尋內畏吐蕃，顧左右失色，流涕再拜受命。使其子閣勸及清平官與佐時盟點蒼山，載書四：一藏神祠石室，一沈西洱水，一置祖廟，一以進天子。乃發兵攻吐蕃使者殺之，刻金契以獻，遣曹長南羅、趙迦寬隨佐時入朝。

Gao dispatched his officer Cui Zuoshi to Yangjumie City. Tibetan envoys were still thick on the ground; Gao secretly told Zuoshi to enter disguised in the garb of a Zangke envoy. Zuoshi protested: "I am an envoy of Tang—how can I dress like some minor tribe? Yimouxun welcomed him by night, set out seats and lit beacon fires; Zuoshi at once delivered the emperor's message. Inwardly terrified of Tibet, Yimouxun glanced at his attendants, went pale, wept, and bowed twice to accept the decree. He sent his son Gequan and the Qingping ministers to swear alliance with Zuoshi on Cangshan; four copies of the pact were made—one sealed in the shrine's stone vault, one sunk in Erhai's western waters, one kept in the ancestral temple, and one sent to the emperor. Then he mobilized troops, fell upon the Tibetan envoys and killed them, carved a gold covenant as tribute, and sent Cao Zhang Nanluo and Zhao Jiakuan to accompany Zuoshi to the capital.

初，吐蕃與回鶻戰，殺傷甚，乃調南詔萬人。異牟尋欲襲吐蕃，陽示寡弱，以五千人行，許之。即自將數萬踵後，晝夜行，大破吐蕃於神川，遂斷鐵橋，溺死以萬計，俘其五王。乃遣弟湊羅棟、清平官尹仇寬等二十七人入獻地圖、方物，請復號南詔。帝賜賚有加，拜仇寬左散騎常侍，封高溪郡王。

Earlier, after a bloody war between Tibet and the Uyghurs, Tibet levied ten thousand men from Nanzhao. Yimouxun planned to strike Tibet but feigned weakness, offering only five thousand men. He himself followed with tens of thousands, marching day and night, and crushed the Tibetans at Shenchuan; he cut the Iron Bridge, drowning tens of thousands and capturing five Tibetan kings. He then sent his brother Cuoluodong, Qingping Official Yin Qiukuan, and twenty-seven others to court with maps and tribute, asking to restore the name Nanzhao. The emperor rewarded them generously, appointing Qiukuan Left Regular Attendant of the Palace Guard and enfeoffing him as Prince of Gaoxi.

明年夏六月，冊異牟尋為南詔王。以祠部郎中袁滋持節領使，成都少尹龐頎副之，崔佐時為判官；俱文珍為宣慰使，劉幽巖為判官。賜黃金印，文曰「貞元冊南詔印」。滋至大和城，異牟尋遣兄蒙細羅勿等以良馬六十迎之，金鍐玉珂，兵振鐸夾路陳。異牟尋金甲，蒙虎皮，執雙鐸韒。執矛千人衛，大象十二引於前，騎軍、徒軍以次列。詰旦，授冊，異牟尋率官屬北面立，宣慰使東向，冊使南向，乃讀詔冊。相者引異牟尋去位，跽受冊印，稽首再拜；又受賜服備物，退曰：「開元、天寶中，曾祖及祖皆蒙冊襲王，自此五十年。貞元皇帝洗痕錄功，復賜爵命，子子孫孫永為唐臣。」因大會其下，享使者，出銀平脫馬頭盤二，謂滋曰：「此天寶時先君以鴻臚少卿宿衛，皇帝所賜也。」有笛工、歌女，皆垂白，示滋曰：「此先君歸國時，皇帝賜胡部、龜茲音聲二列，今喪亡略盡，唯二人故在。」酒行，異牟尋坐，奉觴滋前，滋受觴曰：「南詔當深思祖考成業，抱忠竭誠，永為西南藩屏，使後嗣有以不絕也。」異牟尋拜曰：「敢不承使者所命。」滋還，復遣清平官尹輔酋等七人謝天子，獻鐸鞘、浪劍、郁刃、生金、瑟瑟、牛黃、虎珀、氎、紡絲、象、犀、越睒統倫馬。鐸鞘者，狀如殘刃，有孔傍達，出麗水，飾以金，所擊無不洞，夷人尤寶，月以血祭之。郁刃，鑄時以毒藥並治，取迎躍如星者，凡十年乃成，淬以馬血，以金犀飾鐔首，傷人即死。浪人所鑄，故亦名浪劍，王所佩者，傳七世矣。

The following summer, in the sixth month, Yimouxun was invested as King of Nanzhao. Yuan Zi of the Ministry of Rites was sent bearing the imperial insignia as chief envoy, with Chengdu Assistant Governor Pang Qi as deputy and Cui Zuoshi as administrative officer; Ju Wenzhen served as pacification commissioner, with Liu Youyan as administrative officer. They were granted a golden seal inscribed "Zhenyuan Investiture Seal of Nanzhao." When Zi reached Dahe City, Yimouxun sent his brother Meng Xiluowu with sixty fine horses to welcome him—golden bells and jade bridles, with soldiers shaking bells along the route. Yimouxun wore golden armor and a tiger-skin cloak, gripping twin iron maces. A thousand spearmen formed his guard; twelve elephants led the procession, with cavalry and infantry ranked behind. At dawn came the investiture: Yimouxun and his officials stood facing north, the pacification commissioner east, the investiture commissioner south, and the edict of investiture was read aloud. An usher guided Yimouxun forward; kneeling, he received the investiture seal and bowed twice; He also received robes and gifts, then withdrew and said: "In the Kaiyuan and Tianbao eras my great-grandfather and grandfather were both invested as kings—fifty years have passed since then. Emperor Dezong has washed away our stain and recorded our merit, restoring rank and title—our sons and grandsons shall forever be subjects of Tang. He then feasted his subordinates and entertained the envoys, bringing out two silver repoussé horse-head platters and telling Zi: "These were granted by the emperor when my forefather served as Director of the Court of State Ceremonial in the palace guard during Tianbao." Flute players and singing girls, all white-haired, were presented to Zi: "When my forefather returned to allegiance, the emperor granted two troupes of Hu and Kucha music; nearly all have perished—only these two remain." As wine was served, Yimouxun rose and offered a cup to Zi, who received it and said: "Nanzhao should honor its forefathers' achievements, hold fast to loyalty, and forever serve as the southwestern bulwark, so that posterity may never be cut off." Yimouxun bowed and said: "How could I fail to obey the envoy's command?" When Zi departed, Yimouxun sent Qingping Official Yin Fuqiu and seven others to thank the emperor, presenting duoshe, langjian, yuren blades, raw gold, sese stones, ox bezoar, amber, woolens, spun silk, elephants, rhinoceros horn, and Yueshan thoroughbreds. Duoshe resembled a broken blade with holes along the edge, mined from Lishui and decorated with gold; nothing it struck escaped pierced—the Yi especially treasured it and offered it monthly blood sacrifice. Yuren was cast with poison in the alloy; only metal showing starlike flecks was chosen; ten years were needed to finish one blade, quenched in horse blood with gold and rhinoceros horn on the guard—a wound from it meant death. The Lang people cast it, hence the name langjian; the blade the king wore had passed through seven generations.

異牟尋攻吐蕃，復取昆明城以食鹽池。又破施蠻、順蠻，並虜其王，置白厓城；因定磨些蠻，隸昆山西爨故地；破茫蠻，掠弄棟蠻、漢裳蠻，以實雲南東北。

Yimouxun attacked Tibet and recaptured Kunming City to control the salt ponds. He also defeated the Shi Man and Shun Man, capturing both kings and establishing Baiya City; then he settled the Mosuo Man in the old Cuan territory west of Kunming; he defeated the Mang Man and plundered the Nongdong and Han Shang Man to populate northeastern Yunnan.

施蠻者，在鐵橋西北，居大施睒、斂尋睒。男子衣繒布；女分發直額，為一髻垂後，跣而衣皮。

The Shi Man lived northwest of the Iron Bridge, at Dashan and Lianxun. Men wore silk cloth; women parted their hair straight across the forehead, gathered it in one topknot at the back, went barefoot, and wore leather.

順蠻本與施蠻雜居劍、共諸川。咩羅皮、鐸羅望既失邆川、浪穹，奪劍、共地，由是徙鐵橋，在劍睒西北四百里，號劍羌。

The Shun Man originally lived mixed with the Shi Man along the Jian and Gong rivers. After Mieluopi and Tluowang lost Dichuan and Langqiong and seized Jian and Gong territory, they moved to the Iron Bridge, four hundred li northwest of Jianshan, and styled themselves the Jian Qiang.

磨蠻、些蠻與施、順二蠻皆烏蠻種，居鐵橋、大婆、小婆、三探覽、昆池等川。土多牛羊，俗不澤，男女衣皮，俗好飲酒歌舞。

The Mo, Suo, Shi, and Shun Man were all Wuman stock, dwelling along the Iron Bridge, Dapo, Xiaopo, Santanlan, and Kun Lake. Their land abounded in cattle and sheep; they did not bathe; men and women wore leather; they loved wine, song, and dance.

茫蠻本關南種，茫，其君號也，或呼茫詔。永昌之南有茫天連、茫吐薅、大睒、茫昌、茫鲊、茫施，大抵皆其種。樓居，無城郭。或漆齒，或金齒。衣青布短褲，露骭，以繒布繚腰，出其餘垂後為飾。婦人披五色娑羅籠。象才如牛，養以耕。

The Mang Man were originally a Guannan people; mang was their ruler's title, or they were called Mang Zhao. South of Yongchang lay Mang Tianlian, Mang Tuxao, Dashan, Mangchang, Mangzha, and Mangshi—mostly their kind. They lived in elevated houses without walled cities. Some lacquered their teeth; others gilded them. They wore blue cloth short trousers with bare shins, wrapped silk around the waist, and let the ends hang behind as ornament. Women draped themselves in five-colored sura cloth. Their elephants were only cattle-sized and were kept for plowing.

弄棟蠻，白蠻種也。其部本居弄棟縣鄙地，昔為褒州，有首領為刺史，誤殺其參軍，挈族北走。後散居磨些江側，故劍、共諸川亦有之。漢裳蠻，本漢人部種，在鐵橋。惟以朝霞纏頭，餘尚同漢服。

The Nongdong Man were a branch of the Bai Man. Their tribe originally lived in the outskirts of Nongdong County, once Baozhou; their chieftain served as prefect, mistakenly killed his assistant administrator, and fled north with his clan. Later they scattered along the Mosuo River, so the Jian and Gong valleys also held them. The Han Shang Man were originally a Han people tribe living at the Iron Bridge. Only their heads were wrapped in dawn-colored cloth; otherwise they dressed like Han Chinese.

十五年，異牟尋謀擊吐蕃，以邆川、寧北等城當寇路，乃峭山深塹修戰備，帝許出兵助力。又請以大臣子弟質於臯，臯辭。固請，乃盡舍成都，鹹遣就學。且言：「昆明、巂州與吐蕃接，不先加兵，為虜所脅，反為我患。」請臯圖之。時唐兵比歲屯京西、朔方，大峙糧，欲南北並攻取故地。然南方轉餉稽期，兵不悉集。是夏，虜麥不熟，疫癘仍興，贊普死，新君立。臯揣虜未敢動，乃勸異牟尋：「緩舉萬全，愈於速而無功。今境上兵十倍往歲，且行營皆在巂州，扼西瀘吐蕃路，昆明、弄棟可以無虞。」異牟尋請期它年。

In the fifteenth year Yimouxun planned to attack Tibet; since Dichuan, Ningbei, and other cities lay on the enemy route, he fortified mountains and dug deep trenches; the emperor approved sending troops to assist. He also asked to send sons of great ministers as hostages to Gao; Gao declined. When he insisted, Gao cleared all of Chengdu and sent them there to study. He also said: "Kunming and Xizhou border Tibet; unless we strike first, the enemy will coerce them and they will become a threat to us. He asked Gao to draw up a plan. Tang troops had been stationed in Jingxi and Shuofang for years, stockpiling grain, intending to attack north and south simultaneously to recover lost territory. Yet southern supply lines lagged and troops did not fully assemble. That summer the enemy's wheat failed, pestilence raged, the tsenpo died, and a new ruler succeeded. Gao judged the enemy would not dare move and advised Yimouxun: "Slow action with full assurance beats haste without success. Frontier troops now outnumber those of former years tenfold, and encampments at Xizhou block the Tibetan route across the Western Lu—Kunming and Nongdong can be secure. Yimouxun asked to postpone until another year.

吐蕃大臣以歲在辰，兵宜出，謀襲南詔，閱眾治道，將以十月圍巂州。軍屯昆明凡八萬，皆命一歲糧。贊普以舅攘鄀羅為都統，遣尚乞力、欺徐濫鑠屯西貢川。異牟尋與臯相聞，臯命部將武免率弩士三千赴之，亢榮朝以萬人屯黎州，韋良金以二萬五千人屯巂州，約南詔有急，皆進軍，過俄準添城者，南詔供饋。吐蕃引眾五萬自曩貢川分二軍攻雲南，一軍自諾濟城攻巂州。異牟尋畏東蠻、磨些難測，懼為吐蕃鄉導，欲先擊之。臯報：「巂州實往來道，捍蔽數州，虜百計窺之，故嚴兵以守，屯壁相望，糧械處處有之，東蠻庸敢懷貳乎？」異牟尋乃檄東、磨些諸蠻內糧城中，不者悉燒之。吐蕃颙城將楊萬波約降，事泄，吐蕃以兵五千守，臯將擊破之。萬波與籠官拔颙城以來，徙其人二千於宿川。臯將扶忠義又取末恭城，俘系牛羊千計。贊普大將既煎讓律以兵距十貢川一舍而屯，國師馬定德率種落出降。西貢節度監軍野多輸煎者，贊普乞立贊養子，當從先贊普殉，亦詣忠義降。於是虜氣衰，軍不振。欺徐濫鑠至鐵橋，南詔毒其水，人多死，乃徙納川，壁而待。是年，虜霜雪早，兵無功還，期以明年。吐蕃苦唐、詔掎角，亦不敢圖南詔。臯令免按兵巂州，節級鎮守，雖南詔境亦所在屯戍。吐蕃懲野戰數北，乃屯三瀘水，遣論妄熱誘瀕瀘諸蠻，復城悉攝。悉攝，吐蕃險要也。蠻酋潛導南詔與臯部將杜毗羅狙擊。十七年春，夜絕瀘破虜屯，斬五百級。虜保鹿危山，毗羅伏以待，又戰，虜大奔。於時，康、黑衣大食等兵及吐蕃大酋皆降，獲甲二萬首。又合鬼主破虜於瀘西。

Tibetan ministers, because the year was chen, held that troops should march; they plotted to raid Nanzhao, reviewed troops and repaired roads, intending to besiege Xizhou in the tenth month. Eighty thousand troops were stationed at Kunming, each ordered to carry one year's grain. The tsenpo appointed his maternal uncle Rangnuo commander-in-chief and sent Shang Qili and Qixu Lanyue to garrison Xigongchuan. Yimouxun communicated with Gao; Gao ordered Wu Mian with three thousand crossbowmen to join him; Kang Rongchao stationed ten thousand at Lizhou; Wei Liangjin twenty-five thousand at Xizhou—with orders that if Nanzhao was in peril all were to advance, and Nanzhao would supply provisions beyond Ezhun Tian City. Tibet led fifty thousand men from Nanggongchuan in two armies against Yunnan; one army from Nuojicheng struck Xizhou. Yimouxun feared the Eastern Man and Mosuo were unpredictable and might guide the Tibetans, and wished to strike them first. Gao replied: "Xizhou is the main thoroughfare shielding several prefectures; the enemy watches it with a hundred schemes, so we garrison it heavily with camps facing one another and supplies stored everywhere—would the Eastern Man dare turn traitor? Yimouxun then ordered the Eastern and Mosuo tribes to bring grain into the cities or burn it all. Yang Wanbo, Tibetan garrison commander of Yongcheng, plotted to surrender; when exposed, Tibet sent five thousand troops to hold the city; Gao's generals broke through and defeated them. Wanbo and the tribal official Ba seized Yongcheng and defected; two thousand of their people were relocated to Sichuan. Gao's general Fu Zhongyi also took Mogong City, capturing livestock by the thousand. The Tibetan great general Jijian Ranglü encamped one stage from Shigongchuan; the state preceptor Ma Dingde led his tribes in surrender. The Xigong military supervisor Yeduojian—the tsenpo Qilizan's adopted son who should have followed the former tsenpo to the grave—also came to Zhongyi to surrender. Enemy morale collapsed and the army lost its vigor. Qixu Lanyue reached the Iron Bridge; Nanzhao poisoned the water and many died; they then withdrew to Nachuan, fortifying and waiting. That year frost and snow came early; the army achieved nothing and withdrew, fixing a date for the next year. Harried by Tang and Nanzhao acting in concert, Tibet also did not dare move against Nanzhao. Gao ordered Mian to hold troops at Xizhou with graded garrisons; even within Nanzhao territory garrisons were posted everywhere. Chastened by repeated field defeats, Tibet garrisoned the Three Lu Rivers and sent Lun Wangre to entice tribes along the Lu, rebuilding the fortress of Xishe. Xishe was a Tibetan strongpoint. Tribal chiefs secretly guided Nanzhao and Gao's subordinate Du Piluo in an ambush. In the spring of the seventeenth year they crossed the Lu by night and broke the enemy camp, beheading five hundred. The enemy held Luwei Mountain; Piluo lay in wait and fought again; the enemy fled in disorder. Troops of Kang, the Black-robed Abbasids, and other Tibetan great chiefs all surrendered; twenty thousand sets of armor were captured. They also joined the Gui Zhu in defeating the enemy west of the Lu.

吐蕃君長共計，不得巂州，患未艾，常為兩頭蠻挾唐為輕重，謂南詔也。會虜薦饑，方葬贊普，調斂煩。至是，大料兵，率三戶出一卒，虜法為大調集。又聞唐兵三萬入南詔，乃大懼，兵戍納川、故洪、諾濟、臘、聿賫五城，欲悉師出西山、劍山，收巂州以絕南詔。臯即上言：「京右諸屯宜明斥候，蚤斂田，邠、隴焚萊，可困虜入。」臯遣將邢毗以兵萬人屯南、北路，趙昱萬人戍黎、雅州。異牟尋謂臯曰：「虜聲取巂州，實窺雲南，請武免督軍進羊苴咩。若虜不出者，請以來年二月深入。」時虜兵三萬攻鹽州，帝以虜多詐，疑繼以大軍，詔臯深鈔賊鄙，分虜勢。臯表：「賊精鎧多置南屯，今向鹽、夏非全軍，欲掠河曲党項畜產耳」。俄聞虜破麟州，臯督諸將分道出，或自西山，或由平夷，或下隴陀和、石門，或徑神川、納川，與南詔會。是時，回鶻、太原、邠寧、涇原軍獵其北，劍南東川、山南兵震其東，鳳翔軍當其西；蜀、南詔深入，克城七，焚堡百五十所，斬首萬級，獲鎧械十五萬。圍昆明、維州不能克，乃班師。振武、靈武兵破虜二萬，涇原、鳳翔軍敗虜原州。惟南詔攻其腹心，俘獲最多。帝遣中人尹偕尉異牟尋。而吐蕃盛屯昆明、神川、納川自守。異牟尋比年獻方物，天子禮之。

Tibetan chieftains jointly calculated that without taking Xizhou their troubles would not end—they were constantly held in balance by the two-headed barbarians siding with Tang, meaning Nanzhao. The enemy suffered famine; they were burying the tsenpo and levies were oppressive. They mustered troops on a great scale, drafting one soldier from every three households—by Tibetan law a great mobilization. Hearing that thirty thousand Tang troops had entered Nanzhao, they were greatly afraid; troops garrisoned Nachuan, Guhong, Nuoji, La, and Yubing, intending to march in full force from Xishan and Jianshan to recover Xizhou and cut off Nanzhao. Gao immediately memorialized: "Jingyou garrisons should post clear scouts and harvest fields early; burn the fallow in Bin and Long to trap the enemy's advance. Gao sent General Xing Pi with ten thousand troops to garrison the southern and northern routes, and Zhao Yu with ten thousand to garrison Li and Ya. Yimouxun told Gao: "The enemy claims to take Xizhou but truly eyes Yunnan; please have Wu Mian lead troops to Yangjumie. If the enemy does not come out, please launch a deep strike in the second month of next year. Thirty thousand enemy troops attacked Yanzhou; the emperor, knowing the enemy's deceit, suspected a larger army would follow and ordered Gao to raid deep into enemy territory to divide their strength. Gao memorialized: "The enemy's finest armor is mostly in the southern garrisons; the move toward Yan and Xia is not the full army—they wish only to plunder Tangut livestock along the river bend." Soon word came that the enemy had taken Linzhou; Gao directed his generals to march by separate routes—some from Xishan, some from Pingyi, some down Longtuohe and Shimen, some directly through Shenchuan and Nachuan—to join Nanzhao. Uyghur, Taiyuan, Binning, and Jingyuan armies hunted them from the north; Dongchuan and Shannan troops threatened them from the east; Fengxiang troops blocked them from the west; Shu and Nanzhao advanced deep, capturing seven cities, burning a hundred fifty fortresses, beheading ten thousand, and seizing a hundred fifty thousand sets of armor and weapons. They besieged Kunming and Weizhou but could not take them and withdrew. Zhenwu and Lingwu troops defeated twenty thousand of the enemy; Jingyuan and Fengxiang troops defeated the enemy at Yuanzhou. Only Nanzhao struck at the enemy's heartland and took the most captives. The emperor dispatched the palace eunuch Yin Kai to comfort Yimouxun. Meanwhile Tibet heavily garrisoned Kunming, Shenchuan, and Nachuan in self-defense. Year after year Yi Mouxun sent tribute, and the emperor received him with full court honors.

◎南蠻中南詔續元和三年，異牟尋死，詔太常卿武少儀持節吊祭。子尋閣勸立，或謂夢湊，自稱「驃信」，夷語君也。改賜元和印章。明年死，子勸龍晟立，淫肆不道，上下怨疾。十一年，為弄棟節度王嵯巔所殺，立其弟勸利。詔少府少監李銑為冊立吊祭使。勸利德嵯巔，賜氏蒙，封「大容」，蠻謂兄為「容」。長慶三年，始賜印。是歲死，弟豐祐立。豐祐趫敢，善用其下，慕中國，不肯連父名。穆宗使京兆少尹韋審規持節臨冊。豐祐遣洪成酋、趙龍些、楊定奇入謝天子。

[Southern Barbarians — Nanzhao] Continued: In the third year of Yuanhe, Yi Mouxun died. The throne ordered Grand Master of Ceremonies Wu Shaoyi to go bearing the imperial insignia and conduct the mourning rites. His son Xungequan took the throne—though some records give the name as Mengcou. He styled himself Piaoxin, the barbarian word for ruler. The court issued him a new seal bearing the Yuanhe reign name. He died the following year. His son Quanlongsheng came to the throne—a man given to debauchery and outrage, hated by high and low alike. In the eleventh year, Wang Cuodian, military commissioner of Nongdong, had him killed and set his younger brother Quanli on the throne. The throne appointed Vice Director of the Palace Workshops Li Xian commissioner to invest the new king and perform the mourning rites. Quanli owed his throne to Cuodian; the court granted him the surname Meng and the title Darong—rong being the barbarian word for elder brother. In the third year of Changqing he received an imperial seal for the first time. He died that same year, and his younger brother Fengyou took the throne. Fengyou was fierce and capable, commanding his followers with skill. He admired the Tang and would not carry his father's name in his own. Under Emperor Muzong, Assistant Chief Administrator of the Capital Wei Shengui was dispatched with the imperial insignia to invest him. Fengyou sent the chieftains Hong Cheng, Zhao Longxie, and Yang Dingqi to the capital to offer thanks to the emperor.

於是，西川節度使杜元穎治無狀，障候弛沓相蒙，時大和三年也。嵯巔乃悉眾掩邛、戎、巂三州，陷之。入成都，止西郛十日，慰賚居人，市不擾肆。將還，乃掠子女、工技數萬引而南，人懼自殺者不勝計。救兵逐，嵯巔身自殿，至大度河，謂華人曰：「此吾南境，爾去國，當哭。」眾號慟，赴水死者十三。南詔自是工文織，與中國埒。明年，上表請罪。比年使者來朝，開成、會昌間再至。

By then Du Yuanying, military commissioner of Xichuan, was governing wretchedly—frontier posts neglected, deceptions layered upon deceptions. It was the third year of Dahe. Cuodian then gathered his full army, fell upon the three prefectures of Qiong, Rong, and Xi, and took them. He entered Chengdu and camped in the western suburbs for ten days, comforting the people and distributing gifts; not a shop was disturbed. When he prepared to withdraw, he seized tens of thousands of women, children, and craftsmen and marched them south. Terror drove so many to take their own lives that no one could count the dead. Pursuing relief troops pressed close. Cuodian himself commanded the rearguard. At the Dadu River he told the captives: "This is our southern frontier. You are leaving your homeland—you should weep. The people broke into wailing lament; thirteen threw themselves into the river and drowned. From that time Nanzhao mastered brocade weaving, matching the workmanship of the Tang. The following year they sent a memorial begging pardon. Envoys continued to arrive at court year after year; during the Kaicheng and Huichang reigns they came twice again.

大中時，李琢為安南經略使，苛墨自私，以鬥鹽易一牛。夷人不堪，結南詔將段酋遷陷安南都護府，號「白衣沒命軍」。南詔發朱弩佉苴三千助守。然朝貢猶歲至，從者多。杜悰自西川入朝，表無多內蠻傔，豐祐怒，即慢言索質子。會宣宗崩，使者告哀。是時，豐祐亦死，坦綽酋龍立，恚朝廷不吊恤；又詔書乃賜故王，以草具進使者而遣。遂僭稱皇帝，建元建極，自號大禮國。懿宗以其名近玄宗嫌諱，絕朝貢。乃陷播州。安南都護李鄠屯武州，咸通元年，為蠻所攻，棄州走。天子斥鄠，以王寬代之。明年，攻邕管，經略使李弘源兵少不能拒，奔巒州。南詔亦引去。詔殿中監段文楚為經略使，數改條約，眾不悅，以胡懷玉代之。南詔知邊人困甚，剽掠無有，不入寇。杜悰當國，為帝謀，遣使者吊祭示恩信，並詔驃信以名嫌，冊命未可舉，必易名乃得封。帝乃命左司郎中孟穆持節往，會南詔陷巂州，穆不行。

In the Dazhong era Li Zhuo served as military commissioner of Annam—harsh, greedy, and trading a cup of salt for a single ox. The people could not bear it. They joined Nanzhao's general Duan Qiuchuan in seizing the Protectorate of Annam, calling themselves the White-Clad Death-Defying Army. Nanzhao dispatched three thousand Zhu-nu-ji troops to help garrison the city. Even so, tribute missions still arrived each year, often with large retinues. When Du Cong came to court from Xichuan and reported that there were too few inner-barbarian attendants on the mission, Fengyou flew into a rage and spoke insolently, demanding hostages. At that moment Emperor Xuanzong died, and Nanzhao's envoys came to announce the mourning. Fengyou died about the same time. Tanchuo Qiulong took the throne, furious that the court had sent no condolences. Worse, the edict had been addressed to the dead king, written on coarse paper and handed to the envoys to carry home. He then declared himself emperor, adopted the era name Jianji, and styled his realm the Great Li Kingdom. Emperor Yizong, finding the name too close to the taboo on Emperor Xuanzong's personal name, severed tribute and diplomatic contact. Nanzhao then seized Bozhou. Li E, Protector of Annam, held Wuzhou. In the first year of Xiantong the barbarians attacked; he abandoned the prefecture and fled. The emperor dismissed Li E and appointed Wang Kuan in his place. The next year they struck Yong and Guan. Military Commissioner Li Hongyuan had too few men to hold them and fled to Luanzhou. Nanzhao then withdrew as well. The throne appointed Palace Supervisor Duan Wenchu military commissioner, but he kept revising the treaties until the people grew resentful, and Hu Huaiyu replaced him. Nanzhao saw how broken the frontier people were and plundered whatever remained, but did not push deeper with a full invasion. Du Cong, then chief minister, advised the emperor to send envoys with mourning rites to show grace and good faith, and to tell the Piaoxin that because of the taboo on his name no investiture could be granted until he changed it. The emperor ordered Left Department Director Meng Mu to go with the imperial insignia, but Nanzhao seized Xizhou before he could depart, and Mu never went.

安南桃林人者，居林西原，七綰洞首領李由獨主之，歲歲戍邊。李琢之在安南也，奏罷防冬兵六千人，謂由獨可當一隊，遏蠻之入。蠻酋以女妻由獨子，七綰洞舉附蠻，王寬不能制。三年，以湖南觀察使蔡襲代之，發諸道兵二萬屯守，南詔怛畏不敢出。

In Annam the Taolin people lived on the Linxi plain under Li Youdu, chieftain of the Seven-Cord Caves, who sent them to garrison the frontier every year. While Li Zhuo held Annam, he petitioned to disband six thousand winter-garrison troops, claiming Youdu alone could hold the line and stop barbarian entry. A barbarian chieftain married his daughter to Youdu's son; the Seven-Cord Caves all sided with the barbarians, and Wang Kuan could not restrain them. In the third year Hunan Observation Commissioner Cai Xi replaced him, raising twenty thousand men from the various circuits to hold the frontier. Nanzhao, ever wary, did not venture out.

會詔左庶子蔡京經制嶺南，忌襲功，有所欲，沮壞之，乃言：「南方自無虞，武夫幸功，多聚兵耗饋運，請還戍兵惜財用。」襲執不可，願留五千兵，累表不報。即極陳南詔伺隙久，有十必死狀。朝廷昏肆，不省也。京還奏，得意甚，復詔為宣慰安撫使。即建析廣州為嶺南東道，邕州為西道，以龔、象、藤、巖為隸州。乃拜京西道節度使。京褊忮貪克，峻條令，為炮熏刳斮法，下愁毒，為軍中所逐，走藤州，矯制作攻討使印，召鄉兵比道軍攻邕州，不克，眾潰，貶死崖州。以桂管觀察使鄭愚代節度。

About then Left Assistant to the Heir Apparent Cai Jing was put in charge of Lingnan. Jealous of Cai Xi's success and hungry for glory of his own, he undermined him, arguing: "The south faces no real threat; soldiers manufacture merit by hoarding troops and wasting supply lines. Send the garrisons home and save the treasury. Cai Xi refused, pleading to keep five thousand men; he memorialized again and again, but the court never answered. He then laid out in the strongest terms how long Nanzhao had been watching for an opening, citing ten sure signs of disaster. The court was muddled and heedless and ignored him. When Jing returned and reported, swollen with pride, he was again named Pacification and Reassurance Commissioner. He proposed splitting Guangzhou into the Eastern Circuit of Lingnan and Yongzhou into the Western Circuit, with Gong, Xiang, Teng, and Yan placed under them. He was then made military commissioner of the Western Circuit. Jing was petty, jealous, and rapacious. He tightened the laws and devised punishments of roasting, smoking, flaying, and dismemberment until hatred poisoned the ranks. The army drove him out. He fled to Tengzhou, forged a punitive commissioner's seal, and called up local militia and neighboring troops to attack Yongzhou, but failed. His force collapsed, and he was demoted to die at Yazhou. Guiguan Observation Commissioner Zheng Yu replaced him as military commissioner.

南詔攻交州，進略安南，襲請救，發湖、荊、桂兵五千屯邕州。嶺南韋宙奏：「南詔必襲邕管，不先防近而圖遠，恐搗虛絕糧道，且深入。」乃詔襲按軍海門，詔鄭愚分兵禦之。襲請濟師，以山南東道兵千人赴之。南詔酋將楊思僭、麻光高以兵六千薄城而屯。四年正月，攻益急，襲錄異牟尋盟言系矢上射入其營，不答。俄而城陷，襲闔宗死者七十人，幕府樊綽取襲印走度江。荊南兵入東郛苦戰，斬南詔二千級。是夜，蠻遂屠城。有詔諸軍保嶺南，更以秦州經略使高駢為安南都護。帝見輸發頻，罷遊幸，不奏樂，宰相杜悰以為非是，止之。

Nanzhao attacked Jiaozhou and pressed toward Annam. Cai Xi called for help, and five thousand troops from Hunan, Jing, and Gui were sent to garrison Yongzhou. Wei Zhou of Lingnan warned: "Nanzhao will surely hit Yong and Guan. If we chase distant objectives before securing what is near, they will strike our empty center, sever our supply lines, and drive deep. The throne ordered Cai Xi to inspect the army at Haimen and Zheng Yu to divide his forces to meet the threat. Cai Xi asked for reinforcements, and a thousand men from the eastern circuit of Shannan were dispatched to join him. Nanzhao's generals Yang Sijian and Ma Guanggao brought six thousand men and camped hard against the walls. In the first month of the fourth year the assault intensified. Cai Xi copied the oath of Yi Mouxun's old alliance, tied it to an arrow, and shot it into the enemy camp. No answer came. Soon the city fell. Seventy of Cai Xi's clan perished; his aide Fan Chuo seized the seal and fled across the river. Jingnan troops entered the eastern suburbs and fought bitterly, taking two thousand Nanzhao heads. That night the barbarians put the whole city to the sword. An edict ordered every army to hold Lingnan. Gao Pian, military commissioner of Qinzhou, was reassigned Protector of Annam. As supply levies mounted, the emperor gave up pleasure outings and stopped court music. Chief Minister Du Cong thought this excessive and put a stop to it.

南詔稍逼邕州，鄭愚自陳非將帥才，願更擇人。會康承訓自義成來朝，乃授嶺南西道節度使，發荊、襄、洪、鄂兵萬人從之。承訓辭兵寡，乃大興諸道兵五萬往。六月，置行交州於海門，進為都護府，調山東兵萬人益戍，以容管經略使張茵鎮之。因命經略安南，茵逗留不敢進。安南之陷，將吏遺人多客伏溪洞，詔所在招還救恤之，免安南賦入二年。

Nanzhao pressed closer to Yongzhou. Zheng Yu confessed he was no commander and asked that someone else be chosen. Kang Chengxun then came to court from Yicheng and was made military commissioner of the Western Circuit of Lingnan, with ten thousand men from Jing, Xiang, Hong, and E following him. Chengxun protested that his force was too small; then a great levy raised fifty thousand men from every circuit. In the sixth month a provisional Jiaozhou was set up at Haimen and raised to a protectorate; ten thousand Shandong troops were added to the garrison under Rongguan Military Commissioner Zhang Yin. He was also ordered to recover Annam, but Yin lingered and would not advance. After Annam fell, many officers, clerks, and refugees hid in stream valleys and cave settlements. An edict ordered local authorities to summon them back, give relief, and exempt Annam from taxes for two years.

韋宙請分兵屯容、藤披蠻勢。五年，南詔回掠巂州以搖西南。西川節度使蕭鄴率屬蠻鬼主邀南詔大度河，敗之。明年，復來攻。會刺史喻士珍貪獪，陰掠兩林東蠻口縛賣之，以易蠻金，故開門降。南詔盡殺戍卒，而士珍遂臣於蠻。安南久屯，兩河銳士死瘴毒者十七，宰相楊收議罷北軍，以江西為鎮南軍，募強弩二萬建節度，且地便近，易調發。詔可。夏侯孜亦以張茵懦，不足事，悉以兵授高駢。駢以選士五千度江，敗林邑兵於邕州，擊南詔龍州屯，蠻酋燒貲畜走。酋龍遣楊緝思助酋遷共守安南，以範胒些為安南都統，趙諾眉為扶邪都統。七年六月，駢次交州，戰數勝，士酣鬥，斬其將張詮。李溠龍舉眾萬人降，拔波風三壁。緝思出戰，敗，還走城。士乘之，超堞入，斬酋遷、脆些、諾眉，上首三萬級，安南平。

Wei Zhou asked to split forces to garrison Rong and Teng and break the barbarian advance. In the fifth year Nanzhao swung back to raid Xizhou and unsettle the southwest. Xichuan Military Commissioner Xiao Ye led allied barbarian Ghost Lords to intercept Nanzhao at the Dadu River and defeated them. The next year they attacked again. Prefect Yu Shizhen was greedy and cunning; he secretly seized people of the Eastern Barbarians of the Two Forests, bound them, and sold them for barbarian gold. That is why he opened the gates and surrendered. Nanzhao slaughtered the garrison to the last man, and Shizhen then submitted to them. Annam had been garrisoned for years; seven-tenths of the crack troops from the two river circuits had died of miasma. Chief Minister Yang Shou proposed abolishing the northern army, making Jiangxi the Zhennan Army, recruiting twenty thousand strong crossbowmen under a new commission—closer ground, easier to mobilize. The throne approved. Xiahou Zi likewise judged Zhang Yin too timid for the work and turned all the troops over to Gao Pian. Pian crossed the river with five thousand picked troops, routed the Linyi army at Yongzhou, and struck Nanzhao's camp at Longzhou; the barbarian chiefs burned their stores and fled. Qiulong sent Yang Jisi to help Qiuchuan hold Annam, appointing Fan Pixie commander of Annam and Zhao Nuomei commander of Fuxie. In the sixth month of the seventh year Pian reached Jiaozhou. After several victories his men fought with drunken ardor and took the general Zhang Quan. Li Polong surrendered with ten thousand men; three walled camps at Bofeng were taken. Jisi came out to fight, was beaten, and fled back to the city. Pian's men pressed the attack, scaled the walls, and broke in. They beheaded Qiuchuan, Cuixie, and Nuomei; thirty thousand heads were presented. Annam was pacified.

初，酋龍遣清平官董成等十九人詣成都，節度使李福將廷見之，成辭曰：「皇帝奉天命改正朔，請以敵國禮見。」福不許。導譯五返，日旰士倦，議不決。福怒，命武士捽辱之，械系於館。俄而劉潼代福節度，即挺其系，表縱還。有詔召成等至京師，見別殿，賜物良厚，慰遣還國。

Earlier Qiulong had sent the Qingpingguan Dong Cheng and eighteen others to Chengdu. Military Commissioner Li Fu was about to receive them in full court audience. Cheng refused, saying: "Our emperor has received Heaven's mandate and changed the calendar. We ask to be received with the rites due a sovereign power. Fu refused. Interpreters shuttled back and forth five times; by evening the men were exhausted and still no agreement had been reached. Fu flew into a rage and ordered soldiers to seize and humiliate them, shackling them in the guest house. Before long Liu Tong replaced Fu as military commissioner; he immediately had their bonds cut and memorialized to release them and send them home. An edict summoned Cheng and the others to the capital; they were received in a separate hall, given lavish gifts, comforted, and sent home.

明年，酋龍使楊酋慶等來謝釋囚。初，李師望建言：「成都經總蠻事，曠日不能決，請析邛、蜀、嘉、眉、黎、雅、巂七州為定邊軍，建節度制機事，近且速。」天子謂然，即詔師望為節度使，治邛州。邛距成都才五舍，巂州最南，去邛乃千里，緩急首尾不相副，而師望利專制，諱不言。裒積無厭，私賄以百萬計。又欲激蠻怒，幸有功，乃殺酋慶等。既而戍士怒，將醢師望以逞，會召還，以竇滂代之。滂沓冒尤不法，誅責苛纖甚師望。時蠻役未興，而定邊已困。

The next year Qiulong sent Yang Youqing and others to thank the court for freeing the prisoners. Earlier Li Shiwang had argued: "Chengdu oversees all barbarian affairs and takes days to settle anything. Split the seven prefectures of Qiong, Shu, Jia, Mei, Li, Ya, and Xi into the Dingbian Army under a new commission—closer to the frontier and faster to act. The emperor agreed and at once made Shiwang military commissioner, with his seat at Qiongzhou. Qiong lay only five stages from Chengdu, while Xi—the southernmost prefecture—was a thousand li from Qiong, so front and rear could not support each other in crisis. Shiwang wanted sole command and said nothing of it. He hoarded wealth without limit; private bribes ran into the millions. He also hoped to goad the barbarians into war and win glory, and so he killed Youqing and the others. Soon the garrison troops were ready to mince Shiwang alive in their fury, but he was recalled just then and Dou Bang replaced him. Dou Bang was even more reckless and corrupt; his punishments and exactions were finer and crueler than Shiwang's. The barbarian levy had not yet been imposed, yet Dingbian was already exhausted.

酋龍怨殺其使，十年，乃入寇。以軍綴青溪關，密引眾伐木開道，徑雪皮，盛夏，卒凍死者二千人。出沐源，窺嘉州，破屬蠻，遂次沐源。滂遣兗海兵五百往戰，一軍覆。酋龍乃身自將，督眾五萬侵巂州，攻青溪關。屯將杜再榮絕大度河走，諸屯皆退保北涯。蠻攻黎州，詭服漢衣，濟江襲犍為，破之。裴回陵、榮間，焚廬舍，掠糧畜。薄嘉州，刺史楊忞與南詔夾江而軍，士攢射，蠻不得進，陰自上遊濟，背擊王師，殺忠武將顏慶師，忞走，嘉州陷。明年正月，攻杜再榮，滂自勒兵戰。酋龍遣使者十輩請和，滂信之，語未半，蠻桴爭岸，噪而進。滂不知所為，將自殺，武寧將苗全緒止之，殊死戰，蠻稍卻，滂乃遁，全緒殿而行。黎州陷，人走匿山谷，蠻掠金帛不勝負。入自邛崍關，圍雅州，遂擊邛州。是冬，滂棄州，壁導江，儲貲峙械皆亡矣。

Qiulong resented the killing of his envoys; ten years on he invaded. He feigned an attack on Qingxi Pass while secretly cutting timber to open a road through Xuepi; in midsummer two thousand soldiers died of cold. Emerging at Muyuan, he spied on Jiazhou, defeated the subordinate tribes, and encamped at Muyuan. Pang sent five hundred Yanhai troops to fight; the entire force was destroyed. Qiulong then personally commanded fifty thousand men against Xizhou and Qingxi Pass. Garrison commander Du Zairong fled across the Dadu River; all garrisons withdrew to the north bank. The barbarians attacked Lizhou in Han disguise, crossed the river to raid Qianwei, and took it. They ranged between Ling and Rong, burning dwellings and plundering grain and livestock. Pressing on Jiazhou, Prefect Yang Min faced Nanzhao across the river; concentrated volleys held them back, but they secretly crossed upstream and struck from behind, killing Loyalty-and-Fortitude General Yan Qingshi; Min fled and Jiazhou fell. The next year, in the first month, they attacked Du Zairong; Pang personally led troops to fight. Qiulong sent ten envoys to sue for peace; Pang believed them, but before talks were half finished the barbarians beat drums along the shore and charged with shouts. Pang did not know what to do and was about to kill himself; Wuning General Miao Quanxu stopped him; fighting desperately they drove the barbarians back slightly; Pang fled while Quanxu covered the retreat. Lizhou fell; people fled into the mountains; the barbarians plundered gold and silk beyond counting. Entering through Qionglai Pass, they besieged Yazhou and then struck Qiongzhou. That winter Pang abandoned the prefecture and fortified at Daojiang; stored provisions and weapons were all lost.

酋龍進攻成都，次眉州，坦綽杜元忠日夜教酋龍取全蜀。於是西川節度使廬耽遣其副王偃、中人張思廣約和，蠻強之使南面拜，然卒不見酋龍而還。蠻次新津，耽復遣副譚奉祀好言申約，蠻留之。耽畏援軍未集，即飛請天子降大使通好，以紓其深入。懿宗馳遣太仆卿支詳為和蠻使。

Qiulong advanced on Chengdu, halting at Meizhou; Tanzhuo Du Yuanzhong day and night urged him to take all of Shu. Xichuan Military Governor Lu Dan sent his deputy Wang Yan and the palace eunuch Zhang Siguang to negotiate peace; the barbarians forced them to bow facing south, yet they never saw Qiulong and returned. The barbarians encamped at Xinjin; Dan again sent Deputy Tan Fengsi with conciliatory words; the barbarians detained him. Dan, fearing relief had not assembled, urgently petitioned the emperor to dispatch a great envoy to negotiate peace and ease the enemy's deep advance. Emperor Yizong hastily dispatched Grand Master of the Imperial Stud Zhi Xiang as envoy to pacify the barbarians.

蠻本無謀，不能乘機會鼓行亟驅，但蚍結蠅營，忸鹵剽小利，處處留屯，故蜀孺老得扶攜悉入成都。阇裏皆滿，戶所占地不得過一床，雨則冒箕盎自庇。城中井為竭，則共飲摩訶池，至爭捽溺死者，或沙取滴飲之。死不能具棺，即共坎瘞。故瀘州刺史楊慶復為耽治攻具、藺石，置牢城兵，八將主之，樹笓格，夜列炬照城，守具雄新。又選悍士三千，號「突將」，為長刀、巨撾斧，分左右番休，日隸於軍，士心侈欲鬥。而酋龍自雙流徐行，內欲報董成之辱，因紿耽請上介至軍議事。耽遣節度副使柳槃往見杜元忠議和，元忠妄言：「帝見耽，請具車蓋葆翣。」槃未能決，還。蠻以三百騎負幄幕來，大言曰：「供帳隋蜀王聽事，為驃信行在。」耽不許，乃馳去。

The barbarians had no strategy; they could not seize the moment to march swiftly but only swarmed like ants, snatching petty gains and leaving garrisons everywhere—so the old and young of Shu were escorted into Chengdu. Every lane was packed; each household had no more space than one bed; when it rained they sheltered under baskets and bowls. When city wells ran dry, all drank from Lake Mohe; people fought and some drowned; others scooped sand and drank the drips. When the dead could not be given coffins, they were buried together in common pits. Former Luzhou Prefect Yang Qingfu prepared siege equipment and catapult stones for Dan, established fortress troops under eight generals, erected palisades, and at night lined torches along the wall—the defenses were formidable. Three thousand fierce soldiers were selected as Assault Troops, armed with long knives and great maul-axes, rotating in shifts under military discipline; spirits swelled and they longed to fight. Qiulong advanced slowly from Shuangliu, inwardly wishing to avenge Dong Cheng's humiliation, and deceived Dan by requesting a senior envoy to discuss affairs at his camp. Dan sent Deputy Military Governor Liu Pan to see Du Yuanzhong; Yuanzhong falsely said: "When the emperor sees Dan, please prepare carriage canopies and pheasant-tail fans. Pan could not decide and returned. Three hundred cavalry came bearing tents, loudly declaring: "Prepare the hall of the Sui Prince of Shu as the piaoxin's traveling palace. Dan refused; they galloped away.

蠻稍前，傅外郛。於是遊弈使王晝督援兵三千屯毗橋；竇滂亦以其軍自導江來，將與大軍掎角，然戰不甚力，小不勝即保廣漢。自以失定邊，覬成都陷，得薄其罪。會有詔斥徙，軍遂無功。

The barbarians advanced and pressed against the outer suburbs. Patrol Commissioner Wang Zhou supervised three thousand relief troops at Piqiao; Dou Pang also came from Daojiang with his army to join the main force in pincer attack, yet fought halfheartedly; after a small defeat he withdrew to Guanghan. Having lost Dingbian, he hoped Chengdu would fall so his guilt might be lightened. An edict arrived rebuking and transferring him; the army achieved nothing.

耽部將李自孝者，與刺史喻士珍善。士珍臣蠻，自孝陰與賊通，乃說耽城下蒔葦稻，瀦水頹城，舉府不之覺。蠻攻城，自孝守陴，樹麾以自表。麾所指，蠻輒攻之，為下所覺，耽殺自孝以徇。

Among Dan's subordinate generals was Li Zixiao, friendly with Prefect Yu Shizhen. Shizhen had submitted to the barbarians; Zixiao secretly communicated with the enemy and persuaded Dan to plant reeds and rice below the walls, damming water to undermine the city—no one in the prefecture noticed. When the barbarians attacked, Zixiao defended the battlements and raised a banner to signal himself. Wherever the banner pointed, the barbarians attacked; subordinates discovered the treachery and Dan executed Zixiao as a warning.

城左有民樓肆，蠻俯射城中，耽募勇士燒之，器械俱盡。二月，蠻以雲梁、鵝車四面攻，士叫呼，鵝車未至，陴者以巨索鉤系，投膏炬，車焚，箱間蠻卒盡死。耽遣李璹、張察率突將戰城下，俘斬二千級。蠻徹民鄣落為蓬籠如車{厶大}，下設枕木，推而前，不及城丈，匿蠻其內以穴墉。楊忞以貯糞沈潑蠻，蠻不能處；註以鐵液，蓬籠皆火。然南詔負眾，益治器械，斧兵晝夜有聲，將擊錦樓，眾失色。耽遣將出，三面苦戰，蠻引卻。蠻利夜晦，輒薄城，聞呼嘯，眾齊奮。城上施鐵籠千炬，賊來不得隱，屯夫終夜哄，蠻不能侵。

Civilian buildings to the left of the city let the barbarians shoot down into the walls; Dan recruited brave men to burn them; all equipment was destroyed. In the second month the barbarians attacked from four sides with cloud bridges and goose carts; before the goose carts arrived, defenders hooked them with great ropes, threw grease torches, and the carts burned; barbarian soldiers in the compartments all died. Dan sent Li Jun and Zhang Cha with Assault Troops to fight below the wall, capturing and beheading two thousand. The barbarians pulled down civilian stockades to make covered wagons on rollers, pushing them forward; they did not reach within a zhang of the wall; barbarians hid inside to tunnel under the ramparts. Yang Min poured stored night soil to drench the barbarians; they could not endure it; molten iron was poured in and the covered wagons all caught fire. Yet Nanzhao, relying on superior numbers, further prepared equipment; the sound of axes day and night—they were about to strike the brocade tower and the crowd turned pale. Dan sent generals out to fight bitterly on three sides; the barbarians withdrew. The barbarians favored dark nights and pressed close to the wall; at the sound of shouts the crowd rallied. A thousand iron-caged torches blazed on the wall; enemies could not hide; laborers shouted all night and the barbarians could not penetrate.

支詳遣諜與約好，且謂耽毋多殺以速蠻和。是時，傳言救師至，城中合噪開門，士爭出迎軍，南詔搏戰不解。日入，判官程克裕以北門兵二千乘之，蠻乃走。耽猶遺之書，謝不得已交兵，且請和。士脫鎧迎支詳，詳陳所賫，植二旗，署曰「賜雲南幣物」。謂蠻使者曰：「天子詔雲南和解，而兵薄成都，奈何？請退舍撤警以修好。」或勸詳：「蠻多詐，毋入死地。」詳不行。蠻復圍成都，夜穿西北隅，犁旦乃覺，即頹茭火於壖，蠻皆死穴中。以鐵縆曳雲朋仆之，燎作，少選盡，益固守。

Zhi Xiang sent spies to arrange peace and told Dan not to kill too many lest peace with the barbarians be hastened. Rumor spread that relief had arrived; the city erupted in shouts and opened the gates; soldiers rushed out to welcome the army; Nanzhao fought without breaking off. At sunset Administrative Officer Cheng Keyu led two thousand troops from the north gate to strike them; the barbarians fled. Dan still sent a letter apologizing that battle had been unavoidable and requesting peace. Soldiers doffed armor to welcome Zhi Xiang, who displayed his gifts and erected two banners inscribed "Gifts Bestowed upon Yunnan." He told the barbarian envoys: "The emperor decreed reconciliation with Yunnan—yet your army presses Chengdu. What is to be done? Please withdraw, lift the alarm, and renew friendship. Some advised Xiang: "The barbarians are much given to deception; do not enter deadly ground." Xiang would not go. The barbarians again besieged Chengdu, tunneling through the northwest corner at night; discovered only at dawn; straw was piled in the ditch and set afire; barbarians in the tunnels all died. Iron chains dragged down the cloud bridges and burned them; in a short while all were consumed; the defenses were strengthened further.

是時，帝遣東川節度使顏慶復為大度河制置、劍南應接使，兵次新都，博野將曾元裕敗蠻兵，斬二千級。南詔騎數萬晨壓官軍以騁，大將宋威以忠武兵戰，斬首五千，獲馬四百尾。南詔退屯星宿山，威進戍沱江。酋龍遣酋望至支詳所請和，詳曰：「今列城固守，北軍望功，歸語而主，審自度。」耽遣銳將趣蠻壁燒攻具，殺二千人，為南詔所躡，卻而潰。蠻聞鳳翔、山南軍且來，乃迎戰毗橋，不勝，趨沱江，為伏士所擊，又敗。城中出突將，夜火蠻營，酋龍、坦綽身督戰。後三日，王師奪升遷梁，蠻大敗，夜燒亭傳，乘火所向，雨矢射王師。威疏軍行，向矢所發叢射之。兩軍不能決，各解去。酋龍知不敵，夜徹營南奔，至雙流，江無梁，計窮，將赴水死，或止之曰：「今北軍與成都兵合，若來追，我無類矣。不如偽和以紓急；不然，死未晚。」乃來請。三日梁成而濟，即斷梁，按隊緩驅。黎州刺史嚴師本收散卒保邛州，酋龍懼，圍二日去。蠻俘華民，必劓耳鼻已，縱之，既而居人刻木為耳鼻者什八。

The emperor dispatched Dongchuan Military Governor Yan Qingfu as Dadu River Commissioner and Jiannan Relief Commissioner; troops halted at Xindu; Boye General Zeng Yuanyu defeated the barbarians and beheaded two thousand. Tens of thousands of Nanzhao cavalry pressed the imperial army at dawn; Great General Song Wei fought with Loyalty-and-Fortitude troops, beheading five thousand and capturing four hundred horses. Nanzhao withdrew to Xingsu Mountain; Wei advanced to hold Tuojiang. Qiulong sent a qiuvang to Zhi Xiang's camp to sue for peace; Xiang said: "Cities stand firm and northern troops await merit—tell your lord to judge for himself. Dan sent sharp generators to rush the barbarian camp and burn siege equipment, killing two thousand; pursued by Nanzhao, they withdrew in rout. Hearing Fengxiang and Shannan armies were coming, the barbarians met them at Piqiao, were defeated, hurried toward Tuojiang, and were struck by ambushers again. Assault Troops sallied from the city and burned the barbarian camp at night; Qiulong and Tanzhuo personally directed the battle. Three days later the imperial army seized Shenqianliang; the barbarians suffered a great defeat; at night they burned pavilions and posts; riding the flames, rainlike arrows struck the imperial army. Wei spread his formation and volleyed toward the source of the arrows. Neither army could prevail; each withdrew. Qiulong knew he could not prevail; at night he broke camp and fled south to Shuangliu; with no bridge across the river he was about to drown himself; someone stopped him: "Northern troops and Chengdu forces are united—if they pursue, we are finished. Better to feign peace to ease the crisis; otherwise death is not yet too late. He then came to sue for peace. Three days later the bridge was completed and they crossed; then the bridge was cut; ranks were formed and they withdrew slowly. Lizhou Prefect Yan Shiben gathered scattered troops to hold Qiongzhou; Qiulong feared this and after two days' siege departed. When barbarians captured Han people they cut off nose and ears before releasing them; afterward eight or nine of ten townspeople wore wooden noses and ears.

慶復之來，眾以其弟慶師死於蠻，必甘心。及成都不破，以己功輕，乃按軍廣溪，縱殘寇，人人切齒。初，成都無隍塹，乃教耽浚隍，廣三丈，作戰棚於埤，列左右屯營，營別五區。區卒五十，蒔皂莢夾壕，後三年合拱。又為大旝連弩。自是南詔憚之。

When Qingfu came, the crowd thought that because his brother Qingshi had died at barbarian hands he would surely be implacable. When Chengdu was not taken, he considered his own merit slight; he held his army at Guangxi and let the remnant enemy go—everyone gnashed their teeth. Initially Chengdu had no moat; Dan was taught to dig a moat thirty zhang wide and build fighting sheds on the ramparts, with left and right garrison camps in five sections. Fifty soldiers per section planted black locust between the trenches; three years later they formed an arch. Large banner-linked crossbows were also made. From this Nanzhao feared them.

酋龍年少嗜殺戮，親戚異己者皆斬，兵出無寧歲，諸國更讎忿，屢覆眾，國耗虛。蜀之役，男子十五以下悉發，婦耕以餉軍。

Qiulong was young and addicted to killing; kinsmen and dissenters were all executed; whenever troops marched there was no year of peace; neighboring states nursed mutual hatred; armies were repeatedly destroyed and the state grew hollow. In the Shu campaign all males fifteen and under were mobilized; women plowed to supply the army.

十四年，坦綽復寇蜀，縆舟大度河以濟，為刺史黃景復擊卻之。眾循河而南，夜桴上流兵，夾攻瀕水諸屯，景復敗，走還黎州。蠻躡追，為景復所敗。會蠻踵來，還攻大度河，仆旗息鼓，請曰：「坦綽欲上書天子白冤事。」戍兵信之，不戰。橋成而濟，黎州陷。遂攻雅州，擊定邊軍，卒潰入邛州。成都大震，人亡入玉壘關，士乘城。坦綽遣使者王保城等四十人賫驃信書遺節度使牛叢，欲假道入朝，請憩蜀王故殿。叢欲許之，楊慶諫曰：「蠻無信，彼禮屈辭甘，詐我也。請斬其使，留二人還書。」叢因責之曰：「詔王之祖，六詔最小夷也。天子錄其勤，合六詔為一，俾附庸成都，名之以國，許子弟入太學，使習華風，今乃自絕王命。且雀蛇犬馬，猶能報德，王乃不如蟲鳥乎？比成都以武備未修，故令爾突我疆埸。然毗橋、沱江之敗，積胔附城，不四年復來。今吾有十萬眾，舍其半未用。以千人為軍。十軍為部，驍將主之。凡部有強弩二百，镈斧輔之；勁弓二百，越銀刀輔之；長戈二百，掇刀輔之；短矛二百，連錘輔之。又軍四面，面有鐵騎五百。悉收芻薪、米粟、牛馬、犬豕，清野待爾。吾又能以旁騎略爾樵采。我日出以一部與爾戰，部別二番，日中而代；日昃一部至，以夜屯，月明則戰，黑則休，夜半而代。凡我兵五日一殺敵，爾乃晝夜戰，不十日，懵且死矣。州縣繕甲厲兵，掎角相從，皆蠻之深讎，雖女子能齽齘薄賊，況強夫烈士哉！爾祖嘗奴事西蕃，為爾仇家，今顧臣之，何恩讎之戾邪？蜀王故殿，先世之寶宮，非邊夷所宜舍，神怒人憤，驃信且死！」叢猶火郊民室廬觀閣，嚴兵為固守計。坦綽至新津而還，回寇黔中，經略使秦匡謀懼，奔荊南。會僖宗立，遣金吾將軍韓重持節往使。俄攻黎州，景復擊走之。乾符元年，劫略巂、雅間，破黎州，入邛崍關，掠成都，成都閉三日，蠻乃去。

In the fourteenth year Tanzhuo again raided Shu, roping boats to cross the Dadu River; Prefect Huang Jingfu repulsed them. The crowd followed the river south; at night they poled upstream troops and jointly attacked garrisons along the water; Jingfu was defeated and fled to Lizhou. The barbarians pursued closely and were defeated by Jingfu. When barbarians came in succession they again attacked the Dadu River, lowered banners and silenced drums, saying: "Tanzhuo wishes to send a memorial to the emperor to explain grievances. Garrison soldiers believed them and did not fight. The bridge was completed and they crossed; Lizhou fell. They then attacked Yazhou, struck the Dingbian army, and soldiers broke and fled into Qiongzhou. Chengdu was greatly shaken; people fled into Yulei Pass; soldiers manned the walls. Tanzhuo sent envoys Wang Baocheng and forty others bearing the piaoxin's letter to Military Governor Niu Cong, requesting passage to court and rest in the former hall of the Prince of Shu. Cong wished to agree; Yang Qing remonstrated: "The barbarians are faithless; their humble ritual and sweet words are deception. Execute their envoys and keep two to carry back a reply. Cong rebuked them: "The edict says your king's ancestor was the smallest Yi among the Six Zhao. The emperor recorded his merit, united the Six Zhao into one, made him a vassal attached to Chengdu, named him with a state title, permitted sons and younger brothers to enter the Imperial College to learn Chinese ways—yet now you have cut yourselves off from the royal command. Sparrows, snakes, dogs, and horses can still repay kindness—are you not even the equal of insects and birds? Because Chengdu's defenses were not yet repaired, you were allowed to burst into our borders. Yet at Piqiao and Tuojiang you were crushed; corpses piled against the walls—and in less than four years you came again. Now I have a hundred thousand troops and have not yet used half. A thousand men form one army. Ten armies form a division under a fierce general. Each division has two hundred strong crossbows supported by broad-axes; two hundred powerful bows supported by Yue silver blades; two hundred long halberds supported by hooking knives; two hundred short spears supported by linked maces. Each army also has iron cavalry on four sides—five hundred on each face. All fodder, grain, cattle, horses, dogs, and pigs have been gathered; the countryside cleared to await you. I can also use flanking cavalry to cut off your foraging. Each day I send one division to fight you; each division rotates in two watches, replaced at midday; at sunset another division arrives to garrison by night; when the moon is bright we fight, when dark we rest, replaced at midnight. My troops kill enemies once every five days; you fight day and night—in less than ten days you will be dazed and dead. Prefectures and counties repair armor and sharpen weapons, acting in concert—all are the barbarians' deep enemies; even women can gnash teeth at the bandits—how much more strong men and heroes! Your ancestor once served Tibet as a slave—your family's enemy—yet now you submit to them; what perversity of gratitude and vengeance is this? The former hall of the Prince of Shu is a treasure palace of former generations—not a place for frontier barbarians; gods will rage and men will resent—the piaoxin is about to die! Cong still burned suburban dwellings and deployed troops for stout defense. Tanzhuo reached Xinjin and returned, then raided Qianzhong; Military Commissioner Qin Kuangmou fled in fear to Jingnan. When Emperor Xizong succeeded, he dispatched Golden Guard General Han Chong bearing the imperial insignia as envoy. Soon they attacked Lizhou; Jingfu repulsed them. In the first year of Qianfu they plundered between Xie and Ya, took Lizhou, entered Qionglai Pass, and raided Chengdu; Chengdu closed its gates for three days before the barbarians withdrew.

詔徙天平軍高駢領西川節度使，乃奏：「蠻小醜，勢易制。而蜀道險，館餉窮覂。今左神策所發長武、河東兵多，用度繁廣。且彼皆扼制羌戎，不可以弛備。」詔乃罷長武等兵。駢至不淹月，閱精騎五千，逐蠻至大度河，奪鎧馬，執酋長五十斬之，收邛崍關，復取黎州，南詔遁還。駢召景復責大度河之敗，斬以徇。戍望星、清溪等關。南詔懼，遣使者詣駢結好，而踵出兵寇邊，駢斬其使。初，安南經略判官杜驤為蠻所俘，其妻，宗室女也，故酋龍使奉書丐和。駢答曰：「我且將百萬眾至龍尾城問爾罪。」酋龍大震。自南詔叛，天子數遣使至其境，酋龍不肯拜，使者遂絕。駢以其俗尚浮屠法，故遣浮屠景仙攝使往，酋龍與其下迎謁且拜，乃定盟而還。遣清平官酋望趙宗政、質子三十入朝乞盟，請為兄弟若舅甥。詔拜景仙鴻臚卿、檢校左散騎常侍。駢結吐蕃尚延心、嗢末魯耨月等為間，築戎州馬湖、沐源川、大度河三城，列屯拒險，料壯卒為平夷軍，南詔氣奪。酋龍恚，發疽死，偽謚景莊皇帝。子法嗣，改元貞明、承智、大同，自號大封人。

An edict transferred Gao Pian of the Tianping Army to Xichuan Military Governor; he memorialized: "The barbarians are petty bandits and easily controlled. Yet the Shu road is perilous and supply posts exhausted. The Left Shence Army's Changwu and Hedong troops are numerous and expenses heavy. Moreover they all restrain the Qiang and Rong and cannot relax defenses. An edict then dismissed the Changwu and other troops. Within a month of Pian's arrival he reviewed five thousand elite cavalry, pursued the barbarians to the Dadu River, seized armor and horses, beheaded fifty chieftains, recovered Qionglai Pass and Lizhou, and Nanzhao fled. Pian summoned Jingfu, rebuked him for the Dadu River defeat, and executed him as a warning. Garrisons were established at Wangxing, Qingxi, and other passes. Nanzhao feared this and sent envoys to renew friendship, yet repeatedly raided the border; Pian executed their envoys. Initially Annan Assistant Du Xiang was captured; his wife was an imperial clanswoman, so Qiulong sent a letter begging peace. Pian replied: "I shall soon bring a million troops to Longwei City to answer for your crimes. Qiulong was greatly shaken. Since Nanzhao rebelled, the emperor repeatedly sent envoys; Qiulong refused to bow and envoys ceased going. Pian, knowing they honored Buddhism, sent the monk Jing Xian as acting envoy; Qiulong and his subordinates came out to receive and bow to him, and alliance was settled. He sent Qingping Official Qiuvang Zhao Zongzheng and thirty hostages to court to beg alliance, requesting brotherhood or uncle-nephew ties. An edict appointed Jing Xian Director of the Court of State Ceremonial and Acting Left Regular Attendant of the Palace Guard. Pian allied with Tibet's Shang Yanxin and Wamo Lunuyue, built three fortresses at Mahu, Muyuanchuan, and the Dadu River, posted garrisons at strategic points, and formed the Pingyi Army—Nanzhao's spirit was broken. Qiulong, enraged, developed a carbuncle and died; posthumously styled Emperor Jingzhuang. His son Fa succeeded, changing reign titles to Zhenming, Chengzhi, and Datong, styling himself Great Feng Person.

法年少，好畋獵酣逸，衣絳紫錦罽，鏤金帶。國事顓決大臣。乾符四年，遣陀西段羌寶詣邕州節度使辛讜請修好，詔使者答報。未幾，寇西川，駢奏請與和親，右諫議大夫柳韜、吏部侍郎崔淡醜其事，上言：「遠蠻畔逆，乃因浮屠誘致，入議和親，垂笑後世。駢職上將，謀乘謬，不可從。」遂寢。蠻使者再入朝議和親，而駢徙荊南，持前請不置。宰相鄭畋、廬攜爭不決，皆賜罷。

Fa was young, fond of hunting and dissipation, wearing crimson purple brocade and fur with inlaid gold belts. State affairs were entirely decided by great ministers. In the fourth year of Qianfu he sent Tuoxi Duan Qiangbao to Yongzhou Military Governor Xin Dan to request renewed friendship; an edict ordered envoys to reply. Before long they raided Xichuan; Pian memorialized requesting marriage alliance; Right Remonstrance Officer Liu Tao and Vice Minister Cui Dan denounced it: "Distant barbarians rebel—yet Buddhist monks enticed them to propose marriage, bringing ridicule on posterity. Pian holds supreme command yet plots to exploit error—this cannot be followed. The proposal was shelved. Barbarian envoys again came to discuss marriage alliance, but Pian was transferred to Jingnan and his earlier request lapsed. Chancellors Zheng Tian and Lu Xie disputed without resolution; both were dismissed with honors.

辛讜遣幕府徐雲虔攝使者往覘。到善闡府，見騎數十，曳長矛，擁絳服少年，朱繒約發。典客伽陀酋孫慶曰：「此驃信也。」問天子起居，下馬揖客，取使者佩刀視之，自解左右鈕以示。乃除地剚三丈版，命左右馳射。每一人射，法駷馬逐以為樂，數十發止。引客就幄，侲子捧瓶盂，四女子侍樂飲，夜乃罷。又遣問客《春秋》大義，送使者還。

Xin Dan dispatched staff member Xu Yunqian as acting envoy to observe them. At Shanchan Prefecture he saw dozens of horsemen dragging long spears, escorting crimson-clad youths with red silk binding their hair. Protocol Officer Qiatuoqiu Sun Qing said: "This is the piaoxin. He inquired after the emperor's health, dismounted to bow, examined the envoy's belt knife, and unfastened his own left clasp to show him. He cleared ground and planted a three-zhang board, ordering attendants to gallop and shoot. For each shot Fa galloped in pursuit for amusement, stopping after several dozen rounds. He led the guest to a pavilion where boys held bottles and four women attended with music and drink; only at night did it end. He also asked about the great meaning of the Spring and Autumn Annals, then sent the envoy back.

是時，駢徙節鎮海，劾淡等沮議，帝蒙弱不能曉，下詔尉解。西川節度使崔安潛上言：「蠻蓄鳥獸心，不識禮義，安可以賤隸尚貴主，失國家大體？淡等議可用。臣請募義征子，率十戶一保，願發山東銳兵六千戍諸州，比五年，蠻可為奴。」久之，帝手詔問安潛和親事，答曰：「雲南姚州譬一縣，中國何資於彼而遣重使，加厚禮？彼且妄謂朝廷畏怯無能為，脫有它請，陛下何以待之？且天宗近屬，不可下小蠻夷。臣比移書，不言舅甥，黜所僭也。有如蠻使者不復至，當遣諜人伺其隙，可以得誌。」

Pian was transferred to Zhenhai and impeached Cui Dan for obstructing the discussion; the weak emperor did not understand; an edict comforted and reconciled. Xichuan Military Governor Cui Anqian memorialized: "The barbarians harbor the hearts of birds and beasts and know neither ritual nor righteousness—how can a lowly slave be matched with a noble princess, violating the state's great principle? Cui Dan's proposal should stand. I request volunteers for punitive campaigns, ten households per bao; dispatch six thousand sharp troops from Shandong to garrison the prefectures—in five years the barbarians can be enslaved. After a long time the emperor personally issued an edict to ask Anqian about marriage alliance; he replied: Yunnan and Yaozhou are like one county—why should China dispatch a great envoy and lavish ceremony? They will think the court timid and powerless; if they make other requests, how will Your Majesty respond? Imperial clanswomen cannot be given to petty barbarian Yi. I recently sent a letter not speaking of uncle and nephew, dismissing their presumption; if barbarian envoys come no more, spies should watch for openings—success may be achieved."

南詔知蜀強，故襲安南，陷之，都護曾袞奔邕府，戍兵潰。會西川節度使陳敬瑄申和親議，時廬攜復輔政，與豆廬彖皆厚駢，乃譎說帝曰：「陛下初即位，遣韓重使南詔，將官屬留蜀期年，費不貲，蠻不肯迎。及駢節度西川，招嗢末，繕甲訓兵，蠻夷震動，遣趙宗政入獻，見天子，附驃信再拜；雲虔之使，驃信答拜。其於禮不為少。宣宗皇帝收三州七關，平江、嶺以南，至大中十四年，內庫貲積如山，戶部延資充滿，故宰相敏中領西川，庫錢至三百萬緡，諸道亦然。咸通以來，蠻始叛命，再入安南、邕管，一破黔州，四盜西川，遂圍廬耽，召兵東方，戍海門，天下騷動，十有五年，賦輸不內京師者過半，中藏空虛，士死瘴癘，燎骨傳灰，人不念家，亡命為盜，可為痛心！前年留宗政等，南方無虞，及遣還，彼猶冀望。蒙法立三年，比兵不出要防，其蓄力以間我虞。今朝廷府庫匱，甲兵少，牛叢有北兵七萬，首尾奔沖不能救，況安南客戍單寡，涉冬寇禍可虞。誠命使者臨報，縱未稱臣，且伐其謀，外以縻服蠻夷，內得蜀休息也。」帝謂然，乃以宗室女為安化長公主許婚。拜嗣曹王龜年宗正少卿，為雲南使，大理司直徐雲虔副之；內常侍劉光裕為雲南內使，霍承錫副之。及還，具言驃信誠款，以為敬瑄功，故進檢校司空，賜一子官。

Nanzhao knew Shu was strong and therefore raided Annan and took it; Protector-General Zeng Gun fled to Yong Prefecture and garrison troops collapsed. When Chen Jingxuan proposed marriage alliance, Lu Xie again assisted government with Dou Lu Tuan, both favoring Pian; they deceived the emperor: "When Your Majesty first succeeded, Han Chong was sent to Nanzhao; officials were left in Shu a year at immeasurable expense, yet the barbarians would not receive them. When Pian governed Xichuan he recruited Wamo, repaired armor and trained troops; the barbarians were shaken and sent Zhao Zongzheng to court; seeing the emperor, he attached to the piaoxin and bowed twice; when Yunqian was envoy, the piaoxin returned the bow. In ritual this was not slight. Emperor Xuanzong recovered three prefectures and seven passes; south of the Yangzi and Ling, until Dazhong's fourteenth year the inner treasury accumulated like mountains and Household Ministry reserves overflowed—Chancellor Minzhong held Xichuan with three million strings, other circuits likewise. Since Xian Tong the barbarians rebelled; twice they entered Annan and Yongguan, once broke Qinzhou, four times raided Xichuan, besieged Lu Dan, called troops from the east, garrisoned Haimen—the realm shook fifteen years; half of tax tribute never reached the capital; storehouses emptied; soldiers died of miasma; bones burned and ashes passed on; men forgot home; fugitives became bandits—it is heartbreaking! The year before, Zongzheng and others were detained and the south was untroubled; when sent back, the barbarians still hoped. Meng Fa had reigned three years without marching to key defenses—storing strength to watch for our weakness. Now the treasury is depleted and armor few; Niu Cong's seventy thousand northern troops cannot save both ends; Annan's guest garrisons are thin—winter raids are to be feared. If envoys are sent to report, even if they do not call themselves subjects, their plots may be broken; outwardly barbarians restrained, inwardly Shu may rest. The emperor agreed and gave an imperial clanswoman as Princess Anhua in marriage. He appointed Prince of Si Cao Guinian as Vice Director of the Court of the Imperial Clan and Yunnan envoy, with Dali Court Direct Xu Yunqian as deputy; Palace Attendant Liu Guangyu as Yunnan inner envoy, with Huo Chengsi as deputy. Upon return they reported the piaoxin's sincere devotion; credited to Jingxuan's merit, he was promoted Acting Minister of Works and one son granted office.

法遣宰相趙隆眉、楊奇混、段義宗朝行在，迎公主。高駢自揚州上言：「三人者，南詔心腹也，宜止而鴆之，蠻可圖也。」帝從之。隆眉等皆死，自是謀臣盡矣，蠻益衰。中和元年，復遣使者來迎主，獻珍怪氈罽百床，帝以方議公主車服為解。後二年，又遣布燮楊奇肱來迎，詔檢校國子祭酒張譙為禮會五禮使，徐雲虔副之，宗正少卿嗣虢王約為婚使。未行，而黃巢平，帝東還，乃歸其使。

Fa sent chancellors Zhao Longmei, Yang Qihun, and Duan Yizong to the imperial camp to welcome the princess. Gao Pian from Yangzhou memorialized: "These three are Nanzhao's trusted intimates—detain and poison them; the barbarians can then be taken. The emperor followed this. Longmei and the others all died; from this strategists were exhausted and the barbarians declined further. In the first year of Zhonghe they again sent envoys to welcome the princess with a hundred beds of rare felt and rugs; the emperor used discussion of carriage and robes as pretext to decline. Two years later they sent Buxie Yang Qixiong to welcome her; an edict appointed Acting Director Zhang Qiao as Commissioner of the Five Rites Assembly with Xu Yunqian as deputy, and Vice Director Prince of Si Guo as marriage envoy. Before they departed, Huang Chao was pacified and the emperor returned east; the envoys were sent back.

法死，偽謚聖明文武皇帝。子舜化立，建元中興。遣使款黎州修好，昭宗不答。後中國亂，不復通。八詔先是，有時傍、矣川羅識二族，通號「八詔」。時傍母，歸義女也。其女復妻閣羅鳳。初，咩羅皮之敗，時傍入居厓川州，誘上浪千餘，勢稍張，為閣羅所猜，徙置白厓城。後與矣川羅識詣神川都督求自立為詔，謀泄被殺。矣川羅識奔神川，都督送之羅些城。

Fa died; posthumously styled Emperor Shengming Wenwu. His son Shunhua succeeded, establishing the reign title Zhongxing. He sent envoys to Lizhou with friendly overtures; Emperor Zhaozong did not reply. Later China fell into chaos and communication ceased. Before the Eight Zhao, there were the Shibang and Yichuan Luoshi clans, jointly styled the Eight Zhao. Shibang's mother was Guiyi's daughter. Her daughter in turn married Geluofeng. After Mieluopi's defeat, Shibang entered Yachuan Prefecture, enticing more than a thousand Shanglang and growing stronger; Geluo suspected him and moved him to Baiya City. Later he and Yichuan Luoshi went to the Shenchuan military commissioner requesting to establish themselves as zhao; the plot was exposed and they were executed. Yichuan Luoshi fled to Shenchuan; the military commissioner sent him to Luoxie City.

蒙巂詔，最大。其王巂輔首死，無子，弟佉陽照立。佉陽照死，子照原立，喪明，子原羅質南詔。歸義欲並國，故歸其子原羅，眾果立之。居數月，使人殺照原，逐原羅，遂有其地。

Mengxie Zhao was the largest. Its king Xiefushou died without a son; his younger brother Qiyangzhao succeeded. Qiyangzhao died; his son Zhaoyuan succeeded; blind, his son Yuanluo became king of Nanzhao. Guiyi wished to annex the state and returned his son Yuanluo; the crowd indeed enthroned him. Within months he sent men to kill Zhaoyuan, drive out Yuanluo, and seized the land.

越析詔，或謂磨些詔，居故越析州，西距曩蔥山一日行。貞元中，有豪酋張尋求烝其王波沖妻，因殺波沖。劍南節度使召尋求至姚州，殺之。部落無長，以地歸南詔。

Yuexi Zhao, also called Mosuo Zhao, dwelt in former Yuexi Prefecture, one day's journey west of Nangcong Mountain. In the Zhenyuan era the powerful chieftain Zhang Xunqiu violated King Bochong's wife and killed him. The Jiannan Military Commissioner summoned Xunqiu to Yaozhou and executed him. The tribe had no leader and ceded the land to Nanzhao.

波沖兄了於贈持王所寶鐸鞘東北度瀘，邑於龍佉河，才百里，號雙舍。使部酋楊墮居河東北。歸義樹壁侵於贈，不克。閣羅鳳自請往擊楊墮，破之，於贈投瀘死。得鐸鞘，故王出軍必雙執之。

Bochong's elder brother Yuzeng took the king's treasured duoshe and crossed the Lu northeast, settling at Longqiahe—only a hundred li—and styled themselves Shuangshe. He had tribal chieftain Yang Duo dwell northeast of the river. Guiyi built walls and invaded Yuzeng but could not overcome him. Geluofeng volunteered to attack Yang Duo, defeated him; Yuzeng threw himself into the Lu and died. The duoshe was obtained; hence when the king marched he always held two of them.

浪穹詔，其王豐時死，子羅鐸立。羅鐸死，子鐸羅望立，為浪穹州刺史，與南詔戰，不勝，挈其部保劍川，更稱劍浪。死，子望偏立。望偏死，子偏羅矣立。偏羅矣死，子羅君立。貞元中，南詔擊破劍川，虜羅君，徙永昌。凡浪穹，邆睒、施浪，謂之浪人，亦稱「三浪」。

Langqiong Zhao: its king Fengshi died; his son Luoduo succeeded. Luoduo died; his son Tluowang succeeded as prefect of Langqiong; he fought Nanzhao without victory, led his tribe to hold Jianchuan, and restyled themselves Jianlang. He died; his son Wangpian succeeded. Wangpian died; his son Pianluoyi succeeded. Pianluoyi died; his son Luojun succeeded. In the Zhenyuan era Nanzhao broke Jianchuan, captured Luojun, and relocated him to Yongchang. Langqiong, Dianshan, and Shilang together were called Lang people, also styled the Three Lang.

邆睒詔，其王豐咩，初據邆睒，為御史李知古所殺。子咩羅皮自為邆川州刺史，治大厘城，歸義襲敗之，復入邆睒，與浪穹、施浪合拒歸義。既戰，大敗，歸義奪邆睒，咩羅皮走保野共川。死，子皮羅鄧立。皮羅鄧死，子鄧羅顛立。鄧羅顛死，子顛文托立。南詔破劍川，虜之。徙永昌。

Dianshan Zhao: its king Fengmie initially held Dianshan and was killed by Censor Li Zhigu. His son Mieluopi styled himself prefect of Dichuan, governing Dali City; Guiyi raided and defeated him; he re-entered Dianshan and joined Langqiong and Shilang to resist Guiyi. After battle they suffered a great defeat; Guiyi seized Dianshan; Mieluopi fled to hold Yegongchuan. He died; his son Piluodeng succeeded. Piluodeng died; his son Dengluodian succeeded. Dengluodian died; his son Dianwentuo succeeded. Nanzhao broke Jianchuan and captured him. He was relocated to Yongchang.

施浪詔，其王施望欠居矣苴和城。有施各皮者，亦八詔之裔，據石和城。閣羅鳳攻虜之，而施望欠孤立，故與咩羅皮合攻歸義，不勝。歸義以兵脅降其部，施望欠以族走永昌，獻其女遺南詔丐和，歸義許之，度蘭江死。弟望千走吐蕃，吐蕃立為詔，納之劍川，眾數萬。望千死，子千旁羅顛立。南詔破劍川，千旁羅顛走瀘北。三浪悉滅，唯千旁羅顛及矣川羅識子孫在吐蕃。小論贊曰：

Shilang Zhao: its king Shiwangqian dwelt at Yijuhe City. There was Shigebo, also a descendant of the Eight Zhao, who held Shihe City. Geluofeng attacked and captured him; Shiwangqian stood alone and joined Mieluopi to attack Guiyi without victory. Guiyi threatened and subdued his tribe; Shiwangqian fled to Yongchang with his clan, offered his daughter to Nanzhao to beg peace; Guiyi agreed; crossing the Lan River he died. His younger brother Wangqian fled to Tibet; Tibet enthroned him as zhao and settled him in Jianchuan—tens of thousands strong. Wangqian died; his son Qianpangluodian succeeded. Nanzhao broke Jianchuan; Qianpangluodian fled north of the Lu. The Three Lang were all destroyed; only Qianpangluodian and Yichuan Luoshi's descendants remained in Tibet. Minor Commentary says:

唐之治不能過兩漢，而地廣於三代，勞民費財，禍所繇生。晉獻公殺嫡，賊二公子，號為暗君。明皇一日殺三庶人，昏蔽甚矣。嗚呼！父子不相信，而遠治閣羅鳳之罪，士死十萬，當時冤之。懿宗任相不明，藩鎮屢畔，南詔內侮，屯戍思亂，龐勛乘之，倡戈橫行。雖兇渠殲夷，兵連不解，唐遂以亡。

Tang governance could not surpass the Two Han, yet its territory was broader than the Three Dynasties; exhausting the people and wasting wealth—calamity arose from this. Duke Xian of Jin killed the legitimate heir and wronged two princes—styled a dark ruler. Emperor Ming in one day killed three common-born sons—how deeply benighted! Alas! Father and son did not trust each other, yet they blamed Geluofeng from afar—a hundred thousand soldiers died; at the time it was deemed unjust. Emperor Yizong employed chancellors without clarity; frontier commands repeatedly rebelled; Nanzhao raided inward; garrison troops thought of mutiny; Pang Xun seized the moment and raised weapons to march unchecked. Though the chief rebels were destroyed, warfare did not cease; Tang thus perished.

《易》曰：「喪牛於易。」有國者知戒西北之虞，而不知患生於無備。漢亡於董卓，而兵兆於冀州；唐亡於黃巢，而禍基於桂林。《易》之意深矣！

The Book of Changes says: "Losing cattle at Yi. Those who hold a state know to guard the northwest yet do not know disaster arises from lack of preparation. Han perished through Dong Zhuo, yet the omen of armies arose in Jizhou; Tang perished through Huang Chao, yet the foundation of calamity lay in Guilin. The meaning of the Changes runs deep!

◎南蠻下環王（林邑）環王，本林邑也，一曰占不勞，亦曰占婆。直交州南，海行三千里。地東西三百里而贏，南北千里。西距真臘霧溫山，南抵奔浪陀州。其南大浦，有五銅柱，山形若倚蓋，西重巖，東涯海，漢馬援所植也。又有西屠夷，蓋援還，留不去者，才十戶。隋末孳衍至三百，皆姓馬，俗以其寓，故號「馬留人」，與林邑分唐南境。其地冬溫，多霧雨，產虎魄、猩猩獸、結遼鳥。以二月為歲首，稻歲再熟，取檳榔沈為酒，椰葉為席。俗兇悍，果戰鬥，以麝塗身，日再塗再澡，拜謁則合爪頓顙。有文字，喜浮屠道，冶金銀像，大或十圍。呼王為陽蒲逋，王妻為陀陽阿熊，太子為阿長逋，宰相為婆漫地。王所居曰占城，別居曰齊國、曰蓬皮勢。王衣白氎，古貝斜絡臂，飾金琲為纓，鬈髮，戴金華冠如章甫。妻服朝霞，古貝短裙，冠纓如王。王衛兵五千，戰乘象，藤為鎧，竹為弓矢，率象千、馬四百，分前後。不設刑，有罪者使象踐之；或送不勞山，畀自死。

[Southern Barbarians — Lower] Huanwang (Lin-yi): Huanwang was originally Lin-yi, also called Zhanbulao or Zhanpo. Directly south of Jiaozhou, three thousand li by sea. The land ran three hundred li east to west and narrow, a thousand li north to south. West it bordered Chenla's Wuwenshan; south it reached Benlangtuozhou. On its southern great estuary stood five bronze pillars; mountains shaped like leaning canopies; west heavy cliffs, east bound by sea—planted by Han Ma Yuan. There were also Xitu Yi; when Yuan returned, those who remained numbered only ten households. By Sui's end they had multiplied to three hundred, all surnamed Ma; custom took their dwelling as name, hence Ma Liu people, dividing Tang's southern border with Lin-yi. The land was warm in winter with much fog and rain; it produced amber, orangutans, and jieliao birds. They took the second month as New Year; rice ripened twice yearly; betel nut was steeped for wine; coconut leaves served as mats. Custom was fierce and bold, fond of battle; musk was smeared on the body twice daily with two baths; in audience they joined palms and bowed the forehead. They had writing and favored Buddhism; they cast metal and silver images, some ten arm-spans around. They called the king Yangpupu, the queen Tuoyangaxiong, the crown prince Achangpu, and the chancellor Pomanidi. Where the king dwelt was called Zhancheng; secondary seats were Qiguo and Pengpishi. The king wore white woolen cloth, ancient shell arm-wrappings, gold bead tassels, coiled hair, and a golden flower crown like a zhangfu. The consort wore dawn-colored cloth, ancient shell short skirts, and tassels like the king. The king's guard numbered five thousand; in battle they rode elephants with rattan armor and bamboo bows; a thousand elephants and four hundred horses divided front and rear. No punishments were established; the guilty were trampled by elephants; or sent to Bulao Mountain to die by themselves.

隋仁壽中，遣將軍劉芳伐之，其王範梵誌挺走，以其地為三郡，置守令。道阻不得通，梵誌裒遺眾，別建國邑。武德中，再遣使獻方物，高祖為設九部樂饗之。貞觀時，王頭黎獻馴象、镠鎖、五色帶、朝霞布、火珠，與婆利、羅剎二國使者偕來。林邑其言不恭，群臣請問罪。太宗曰：「昔苻堅欲吞晉，眾百萬，一戰而亡。隋取高麗，歲調發，人與為怨，乃死匹夫手。朕敢妄議發兵邪？」赦不問。又獻五色鸚鵡、白鸚鵡，數訴寒，有詔還之。頭黎死，子鎮龍立，獻通天犀、雜寶。十九年，摩訶慢多伽獨弒鎮龍，滅其宗，範姓絕。國人立頭黎婿婆羅門為王，大臣共廢之，更立頭黎女為王。諸葛地者，頭黎之姑子，父得罪，奔真臘。女之王不能定國，大臣共迎諸葛地為王，妻以女。永徽至天寶，凡三入獻。至德後，更號環王。元和初不朝獻，安南都護張舟執其偽、愛州都統，斬三萬級，虜王子五十九，獲戰象、舠、鎧。婆利婆利者，直環王東南，自交州泛海，歷赤土、丹丹諸國乃至。地大洲，多馬，亦號馬禮。袤長數千里。多火珠，大者如雞卵，圓白，照數尺，日中以艾藉珠，輒火出。產玳瑁、文螺；石坩，初取柔可治，既鏤刻即堅。有舍利鳥，通人言。俗黑身，朱發而拳，鷹爪獸牙，穿耳傅珰，以古貝橫一幅繚於腰。古貝，草也，緝其花為布，粗曰貝，精曰氎。俗以夜為市，自掩其面。王姓剎利邪伽，名護路那婆，世居位。繚班絲貝，綴珠為飾。坐金榻，左右持白拂、孔雀翣。出以象駕車，羽蓋珠箔，鳴金、擊鼓、吹蠡為樂。羅剎其東即羅剎也，與婆利同俗。隋煬帝遣常駿使赤土，遂通中國。婆羅赤土西南入海，得婆羅。總章二年，其王旃達缽遣使者與環王使者偕朝。殊柰環王南有殊柰者，泛交趾海三月乃至，與婆羅同俗。貞觀二年，使者上方物。九年，甘棠使者入朝，國居海南。十二年，僧高、武令、迦乍、鳩密四國使者朝貢。僧高直水真臘西北，與環王同俗。其後鳩密王屍利鳩摩又與富那王屍利提婆跋摩等遣使來貢。僧高等國，永徽後為真臘所並。盤盤盤盤，在南海曲，北距環王，限少海，與狼牙脩接，自交州海行四十日乃至。王曰楊粟翨。其民瀕水居，比木為柵，石為矢鏃。王坐金龍大榻，諸大人見王，交手抱肩以跽。其臣曰勃郎索濫，曰昆侖帝也，曰昆侖勃和，曰昆侖勃諦索甘，亦曰古龍。古龍者，昆侖聲近耳。在外曰那延，猶中國刺史也。有佛、道士祠，僧食肉，不飲酒，道士謂為貪，不食酒肉。貞觀中，再遣使朝。哥羅其東南有哥羅，一曰個羅，亦曰哥羅富沙羅。王姓矢利波羅，名米失缽羅。累石為城，樓闕宮室茨以草。州二十四。其兵有弓矢槊殳，以孔雀羽飾纛。每戰，以百象為一隊，一象百人，鞍若檻，四人執弓槊在中。賦率輸銀二銖。無絲纻，惟古貝。畜多牛少馬。非有官不束發。凡嫁娶，納檳榔為禮，多至二百盤。婦已嫁，從夫姓。樂有琵琶、橫笛、銅鈸、鐵鼓、蠡。死者焚之，取燼貯金罌沈之海。拘蔞蜜東南有拘蔞蜜，海行一月至。南距婆利，行十日至。東距不述，行五日至。西北距文單，行六日至。與赤土、墮和羅同俗。永徽中，獻五色鸚鵡。扶南扶南，在日南之南七千里，地卑窪，與環王同俗，有城郭宮室。王姓古龍。居重觀，柵城，楉葉以覆屋。王出乘象。其人黑身、鬈髮，倮行，俗不為寇盜。田一歲種，三歲獲。國出剛金，狀類紫石英，生水底石上，人沒水取之，可以刻玉，扣以羖角，乃泮。人喜鬥雞及豬。以金、珠、香為稅。治特牧城，俄為真臘所並，益南徙那弗那城。武德、貞觀時，再入朝，又獻白頭人二。白頭白頭者，直扶南西，人皆素首，膚理如脂。居山穴，四面峭絕，人莫得至。與參半國接。真臘真臘，一曰吉蔑，本扶南屬國。去京師二萬七百里。東距車渠，西屬驃，南瀕海，北與道明接，東北抵州。其王剎利伊金那，貞觀初並扶南有其地。戶皆東向，坐上東。客至，屑檳榔、龍腦、香蛤以進。不飲酒，比之淫。與妻飲房中，避尊屬。有戰象五千，良者飼以肉。世與參半、驃通好，與環王乾陀洹數相攻。自武德至聖歷，凡四來朝。神龍後分為二半：北多山阜，號陸真臘半；南際海，饒陂澤，號水真臘半。水真臘，地八百里，王居婆羅提拔城。陸真臘或曰文單，曰婆鏤，地七百里，王號「屈」。開元、天寶時，王子率其屬二十六來朝，拜果毅都尉。大歷中，副王婆彌及妻來朝，獻馴象十一；擢婆彌試殿中監，賜名賓漢。是時，德宗初即位，珍禽奇獸悉縱之，蠻夷所獻馴象畜苑中，元會充廷者凡三十二，悉放荊山之陽。及元和中，水真臘亦遣使入貢。參半文單西北屬國曰參半，武德八年使者來。道明道明者，亦屬國，無衣服，見衣服者共笑之。無鹽鐵，以竹弩射鳥獸自給。訶陵訶陵，亦曰社婆，曰阇婆，在南海中。東距婆利，西墮婆登，南瀕海，北真臘。木為城，雖大屋亦覆以栟櫚。象牙為床若席。出玳瑁、黃白金、犀、象，國最富。有穴自湧鹽。以柳花、椰子為酒，飲之輒醉，宿昔壞。有文字，知星歷。食無匕筋。有毒女，與接輒苦瘡，人死屍不腐。王居阇婆城。其祖吉延東遷於婆露伽斯城，旁小國二十八，莫不臣服。其官有三十二大夫，而大坐敢兄為最貴。山上有郎卑野州，王常登以望海。夏至立八尺表，景在表南二尺四寸。貞觀中，與墮和羅、墮婆登皆遣使者入貢，太宗以璽詔優答。墮和羅丐良馬，帝與之。至上元間，國人推女子為王，號「悉莫」，威令整肅，道不舉遺。大食君聞之，賫金一囊置其郊，行者輒避，如是三年。太子過，以足躪金，悉莫怒，將斬之，群臣固請。悉莫曰：「而罪實本於足，可斷趾。」群臣復為請，乃斬指以徇。大食聞而畏之，不敢加兵。大歷中，訶陵使者三至。元和八年，獻僧只奴四、五色鸚鵡、頻伽鳥等。憲宗拜內四門府左果毅。使者讓其弟，帝嘉美，並官之。訖大和，再朝貢。咸通中，遣使獻女樂。墮和羅墮和羅，亦曰獨和羅，南距盤盤，北迦羅舍弗，西屬海，東真臘。自廣州行五月乃至。國多美犀，世謂墮和羅犀。有二屬國，曰曇陵、陀洹。曇陵曇陵在海洲中。陀洹，一曰耨陀洹，在環王西南海中，與墮和羅接，自交州行九十日乃至。王姓察失利，名婆那，字婆末。無蠶桑，有稻、麥、麻、豆。畜有白象、牛、羊、豬。俗喜樓居，謂為幹欄。以白氎、朝霞布為衣。親喪，在室不食，燔屍已，則剔發浴於池，然後食。貞觀時，並遣使者再入朝，又獻婆律膏、白鸚鵡，首有十紅毛，齊於翅。因丐馬、銅鐘，帝與之。墮婆登墮婆登在環王南，行二月乃至。東訶陵，西迷黎車，北屬海。俗與訶陵同。種稻，月一熟。有文字，以貝多葉寫之。死者實金於口，以釧貫其體，加婆律膏、龍腦眾香，積薪燔之。投和投和，在真臘南，自廣州西南海行百日乃至。王姓投和羅，名脯邪迄遙。官有朝請將軍、功曹、主簿、贊理、贊府，分領國事。分州、郡、縣三等。州有參軍，郡有金威將軍，縣有城、有局，長官得選僚屬自助。民居率樓閣，畫壁。王宿衛百人，衣朝霞，耳金鈈，金綖被頸，寶飾革履。頻盜者死，次穿耳及頰而劗其發，盜鑄者截手。無賦稅，民以地多少自輸。王以農商自業。銀作錢，類榆莢。民乘象及馬，無鞍靮，繩穿頰禦之。親喪，斷發為孝，焚屍斂灰於罌，沈之水。貞觀中，遣使以黃金函內表，並獻方物。瞻博瞻博，或曰瞻婆。北距兢伽河。多野象群行。顯慶中，與婆岸、千支弗、舍跋若、磨臘四國並遣使者入朝。千支千支在西南海中，本南天竺屬國，亦曰半支跋，若唐言五山也，北距多摩萇。哥羅舍分、脩羅分、甘畢又有哥羅舍分、脩羅分、甘畢三國貢方物。甘畢在南海上，東距環王，王名旃陀越摩，有勝兵五千。哥羅舍分者，在南海南，東墮和羅。脩羅分者，在海北，東距真臘。其風俗大略相類，有君長，皆柵郛。二國勝兵二萬，甘畢才五千。多摩萇又有多摩萇，東距婆鳳，西多隆，南千支弗，北訶陵。地東西一月行，南北二十五日行。其王名骨利，詭雲得大卵，剖之，獲女子，美色，以為妻。俗無姓，婚姻不別同姓。王坐常東向。勝兵二萬，有弓刀甲槊，無馬。果有波那婆、宅護遮庵摩、石榴。其國經薩廬、都訶廬、君那廬、林邑諸國，乃得交州。顯慶中貢方物。室利佛逝室利佛逝，一曰屍利佛誓。過軍徒弄山二千里，地東西千里，南北四千里而遠。有城十四，以二國分總。西曰郎婆露斯。多金、汞砂、龍腦。夏至立八尺表，影在表南二尺五寸。國多男子。有橐它，豹文而犀角，以乘且耕，名曰它牛豹。又有獸類野豕，角如山羊，名曰雩，肉味美，以饋膳。其王號「曷蜜多」。咸亨至開元間，數遣使者朝，表為邊吏侵掠，有詔廣州慰撫。又獻侏儒、僧祗女各二及歌舞。官使者為折沖，以其王為左威衛大將軍，賜紫袍、金細帶。後遣子入獻，詔宴於曲江，宰相會，冊封賓義王，授右金吾衛大將軍，還之。名蔑名蔑，東接真陀桓，西但遊，南屬海，北波剌。其地一月行，有州三十。以十二月為歲首。王衣朝霞、氎。賦二十取一。交易皆用金準直。其人短小，兄弟共娶一妻，婦總發為角，辨夫之多少。王號「斯多題」。龍朔初，使者來貢。單單單單，在振州東南，多羅磨之西，亦有州縣。木多白檀。王姓剎利，名屍陵伽，日視事。有八大臣，號八坐。王以香塗身，冠雜寶瓔，近行乘車，遠乘象。戰必吹蠡、擊鼓。盜無輕重皆死。乾封、總章時，獻方物。羅越羅越者，北距海五千里，西南哥谷羅。商賈往來所湊集，俗與墮羅缽底同。歲乘舶至廣州，州必以聞。驃驃，古朱波也，自號突羅朱，阇婆國人曰徒裏拙。在永昌南二千里，去京師萬四千里。東陸真臘，西接東天竺，西南墮和羅，南屬海，北南詔。地長三千里，廣五千里，東北袤長，屬羊苴芋城。屬國凡屬國十八：曰迦羅婆提，曰摩禮烏特，曰迦梨迦，曰半地，曰彌臣，曰坤朗，曰偈奴，曰羅聿，曰佛代，曰渠論，曰婆梨，曰偈陀，曰多歸，曰摩曳，餘即舍衛、瞻婆、阇婆也。鎮城凡鎮城九：曰道林王，曰悉利移，曰三陀，曰彌諾道立，曰突旻，曰帝偈，曰達梨謀，曰乾唐，曰末浦。部落凡部落二百九十八，以名見者三十二：曰萬公，曰充惹，曰羅君潛，曰彌綽，曰道雙，曰道甕，曰道勿，曰夜半，曰不惡奪，曰莫音，曰伽龍睒，曰阿梨吉，曰阿梨阇，曰阿梨忙，曰達磨，曰求潘，曰僧塔，曰提梨郎，曰望騰，曰擔泊，曰祿烏，曰乏毛，曰僧迦，曰提追，曰阿末邏，曰逝越，曰騰陵，曰歐咩，曰磚羅婆提，曰祿羽，曰陋蠻，曰磨地勃。王族繇彌臣至坤朗，又有小昆侖部，王名茫悉越，俗與彌臣同。繇坤朗至祿羽，有大昆侖王國，王名思利泊婆難多珊那。川原大於彌臣。繇昆侖小王所居，半日行至磨地勃柵，海行五月至佛代國。有江，支流三百六十。其王名思利些彌他。有川名思利毗離芮。土多異香。北有市，諸國估舶所湊，越海即阇婆也。十五日行，逾二大山，一曰正迷，一曰射鞮，有國，其王名思利摩訶羅阇，俗與佛代同。經多茸補邏川至阇婆，八日行至婆賄伽廬，國土熱，衢路植椰子、檳榔，仰不見日。王居以金為甓，廚覆銀瓦，爨香木，堂飾明珠。有二池，以金為堤，舟楫皆飾金寶。

In Sui Renshou, General Liu Fang attacked; King Fanfanzhi fled; the land was made three commanderies with prefects and magistrates. The road was blocked; Fanfanzhi gathered remnant people and separately established a state. In Wude they twice sent envoys with local products; Gaozu set up the Nine Departments of Music to entertain them. In Zhenguan, King Touli presented tame elephants, liusuo, five-colored belts, dawn cloth, and fire pearls, coming with envoys from Poli and Luosha. Lin-yi's words were disrespectful; ministers requested punishment. Taizong said: "Formerly Fu Jian wished to swallow Jin with a million men and was destroyed in one battle. Sui took Goguryeo with yearly mobilizations until men resented it and the emperor died at a commoner's hand. How dare I rashly dispatch troops? They were pardoned without inquiry. They again presented five-colored and white parrots, repeatedly complaining of cold; an edict ordered them returned. Touli died; his son Zhenlong succeeded and presented tongtian rhinoceros and miscellaneous treasures. In the nineteenth year Mohamanduojia alone murdered Zhenlong and destroyed his clan; the Fan surname was cut off. The people enthroned Touli's Brahmin son-in-law; great ministers deposed him and enthroned Touli's daughter. Zhugedi was Touli's nephew by marriage; his father offended and fled to Chenla. The woman could not stabilize the state; great ministers welcomed Zhugedi as king and gave him the daughter in marriage. From Yonghui to Tianbao they presented tribute three times. After Zhide they changed the name to Huanwang. At Yuanhe's beginning they did not come to court; Annan Protector Zhang Zhou captured their false Ai Prefecture commander, beheaded thirty thousand, captured fifty-nine princes, and seized war elephants, boats, and armor. Poli: directly southeast of Huanwang; from Jiaozhou by sea, passing Chitu, Dandan, and other states. The land was a great continent with many horses; also called Mali. It stretched several thousand li in length and breadth. Many fire pearls; large ones like hen's eggs, round and white, illuminating several chi; at midday moxa beneath a pearl would burst into flame. It produced tortoiseshell and patterned conches; stone gan—initially soft and workable, once carved becoming hard. There were sheli birds that understood human speech. Custom: black bodies, red curled hair, eagle claws and beast teeth, pierced ears with pendants, ancient shell draped one panel around the waist. Ancient shell was a plant; its flowers woven into cloth—coarse called bei, fine called zhan. They traded by night, each covering the face. The king's surname was Kshatriya; his name Hulunapo; the family had held the throne for generations. Wrapped in patterned silk shell, adorned with pearls. He sat on a golden couch; attendants at left and right held white whisks and peacock-tail fans. Going abroad he rode in an elephant-drawn carriage with feather canopy and pearl curtains; gold was struck, drums beaten, and conch blown for music. Luosha lay to the east, sharing Poli's customs. Emperor Yang dispatched Chang Jun as envoy to Chitu, opening contact with China. Southwest of Poli by sea one reached Poluo. In Zongzhang's second year its king Chandabuo sent envoys to court with Huanwang's envoys. Shunai lay south of Huanwang; three months by sea from Jiaozhi, sharing Poli's customs. In Zhenguan's second year envoys presented local products. In the ninth year Gantang envoys came to court; the state lay south of the sea. In the twelfth year envoys from Senggao, Wuling, Jiazhai, and Jiumi presented tribute. Senggao lay northwest of Chenla, sharing Huanwang's customs. Later King Jimijumo of Jiumi together with King Jimotipomo of Funna sent envoys to present tribute. Senggao and other states after Yonghui were annexed by Chenla. Shepan lay in a bend of the southern sea, north bordering Huanwang, bounded by the Lesser Sea, adjoining Langyaxiu—forty days by sea from Jiaozhou. The king was called Yanglishe. The people dwelt along the water in wooden palisades; stone served as arrowheads. The king sat on a great golden dragon couch; great men seeing him joined hands, embraced shoulders, and knelt. His ministers were Bolangsolan, Kunlundi, Kunlunbohe, Kunlunbodisogan—also called Gulong. Gulong—the sound approximates Kunlun. Externally there was Nayyan, like a Chinese prefect. There were Buddhist and Daoist temples; monks ate meat and did not drink wine; Daoists ate neither wine nor meat. In Zhenguan they twice sent envoys to court. Southeast of Shepan was Gela, also called Gela or Gelafushaluo. The king's surname was Shilipoluo; his name Mishiboluo. Piled stone formed the city; towers and palace rooms were thatched with grass. Twenty-four prefectures. Their weapons included bow, arrow, spear, and shu; peacock feathers adorned banners. In battle a hundred elephants formed one company; one elephant carried a hundred men in saddle-cages; four men wielding bow and spear in the center. Tax rate: two zhu of silver. No silk or hemp—only ancient shell cloth. Livestock: many cattle, few horses. Unless holding office, hair was not bound. In marriage, betel nut was presented as gift—up to two hundred trays. Once married, women took the husband's surname. Music included pipa, transverse flute, bronze cymbals, iron drum, and conch. The dead were cremated; ashes were stored in golden urns and sunk in the sea. Southeast of Gela was Juloumi; one month by sea. South ten days' journey to Poli. East five days' journey to Bushu. Northwest six days' journey to Wendan. Sharing Chitu's and Duohailuo's customs. In Yonghui they presented five-colored parrots. Funan lay seven thousand li south of Rinan; low and marshy, sharing Huanwang's customs; walled cities and palaces stood there. The king's surname was Gulong. He dwelt in a multi-storied pavilion in a palisade city, nipa leaves covering the roof. When the king went out he rode an elephant. The people had black bodies and coiled hair, went naked, and by custom did not rob or steal. Fields were sown once yearly and harvested thrice. The state produced gang steel resembling purple quartz on riverbed stones; divers took it; it could carve jade; struck with ram's horn it melted. People loved cockfighting and pigs. Gold, pearls, and incense served as tax. The capital was Temucheng; soon annexed by Chenla, they moved further south to Nafuna City. In Wude and Zhenguan they twice came to court and presented two white-headed men. Baitou lay directly west of Funan; all had white heads; skin smooth as grease. They dwelt in mountain caves on all sides steep and inaccessible. They bordered Canban Country. Chenla, also called Jimie, was originally a Funan vassal state. Twenty-seven thousand li from the capital. East bordering Chequ, west to Pyu, south facing the sea, north adjoining Daoming. Its king was Kshatriya Ijinnuo; at Zhenguan's beginning he annexed Funan and possessed its land. All households faced east; when seated one faced east. When guests arrived, shredded betel nut, borneol, and fragrant clams were presented. They did not drink wine—it was compared to debauchery. They drank with wives in inner chambers, avoiding elders. There were five thousand war elephants; the best were fed meat. For generations they maintained friendship with Canban and Pyu; with Huanwang and Gandhara they repeatedly fought. From Wude to Shengli they came to court four times. After Shenlong it split in two: the north had many hills, styled Land Chenla; the south bordered the sea, rich in marshes, styled Water Chenla. Water Chenla: eight hundred li; the king dwelt at Poluotiba City. Land Chenla, also Wendan or Polou: seven hundred li; the king was styled Qu. In Kaiyuan and Tianbao a prince led twenty-six followers to court and was appointed Guoyi Commander. In Dali vice-king Pomi and his wife came to court, presenting eleven tame elephants; Pomi was promoted Trial Director of the Palace Administration and granted the name Binhan. Dezong had just succeeded; rare birds and beasts were released; tame elephants from barbarian tribute, thirty-two filling the court at New Year's, were released on Jingshan's southern slopes. In Yuanhe Water Chenla also sent envoys to present tribute. Canban, northwest of Wendan, was a vassal state; in Wude's eighth year envoys came. Daoming was also a vassal state; without clothing—seeing clothes they laughed together. Without salt or iron; bamboo crossbows shot birds and beasts for subsistence. Heling, also Shepo or Shepo, lay in the southern sea. East bordering Poli, west Duobodeng, south facing the sea, north Chenla. Wood formed the city; even great houses were covered with areca palm. Ivory served as bed or mat. It produced tortoiseshell, yellow and white gold, rhinoceros horn, and elephants—the richest state. Caves sprang forth salt. Willow flowers and coconut made wine; one drink brought drunkenness; overnight it spoiled. They had writing and knew astronomy and calendrics. They ate without spoon or chopsticks. There were poison women; contact brought painful sores; corpses did not decay. The king dwelt at Shepo City. His ancestor Jiyan moved east to Poluojiasi City; twenty-eight small neighboring states all submitted. Offices numbered thirty-two grandees; the Great Seat Ganxiong was most honored. On the mountain was Langbei Wild Prefecture; the king often ascended to view the sea. At the summer solstice an eight-chi gnomon was set; the shadow lay two chi four cun south of it. In Zhenguan, with Duohailuo and Duobodeng, they sent envoys; Taizong replied with imperial seal edicts of favor. Duohailuo begged fine horses; the emperor granted them. By Shangyuan the people enthroned a woman styled Simo; authority was strict; nothing was picked up on the road. The Abbasid lord heard and placed a bag of gold in the suburbs; travelers avoided it—for three years. The crown prince passed and trampled the gold; Simo grew angry and was about to execute him; ministers firmly pleaded. Simo said: "Your crime truly originates in the foot—the toes may be cut off. Ministers again pleaded; fingers were cut off as warning. The Abbasids heard and feared her, not daring to send troops. In the Dali era Heling envoys came three times. In Yuanhe's eighth year they presented four sangzhi slaves, five-colored parrots, pinjia birds, and others. Emperor Xianzong appointed them Guoyi of the Inner Four Gates Office. The envoy yielded precedence to his younger brother; the emperor praised this and enfeoffed both. Until Dahe they came to court twice with tribute. In Xian Tong they sent envoys presenting female musicians. Duohailuo, also Duohailuo, south of Shepan, north of Kalaoshefu, west to the sea, east to Chenla. Five months' journey from Guangzhou. The state had many fine rhinoceros renowned as Duohailuo rhinoceros. Two vassal states: Tanling and Tuohuan. Tanling lay on an island in the sea. Tuohuan, also Noutuohuan, southwest of Huanwang in the sea, adjoining Duohailuo—ninety days from Jiaozhou. The king's surname was Chalishi; his name Pona, style Pomo. No silkworms or mulberry; rice, wheat, hemp, and beans grew there. Livestock included white elephants, cattle, sheep, and pigs. They favored elevated dwellings called ganlan. White woolens and dawn-colored cloth served as clothing. When kin died they fasted indoors; after cremation they shaved and bathed in a pool, then ate. In Zhenguan they sent envoys twice, presenting balu ointment and white parrots with ten red head feathers level with the wings. They begged horses and bronze bells; the emperor granted them. Duobodeng lay south of Huanwang; two months' journey. East to Heling, west to Miliche, north to the sea. Customs resembled Heling. Rice ripened once monthly. They had writing on pattra leaves. The dead received gold in the mouth, bracelets through the body, balu ointment and borneol and many fragrances; firewood was piled and they were cremated. Touhe lay south of Chenla; a hundred days by sea southwest from Guangzhou. The king's surname was Touheluo; his name Puyeqiyao. Offices included Court-Requesting General, Merit Officer, Chief Clerk, and assistants dividing state affairs. Prefectures, commanderies, and counties came in three grades. Prefectures had military aides; commanderies Golden Might Generals; counties walls and bureaus; chiefs could select staff. People mostly lived in towers with painted walls. The king's guard numbered a hundred in dawn cloth, gold ear ornaments, gold thread at the neck, precious ornaments and leather shoes. Repeated thieves were executed; lesser offenders had ears and cheeks pierced and hair shaved; counterfeiters lost their hands. No fixed taxes; people paid according to land held. The king farmed and traded himself. Silver coin resembled elm pods. People rode elephants and horses without saddle; rope through the cheek controlled them. When kin died hair was cut in mourning; corpses were cremated and ashes sunk in urns. In Zhenguan envoys came with a memorial in a golden casket and local products. Zhanbo, or Zhanpo. North bordered the Jinga River. Wild elephants moved in herds. In Xianqing, with Po'an, Qianzhifu, Shebamo, and Mola, four states sent envoys to court. Qianzhi in the southwest sea was originally a South Indian vassal, also Ban Zhibo—Five Mountains—north bordering Duomochang. Gelashefen, Xiuluofen, and Ganbi also presented local products. Ganbi on the southern sea east of Huanwang; King Chandayuemo had five thousand effective troops. Gelashefen lay on the southern sea east of Duohailuo. Xiuluofen lay north of the sea, east of Chenla. Customs were broadly similar; all had lords and palisaded suburbs. The two states had twenty thousand effective troops; Ganbi only five thousand. Duomochang bordered Pofeng east, Duolong west, Qianzhifu south, Heling north. One month's journey east to west, twenty-five days north to south. King Guli claimed to have found a great egg, split it, and taken the beautiful woman inside as wife. There were no surnames; marriage did not distinguish same surname. The king always sat facing east. Twenty thousand effective troops with bow, knife, armor, and spear; no horses. Fruits included bonaba, zhaohuzhe'anmo, and pomegranate. The route passed Salu, Duholu, Junnalu, Lin-yi, and other states to Jiaozhou. In Xianqing they presented local products. Shilifoshi, also Shilifoshi. Beyond Juntunong Mountain two thousand li; a thousand li east to west, four thousand li north to south. Fourteen cities; two states divided governance. The west was called Langbolusi. Much gold, cinnabar, and borneol. At the summer solstice an eight-chi gnomon cast a shadow two chi five cun south. The state had many men. There was tuotuo with leopard markings and rhinoceros horn, used for riding and plowing—called tuoniubao. Also a beast like a wild boar with goat-like horns called yu—delicious flesh for meals. Its king was styled Hemiduo. From Xianheng to Kaiyuan envoys repeatedly came, memorializing frontier raids; an edict ordered Guangzhou to pacify them. They also presented two dwarfs, two sangzhi women, and song and dance. The envoy was appointed Zhechong; their king made Left Weiwu Guard General with purple robe and gold fine belt. Later he sent his son to court; an edict feasted them at Qujiang; he was enfeoffed Prince Binyi, appointed Right Golden Guard General, and sent home. Mingmie east of Zhentuohuan, west of Danyou, south to the sea, north to Bola. One month's journey across; thirty prefectures. The twelfth month was New Year. The king wore dawn cloth and woolens. Tax: one part in twenty. Trade used gold at standard value. The people were short; brothers shared one wife; the wife's horn-shaped topknot showed how many husbands she had. The king was styled Siduoti. At Longshuo's beginning envoys came with tribute. Dandan southeast of Zhenzhou, west of Duoluomo; also had prefectures and counties. White sandalwood abounded. The king's surname was Kshatriya; his name Shilingjia; he held audience daily. Eight great ministers styled the Eight Seats. The king smeared fragrance on his body and wore a crown of mixed jewels; short distances by carriage, long by elephant. In battle conch was blown and drums beaten. Theft regardless of severity meant death. In Qianfeng and Zongzhang they presented local products. Luoyue five thousand li north of the sea, southwest Gegulu. Merchants gathered there; customs resembled Duoluobodi. Each year ships reached Guangzhou; the prefecture always reported it. Pyu was ancient Zhuobo; it styled itself Tuluozhu; Shepo people called it Tulizhuo. Two thousand li south of Yongchang; fourteen thousand li from the capital. East Land Chenla, west East India, southwest Duohailuo, south to the sea, north Nanzhao. Three thousand li long, five thousand li wide; northeast elongated, belonging to Yangjumie City. Vassal states numbered eighteen: Kalaboti, Moliwute, Kalijia, Bandi, Michén, Kunlang, Jinu, Luoyu, Fodai, Qulun, Poli, Jituo, Duogui, Moyi—the rest being Shewei, Zhanbo, and Shepo. Fortress cities numbered nine: Daolinwang, Xiliyi, Santuo, Minuodaoli, Tumin, Dijie, Dalimou, Qiantang, and Mopu. Tribes numbered two hundred ninety-eight; thirty-two known by name including Wangong, Chongre, Luojunqian, Michuo, and Modibó. The royal clan ran from Michén to Kunlang; a Lesser Kunlun tribe had king Mangxiyue; customs resembled Michén. From Kunlang to Luyu was Great Kunlun; the king was Siliboponanduoshanna. Rivers and plains exceeded Michén. Half a day's journey from the Lesser Kunlun king's seat reached Modibó stockade; five months by sea to Fodai. A river had three hundred sixty tributaries. Its king was Silixiimita. A river named Silipilirui flowed there. The soil produced many exotic fragrances. North lay a market where merchant ships gathered; crossing the sea one reached Shepo. Fifteen days' journey over two great mountains—Zhenmi and Shedi—lay a state whose king Silimohaluoshe shared Fodai's customs. Via Duorongbuoluochuan to Shepo, eight days to Pohuojialu; the land was hot; coconut and betel lined the roads; one could not see the sun overhead. The king's dwelling had gold tiles, silver kitchen roofs, sandalwood fires, and halls adorned with bright pearls. Two pools with gold embankments; boats decorated with gold and jewels.

驃王姓困沒長，名摩羅惹。其相名曰摩訶思那。王出，輿以金繩床，遠則乘象。嬪史數百人。青甓為圓城，周百六十里，有十二門，四隅作浮圖，民皆居中，鉛錫為瓦，荔支為材。俗惡殺。拜以手抱臂稽顙為恭。明天文，喜佛法。有百寺，琉璃為甓，錯以金銀，丹彩紫礦塗地，覆以錦罽，王居亦如之。民七歲祝髮止寺，至二十有不達其法，復為民。衣用白氎、朝霞，以蠶帛傷生不敢衣。戴金花冠、翠冒，絡以雜珠。王宮設金銀二鐘，寇至，焚香出之，以占吉兇。有巨白象，高百尺，訟者焚香跽象前，自思是非而退。有災疫，王亦焚香對象跽，自咎。無桎梏，有罪者束五竹捶背，重者五、輕三，殺人則死。土宜菽、粟、稻、梁，蔗大若脛，無麻、麥。以金銀為錢，形如半月，號登伽佗，亦曰足彈陀。無膏油，以蠟雜香代炷。與諸蠻市，以江豬、白氎、琉璃罌缶相易。婦人當頂作高髻，飾銀珠琲，衣青娑裙，披羅段；行持扇，貴家者傍至五六。近城有沙山不毛，地亦與波斯、婆羅門接，距西舍利城二十日行。西舍利者，中天竺也。南詔以兵強地接，常羈制之。歸唐貞元中，王雍羌聞南詔歸唐，有內附心，異牟尋遣使楊加明詣劍南西川節度使韋臯請獻夷中歌曲，且令驃國進樂人。於是臯作《南詔奉聖樂》，用正律黃鐘之均。宮、徵一變，象西南順也；角、羽終變，象戎夷革心也。舞六成，工六十四人，贊引二人，序曲二十八疊，舞「南詔奉聖樂」字。舞人十六，執羽翟，以四為列。舞「南」字，歌《聖主無為化》；舞「詔」字，歌《南詔朝天樂》；舞「奉」字，歌《海宇修文化》；舞「聖」字，歌《雨露覃無外》；舞「樂」字，歌《辟土丁零塞》。皆一章三疊而成。舞舞者初定，執羽，簫、鼓等奏散序一疊，次奏第二疊，四行，贊引以序入。將終，雷鼓作於四隅，舞者皆拜，金聲作而起，執羽稽首，以象朝覲。每拜跪，節以鉦鼓。次奏拍序一疊，舞者分左右蹈舞，每四拍，揖羽稽首，拍終，舞者拜，復奏一疊，蹈舞抃揖，以合「南」字。字成遍終，舞者北面跪歌，導以絲竹。歌已，俯伏，鉦作，復揖舞。餘字皆如之，唯「聖」字詞末皆恭揖，以明奉聖。每一字，曲三疊，名為五成。次急奏一疊，四十八人分行罄折，象將臣禦邊也。字舞畢，舞者十六人為四列，又舞《辟四門》之舞。遽舞入遍兩疊，與鼓吹合節，進舞三，退舞三，以象三才、三統。舞終，皆稽首逡巡。又一人舞《億萬壽》之舞，歌《天南滇越俗》四章，歌舞七疊六成而終。七者，火之成數，象天子南面生成之恩。六者，坤數，象西南向化。樂凡樂三十，工百九十六人，分四部：一、龜茲部，二、大鼓部，三、胡部，四、軍樂部。龜茲部，有羯鼓、揩鼓、腰鼓、雞婁鼓、短笛、大小觱篥、拍板，皆八；長短簫、橫笛、方響、大銅鈸、貝，皆四。凡工八十八人，分四列，屬舞筵四隅，以合節鼓。大鼓部，以四為列，凡二十四，居龜茲部前。胡部，有箏、大小箜篌、五弦琵琶、笙、橫笛、短笛、拍板，皆八；大小觱篥，皆四。工七十二人，分四列，屬舞筵之隅，以導歌詠。軍樂部，金饒、金鐸，皆二；鼓、金鉦，皆四。鉦、鼓，金飾蓋，垂流蘇。工十二人，服南詔服，立《壁四門》舞筵四隅，節拜合樂。又十六人，畫半臂，執鼓，四人為列。舞人服南詔衣、絳裙襦、黑頭囊、金佉苴、畫皮靴革，首飾襪額，冠金寶花鬘，襦上復加畫半臂。執羽翟舞，俯伏，以象朝拜；裙襦畫鳥獸草木，文以八彩雜華，以象庶物鹹遂；羽葆四垂，以象天無不覆；正方布位，以象地無不載；分四列，以象四氣；舞為五字，以象五行；秉羽翟，以象文德；節鼓，以象號令遠布；振以鐸，明采詩之義；用龜茲等樂，以象遠夷悅服。鉦鼓則古者振旅獻捷之樂也。黃鐘，君聲，配運為土，明土德常盛。黃鐘得《乾》初九，自為其宮，則林鐘四律以正聲應之，象大君南面提天統於上，乾道明也。林鐘得《坤》初六，其位西南，西南感至化於下，坤體順也。太蔟得《乾》九二，是為人統，天地正而三才通，故次應以太蔟。三才既通，南呂復以羽聲應之。南呂，酉，西方金也；羽，北方水也。金、水悅而應乎時，以象西戎、北狄悅服。然後姑洗以角音終之。姑，故也；洗，濯也。以象南詔背吐蕃歸化，洗過日新。五宮臯以五宮異用，獨唱殊音，復述《五均譜》，分金石之節奏：

The Pyu king's surname was Kunmeizhang; his name Moluore. His chancellor was Mohesina. Going abroad the king used a golden rope litter; for distance he rode elephants. Consorts and clerks numbered several hundred. Blue tiles formed a round city a hundred sixty li around with twelve gates; pagodas at the corners; people lived within; lead and tin tiles; lychee timber. Custom abhorred killing. Bowings joined hands, embraced arms, and bowed the forehead. They understood astronomy and favored Buddhism. A hundred temples with glazed tiles inlaid with gold and silver; cinnabar and purple ore on the ground; brocade roofs; the king's dwelling likewise. At seven boys tonsured and entered temples; by twenty if they had not mastered the law they returned to lay life. Clothing used white woolens and dawn cloth; silkworm cloth harmed life and they dared not wear it. They wore golden flower crowns and emerald caps strung with mixed pearls. The palace had gold and silver bells; when enemies came incense was burned and bells brought out to read fortune. A great white elephant stood a hundred chi high; litigants burned incense, knelt before it, reflected on right and wrong, and withdrew. When plague came the king burned incense and knelt before the elephant, blaming himself. No shackles; the guilty were beaten with five bamboo rods—five strokes for serious, three for light; murder meant death. Soil suited beans, millet, rice, and sorghum; sugarcane thick as a shin; no hemp or wheat. Gold and silver coin was crescent-shaped, called Dengqiata or Zutantuo. No oil; wax mixed with incense substituted for lamp fuel. Trade with barbarians used river pigs, white woolens, and glazed jars. Women wore high topknots with silver beads, blue sura skirts, draped silk panels; walking they held fans; nobles might have five or six attendants. Barren sand hills lay near the city; the land adjoined Persia and Brahmin lands; twenty days west to Xisheli City. Xisheli was Central India. Nanzhao, strong and adjoining, constantly restrained them. In Zhenyuan King Yongqiang heard Nanzhao had returned to Tang and wished to submit; Yimouxun sent Yang Jiaming to Wei Gao requesting to present Yi songs and ordering Pyu to send musicians. Gao composed "Nanzhao Presents Sage Music" in the standard pitch of yellow bell. Gong and zhi altered once, symbolizing southwest submission; jue and yu finally altered, symbolizing the barbarians' change of heart. Six dance sections; sixty-four performers; two lead chanters; twenty-eight prelude layers; dancing the characters of "Nanzhao Presents Sage Music." Sixteen dancers held feather plumes in columns of four. Dancing Nan, singing "The Sage Lord Rules Without Action"; dancing Zhao, singing "Nanzhao Faces Heaven in Joy"; dancing Feng, singing "Within the Seas Culture Is Cultivated"; dancing Sheng, singing "Rain and Dew Extend Without Limit"; dancing Yue, singing "Opening Land at Dingling Pass." Each song one chapter in three layers. Dancers first took position; xiao and drums played one prelude layer; then the second as lead chanters entered. Near the end thunder drums at four corners; dancers bowed; golden sounds rose and they stood with plumes, bowing forehead—symbolizing court audience. Each bow and kneel timed with cymbals and drums. Next one beat-prelude layer; dancers stepped; every four beats plumes bowed; at beat's end they bowed; another layer completing Nan. When each character was complete, dancers knelt north singing, led by silk and bamboo. When song ended they prostrated; cymbals sounded; they bowed and danced again. Other characters followed likewise; only for Sheng all bowed at word's end to show presenting the sage. Each character: three melody layers, called five completions. Next rapid layer; forty-eight in rows bowed broken—symbolizing ministers defending the frontier. When character-dance ended, sixteen in four columns danced "Opening Four Gates." Quick dance through two layers matching drums; advance three, retreat three—symbolizing three talents and three unities. When dance ended all bowed and withdrew hesitatingly. One danced "Ten Thousand Longevities," singing four chapters of "Southern Yunnan Frontier Custom"; seven layers, six completions and end. Seven—the fire completion number—symbolizes the Son of Heaven facing south generating grace. Six—the kun number—symbolizes southwest turning to civilization. Music totaled thirty pieces; one hundred ninety-six workers in four sections: Kucha, Great Drum, Hu, and Military Music. Kucha section: jie drum, kai drum, waist drum, jilou drum, short flute, large and small bili, clappers—all eight; long and short xiao, transverse flute, square sound, large bronze cymbals, shells—all four. Eighty-eight workers in four columns at dance arena corners matching rhythm drums. Great Drum section: columns of four, twenty-four total, before Kucha. Hu section: zheng, large and small konghou, five-string pipa, sheng, transverse flute, short flute, clappers—all eight; large and small bili—all four. Seventy-two workers at arena corners leading song. Military Music: golden nao, golden duo—all two; drums, golden cymbals—all four. Cymbals and drums had golden covers with tassels. Twelve in Nanzhao dress stood at four corners of "Opening Four Gates," timing bows to music. Also sixteen in painted half-sleeves holding drums, four per column. Dancers wore Nanzhao robes, crimson skirts, black head pouches, golden juqie, painted boots, golden jewel crowns, painted half-sleeves. Holding plumes they danced prostrate—symbolizing court bow; skirts painted with birds, beasts, plants in eight colors—symbolizing all things flourishing; feather canopies on four sides—symbolizing heaven covering all; square cloth positions—symbolizing earth bearing all; four columns—symbolizing four seasons; five-character dance—symbolizing five phases; holding plumes—symbolizing civil virtue; rhythm drums—symbolizing orders broadcast afar; shaken with duo—clarifying gathering poems; Kucha and other music symbolized distant barbarians' joyful submission. Cymbals and drums were ancient music for marshaling troops and presenting victory. Yellow bell—the ruler's sound—paired with earth, showing earth virtue ever flourishing. Yellow bell as Qian's initial nine; forest bell's four pitches responded—symbolizing the lord facing south holding heaven's unity; Qian's way bright. Forest bell as Kun's initial six in the southwest—feeling utmost transformation below; Kun yielding. Taicu as Qian's nine-two human unity; heaven and earth correct, three talents connect—Taicu responded next. Three talents connected; southern pitch responded with yu. Southern pitch—you, west, metal of the west; yu—north, water of the north. Metal and water joyful and responding to the season—symbolizing Western Rong and Northern Di's submission. Then Guxian ended with jue pitch. Gu means former; xian means wash. Symbolizing Nanzhao turning from Tibet to submit, washing away faults and renewing day by day. Gao used five palace pitches differently; he also composed "Five Meanings Chart," dividing metal and stone rhythms:

一曰黃鐘，宮之宮，軍士歌《奉聖樂》者用之。舞人服南詔衣，秉翟俯伏拜抃，合「南詔奉聖樂」五字，倡詞五，舞人乃易南方朝天之服，絳色，七節襦袖，節有青𥛦排衿，以象鳥翼。樂用龜茲、胡部，金鉦、鼓、鐃、貝、大鼓。

First, yellow bell, palace of palace—for soldiers singing "Present Sage Music." Dancers wore Nanzhao robes with plumes, combining five characters of "Nanzhao Presents Sage Music"; then changed to crimson southern court dress with blue feathered lapels symbolizing wings. Music used Kucha, Hu, golden cymbals, drums, nao, shells, great drums.

二曰太蔟，商之宮，女子歌《奉聖樂》者用之。合以管弦。若奏庭下，則獨舞一曲。樂用龜茲、鼓、笛各四部，與胡部等合作。琵琶、笙、箜篌，皆八；大小觱篥、箏、弦、五弦琵琶、長笛、短笛、方響，各四。居龜茲部前。次貝一人，大鼓十二分左右，餘皆坐奏。

Second, Taicu, shang's palace—for women singing "Present Sage Music." Combined with wind and strings. Below the hall, one danced alone. Music used Kucha, drums, flutes four sections each, with Hu. Pipa, sheng, konghou—all eight; large and small bili, zheng, strings, five-string pipa, long and short flute, square sound—each four. Before the Kucha section. Next one shell player; twelve great drums left and right; the rest seated.

三曰姑洗，角之宮，應古律林鐘為徵宮，女子歌《奉聖樂》者用之。舞者六十四人，飾羅彩襦袖，間以八采，曳雲花履，首飾雙鳳、八卦、彩雲、花鬘，執羽為拜抃之節。以林鐘當地統，象歲功備、萬物成也。雙鳳，明律呂之和也。八卦，明還相為用也。彩雲，象氣也。花鬘，象冠也。合「奉聖樂」三字，唱詞三，表天下懷聖也。小女子字舞，則碧色襦袖，象角音主木；首飾巽卦，應姑洗之氣；以六人略後，象六合一心也。樂用龜茲、胡部，其鉦、、鐃、鐸，皆覆以彩蓋，飾以花趺，上陳錦綺，垂流蘇。按《瑞圖》曰：「王者有道，則儀鳳在鼓。」故羽葆鼓棲以鳳凰，鉦棲孔雀，鐃、鐸集以翔鷺，鉦、頂足又飾南方鳥獸，明澤及飛走翔伏。鉦、、鐃、鐸，皆二人執擊之。貝及大鼓工伎之數，與軍士《奉聖樂》同，而加鼓、笛四部。

Third, Guxian, jue's palace, forest bell as zhi—for women singing "Present Sage Music." Sixty-four dancers in silk brocade with eight colors, cloud-flower shoes, twin phoenix and eight trigram crowns, holding plumes for bowing rhythm. Forest bell as earth unity symbolizing year's work complete. Twin phoenixes showing pitch harmony. Eight trigrams showing mutual generation. Colored clouds symbolizing qi. Flower crown symbolizing cap. Combining "Present Sage Music" three characters, three chants, showing all cherishing the sage. Small girls' character dance wore blue sleeves symbolizing jue governing wood; headdress Xun trigram responding to Guxian's qi; six slightly behind symbolizing six directions one heart. Music used Kucha, Hu; cymbals and nao covered with colored canopies, flower bases, brocade, tassels. According to the Omen Chart: "When the king has the Way, the ceremonial phoenix rests on the drum. Feather-canopy drums perched phoenixes; cymbals peacocks; nao and duo egrets; tops decorated with southern birds and beasts, grace reaching all creatures. Cymbals, nao, duo—two men each striking. Shell and great drum numbers matched soldiers' "Present Sage Music," plus four drum and flute sections.

四曰林鐘，徵之宮，斂拍單聲，奏《奉聖樂》，丈夫一人獨舞。樂用龜茲，鼓、笛每色四人。方響二，置龜茲部前。二隅有金鉦，中植金鐸二、貝二、鈴鈸二、大鼓十二分左右。

Fourth, forest bell, zhi's palace, restrained single beat, "Present Sage Music"—one man danced alone. Music used Kucha; drums, flutes four each. Square sound two before Kucha. Two corners golden cymbals; center golden duo two, shells two, bell cymbals two, great drums twelve.

五曰南呂，羽之宮，應古律黃鐘為君之宮。樂用古黃鐘方響一，大琵琶、五弦琵琶、大箜篌倍，黃鐘觱篥、小觱篥、竽、笙、塤、篪、搊箏、軋箏、黃鐘簫，笛倍。笛、節鼓、拍板等工皆一人，坐奏之。絲竹緩作，一人獨唱，歌工復通唱軍士《奉聖樂》詞。器雍羌亦遣弟悉利移城主舒難陀獻其國樂，至成都，韋臯復譜次其聲。以其舞容、樂器異常，乃圖畫以獻。工器二十有二，其音八：金、貝、絲、竹、匏、革、牙、角。金二、貝一、絲七、竹二、匏二、革二、牙一、角二。

Fifth, southern pitch, yu's palace, yellow bell as ruler's palace. Music used yellow bell square sound, great pipa, five-string pipa, doubled great konghou, yellow bell bili, yu, sheng, xun, chi, zheng, yellow bell xiao, doubled flutes. Flute, rhythm drum, clappers—each one worker, seated. Silk and bamboo slow; one sang alone; song workers also chanted soldiers' "Present Sage Music." Yongqiang sent his brother Xiliyi city lord Shunantu to present Pyu music; at Chengdu Wei Gao arranged the tones. Because dance and instruments were unusual, illustrations were drawn and presented. Twenty-two instruments; eight tones: metal, shell, silk, bamboo, gourd, leather, ivory, horn. Metal two, shell one, silk seven, bamboo two, gourd two, leather two, ivory one, horn two.

鈴鈸四，制如龜茲部，周圓三寸，貫以韋，擊磕應節。鐵板二，長三寸五分，博二寸五分，面平，背有柄，系以韋，與鈴鈸皆飾絳紛，以花氎縷為蕊。

Bell cymbals four, Kucha style, three cun round, leather-strung, struck to rhythm. Iron plates two, flat with handles; with bell cymbals decorated crimson tassels.

螺貝四，大者可受一升，飾絳紛。

Conch shells four, largest holding one sheng, crimson decorated.

有鳳首箜篌二：其一長二尺，腹廣七寸，鳳首及項長二尺五寸，面飾虺皮，弦一十有四，項有軫，鳳首外向；其一頂有條，軫有鼉首。

Phoenix-head konghou two: one two chi, fourteen strings, phoenix head outward; one top had bar, pegs with crocodile heads.

箏二：其一形如鼉，長四尺，有四足，虛腹，以鼉皮飾背，面及仰肩如琴，廣七寸，腹闊八寸，尾長尺餘，卷上虛中，施關以張九弦，左右一十八柱；其一面飾彩花，傅以虺皮為別。

Zheng two: one crocodile-shaped four chi with nine strings and eighteen pillars; one face colored flowers, python skin.

有龍首琵琶一，如龜茲制，而項長二尺六寸餘，腹廣六寸，二龍相向為首；有軫柱各三，弦隨其數，兩軫在項，一在頸，其覆形如師子。

Dragon-head pipa one, Kucha style, two dragons as head; pegs three each, strings matching, cover lion-shaped.

有雲頭琵琶一，形如前，面飾虺皮，四面有牙釘，以雲為首，軫上有花象品字，三弦，覆手皆飾虺皮，刻捍撥為舞昆侖狀而彩飾之。

Cloud-head pipa one, python skin, cloud head, three strings, plectrum carved dancing Kunlun figure.

有大匏琴二，覆以半匏，皆彩畫之，上加銅甌。以竹為琴，作虺文橫其上，長三尺餘，頭曲如拱，長二寸，以絳系腹，穿甌及匏本，可受二升。大弦應太蔟，次弦應姑洗。有獨弦匏琴，以班竹為之，不加飾，刻木為虺首；張弦無軫，以弦系頂，有四柱如龜茲琵琶，弦應太蔟。

Great gourd qin two, half gourd cover colored, copper bowl on top. Bamboo qin over three chi, crimson cord through belly holding two sheng. Great string Taicu, next Guxian. Single-string gourd qin, spotted bamboo, carved python head; string without pegs, four pillars like Kucha pipa, Taicu.

有小匏琴二，形如大匏琴，長二尺；大弦應南呂，次應應鐘。

Small gourd qin two, two chi; great string southern pitch, next responding bell.

有橫笛二：一長尺餘，取其合律，去節無爪，以蠟實首，上加師子頭，以牙為之，穴六以應黃鐘商，備五音七聲；又一，管唯加象首，律度與荀勖《笛譜》同，又與清商部鐘聲合。

Transverse flutes two: one over one chi, ivory lion head, six holes for yellow bell shang; another elephant head, pitch matching Xun Xu's chart and Clear Shang bells.

有兩頭笛二，長二尺八寸，中隔一節，節左右開沖氣穴，兩端皆分洞體為笛量。左端應太蔟，管末三穴：一姑洗，二蕤賓，三夷則。右端應林鐘，管末三穴：一南呂，二應鐘，三大呂。下托指一穴，應清太蔟。兩洞體七穴，共備黃鐘、林鐘兩均。

Double-end flutes two, two chi eight cun, both ends flute measure. Left end Taicu, three holes: Guxian, Ruibin, Yize. Right end forest bell, three holes: southern pitch, responding bell, great pitch. Lower finger hole clear Taicu. Seven holes total, supplying yellow bell and forest bell mean pitches.

有大匏笙二，皆十六管，左右各八，形如鳳翼，大管長四尺八寸五分，餘管參差相次，制如笙管，形亦類鳳翼，竹為簧，穿匏達本。

Great gourd sheng two, sixteen phoenix-wing tubes, bamboo reeds piercing gourd.

上古八音，皆以木漆代之，用金為簧，無匏音，唯驃國得古制。

Ancient eight tones replaced with lacquered wood; metal reeds without gourd tone—only Pyu kept ancient system.

又有小匏笙二，制如大笙，律應林鐘商。

Small gourd sheng two, like great, forest bell shang.

有三面鼓二，形如酒缸，高二尺，首廣下銳，上博七寸，底博四寸，腹廣不過首，冒以虺皮，束三為一，碧絳約之，下當地則不冒，四面畫驃國工伎執笙鼓以為飾。

Three-faced drums two, jar-shaped two chi, python skin, painted Pyu artisans.

有小鼓四，制如腰鼓，長五寸，首廣三寸五分，冒以虺皮，牙釘彩飾，無柄，搖之為樂節，引贊者皆執之。

Small drums four, waist-drum style five cun, shaken for rhythm; lead chanters held them.

有牙笙，穿匏達本，漆之，上植二象牙代管，雙簧皆應姑洗。

Ivory sheng piercing lacquered gourd, two ivory tubes, double reeds Guxian.

有三角笙，亦穿匏達本，漆之，上植三牛角，一簧應姑洗，餘應南呂，角銳在下，穿匏達本，柄觜皆直。

Triangular sheng, three ox horns, one reed Guxian, rest southern pitch.

有兩角笙，亦穿匏達本，上植二牛角，簧應姑洗，匏以彩飾。曲凡曲名十有二：

Two-horn sheng, two ox horns, reeds Guxian, colored gourd. Tunes numbered twelve:

一曰《佛印》，驃云《沒馱彌》，國人及天竺歌以事王也。

First "Buddha Seal," Pyu Moduomi—people and Indians sing to serve the king.

二曰《贊娑羅花》，驃云《嚨莽第》，國人以花為衣服，能凈其身也。

Second "Praise Sarasa Flower," Pyu Longmangdi—flowers as clothing to purify the body.

三曰《白鴿》，驃云《都》，美其飛止遂情也。

Third "White Dove," Pyu Du—praising flight and rest as feelings wish.

四曰《白鶴遊》，驃云《蘇謾底哩》，謂翔則摩空，行則徐步也。

Fourth "White Crane Soars," Pyu Sumandili—soaring rubs heaven, walking steps slowly.

五曰《鬥羊勝》，膘云《來乃》。昔有人見二羊鬥海岸，強者則見，弱者入山，時人謂之「來乃」。來乃者，勝勢也。

Fifth "Ram Fight Victory," Pyu Lainai. Once two rams fought on the coast; the strong was seen, the weak fled; people called it Lainai. Lainai means victorious force.

六曰《龍首獨琴》，驃云《彌思彌》，此一弦而五音備，象王一德以畜萬邦也。

Sixth "Dragon Head Single Qin," Pyu Misimisi—one string, five tones—king's one virtue nourishing all states.

七曰《禪定》，驃云《掣覽詩》，謂離俗寂靜也。七曲唱舞，皆律應黃鐘商。

Seventh "Meditation," Pyu Chilianshi—leaving the world in quiet. Seven tunes sung and danced in yellow bell shang.

八曰《革蔗王》，驃云《遏思略》，謂佛教民如蔗之甘，皆悅其味也。

Eighth "Sugarcane King," Pyu Esilue—Buddhism sweet as sugarcane.

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九曰《孔雀王》，驃云《桃臺》，謂毛采光華也。

Ninth "Peacock King," Pyu Taotai—feathers shining with glory.

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十曰《野鵝》，謂飛止必雙，徒侶畢會也。

Tenth "Wild Geese"—flight and rest always in pairs.

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十一曰《宴樂》，驃云《嚨聰網摩》，謂時康宴會嘉也。

Eleventh "Banquet Music," Pyu Longcongwangmo—timely peace and joyous assembly.

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十二曰《滌煩》，亦白《笙舞》，驃云《扈那》，謂時滌煩暋，以此適情也。

Twelfth "Wash Cares," also "Sheng Dance," Pyu Huna—washing vexation.

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五曲律應黃鐘兩均：一黃鐘商伊越調，一林鐘商小植調。樂工皆昆侖，衣絳氎，朝霞為蔽膝，謂之裓襔。兩肩加朝霞，絡腋。足臂有金寶環釧。冠金冠，左珥珰，絳貫花鬘，珥雙簪，散以毳。初奏樂，有贊者一人先導樂意，其舞容隨曲。用人或二、或六、或四、或八、至十，皆珠冒，拜首稽首以終節。其樂五譯而至，德宗授舒難陀太仆卿，遣還。開州刺史唐次述《驃國獻樂頌》以獻。大和六年，南詔掠其民三千，徙之柘東。兩爨蠻兩爨蠻。自曲州、靖州西南昆川、曲軛、晉寧、喻獻、安寧距龍和城，通謂之西爨白蠻；自彌鹿、升麻二川，南至步頭，謂之東爨烏蠻。西爨自雲本安邑人，七世祖晉南寧太守，中國亂，遂王蠻中。梁元帝時，南寧州刺史徐文盛召詣荊州，有爨瓚者，據其地，延袤二千餘里。土多駿馬、犀、象、明珠。既死，子震玩分統其眾。隋開皇初，遣使朝貢，命韋世沖以兵戍之，置恭州、協州、昆州。未幾叛，史萬歲擊之，至西洱河、滇池而還。震玩懼而入朝，文帝誅之，諸子沒為奴。高祖即位，以其子弘達為昆州刺史，奉父喪歸。而益州刺史段綸遣俞大施至南寧，治共範川，誘諸部皆納款貢方物。太宗遣將擊西爨，開青蛉、弄棟為縣。

Five tunes in yellow bell two mean: Yiyue and Xiaozhi modes. Musicians all Kunlun in crimson woolens, dawn cloth apron called jiepan. Both shoulders dawn cloth, armpit straps. Arms and feet golden rings and bracelets. Golden crown, left ear pendant, crimson flower crown, double hairpins, loose feathers. One lead chanter guided intent; dance followed the tune. Performers two to ten, pearl-capped, bowing forehead to end each section. The music passed through five translations; Dezong appointed Shunantu Grand Master of the Imperial Stud and sent him home. Kaizhou Prefect Tang Ci composed "Ode on Pyu's Presentation of Music" and presented it. In Dahe's sixth year Nanzhao plundered three thousand Pyu people and relocated them to Zhedong. The Two Cuan Barbarians. From Quzhou and Jingzhou southwest through Kun River, Qu'e, Jinning, Yuxian, and Anning to Longhe—all called Western Cuan White Barbarians; from Milu and Shengma south to Butou—called Eastern Cuan Wuman. Western Cuan were originally Anyi people; a seventh-generation ancestor was Jin prefect of Jinning; when China fell into chaos they became kings among the barbarians. Under Emperor Yuan of Liang, Nanning Prefect Xu Wensheng summoned them to Jingzhou; Cuan Zan held the land, extending over two thousand li. The land had fine horses, rhinoceros, elephants, and bright pearls. After his death sons Zhen and Wan divided command. At Sui Kaihuang envoys came; Wei Shichong garrisoned troops, establishing Gong, Xie, and Kun prefectures. Soon they rebelled; Shi Wansui attacked to the Western Er River and Lake Dian and returned. Zhenwan feared and came to court; Emperor Wen executed him; sons were enslaved. Gaozu made son Hongda Kunzhou prefect; he returned bearing his father's coffin. Yizhou Prefect Duan Lun sent Yu Dashi to Nanning, inducing all tribes to submit tribute. Taizong sent generals against Western Cuan, opening Qingling and Nongdong as counties.

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爨蠻之西，有徒莫只蠻、儉望蠻，貞觀二十三年內屬，以其地為傍、望、覽、丘、求五州，隸郎州都督府。白水蠻，地與青蛉、弄棟接，亦隸郎州。弄棟西有大勃弄、小勃弄二川蠻，其西與黃瓜、葉榆、西洱河接，其眾完富與蜀埒，無酋長，喜相讎怨。

West of Cuan were Tumo and Jianwang; in Zhenguan 23 they submitted, land made five prefectures under Langzhou dudu. White Water barbarians bordered Qingling and Nongdong, also under Langzhou. West of Nongdong were Great and Lesser Bonong tribes, wealthy as Shu, without chieftains, fond of vengeance.

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永徽初，大勃弄楊承顛私署將帥，寇麻州。都督任懷玉招之，不聽。高宗以左領軍將軍趙孝祖為郎州道行軍總管，與懷玉討之。至羅仵侯山，其酋禿磨蒲與大鬼主都幹以眾塞菁口，孝祖大破之。夷人尚鬼，謂主祭者為鬼主，每歲戶出一牛或一羊，就其家祭之。送鬼迎鬼必有兵，因以復仇雲。孝祖按軍，多棄城，逐北至周近水。大酋儉彌於、鬼主董樸瀕水為柵，以輕騎逆戰。孝祖擊斬彌於、禿磨蒲、鬼主十餘級，會大雪，皸凍死者略盡。孝祖上言：「小勃弄、大勃弄常誘弄棟叛，今因破白水，請遂西討。」詔可。孝祖軍入，夷人皆走險。小勃弄酋長歿盛屯白旗城，率萬騎戰，敗，斬之。進至大勃弄，楊承顛嬰城守。孝祖招之，不從，麾軍進，執承顛。餘屯大者數萬、小數千，皆破降之，西南夷遂定。罷郎州都督，更置戎州都督。

At Yonghui's beginning Great Bonong Yang Chengdian raided Ma Prefecture. Protector-General Ren Huaiyu summoned him; he refused. Gaozong made Zhao Xiaozu Langzhou marching commander with Huaiyu to punish them. At Luowuhou Mountain chieftain Tumopu and ghost master Dugan blocked Jingkou; Xiaozu routed them. Barbarians honored ghosts; chief sacrificer was ghost master; each year one ox or sheep per household sacrificed at his home. Ghost ceremonies always meant troops—for revenge. Xiaozu held the army; many cities abandoned; pursued north to Zhoujin River. Great chieftain Jianmiyu and ghost master Dong Pu built palisades; light cavalry met battle. Xiaozu killed Jianmiyu, Tumopu, and over ten ghost masters; heavy snow; frostbite deaths nearly all. Xiaozu memorialized: "Lesser and Greater Bonong entice Nongdong; now breaking White Water, please advance west. Edict approved. Xiaozu's army entered; barbarians fled to defiles. Lesser Bonong chieftain Mosheng held White Flag City with ten thousand cavalry; defeated and beheaded. Advancing to Greater Bonong, Yang Chengdian defended the city. Xiaozu summoned him; he refused; the army captured Chengdian. Remaining garrisons—all broken and surrendered; southwest barbarians settled. Langzhou dudu abolished; Rongzhou dudu established.

107

爨弘達既死，以爨歸王為南寧州都督，居石城，襲殺東爨首領蓋聘及子蓋啟，徙共範川。

After Hongda died, Guiwang was made Nanning dudu at Stone City; he assassinated Eastern Cuan leader Gai Pin and son Gai Qi.

108

有兩爨大鬼主崇道者，與弟日進、日用居安寧城左，聞章仇兼瓊開步頭路，築安寧城，群蠻震騷，共殺築城使者。玄宗詔蒙歸義討之。師次波州，歸王及崇道兄弟千餘人泥首謝罪，赦之。俄而崇道殺日進及歸王。歸王妻阿乇，烏蠻女也，走父部，乞兵相仇，於是諸爨亂。阿乇遣使詣歸義求殺夫者，書聞，詔以其子守隅為南寧州都督，歸義以女妻之，又以一女妻崇道子輔朝。然崇道、守隅相攻討不置，阿乇訴歸義，為興師，營昆川。崇道走黎州，遂虜其族，殺輔朝，收其女，崇道俄亦被殺，諸爨稍離弱。閣羅鳳閣羅鳳立，召守隅並妻歸河睒，不通中國。阿乇自主其部落，歲入朝，恩賞蕃厚。閣羅鳳遣昆川城使楊牟利以兵脅西爨，徙戶二十餘萬於永昌城。東爨以言語不通，多散依林谷，得不徙。自曲靖州、石城、升麻、昆川南北至龍和，皆殘於兵。日進等子孫居永昌城。烏蠻種復振，徙居西爨故地，與峰州為鄰。貞元中，置都督府，領羈縻州十八。烏蠻烏蠻與南詔世昏姻，其種分七部落：一曰阿芋路，居曲州、靖州故地；二曰阿猛；三曰夔山；四曰暴蠻；五曰盧鹿蠻，二部落分保竹子嶺；六曰磨彌斂；七曰勿鄧。土多牛馬，無布帛，男子髽髻，女人被發，皆衣牛羊皮。俗尚巫鬼，無拜跪之節。其語四譯乃與中國通。大部落有大鬼主，百家則置小鬼主。

Great ghost masters Chongdao and brothers Rijin and Riyong dwelt near Anning; hearing Butou road opened, tribes killed the city-building envoy. Xuanzong ordered Meng Guiyi to punish them. Army halted at Bo; Guiwang and Chongdao over a thousand begged pardon; pardoned. Soon Chongdao killed Rijin and Guiwang. Guiwang's wife Azhuo, a Wuman woman, fled begging troops; all Cuan rebelled. Azhuo sought her husband's killer; son Shouyu made Nanning dudu; Guiyi married him a daughter and Fuchao a daughter. Chongdao and Shouyu attacked unceasingly; Azhuo appealed; Guiyi raised troops at Kun River. Chongdao fled to Lizhou; Guiyi captured his clan, killed Fuchao; Chongdao soon killed; Cuan gradually weakened. When Geluofeng succeeded he summoned Shouyu to Hexian, cutting off China. Azhuo governed her tribe, yearly at court with generous favor. Geluofeng sent Yang Mouli to coerce Western Cuan, relocating over two hundred thousand households to Yongchang. Eastern Cuan, languages not matching, mostly scattered in valleys, escaped relocation. From Qujing to Longhe—all ravaged by war. Rijin and others' descendants dwelt at Yongchang. Wuman revived, relocating to Western Cuan lands, neighboring Feng Prefecture. In Zhenyuan a dudu office governed eighteen jimi prefectures. Wuman intermarried with Nanzhao; seven tribes: Ayulu in Quzhou and Jingzhou old lands; second Ameng; third Kuishan; fourth Baoman; fifth and sixth Lulu tribes at Zhuziling; seventh Molian; eighth Wudeng. Many cattle and horses, no cloth; men topknotted, women loose-haired, cattle and sheep hide. Custom honored shamans; no bowing or kneeling. Their speech required four translations to reach China. Great tribes had great ghost masters; hundred households lesser ghost masters.

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勿鄧地方千里，有邛部六姓，一姓白蠻也，五姓烏蠻也。又有初裹五姓，皆烏蠻也，居邛部、臺登之間。婦人衣黑繒，其長曳地。又有東欽蠻二姓，皆白蠻也，居北谷。婦人衣白繒，長不過膝。又有粟蠻二姓、雷蠻三姓、夢蠻三姓，散處黎、巂、戎數州之鄙，皆隸勿鄧。勿鄧南七十里，有兩林部落，有十低三姓、阿屯三姓、虧望三姓隸焉。其南有豐琶部落，阿諾二姓隸焉。兩林地雖狹，而諸部推為長，號都大鬼主。

Wudeng a thousand li; Qiong six surnames—one White, five Wuman. Chubao five surnames all Wuman between Qiong and Taideng. Women wore black silk dragging on the ground. Dongqin two surnames all White Barbarian in North Valley. Women wore white silk not past the knee. Su two, Lei three, Meng three scattered at Li, Xie, Rong—all under Wudeng. Seventy li south was Lianglin; Shidi, Atun, Kuiwang three surnames under it. South was Fengpa; Anuo two surnames under it. Though Lianglin was narrow, tribes honored it as elder—Chief Great Ghost Master.

110

勿鄧、豐琶、兩林皆謂之東蠻，天寶中，皆受封爵。及南詔陷巂州，遂羈屬吐蕃。貞元中，復通款，以勿鄧大鬼主苴嵩兼邛部團練使，封長川郡公。及死，子苴驃離幼，以苴夢沖為大鬼主，數為吐蕃侵獵。兩林都大鬼主苴那時遺韋臯書，乞兵攻吐蕃。臯遣將劉朝彩出銅山道，吳鳴鶴出清溪關道，鄧英俊出定蕃柵道，進逼臺登城。吐蕃退壁西貢川，據高為營。苴那時戰甚力，分兵大破吐蕃青海、臘城二節度軍於北谷，青海大兵馬使乞藏遮遮、臘城兵馬使悉多楊朱、節度論東柴、大將論結突梨等皆戰死，執籠官四十五人，鎧仗一萬，牛馬稱是。進拔於蔥柵。乞藏遮遮，尚結贊子也，以屍還。其下曩貢節度蘇論百餘人行哭，使一人立屍左，一人問之曰：「瘡痛乎？」曰「然。」即傅藥。曰「食乎？」曰「然。」即進膳。曰「衣乎？」曰「然。」即命裘。又問「歸乎？」曰「然。」以馬載屍而去。詔封苴那時為順政郡王，苴夢沖為懷化郡王，豐琶部落大鬼主驃傍為和義郡王，給印章、袍帶。三王皆入朝，宴麟德殿，賞賚加等，歲給其部祿鹽衣彩，黎、巂二州吏就賜之。以山阻多為盜侵，亡失所賜，臯令二州為築館，有賜，約酋長自至，授賜而遣之。然苴夢沖內附吐蕃，斷南詔使路，臯遣巂州總管蘇峞以兵三百召夢沖至琵琶川，聲其罪斬之，披其族為六部，以樣棄主之。及苴驃離長，乃命為大鬼主。驃傍年少驍敢，數出兵攻吐蕃。吐蕃間道焚其居室、部落，亡所賜印章。臯為請，復得印。昆明蠻爨蠻西有昆明蠻，一曰昆彌，以西洱河為境，即葉榆河也。距京師九千里。土濕，宜粳稻。人辮首、左衽，與突厥同。隨水草畜牧，夏處高山，冬入深谷。尚戰死，惡病亡，勝兵數萬。

Wudeng, Fengpa, Lianglin called Eastern Barbarians; in Tianbao all received ranks. When Nanzhao took Xie they came under Tibet. In Zhenyuan contact renewed; Jusong enfeoffed Changchuan Prince. After death son young; Jumengchong made great ghost master; repeatedly raided by Tibet. Lianglin chief Junashi sent Gao letter begging troops against Tibet. Gao sent Liu Chaocai, Wu Minghe, Deng Yingjun pressing Taideng City. Tibet withdrew to Xigongchuan, holding heights. Junashi routed Tibetan armies at Beigu; Qizangzhezhe and many commanders died; forty-five longguan captured; ten thousand armor. Advanced taking Yucang stockade. Qizangzhezhe was Shang Jiezan's son; corpse returned. Sulun over a hundred walked weeping; one asked the corpse: "Does the wound pain?" Yes." Medicine applied. "Eat?" Yes." Meal offered. "Clothing?" Yes." Fur ordered. "Return?" Yes." Horse carried corpse away. Edict enfeoffed Junashi Shunzheng Prince, Jumengchong Huaihua Prince, Piaobang Heyi Prince. Three kings came to court; feast at Qinde Hall; yearly salary salt and cloth delivered. Bandits stole gifts; Gao ordered lodges built; chiefs came in person. Jumengchong submitted to Tibet; Gao executed him at Pipa River, splitting clan into six parts. When Jubiaoli grew he was made great ghost master. Piaobang young and fierce repeatedly attacked Tibet. Tibet burned their dwellings; lost granted seals. Gao requested; seals recovered. West of Cuan was Kunming, also Kunmi, bordering Western Er River—Yeyu River. Nine thousand li from the capital. Damp soil suited to glutinous rice. People braided hair, left-lapelled like Turks. Pastoral; summer in mountains, winter in valleys. Honored death in battle; effective troops tens of thousands.

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武德中，巂州治中吉偉使南寧，因至其國，諭使使朝貢，求內屬，發兵戍守。自是歲與牂柯使偕來。龍朔三年，矩州刺史謝法成招慰比樓等七千戶內附。總章三年，置祿州、湯望州。咸亨三年，昆明十四姓率戶二萬內附，析其地為殷州、扌忽州、敦州，以安輯之。殷州居戎州西北，扌忽州居西南，敦州居南，遠不過五百餘里，近三百里。其後又置盤、麻等四十一州，皆以首領為刺史。

In Wude Ji Wei reached their state, persuading submission; troops garrisoned. From then yearly with Zangke envoys. Longshuo 3 Xie Facheng summoned seven thousand households. Zongzhang 3 established Lu and Tangwang prefectures. Xianheng 3 fourteen surnames led twenty thousand households; Yin, Huo, Dun prefectures established. Yin north of Rong, Huo southwest, Dun south—three to five hundred li. Later Pan, Ma and forty-one prefectures—chieftains as prefects.

112

昆明東九百里，即牂柯國也。兵數出，侵地數千里。元和八年，上表請盡歸牂柯故地。開成元年，鬼主阿珮內屬。會昌中，封其別帥為羅殿王，世襲爵。其後又封別帥為滇王，皆牂柯蠻也。東距辰州二千四百里，其南千五百里即交州也。無城郭，土熱多霖雨，稻粟再熟。無徭役，戰乃屯聚。刻木為契，盜者倍三而償，殺人者出牛馬三十。俗與東謝同。首領亦姓謝氏，至龍羽有兵三萬。武德三年，遣使者朝，以其地為牂州，拜龍羽刺史，封夜郎郡公。其北百五十里，有別部曰充州蠻，勝兵二萬，亦來朝貢，以地為充州。

Nine hundred li east was Zangke. Troops repeatedly seized land thousands of li. Yuanhe 8 requested return of Zangke old lands. Kaicheng 1 ghost master Apei submitted. Huichang enfeoffed vice-chief Luodian King, hereditary. Later vice-chief enfeoffed Dian King—all Zangke. East fifteen hundred li to Jiaozhou. No walls; hot rainy land; rice twice yearly. No corvée; war then gathering. Carved wood contracts; thieves repay triple; killers pay thirty cattle. Custom like Eastern Xie. Chieftains surnamed Xie; Longyu had thirty thousand troops. Wude 3 envoys came; Zang Prefecture; Longyu Prince of Yelang. North one hundred fifty li Chongzhou barbarians, twenty thousand troops; Chong Prefecture.

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開元中，牂柯酋長元齊死，孫嘉藝襲官，封其後，乃以趙氏為酋長。二十五年，趙君道來朝。其裔有趙國珍，天寶中戰有功。閣羅鳳叛，宰相楊國忠兼劍南節度使，以國珍有方略，授黔中都督，屢敗南詔，護五溪十餘年，天下方亂，其部獨寧。終工部尚書。貞元中，官其酋長趙主俗，亦以褒朝貢不絕。至十八年，五遣使朝。元和二年，詔黔南觀察使常以本道將為押領牂柯、昆明等使，自是數遣使，或朝正月，訖開成不絕。故事：戎夷朝貢，將至都，中官驛勞於郊，既及館，恩禮尤渥。東謝蠻西爨之南，有東謝蠻，居黔州西三百里，南距守宮獠，西連夷子，地方千里。宜五谷，為畬田，歲一易之。眾處山，巢居，汲流以飲。無賦稅，刻木為契。見貴人執鞭而拜。賞有功者以牛馬、銅鼓。犯小罪則杖，大事殺之，盜物者倍償。昏姻以牛酒為聘。女婦夫家，夫慚澀避之，旬日乃出。會聚，擊銅鼓，吹角。俗椎髻，韜以絳，垂於後。坐必蹲踞，常帶刀劍。男子服衫襖、大口褲，以帶斜馮右肩，以螺殼、虎豹、猿狖、犬羊皮為飾。有謝氏，世為酋長，部落尊畏之。其族不育女，自以姓高不可以嫁人。貞觀三年，其酋元深入朝，冠烏熊皮若註旄，以金銀絡額，被毛帔，韋行縢，著履。中書侍郎顏師古因是上言：「昔周武王時，遠國入朝，太史次為《王會篇》，今蠻夷入朝，如元深冠服不同，可寫為《王會圖》。」詔可。帝以地為應州，即拜元深刺史，隸黔州都督府。又有南謝首領謝強亦來朝，以其地為莊州，授強刺史。建中三年，大酋長檢校蠻州長史、資陽郡公宋鼎與諸謝朝賀，德宗以其國小，不許。訴於黔中觀察使王礎，以州接牂柯，願隨牂柯朝賀，礎奏：「牂、蠻二州，戶繁力強，為鄰蕃所憚，請許三年一朝。」詔從之。

Kaiyuan Yuan Qi died; grandson Jiayi inherited; Zhao chieftains. Year 25 Zhao Jundao came to court. Descendant Zhao Guozhen had Tianbao merit. Geluofeng rebelled; Guozhen made Qianzhong dudu; repeatedly defeated Nanzhao; tribe peaceful amid chaos. Ended Minister of Works. Zhenyuan enfeoffed Zhao Zhusu; tribute unceasing. To year 18 five missions. Yuanhe 2 edict observation commissioner led Zangke envoys until Kaicheng. Precedent: palace eunuchs welcomed at suburbs; thick favor at lodge. Eastern Xie south of Western Cuan; a thousand li territory. Five grains; slash-and-burn, one year then move. Nest dwellings in mountains; stream water. No taxes; carved wood contracts. Seeing nobles held whip and bowed. Merit rewarded with cattle, horses, bronze drums. Small crimes beaten; great killed; thieves repay double. Marriage betrothal cattle and wine. Wife to husband's home; husband shy ten days. Gatherings beat bronze drums and horns. Topknot, red wrapped behind. Always squatting; always sword. Men jackets and large trousers; shell and fur ornaments. Xie clan generation chieftains; tribes feared them. Clan did not raise daughters—surname too noble. Zhenguan 3 Yuanshen came in bear-skin crown and fur cape. Yan Shigu: illustrate barbarian dress as Royal Assembly Chart. Edict approved. Land made Ying Prefecture; Yuanshen prefect under Qian. Southern Xie Xie Qiang came; Zhuang Prefecture. Jianzhong 3 Song Ding came; Dezong refused small state. Appealed to Wang Chu; three-year interval approved. Edict followed.

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元和中，辰、漵蠻酋張伯靖嫉本道督斂苛刻，聚眾叛，侵播、費二州，黔中經略使崔能、荊南節度使嚴綬、湖南觀察使柳公綽討之，三歲不能定。伯靖上表請隸荊南，乃降。崔能內恨之，更請調荊南、湖南、桂管軍為援，約西原十洞兵皆出，可以成功。公卿議者皆以為便。宰相李吉甫曰：「伯靖挾怨而叛，壓以大兵而招之，可不戰自定。」乃命能兵毋出，獨詔嚴綬招伯靖率家屬詣江陵降，授右威衛翊府中郎將。西趙蠻東謝南有西趙蠻，東距夷子，西屬昆明，南西洱河也。山穴阻深，莫知道裏。南北十八日行，東西二十三日行，戶萬餘，俗與東謝同，趙氏世為酋長。夷子渠帥姓季氏，與西趙皆南蠻別種，勝兵各萬人。自古未嘗通中國，黔州豪帥田康諷之，故貞觀中皆遣使入朝。西趙首領趙酋摩率所部萬餘戶內附，以其地為明州，授酋摩刺史。松外蠻松外蠻尚數十百部，大者五六百戶，小者二三百。凡數十姓，趙、楊、李、董為貴族，皆擅山川，不能相君長。有城郭、文字，頗知陰陽歷數。自夜郎、滇池以西，皆莊之裔。有稻、麥、粟、豆、絲、麻、薤、蒜、桃、李。以十二月為歲首。布幅廣七寸。正月蠶生，二月熟。男子氈革為帔，女衣迤布裙衫，髻盤如髽。飯用竹筲摶而啖之，烏杯貯羹如雞彜。徒跣，有舟無車。死則坎地，殯舍左，屋之，三年乃葬，以蠡蚌封棺。父母喪，斬衰布衣不澡者四五年，近者二三年。為人所殺者，子以麻括發，墨面，衣不緝。居喪，昏嫁不廢，亦弗避同姓。婿不親迎。富室娶妻，納金銀牛羊酒，女所賫亦如之。有罪者，樹一長木，擊鼓集眾其下。強盜殺之，富者貰死，燒屋奪其田；盜者倍九而償贓。奸淫，則強族輸金銀請和而棄其妻，處女、厘婦不坐。凡相殺必報，力不能則其部助攻之。祭祀，殺牛馬，親聯畢會，助以牛酒，多至數百人。貞觀中，巂州都督劉伯英上疏：「松外諸蠻，率暫附亟叛，請擊之，西洱河天竺道可通也。」居數歲，太宗以右武候將軍梁建方發蜀十二州兵進討，酋帥雙舍拒戰，敗走，殺獲十餘。群蠻震駭，走保山谷。建方諭降者七十餘部，戶十萬九千，署首領蒙、和為縣令，餘眾感悅。西洱河蠻西洱河蠻，亦曰河蠻，道繇郎州走三千里，建方遣奇兵自巂州道千五百里掩之，其帥楊盛大駭，欲遁去，使者好語約降，乃遣首領十人納款軍門，建方振旅還。二十二年，西洱河大首領楊同外、東洱河大首領楊斂、松外首領蒙羽皆入朝，授官袟。顯慶元年，西洱河大首領楊棟附顯、和蠻大首領王羅祁、郎昆梨盤四州大首領王伽沖率部落四千人歸附，入朝貢方物。其後茂州西南築安戎城，絕吐蕃通蠻之道。生羌為吐蕃向導，攻拔之，增兵以守，西洱河諸蠻皆臣吐蕃。開元中，首領始入朝，授刺史。會南詔蒙歸義拔大和城，乃北徙，更羈制於浪穹詔。浪穹詔已破，又徙雲南柘城。黎州黎州，領羈縻奉上等州二十六。開元十七年，又領羈縻夏梁、卜貴等州三十一。南路有廓清道部落主三人，婆鹽鬼主十人。又有阿逼蠻分十四部落：一曰大龍池，二曰小龍池，三曰控，四曰苴質，五曰烏披，六曰苴賃，七曰觱篥水，八曰戎列，九曰婆狄，十曰石地，十一曰羅公，十二曰𧧯，十三曰離旻，十四曰裏漢。三王部落黎、邛二州之東，又有淩蠻。西有三王蠻，蓋莋都夷白馬氏之遺種。楊、劉、郝三姓世為長，襲封王，謂之「三王」部落。疊甓而居，號舍。歲稟節度府帛三千匹，以诇南詔，而南詔亦密賂之，覘成都虛實。每節度使至，酋長來謁，節度使多奏威惠所懷，以罔天子也。前謁必請於都押衙，且聽命，都押衙不令者，輒諷其叛，常倚三王部落求姑息，至唐末益甚。諸蠻雅州西有通吐蕃道三：曰夏陽、曰夔松、曰始陽，皆諸蠻錯居。凡部落四十六：距州三百餘里之外有百坡、當品、嚴城、中川、鉗矣、昌逼、鉗井七部落，四百餘里之外有羅巖、當馬、三井、束鋒、名耶、鉗恭、畫重、羅林、籠羊、林波、林燒、龍逢、索古、敢川、驚川、禍眉、不燭十七部落，五百餘里之外有諾祚、三恭、布嵐、欠馬、論川、讓川、遠南、卑廬、夔龍、曜川、金川、東嘉梁、西嘉梁十三部落，六百餘里之外有椎梅、作重、禍林、金林、邏蓬五部落，皆羈縻州也。以首領襲刺史。六姓蠻巂州新安城傍有六姓蠻：一曰蒙蠻、二曰夷蠻、三曰訛蠻、四曰狼蠻，餘勿鄧及白蠻也。

Yuanhe Bojing rebelled; three years unsettled. Bojing requested Jingnan; surrendered. Neng requested more troops from three circuits. Ministers approved. Li Jifu: pressure and summon—no battle needed. Neng held; Yan Shou summoned surrender; Bojing appointed general. Western Zhao south of Eastern Xie; west Kunming. Deep mountain caves; distance unknown. Eighteen days north-south; ten thousand households; Zhao chieftains. Yizi Ji clan; ten thousand troops each. Never contacted China until Tian Kang induced Zhenguan envoys. Zhao Qiumo ten thousand households; Ming Prefecture. Songwai: tens of tribes; large five-six hundred households. Zhao, Yang, Li, Dong noble; held mountains; no unified rule. Walled cities, writing; yin-yang calendrics. West of Yelang and Lake Dian Zhuang descendants. Rice, wheat, millet, beans, silk, hemp, produce. Twelfth month New Year. Cloth seven cun wide. Silkworms first month; second ripe. Men felt capes; women cloth skirts; topknots. Rice in bamboo tubes; owl cups for soup. Barefoot; boats not carts. Pit burial; house three years; clam shell coffin. Parent mourning hemp unbathed years. Murdered—son ink face, unhemmed clothes. Mourning marriage not stopped. Son-in-law did not fetch bride. Rich marriage gold silver cattle wine both sides. Guilty—long wood; drum gathered masses. Robbers killed; rich ransomed; house burned; thieves repay ninefold. Adultery—clan paid reconcile; virgins widows exempt. Killing must be avenged; weak tribes helped. Sacrifice cattle horses; kin hundreds gathered. Liu Boxiong: strike Songwai; open India road. Liang Jianfang twelve prefecture troops; Shuangshe defeated. Tribes fled valleys. Seventy tribes surrendered; 109,000 households; Meng, He magistrates. Western Er River Barbarians: Jianfang struck; Yang Shengdah surrendered; ten chieftains submitted. Year 22 Yang Tongwai, Yang Lian, Meng Yu came; granted seals. Xianqing 1 four chiefs led four thousand tribes submit. Anrong City built cutting Tibet-barbarian road. Raw Qiang guided Tibet; Western Er submitted Tibet. Kaiyuan chieftains appointed prefects. When Nanzhao took Dahe they moved north under Langqiong. Langqiong broken, they moved to Yunnan Zhe City. Li Prefecture twenty-six jimi prefectures. Kaiyuan 17 also thirty-one prefectures. South road three lords, ten ghost masters. The Abi Man comprised fourteen tribes: Dalongchi, Xiaolongchi, Kong, Juzhi, Wupo, Juzhen, Bili River, Ronglie, Bodi, Shidi, Luogong, Limin, Lihan, and one more. Three Kings east of Li, Qiong; Ling barbarians. Three Kings Zhuodu Yi White Horse remnant. Yang, Liu, Hao hereditary Three Kings. Stacked tile dwellings called she. Three thousand bolts yearly spying Nanzhao; Nanzhao bribed back. Jiedushi memorialized favor deceiving emperor. Three Kings blackmailed for indulgence; late Tang worse. Ya west three Tibet roads; tribes mixed. Forty-six tribes in all: within three hundred li stood seven; within four hundred li seventeen; within five hundred li thirteen; within six hundred li five—all registered as jimi prefectures. Chieftains inherited prefect. Six Surname beside Xin'an: Meng, Yi, E, Lang.

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戎州管內有馴、騁、浪三州大鬼主董嘉慶，累世內附，以忠謹稱，封歸義郡王。貞元中，狼蠻亦請內附，補首領浪沙為刺史，然卒不出，劍南西川節度使韋臯檄嘉慶兼押狼蠻。又有魯望等部落，徙居戎州馬鞍山，臯以其遠邊僥，戶給米二斛、鹽五斤。北又有浪稽蠻、羅哥谷蠻。東有婆秋蠻、烏皮蠻。南有離東蠻、鍋銼蠻。西有磨些蠻，與南詔、越析相姻婭。自浪稽以下，古滇王、哀牢雜種，其地與吐蕃接。亦有姐羌，古白馬氐之裔。部落劍山當吐蕃大路，屬石門、柳強三鎮，置戍、守捉，以招討使領五部落：一曰彌羌、二曰鑠羌、三曰胡叢，其餘東欽、磨些也。又有夷望、鼓路、西望、安樂、湯谷、佛蠻、虧野、阿益、阿鶚、蠻、林井、阿異十二鬼主皆隸巂州。又有奉國、苴伽十一部落，春秋受賞於巂州，然挾吐蕃為輕重。每節度使至，諸部獻馬，酋長衣虎皮，餘皆紅巾束發，錦纈襖、半臂。既見，請匹錦、鬥酒，折草招父祖魂以歸鄉里。及還，裹錦植馬上而去。又有顯養、東魯諸蠻，永徽三年與胡叢皆叛。高宗以右驍衛將軍曹繼叔為巂州道行軍總管，戰斜山，拔十餘城，斬首七百，獲馬、犛牛萬五千。永昌蠻姚州境有永昌蠻，居古永昌郡地。咸亨五年叛，高宗以太子右衛副率梁積壽為姚州道行軍總管討平之。武後天授中，遣御史裴懷古招懷。至長壽時，大首領董期率部落二萬內屬。其西有撲子蠻，趫悍，以青娑羅為通身褲，善用竹弓，入林射飛鼠無不中。無食器，以蕉葉藉之。人多長大，負排持槊而鬥。又有望蠻者，用木弓短箭，鏃傅毒藥，中者立死。婦人食乳酪，肥白，跣足；青布為衫裳，聯貫珂貝珠絡之；髻垂於後，有夫者分兩髻。群蠻群蠻種類，多不可記。有黑齒、金齒、銀齒三種，見人以漆及鏤金銀飾齒，寢食則去之。直頂為髻，青布為通褲。有繡腳種，刻踝至腓為文。有繡面種，生逾月，涅黛於面。有雕題種，身面涅黛。有穿鼻種，以金環徑尺貫其鼻，下垂過頤。君長以絲系環，人牽乃行。其次，以二花頭金釘貫鼻下出。又有長鬃種、棟鋒種，皆額前為長髻，下過臍，行以物舉之；君長則二女在前共舉其髻乃行。生蠻林睹符部落安南有生蠻林睹符部落，大歷中置德化州，戶一萬。又以潘歸國部落置龍武州，戶千五百。詔安南節度使綏定之。貞元七年，始以、峰二州為都督府。在安南，限重海，與文單、占婆接。峰統羈縻州十八，與蜀爨蠻接。南平獠南平獠，東距智州，南屬渝州，西接南州，北涪州，戶四千餘。多瘴癘。山有毒草、沙虱、蝮虵。人樓居，梯而上，名為幹欄。婦人橫布二幅，穿中貫其首，號曰通裙。美發髻，垂於後。竹筒三寸，斜穿其耳，貴者飾以珠珰。俗女多男少，婦人任役。昏法，女先以貨求男。貧者無以嫁，則賣為婢。男子左衽，露發，徒跣。其王姓朱氏，號劍荔王。貞觀三年，遣使內款，以其地隸渝州。有飛頭獠者，頭欲飛，周項有痕如縷，妻子共守之。及夜如病，頭忽亡，比旦還。又有烏武獠，地多瘴毒，中者不能飲藥，故自鑿齒。

Dong Jiaqing loyal generations; Guiyi Prince. Lang requested internal; Gao ordered Jiaqing oversee. Luwang moved Ma'an; Gao gave rice salt. North Langji, Luogegu. East Poqiu, Wupi. South Lidong, Guosuo. West Mosuo intermarried Nanzhao. Below Langji Dian Ailao mixed; borders Tibet. Jie Qiang White Horse Di remnant. Jianshan on Tibet road; five tribes under pacification. Twelve ghost masters under Xie. Eleven tribes spring rewards; leveraged Tibet. Jiedushi arrival horses; chiefs tiger skin. Requested silk wine; summoned ancestors. Returned silk on horse. Xianyang, Donglu rebelled Yonghui 3. Cao Jishu took ten cities; 700 heads; 15,000 cattle. The Yongchang Barbarians of Yaozhou lived on the old Yongchang commandery lands. They rebelled in Xianheng 5; Gaozong appointed Liang Jishou commander on the Yaozhou route and put the revolt down. During Empress Wu's Tian-shou reign she sent censor Pei Huaigu to win them over. By the Changshou era great chief Dong Qi led twenty thousand tribesmen into submission. To their west lived the fierce Puzi Man, who wore blue sura trousers, carried bamboo bows, and never missed a flying squirrel in the woods. They ate from banana leaves instead of bowls. They were a tall people who fought with pike-shields and spears. The Wang Man used wooden bows and poisoned short arrows that killed on contact. Women ate dairy, grew plump and fair-skinned, and went barefoot; they wore blue shirts and skirts laced with cowries and pearls; their hair hung in topknots behind, and married women wore two. The Group Man comprised countless varieties. Three groups—the Black, Gold, and Silver Teeth—lacquered or inlaid their teeth like the Chinese but removed the ornaments to eat and sleep. They bound their hair in straight topknots and wore blue trousers. The Embroidered Foot tattooed their ankles to their shins. The Embroidered Face stained infants' faces with indigo after the first month. The Tattoo Face dyed their entire bodies and faces indigo. The Pierced Nose wore foot-wide gold rings through the nose down to the chin. A chief's nose ring was tied with silk and led like a halter. Lesser men wore two flower-shaped gold studs below the nose. The Long Mane and Dongfeng wore foretopknots that hung past the navel and had to be carried when they walked; a chief was preceded by two women who held up his hair. Annam's raw-Man Lindufu tribe was organized as Dehua prefecture in the Dali era, with ten thousand households. The Pan Guiguo tribe was made into Longwu prefecture, with fifteen hundred households. The throne ordered the Annan military governor to pacify the region. In Zhenyuan 7 Ai and Feng prefectures were combined into a governor-general's headquarters. Annam faced the open sea and bordered Wendan and Champa. Feng oversaw eighteen jimi prefectures and adjoined the Cuan Man of Shu. The Nanping Liao lay east of Zhizhou, south under Yuzhou, west of Nan prefecture, and north of Fuzhou, with more than four thousand households. The land was rife with miasma and pestilence. Poisonous plants, sand fleas, and vipers infested the hills. They lived in stilted tower houses reached by ladder, called ganlan. Women wore pass skirts—two cloth panels threaded over the head. Their hair was dressed in handsome topknots that hung behind. They pierced their ears with three-inch bamboo tubes; nobles hung pearls from them. Women outnumbered men, and women performed the labor. In marriage the woman paid bride-price to win a husband. Poor families sold daughters as bondmaids when they could not marry. Men left-lapped their robes, went bareheaded, and barefoot. Their king belonged to the Zhu clan and was called the Sword Lychee King. In Zhenguan 3 they sent envoys to submit, and their territory was placed under Yuzhou. Some Flying Head Liao bore a threadlike scar around the neck; wives and children had to guard them at night. At night they fell ill, their heads detached and flew away, and returned by dawn. The Black Teeth Liao lived where miasma made medicines useless, so they filed their teeth themselves.

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有寧氏，世為南平渠帥。陳末，以其帥猛力為寧越太守。陳亡，自以為與陳叔寶同日而生，當代為天子，乃不入朝。隋兵阻瘴，不能進。猛力死，子長真襲刺史。及討林邑，長真出兵攻其後，又率部落數千從征遼東，煬帝召為鴻臚卿，授安撫大使，遣還。又以其族人寧宣為合浦太守。隋亂，皆以地附蕭銑。長真，部越兵攻丘和於交阯者也，武德初，以寧越、郁林之地降，自是交、愛數州始通。高祖授長真欽州都督。寧宣亦遣使請降，未報而卒。以其子純為廉州刺史，族人道明為南越州刺史。六年，長真獻大珠，昆州刺史沈遜、融州刺史歐陽世普、象州刺史秦元覽亦獻筒布，高祖以道遠勞人，皆不受。道明與高州首領馮暄、談殿據南越州反，攻姜州，寧純以兵援之。八年，長真陷封山縣，昌州刺史龐孝恭掎擊暄等走之。明年，道明為州人所殺。未幾，長真死，子據襲刺史。馮暄、談殿阻兵相掠，群臣請擊之，太宗不許，遣員外散騎常侍韋叔諧、員外散騎侍郎李公淹持節宣諭。暄等與溪洞首領皆降，南方遂定。

The Ning clan had served for generations as Nanping chieftains. At the fall of Chen their chief Mengli was appointed prefect of Ningyue. After Chen fell he claimed the same birthday as Chen Shubao and refused court because he believed himself the rightful emperor. Sui armies were halted by miasma and could not push forward. When Mengli died his son Changzhen succeeded as prefect. Changzhen sent troops against Linyi's rear and later led thousands of tribesmen to Liaodong; Emperor Yang made him Director of the Court of State Ceremonial and pacification envoy, then sent him home. His kinsman Ning Xuan was made prefect of Hepu. In the Sui collapse they all submitted their territories to Xiao Xian. Changzhen—the Yue commander who had attacked Qiu He at Jiaozhi—surrendered Ningyue and Yulin in early Wude, opening Jiao, Ai, and neighboring prefectures to the court. Gaozu made Changzhen area commander of Qin prefecture. Ning Xuan too sought to surrender but died before the court answered. Changzhen's son Chun became prefect of Lian; kinsman Daoming became prefect of Nanyue. In year six Changzhen sent a great pearl; prefects Shen Xun, Ouyang Shipu, and Qin Yuanlan sent tube cloth as well, but Gaozu refused every gift lest distant tribute burden the people. Daoming joined Gaozhou chiefs Feng Xuan and Tan Dian in seizing Nanyue prefecture, attacked Jiang prefecture, and was opposed by Ning Chun's troops. In year eight Changzhen took Fengshan county; Pang Xiaogong of Changzhou flanked Feng Xuan's force and drove them away. The following year the prefectural people killed Daoming. Before long Changzhen died, and his son Ju inherited the prefecture. When Feng Xuan and Tan Dian raised armed bands and preyed on one another, the court urged a punitive campaign, but Taizong refused and instead sent Wei Shuxie and Li Gongyan with imperial credentials to announce the throne's will. Xuan and the stream-cave chiefs all submitted, and the south was pacified.

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大抵劍南諸獠，武德、貞觀間數寇暴州縣者不一。巴州山獠王多馨叛，梁州都督龐玉梟其首，又破餘黨符陽、白石二縣獠。其後眉州獠反，益州行臺郭行方大破之。未幾，又破洪、雅二州獠，俘男女五千口。是歲，益州獠亦反，都督竇軌請擊之，太宗報曰：「獠依山險，當附以恩信。脅之以兵威，豈為人父母意耶？」貞觀七年，東、西玉洞獠反，以右屯衛大將軍張士貴為龔州道行軍總管平之。十二年，巫州獠叛，夔州都督齊善行擊破之，俘男女三千餘口。鈞州獠叛，桂州都督張寶德討平之。明州山獠又叛，交州都督李道彥擊走之。是歲，巴、洋、集、壁四州山獠叛，攻巴州，遣右武候將軍上官懷仁破之於壁州，虜男女萬餘，明年遂平。十四年，羅、竇諸獠叛，以廣州都督黨仁弘為竇州道行軍總管擊之，虜男女七千餘人。太宗再伐高麗，為舡劍南，諸獠皆半役，雅、邛、眉三州獠不堪其擾，相率叛，詔發隴右、峽兵二萬，以茂州都督張士貴為雅州道行軍總管，與右衛將軍梁建方平之。

Broadly speaking, the Liao peoples of Jiannan raided and terrorized the prefectures time and again throughout the Wude and Zhenguan reigns. Wang Duoxin of the Ba prefecture mountain Liao rose in revolt; the Liangzhou area commander Pang Yu took his head and crushed the holdouts among the Liao of Fuyang and Baishi counties. Later the Meizhou Liao rebelled and were routed by Guo Xingfang of the Yizhou field headquarters. Soon afterward he also defeated the Liao of Hong and Ya, taking five thousand captives. That same year the Yizhou Liao also rose; area commander Dou Gui asked leave to attack them, but Taizong answered: "The Liao hold the high mountains—win them with kindness and fidelity. To browbeat them with armies—is that how a ruler should treat his people? In Zhenguan 7 the eastern and western Yudong Liao rebelled; Zhang Shigui, grand general of the Right Garrison Guard, was appointed circuit commander on the Gongzhou route and put the revolt down. In Zhenguan 12 the Wuzhou Liao rebelled; Kuizhou area commander Qi Shanxing defeated them and took more than three thousand captives. When the Junzhou Liao rebelled, Guizhou area commander Zhang Baode quelled them. The Mingzhou mountain Liao rebelled again and were driven off by Jiaozhou area commander Li Daoyan. That year the mountain Liao of Ba, Yang, Ji, and Bi rose against Ba prefecture; Shangguan Huairen of the Right Warrior Guard routed them at Bi prefecture, taking more than ten thousand prisoners, and the region was quiet by the following year. In Zhenguan 14 the Liao of Luo and Dou rebelled; Guangzhou area commander Dang Renhong was put in charge of the Douzhou route and seized more than seven thousand captives. When Taizong launched his second campaign against Goguryeo and requisitioned shipwrights across Jiannan, every Liao community was pressed into half-corvée labor; the Liao of Ya, Qiong, and Mei could bear the burden no longer and rose together. The throne mobilized twenty thousand men from Longyou and the gorges, appointing Zhang Shigui of Maozhou as commander on the Yazhou route along with Right Guard general Liang Jianfang to restore order.

118

高宗初，琰州獠叛，梓州都督謝萬歲、充州刺史謝法興、黔州都督李孟嘗討之。萬歲、法興入洞招慰，遇害。顯慶三年，羅、竇生獠酋領多胡桑率眾內附。上元末，納州獠叛，寇故茂、都掌二縣，殺吏民，焚廨舍，詔黔州都督發兵擊之。大歷二年，桂州山獠叛，陷州，刺史李良遁去。貞元中，嘉州綏山縣婆籠川生獠首領甫枳兄弟誘生蠻為亂，剽居人，西川節度使韋臯斬之，招其首領勇於等出降。或請增柵東淩界以守，臯不從，曰：「無戎而城，害所生也。」獠亦自是不擾境。

Early in Gaozong's reign the Yanzhou Liao rebelled; Xie Wansui of Zizhou, Xie Faxing of Chong prefecture, and Li Mengchang of Qianzhou marched against them. Wansui and Faxing entered the cave settlements to negotiate and were killed. In Xianqing 3 the raw-Liao chieftain Duohusang of Luo and Dou led his people in submission to the court. At the close of the Shangyuan era the Nazhou Liao rebelled, overrunning Mao and Duzhang counties, killing officials and civilians and burning yamen buildings; the throne ordered the Qianzhou area commander to send troops against them. In Dali 2 the Guizhou mountain Liao rebelled, seized the prefectural seat, and prefect Li Liang fled. During the Zhenyuan era the raw-Liao brothers Fuzhi of Polong River in Suishan county, Jia prefecture, incited the hill tribes to revolt and prey on settlers; Wei Gao, military governor of western Sichuan, executed them and called out chiefs such as Yongyu to surrender. Some urged new palisades on the eastern Ling frontier, but Gao refused: "Building fortifications where there is no war only harms the people who live there. From then on the Liao ceased to trouble the frontier.

119

戎、瀘間有葛獠，居依山谷林菁，逾數百里。俗喜叛，州縣撫視不至，必合黨數千人，持排而戰。奉酋帥為王，號曰「婆能」，出入前後植旗。大中末，昌、瀘二州刺史貪沓，以弱繒及羊強獠市，米麥一斛，得直不及半。群獠訴曰：「當為賊取死耳！」刺史召二小吏榜之曰：「皆爾屬為之，非吾過。」獠相視大笑，遂叛。立酋長始艾為王，逾梓、潼，所過焚剽。刺史劉成師誘降其黨，斬首領七十餘人。餘眾遁至東川，節度使柳仲郢諭降之。始艾稽首請罪，仲郢貰遣之。

Between Rong and Lu lived the Ge Liao, scattered across mountain valleys and deep woods for hundreds of li. They were restless by nature: when county and prefectural oversight failed to reach them, they would rally thousands and fight with pikes. They enthroned a chief as king—called a ponang—and marched with banners before and behind. Near the end of the Dazhong era the prefects of Chang and Lu were grasping; they traded shoddy silk and sheep to the Liao on forced terms, paying less than half the fair price for a bushel of grain. The Liao cried out: "We may as well die as brigands! The prefect had two minor clerks flogged and declared: "Your people did this—not I." The Liao exchanged glances and burst into laughter—and then rose in revolt. They made chief Shi'ai their king and swept through Zi and Tong, burning and looting as they went. Prefect Liu Chengshi turned part of the rebels and executed more than seventy chiefs. The survivors fled into eastern Sichuan, where military governor Liu Zhongying persuaded them to submit. Shi'ai prostrated himself to beg forgiveness; Zhongying pardoned him and let him go.

120

成都西北二千餘里有附國，蓋漢西南夷也。其東部有嘉良夷，無姓氏。地縱八百里，橫四千五百里。無城柵，居川谷，疊石為巢，高十餘丈，以高下為差，作狹戶，自內以通上。王酋帥以金飾首，胸垂金花，徑三寸。地高涼，多風少雨，宜小麥，多白雉。嘉良夷有水廣三十步，附國水廣五十步，皆南流，以韋為舡。附國南有薄緣夷，西接女國。

Some two thousand li northwest of Chengdu lay Fuguo, a land of the southwestern Yi known since Han times. In the east lived the Jialiang Yi, who used no surnames. Their territory ran eight hundred li from north to south and four thousand five hundred li from east to west. They built no walled towns but lived in valleys in stone tower-houses more than thirty feet high, graded by elevation, with narrow doors and inner passages leading upward. Kings and chiefs wore gold on their heads and golden blossoms three inches across on their chests. The high, cool country was windy and dry, good for wheat, and rich in silver pheasants. A thirty-pace river ran through Jialiang territory and a fifty-pace river through Fuguo; both flowed south, and they made boats of rushes. South of Fuguo lay the Boyuan Yi, and to the west their land adjoined the Woman Kingdom.

121

三濮者，在雲南僥外千五百里。有文面濮，俗鏤面，以青涅之。赤口濮，裸身而折齒，镵其唇使赤。黑僰濮，山居如人，以幅布為裙，貫頭而系之。丈夫衣谷皮。多白蹄牛、虎魄。龍朔中，遣使與千支弗、磨臘同朝貢。西原蠻西原蠻，居廣、容之南，邕、桂之西。有寧氏者，相承為豪。又有黃氏，居黃橙洞，其隸也。其地西接南詔。天寶初，黃氏強，與韋氏、周氏、儂氏相唇齒，為寇害，據十餘州。韋氏、周氏恥不肯附，黃氏攻之，逐於海濱。

The Three Pu peoples lived fifteen hundred li beyond Yunnan's frontier. Among them were the Tattoo-Face Pu, who cut their faces and stained them blue. The Red-Mouth Pu went naked, filed their teeth, and cut their lips until they glowed red. The Black Bo Pu lived in the hills like ordinary folk, wearing bolt cloth as skirts and tying cloth over their heads. The men dressed in bark cloth. They had many white-hoofed cattle and amber. During the Longshuo era they sent envoys to court together with Qianzhifu and Molila. The Xiyuan Man lived south of Guang and Rong and west of Yong and Gui. The Ning clan had long dominated the region. The Huang clan, based at Huangcheng Cave, served under them. Their lands bordered Nanzhao on the west. Early in the Tianbao reign the Huang grew powerful; allied lip-tooth with the Wei, Zhou, and Nong clans, they raided across more than ten prefectures. The Wei and Zhou clans, too proud to submit, were attacked by the Huang and driven to the coast.

122

至德初，首領黃乾曜、真崇郁與陸州、武陽、朱蘭洞蠻皆叛，推武承斐、韋敬簡為帥，僭號中越王，廖殿為桂南王，莫淳為拓南王，相支為南越王，梁奉為鎮南王，羅誠為戎成王，莫潯為南海王，合眾二十萬，綿地數千里，署置官吏，攻桂管十八州。所至焚廬舍，掠士女，更四歲不能平。乾元初，遣中使慰曉諸首領，賜詔書赦其罪，約降。於是西原、環、古等州首領方子彈、甘令暉、羅承韋、張九解、宋原五百餘人請出兵討承斐等，歲中戰二百，斬黃乾曜、真郁崇、廖殿、莫淳、梁奉、羅誠、莫潯七人。承斐等以餘眾面縛詣桂州降，盡釋其縛，差賜布帛縱之。其種落張侯、夏永與夷獠梁崇牽、覃問及西原酋長吳功曹復合兵內寇，陷道州，據城五十餘日。桂管經略使邢濟擊平之，執吳功曹等。餘眾復圍道州，刺史元結固守不能下，進攻永州，陷邵州，留數日而去。湖南團練使辛京杲遣將王國良戍武崗，嫉京杲貪暴，亦叛，有眾千人，侵掠州縣。發使招之，且服且叛。，城敘州以斷西原，國良乃降。

Early in the Zhide era chieftains Huang Qianyao and Zhenchong Yu, together with the Man of Luzhou, Wuyang, and Zhulan Cave, all rose in revolt. They made Wu Chenfei and Wei Jingjian their warlords and proclaimed a rack of kings—Central Yue, Guinan, Tuonan, Nanyue, Zhennan, Rongcheng, and Nanhai. With two hundred thousand men spread across thousands of li, they set up offices and assaulted all eighteen prefectures under Gui Circuit. They burned settlements and carried off men and women wherever they went, and four years passed without their suppression. Early in the Qianyuan era the court sent palace envoys to reassure the chiefs, issued an amnesty for their crimes, and negotiated their surrender. Then more than five hundred chiefs from Xiyuan, Huan, Gu, and neighboring prefectures—Fang Zidan, Gan Linghui, Luo Chengwei, Zhang Jiujie, Song Yuan, and others—offered troops against Chenfei and his allies. In a single year they fought two hundred engagements and killed Huang Qianyao, Zhenchong Yu, Liao Dian, Mo Chun, Liang Feng, Luo Cheng, and Mo Xun—seven kings in all. Chenfei and the survivors came to Guizhou with hands bound and were freed, given cloth, and sent home. Tribal leaders Zhang Hou and Xia Yong joined the Yi Liao Liang Chongqian and Tan Wen and the Xiyuan chief Wu Gongcao in another invasion, seized Daozhou, and held it for more than fifty days. Gui Circuit commissioner Xing Ji crushed the revolt and captured Wu Gongcao and his allies. The remnant force besieged Daozhou again, but prefect Yuan Ji held out; they pushed on to Yongzhou, took Shaozhou, lingered a few days, and withdrew. Hunan training commissioner Xin Jinggao posted general Wang Guoliang at Wugang; Wang, loathing Xin's greed and brutality, rebelled too with a thousand men and raided the prefectures. The court sent envoys to win them over, but they submitted one day and rebelled the next. When Xuzhou was fortified to block the Xiyuan route, Guoliang at last surrendered.

123

，黃洞首領黃少卿者，攻邕管，圍經略使孫公器。請發嶺南兵窮討之，德宗不許，命中人招諭。不從，俄陷欽、橫、潯、貴四州。少卿子昌沔趫勇，前後陷十三州，氣益振。乃以唐州刺史陽旻為容管招討經略使，引師掩賊，一日六七戰，皆破之，侵地悉復。元和初，邕州擒其別帥黃承慶。明年，少卿等歸款，拜歸順州刺史。弟少高為有州刺史。未幾復叛。

The Huang Cave chieftain Huang Shaoqing attacked the Yong and Guan circuits and besieged commissioner Sun Gongqi. Sun asked for Lingnan troops to hunt the rebels down, but Dezong refused and sent a palace envoy to negotiate. Shaoqing refused; before long he had overrun Qin, Heng, Xun, and Gui. Shaoqing's son Changmian was fierce and swift; he took thirteen prefectures in succession, and their confidence soared. The court appointed Yang Min of Tang prefecture pacification commissioner for Rong Circuit; he fell on the rebels in six or seven fights in a single day, routed them all, and recovered every lost district. Early in the Yuanhe era Yong prefecture captured their deputy chief Huang Chengqing. The following year Shaoqing and his followers submitted in good faith and were given the prefecture of Guishun. His brother Shaogao was made prefect of You. Before long they rebelled again.

124

又有黃少度、黃昌瓘二部，陷賓、蠻二州，據之。十一年，攻欽、橫二州，邕管經略使韋悅破走之，取賓、巒二州。是歲，復屠巖州，桂管觀察使裴行立輕其軍弱，首請發兵盡誅叛者，僥幸有功，憲宗許之。行立兵出擊，彌更二歲，妄奏斬獲二萬，罔天子為解。自是邕、容兩道殺傷疾疫死者十八以上。調費鬥亡，繇行立、陽旻二人，當時莫不咎之。及安南兵亂，殺都護李象古，擢唐州刺史桂仲武為都護，逗留不敢進，貶安州刺史，以行立代之。尋召還，卒。

Two other bands under Huang Shaodu and Huang Changqiong seized and held Bin and Man prefectures. In the eleventh year they struck Qin and Heng; Yong Circuit commissioner Wei Yue drove them off and retook Bin and Luan. That same year they sacked Yan prefecture; Gui Circuit observer Pei Xingli, thinking their forces weak, was first to ask for troops to exterminate every rebel in hope of glory, and Xianzong agreed. Xingli marched out and, over more than two years, falsely claimed twenty thousand kills and captures to mislead the throne. Afterward more than eight-tenths of the people in Yong and Rong circuits died by the sword, wounds, or pestilence. Tax revenues collapsed in the fighting, and everyone blamed Xingli and Yang Min. When the Annan garrison mutinied and killed protector-general Li Xianggu, Gui Zhongwu of Tang prefecture was promoted to the post but hung back; he was demoted to Annan prefect and Xingli replaced him. He was soon recalled and died.

125

長慶初，以容管經略使留後嚴公素為經略使，復上表請討黃氏。兵部侍郎韓愈建言：「黃賊皆洞獠，無城郭，依山險各治生業，急則屯聚畏死。前日邕管經略使德不能綏懷，威不能臨制，侵詐系縛，以致憾恨。夷性易動而難安，劫州縣復私讎，貪小利不為大患。自行立、陽旻建征討，生事詭賞，邕、容兩管，日以雕弊，殺傷疾患，十室九空。百姓怨嗟，如出一口；人神共嫉，二將繼死。今嚴公素非撫禦之才，復尋往謬，誠恐嶺南未有寧時。昨合邕、容為一道，邕與賊限一江，若經略使居之，兵鎮所處，物力雄完，則敵人不敢輕犯；容州則隔阻已甚，以經略使居之，則邕州兵少情見，易啟蠻心。請以經略使還邕州，容置刺史，便甚。又比發南兵，遠鄉羈旅，疾疫殺傷，續添續死，每發倍難。若募邕、容千人，以給行營，糧不增而兵便習，守則有威，攻則有利。自南討損傷，嶺南人希，賊之所處，洞壘荒僻。假如盡殺其人，得其地，在國計不為有益。容貸羈縻，比之禽獸，來則捍禦，去則不追，未有虧損朝廷。願因改元大慶，普赦其罪，遣郎官、御史以天子意丁寧宣諭，必能喧叫聽命。為選材用威信者，委以經略，處理得方，宜無侵叛事。」不納。

Early in the Changqing era Yan Gusu, acting Rong Circuit commissioner, was confirmed in office and again petitioned for a campaign against the Huang clan. Vice Minister of War Han Yu urged: "The Huang rebels are cave-dwelling Liao without walled towns. Each clan lives by the mountains; when pressed they mass together, fearing death. Earlier commissioners of Yong Circuit could neither win them with kindness nor govern them with force; fraud and shackling bred hatred. Barbarians are quick to rise and slow to rest; they raid counties to settle old scores and chase small gains—they are not a mortal threat. Once Xingli and Yang Min launched their punitive drives, inventing battles for rewards, Yong and Rong withered day by day; nine houses in ten stood empty from slaughter and sickness. The people groaned as one voice; Heaven and earth turned against them, and both generals died in turn. Yan Gusu is no pacifier, and if he repeats those blunders Lingnan may never know peace. When Yong and Rong were merged, Yong stood one river away from the rebels; if the commissioner stays there where troops and supplies are strong, the enemy will not dare strike lightly; but Rong is too remote—stationing the commissioner there leaves Yong undermanned, exposes our hand, and invites fresh raids. Move the commissioner back to Yong and leave a prefect at Rong—that is the sensible course. Sending southern armies from afar means plague and death with every draft; each levy costs twice what it should. Recruit a thousand local men from Yong and Rong for the camp: no extra grain, but troops who know the ground—strong in defense, sharp in attack. After years of southern war Lingnan is depopulated, and the rebels hide in remote cave fastnesses. Even exterminating them and taking the land would profit the state nothing. Better to hold them loosely, as one does wild beasts: resist when they come, let them go when they leave—the court has never lost by it. I urge a general amnesty at the change of reign to Daqing, with palace officials sent to announce the emperor's will in person—they will listen at once. Appoint capable, trusted men to the commission, manage affairs properly, and raids should cease. The throne did not accept his advice.

126

初，邕管既廢，人不謂宜。監察御史杜周士使安南，過邕州，刺史李元宗白狀，周士從事五管，積三十年矣，亦知其不便。嚴公素遣人盜其槁，周士憤死。公素劾元宗擅以羅陽縣還黃少度，元宗懼，引兵一百持印章依少度。穆宗遣監察御史敬僚按之。僚嘗為容州從事，與公素昵，傅致元宗罪，以母老，流州，眾以為不直。

When Yong Circuit was first abolished, opinion held it a mistake. Censor Du Zhoushi, bound for Annan, stopped at Yong prefecture, where prefect Li Yuanzong laid out the problems; Zhoushi had served in the Five Circuits for thirty years and knew the arrangement was wrong. Yan Gusu had men steal his memorial draft, and Zhoushi died of outrage. Gusu charged Yuanzong with illegally returning Luoyang county to Huang Shaodu; terrified, Yuanzong fled with a hundred men and the seal to join Shaodu. Emperor Muzong sent censor Jing Liao to investigate. Jing Liao, once a Rong prefecture aide and Gusu's friend, framed Yuanzong and had him exiled on account of an aged mother—a verdict widely deemed unfair.

127

黃賊更攻邕州，陷左江鎮；攻欽州，陷千金鎮。刺史楊嶼奔石南柵，邕州刺史崔結擊破之。明年，又寇欽州，殺將吏。是歲，黃昌瓘遣其黨陳少奇二十人歸款請降，敬宗納之。

The Huang rebels struck Yong prefecture again and took Zuojiang garrison; they attacked Qin prefecture and seized Qianjin garrison. Qin prefect Yang Yu fled to Shinan stockade, but Yong prefect Cui Jie routed the raiders. The next year they raided Qin again and killed officers and officials. That year Huang Changqiong sent Chen Shaoqi and twenty followers to surrender; Emperor Jingzong accepted them.

128

黃氏、儂氏據州十八，經略使至，遣一人詣治所，稍不得意，輒侵掠諸州。橫州當邕江官道，嶺南節度使常以兵五百戍守，不能制。大和中，經略使董昌齡遣子蘭討平峒穴，夷其種黨，諸蠻畏服。有違命者，必嚴罰之。十八州歲輸貢賦，道路清平。其後儂洞最強，結南詔為助。懿宗與南詔約和，二洞數構敗之。邕管節度使辛讜以從事徐雲虔使南詔結和，賫美貨啖二洞首領、太州刺史黃伯蘊、屯洞首領儂金意、員州首領儂金勒等與之通歡。

The Huang and Nong clans controlled eighteen prefectures; they sent a single envoy to the commissioner's seat, and at the slightest grievance raided neighboring prefectures. Heng prefecture stood on the Yong River highway; even five hundred garrison troops from the Lingnan governor could not restrain them. In the Dahe era commissioner Dong Changling sent his son Lan to crush the cave strongholds, wiped out rebel clans, and the tribes submitted in fear. Disobedience brought harsh punishment. All eighteen prefectures paid annual tribute and the roads were safe. Later the Nong caves grew strongest and allied with Nanzhao. Emperor Yizong made peace with Nanzhao, but the two cave alliances repeatedly wrecked it. Yong Circuit governor Xin Dan sent aide Xu Yunqian to Nanzhao with rich gifts to befriend chiefs Huang Boyun of Taizhou, Nong Jinyi of Tundong, Nong Jinle of Yuan prefecture, and others.

129

員州又有首領儂金澄、儂仲武與金勒襲黃洞首領黃伯善，伯善伏兵水，雞鳴，候其半濟，擊殺金澄、仲武，唯金勒遁免。後欲興兵報仇，辛讜遣人持牛酒音樂解和，並遺其母衣服。母，賢者也，讓其子曰：「節度使持物與獠母，非結好也，以汝為吾子。前日兵敗水，士卒略盡，不自悔，復欲動眾，兵忿者必敗，吾將囚為官老婢矣。」金勒感寤，為罷兵。小論贊曰：

Yuan chiefs Nong Jincheng and Nong Zhongwu joined Jinle in attacking Huang Boshan; Boshan ambushed them at a ford at cockcrow, killed Jincheng and Zhongwu mid-crossing, and only Jinle escaped. When Jinle sought revenge, Xin Dan sent mediators with cattle, wine, music, and garments for his mother. His mother, a wise woman, rebuked him: "When the governor sends gifts to a Liao mother, he is not courting alliance—he treats you as a son to me. You lost your army at the ford and most of your men; instead of repenting you would stir them again—angry soldiers always lose, and I shall become some official's bondwoman. Jinle was moved to repentance and stood down his forces. The Minor Commentary concludes:

130

唐北禽頡利，西滅高昌、焉耆，東破高麗、百濟，威制夷狄，方策所未有也。交州，漢之故封，其外瀕海諸蠻，無廣土堅城可以居守，故中國兵未嘗至。及唐稍弱，西原、黃洞繼為邊害，垂百餘年。及其亡也，以南詔。《詩》曰：「惠此中國，以綏四方。」不以夷狄先諸夏也。

Tang captured Jieli in the north, destroyed Gaochang and Yanqi in the west, and broke Goguryeo and Baekje in the east—awe over the barbarians unmatched in the annals. Jiaozhou was an old Han commandery, but beyond it the coastal tribes held no broad plains or walled towns, so imperial armies seldom went there. As Tang weakened, Xiyuan and Huang Cave plagued the frontier for more than a century. When the dynasty fell, Nanzhao was the cause. The Classic of Poetry says: "Show grace to this Central Kingdom, to pacify the four quarters. —not putting the barbarians ahead of the civilized domains."

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