'''卷二百二十一上''' 列傳第一百四十六上西域上

◎西域上泥婆羅泥婆羅，直吐蕃之西樂陵川。土多赤銅、犛牛。俗翦發逮眉，穿耳，楦以筒若角，緩至肩者為姣好。無匕箸，攫而食。其器皆用銅，其居版屋畫壁。俗不知牛耕，故少田作，習商賈。一幅布蔽身，日數盥浴。重博戲，通推步歷術。祀天神，鐫石為象，日浴之，烹羊以祭。鑄銅為錢，面文人形，背牛馬形。其君服珠、頗黎、車渠、珊瑚、虎魄垂纓，耳金鉤玉珰，佩寶伏突，禦師子大床，燎香布花於堂，而大臣坐地不藉。左右持兵，數百列侍。宮中有七重樓，覆銅瓦，楹極皆大琲雜寶，四隅置銅槽，下有金龍，口激水仰註槽中。

The Western Regions, upper section: Nepal. Nepal lies directly west of Tibet on the Leling River. The country is rich in red copper and yaks. The people cut their hair to eyebrow level, pierce their ears, and insert horn-shaped tubes to elongate the lobes; ornaments that reach the shoulders are regarded as a mark of beauty. They use neither spoons nor chopsticks, but eat with their hands. They make all their utensils from copper and live in timber houses with painted walls. Having no tradition of plowing with oxen, they do little farming and live mainly by commerce. A single length of cloth suffices for dress, and they wash themselves several times daily. Gambling is popular among them, and they are skilled in astronomy and calendrical calculation. They worship a heavenly deity, carving his image in stone, bathing it each day, and offering boiled sheep in sacrifice. Their currency is cast copper, bearing a human figure on one side and images of cattle and horses on the other. The king adorns himself with pearls, glass, crystal, coral, and amber in his headdress, gold ear-hooks and jade pendants, and precious belt ornaments. He receives audiences from a lion-canopied couch, with incense burned and flowers strewn in the hall, while his ministers sit on the bare floor without cushions. Armed attendants flank him on both sides, with hundreds standing in ranks to serve. The palace contains a seven-story tower roofed in copper tiles, with pillars and beams inlaid with large pearls and precious stones. At each corner stands a bronze trough fed by golden dragons whose mouths shoot water upward into it.

初，王那陵提婆之父為其叔所殺，提婆出奔，吐蕃納之，遂臣吐蕃。貞觀中，遣使者李義表到天竺，道其國，提婆大喜，延使者同觀阿耆婆爾池。池廣數十丈，水常溢沸，共傳旱潦未始耗溢。或抵以物則生煙，釜其上，少選可熟。二十一年，遣使入獻波棱、酢菜、渾提蔥。永徽時，其王屍利那連陀羅又遣使入貢。党項党項，漢西羌別種，魏、晉後微甚。周滅宕昌、鄧至，而党項始強。其地古析支也，東距松州，西葉護，南舂桑、迷桑等羌，北吐谷渾。處山谷崎嶇，大抵三千里。以姓別為部，一姓又分為小部落，大者萬騎，小數千，不能相統，故有細封氏、費聽氏，往利氏、頗超氏、野辭氏、房當氏、米禽氏、拓拔氏、而拓拔最強。土著，有棟宇，織犛尾、羊毛覆屋，歲一易。俗尚武，無法令、賦役。人壽多過百歲，然好為盜，更相剽奪。尤重復讎，未得所欲者，蓬首垢顏，跣足草食，殺已乃復。男女衣裘褐，被氈。畜犛牛、馬、驢、羊以食，不耕稼。地寒，五月草生，八月霜降。無文字，候草木記歲。三年一相聚，殺牛羊祭天，取麥他國以釀酒。妻其庶母、伯叔母、兄嫂、子弟婦，惟不娶同姓。老而死，子孫不哭；少死，則曰夭枉，乃悲。

Earlier, King Nalingtipo's father had been murdered by his uncle. Tipuo fled into exile, was taken in by Tibet, and thereafter submitted to Tibetan rule. During the Zhenguan reign, when the envoy Li Yibiao was dispatched to India and passed through Nepal, Tipuo was delighted and invited him to visit Lake Aqipoer together. The lake spans several tens of zhang; its waters perpetually bubble and overflow. Tradition holds that through drought and flood alike it neither dries up nor rises beyond its bounds. Touch an object to its surface and smoke rises; set a pot above it and food cooks in moments. In the twenty-first year of Zhenguan, they sent envoys bearing boleng spinach, pickled vegetables, and hunti scallions as tribute. During the Yonghui reign, their king Shilinaliantuoluo again dispatched envoys to pay tribute. The Tangut. The Tangut were a branch of the Western Qiang known in Han times; after the Wei and Jin dynasties they fell into sharp decline. Only after the Zhou dynasty destroyed Dangchang and Dengzhi did the Tangut begin to rise in power. Their lands were the ancient territory of Qizhi, bounded on the east by Songzhou, on the west by Yehu, on the south by the Chunsang, Misang, and other Qiang tribes, and on the north by Tuyuhun. They inhabited rugged mountain valleys covering roughly three thousand li. They organized themselves into clans by surname, each surname further divided into smaller tribes numbering up to ten thousand horsemen or as few as several thousand. Lacking unified leadership, they formed such clans as the Xifeng, Feiting, Wangli, Pichao, Yeci, Fangdang, Miqin, and Tuoba, among whom the Tuoba were the most powerful. They were sedentary people who built permanent houses, roofing them with woven yak tails and sheep's wool, which they replaced once each year. They were a martial people by custom, with no written laws or system of taxation and corvée. They commonly lived past a hundred years, yet they were given to robbery and raided one another ceaselessly. Blood vengeance was paramount among them. Until a man had killed his enemy, he went about with unkempt hair and a filthy face, barefoot and eating only wild plants; only after the killing would he resume ordinary life. Both men and women dressed in furs and coarse woolens and wrapped themselves in felt. They kept yaks, horses, donkeys, and sheep for sustenance and did not practice agriculture. The climate was harsh: grass did not appear until the fifth month, and frost came by the eighth. They had no written language and marked the passage of years by watching the growth and withering of plants. Every three years they assembled to sacrifice cattle and sheep to Heaven, importing grain from neighboring peoples to brew wine for the rite. Men might take as wives their stepmothers, paternal uncles' widows, sisters-in-law, and brothers' wives, but marriage within the same clan was forbidden. When an elder died of old age, his descendants did not mourn with tears. When the young died, they called it an untimely death and wept in grief.

貞觀三年，南會州都督鄭元璹鐫諭，其酋細封步賴舉部降。太宗璽詔慰撫，步賴因入朝，宴錫特異，以其地為軌州，即授刺史。步賴請率兵討吐谷渾。其後諸酋長悉內屬，以其地為居、奉、嚴、遠四州，即首領拜刺史。

In the third year of Zhenguan, Zheng Yuansui, governor of Nanhui Prefecture, issued engraved proclamations urging submission, and the chieftain Xifeng Bulai led his entire tribe to surrender. Emperor Taizong issued an imperial edict of reassurance. Bulai then came to court, was entertained with exceptional honors, and his lands were organized as Guizhou, with Bulai appointed its prefect. Bulai offered to lead his warriors against Tuyuhun. Subsequently all the chieftains submitted, and their lands were organized as the four prefectures of Ju, Feng, Yan, and Yuan, with each chieftain appointed prefect.

有拓拔赤辭者，初臣吐谷渾，慕容伏允待之厚，與結婚，諸羌已歸，獨不至。李靖擊吐谷渾，赤辭屯狼道峽抗王師。廓州刺史久且洛生欲諭降之，辭曰：「渾主以腹心待我，不知其佗，若速去，且汙吾刀。」洛生怒，引輕騎破之肅遠山，斬首數百級，虜雜畜六千。帝因其勝又令約降，赤辭從子思頭潛納款，其下拓拔細豆亦降。赤辭知宗族攜沮，稍欲自歸，岷州都督劉師立復誘之，即與思頭俱內屬。以其地為懿、嵯、麟、可三十二州，以松州為都督府，擢赤辭西戎州都督，賜氏李，貢職遂不絕。於是自河首積石山而東，皆為中國地。後吐蕃浸盛，拓拔畏逼，請內徙，始詔慶州置靜邊等州處之。地乃入吐蕃，其處者皆為吐蕃役屬，更號弭藥。

One Tuoba Chici had initially served Tuyuhun. Murong Fuyun treated him with great favor and sealed the bond with a marriage alliance. When the other Qiang tribes submitted, Chici alone held back. When Li Jing marched against Tuyuhun, Chici fortified Langdao Gorge to block the imperial forces. Jiuqie Luosheng, prefect of Kuozhou, sought to persuade him to surrender. Chici replied: "The Tuyuhun ruler treated me as one of his inner circle; I owe loyalty to no other. Urge me to desert, and you will only force me to draw my sword. Enraged, Luosheng led light cavalry and routed Chici at Mount Suyuan, taking several hundred heads and six thousand head of livestock. Following this victory, the emperor renewed overtures for surrender. Chici's nephew Sitou secretly submitted, and his subordinate Tuoba Xidou surrendered as well. Seeing his clansmen wavering, Chici gradually inclined toward surrender. Liu Shili, governor of Minzhou, renewed his overtures, and Chici and Sitou both submitted. Their lands were organized as thirty-two prefectures including Yi, Cuo, Lin, and Ke, with Songzhou established as a military governorship. Chici was appointed military governor of Xirong Prefecture and granted the surname Li; tribute thereafter flowed without interruption. From this point forward, all lands from the headwaters of the Yellow River at Jishi Mountain eastward fell within the Chinese domain. Later, as Tibetan power grew, the Tuoba, fearing encroachment, petitioned to move inward. The court first ordered the establishment of Jingbian and other prefectures in Qingzhou to receive them. Their original territory then fell under Tibetan control, and those who remained there became Tibetan subjects, taking the name Miyao.

又有黑党項者，居赤水西。其長號敦善王，慕容伏允之走也依之。及吐谷渾款附，敦善王亦納貢。居雪山者曰破醜氏。

There were also the Black Tangut, who lived west of the Chishui River. Their leader bore the title King Dunshan. When Murong Fuyun fled, he took refuge with them. When Tuyuhun submitted in good faith, King Dunshan also sent tribute. Those who lived in the snow mountains were known as the Pochou clan.

又有白蘭羌，吐蕃謂之丁零，左屬党項，右與多彌接。勝兵萬人，勇戰鬥，善作兵，俗與党項同。武德六年，使者入朝。明年，以其地為維、恭二州。貞觀六年，與契數十萬內屬。永徽時，特浪生羌卜樓大首領凍就率眾來屬，以其地為劍州。

There were also the Bailan Qiang, whom the Tibetans called the Dingling. On their left they were allied with the Tangut; on their right they bordered Duomi. They could field ten thousand warriors, fought with courage, and were skilled armorers; their customs matched those of the Tangut. In the sixth year of Wude, they sent envoys to court. The following year, their lands were organized as the two prefectures of Wei and Gong. In the sixth year of Zhenguan, they and the Qi people, numbering several hundred thousand, submitted to the court. During the Yonghui reign, Dongjiu, great chieftain of the Telangsheng Qiang Bolou, led his people to submit, and their lands were organized as Jian Prefecture.

龍朔後，白蘭、舂桑及白狗羌為吐蕃所臣，籍其兵為前驅。白狗與東會州接，勝兵才千人。在西北者，天授中內附，戶凡二十萬，以其地為朝、吳、浮、歸十州，散居靈、夏間。至德末，為吐蕃所誘，使為鄉導鈔邊。俄悔悟，更來朝，願助靈州餉免。乾元間，中國數亂，因寇邠、寧二州，肅宗詔郭子儀都統朔方、邠寧、鄜坊節度事，以鄜州刺史杜冕、邠州刺史桑如圭分二隊出討。子儀至，党項潰去。

After the Longshuo era, the Bailan, Chunsang, and Baigou Qiang were subjugated by Tibet, whose armies conscripted them as front-line troops. The Baigou bordered Donghuizhou and could field only a thousand warriors. The northwestern Tangut submitted during the Tianshou era, numbering two hundred thousand households. Their lands were organized as ten prefectures including Chao, Wu, Fu, and Gui, and they were settled across the region between Ling and Xia. Near the end of the Zhide era, the Tibetans incited them to serve as guides in frontier raids. They soon repented, returned to court, and offered to help supply Lingzhou in exchange for tax relief. During the Qianyuan era, as China was torn by repeated upheaval, the Tangut raided Bin and Ning prefectures. Emperor Suzong placed Guo Ziyi in overall command of the Shuofang, Binning, and Fufang commands and dispatched Du Mian of Fu Prefecture and Sang Rugui of Bin Prefecture with two columns to suppress them. When Guo Ziyi arrived, the Tangut forces broke and fled.

上元元年，在涇、隴部落十萬眾詣鳳翔節度使崔光遠降。二年，與渾、奴剌連和，寇寶雞，殺吏民，掠財珍，焚大散關，入鳳州，殺刺史蕭𢘽，節度使李鼎追擊走之。明年，又攻梁州，刺史李勉走；進寇奉天，大掠華原、同官去。詔臧希讓代勉為刺史，於是歸順、乾封、歸義、順化、和寧、和義、保善、寧定、羅雲、朝鳳凡十州部落詣希讓獻款，丐節印。詔可。

In the first year of Shangyuan, Tangut tribes in Jing and Long numbering one hundred thousand submitted to Cui Guangyuan, military governor of Fengxiang. In the second year, allied with the Hun and Nula tribes, they raided Baoji, slaughtered officials and civilians, plundered valuables, burned Dasan Pass, entered Feng Prefecture, and killed Prefect Xiao Kui before being driven off by Military Governor Li Ding. The following year they attacked Liang Prefecture again, and Prefect Li Mian fled. They pressed on to raid Fengtian, looting Huayuan and Tongguan before withdrawing. The court appointed Zang Xirang to replace Li Mian as prefect. Tribes from ten prefectures—Guishun, Qianfeng, Guiyi, Shunhua, He'ning, Heyi, Baoshan, Ningding, Luoyun, and Chaofeng—then came to Xirang to swear allegiance and petitioned for command seals and insignia. The court approved their request.

仆固懷恩之叛，誘党項、渾、奴剌入寇，眾數萬，掠鳳翔、盩厔。大酋鄭廷、郝德入同州，刺史韋勝走，節度使周智光破之澄城。閱月，又入同州，焚官私室廬，壁馬蘭山。郭子儀遣兵襲之，退保三堡，子儀遣慕容休明諭降廷、德。

When Pugu Huai'en rebelled, he incited the Tangut, Hun, and Nula to join the invasion. Their combined forces numbered in the tens of thousands and ravaged Fengxiang and Zhouzhi. Great chieftains Zheng Ting and Hao De entered Tong Prefecture. Prefect Wei Sheng fled, and Military Governor Zhou Zhiguang defeated them at Chengcheng. Within a month they invaded Tong Prefecture again, burning public and private buildings before fortifying themselves on Mount Malan. Guo Ziyi sent troops to attack them; they fell back to three fortified positions. Ziyi then dispatched Murong Xiuming to negotiate the surrender of Ting and De.

子儀以党項、吐谷渾部落散處鹽、慶等州，其地與吐蕃濱近，易相脅，即表徙靜邊州都督、夏州、樂容等六府党項於銀州之北、夏州之東、寧朔州吐谷渾住夏西，以離沮之。召靜邊州大首領左羽林大將軍拓拔朝光等五刺史入朝，厚賜賫，使還綏其部。先是，慶州有破醜氏族三、野利氏族五、把利氏族一，與吐蕃姻援，贊普悉王之，因是擾邊凡十年。子儀表工部尚書路嗣恭為朔方留後，將作少監梁進用為押党項部落使，置行慶州。且言：「党項陰結吐蕃為變，可遣使者招慰，芟其反謀，因令進用為慶州刺史，嚴邏以絕吐蕃往來道。」代宗然之。又表置靜邊、芳池、相興王州都督、長史，永平、旭定、清寧、寧保、忠順、靜塞、萬吉等七州都督府。於是破醜、野利、把利三部及思樂州刺史拓拔乞梅等皆入朝，宜定州刺史折磨布落、芳池州野利部並徙綏、延州。大歷末，野利禿羅都與吐蕃叛，招餘族不應，子儀擊之，斬禿羅都，而野利景庭、野利剛以其部數千人入附雞子川。六州部落，曰：野利越詩、野利龍兒、野利厥律、兒黃、野海、野窣等；居慶州者號東山部，夏州者號平夏部。永泰後稍徙石州，後為永安將阿史那思柬賦索無極，遂亡走河西。

Guo Ziyi observed that Tangut and Tuyuhun tribes scattered across Yan, Qing, and neighboring prefectures lay too close to Tibet and were easily intimidated into collusion. He memorialized the throne to relocate the Jingbian military governor's Tangut subjects from six prefectures including Xia and Lerong to lands north of Yin Prefecture and east of Xia Prefecture, and the Ningshuo Tuyuhun to the west of Xia, so as to break up their alliance with Tibet. Tuoba Chaoguang, great chieftain of Jingbian Prefecture and Left Imperial Guard General, along with five prefects, were summoned to court, lavishly rewarded, and sent back to pacify their people. Previously, Qing Prefecture had housed three Pochou clans, five Yeli clans, and one Bali clan, all linked to Tibet by marriage alliances. The Tibetan king brought them all under his rule, and for a decade they harassed the frontier. Guo Ziyi recommended Minister of Works Lu Sigong as acting commander of Shuofang and Assistant Director of Palace Construction Liang Jinyong as commissioner over Tangut tribes, with a provisional Qing Prefecture established. He further argued: "The Tangut are secretly allied with Tibet and may rise in rebellion. Send envoys to win them over and uproot their conspiracy; then appoint Jinyong prefect of Qing Prefecture and tighten patrols to sever Tibetan lines of communication. Emperor Daizong approved the plan. He also petitioned to establish military governors and chief administrators for Jingbian, Fangchi, and Xiangxing prefectures, and military governorships for Yongping, Xuding, Qingning, Ningbao, Zhongshun, Jingsai, and Wanji. Thereupon the Pochou, Yeli, and Bali tribes, along with Tuoba Qimei, prefect of Sile Prefecture, and others all came to court. Mozhaboluo of Yiding Prefecture and the Yeli tribe of Fangchi Prefecture were both resettled in Sui and Yan prefectures. Near the end of the Dali era, Yeli Tuluodu rebelled alongside Tibet and called upon the remaining clans to join him, but they refused. Guo Ziyi attacked, executed Tuluodu, and Yeli Jingting and Yeli Gang led several thousand of their people to submit at Jizichuan. The six-prefecture tribes included the Yeli Yueshi, Yeli Long'er, Yeli Juelü, Erhuang, Yehai, Yesu, and others. Those settled in Qing Prefecture were known as the Eastern Mountain Division; those in Xia Prefecture as the Pingxia Division. After the Yongtai era they gradually resettled in Shi Prefecture. Later, driven to flight by the exorbitant tax demands of General Yong'an Ashina Sijian, they fled west to Hexi.

元和時復置宥州，護党項。至大和中寢強，數寇掠。然器械鈍苦，畏唐兵精，則以善馬購鎧，善羊貿弓矢。鄜坊道軍糧使李石表禁商人不得以旗幟、甲胄、五兵入部落，告者，舉罪人財畀之。至開成末，種落愈繁，富賈人賫繒寶鬻羊馬，藩鎮乘其利，強市之，或不得直，部人怨，相率為亂，至靈、鹽道不通。武宗以侍御史為使招定，分三印，以邠、寧、延屬崔彥曾，鹽、夏、長澤屬李雩鄠，靈武、麟、勝屬鄭賀，皆緋衣銀魚，而功不克。

During the Yuanhe reign, You Prefecture was re-established to oversee the Tangut. By the Dahe reign they had grown steadily stronger and launched repeated raids. Their own weapons were crude, and fearing Tang military prowess, they traded their best horses for armor and their finest sheep for bows and arrows. Li Shi, grain commissioner of the Fufang Circuit, petitioned to ban merchants from supplying banners, armor, or weapons to the tribes, offering informants the full property of offenders as reward. By the end of the Kaicheng reign the tribes had multiplied. Wealthy merchants brought silk and treasures to trade for livestock, but military governors exploited the commerce, forcing sales at unfair prices. Resentment spread, the tribes rose in rebellion, and traffic through Ling and Yan prefectures was severed. Emperor Wuzong dispatched censorial commissioners to pacify them, dividing authority among three envoys: Cui Yanzeng over Bin, Ning, and Yan; Li Yu'e over Yan, Xia, Chang, and Ze; and Zheng He over Lingwu, Lin, and Sheng—all vested with crimson robes and silver fish insignia—but the effort failed.

宣宗大中四年，內掠邠、寧，詔鳳翔李業、河東李拭合節度兵討之，宰相白敏中為都統。帝出近苑，或以竹一個植舍外，見才尺許，遠且百步，帝屬二矢曰：「黨羌窮寇，仍歲暴吾鄙，今我約：射竹中則彼當自亡，不中，我且索天下兵翦之，終不以此賊遺子孫。」左右註目，帝一發竹分，矢徹諸外，左右呼萬歲。不閱月，羌果破殄，餘種竄南山。

In the fourth year of Dazhong, the Tangut raided Bin and Ning prefectures. The court ordered Li Ye of Fengxiang and Li Shi of Hedong to combine frontier forces against them, with Chief Minister Bai Minzhong as supreme commander. The emperor visited the nearby imperial park, where a single bamboo stalk about a chi tall had been planted a hundred paces from the lodge. Handing two arrows to an attendant, he declared: "These Tangut bandits are desperate raiders who year after year ravage our borders. Here is my wager: if I hit that bamboo, they will destroy themselves; if I miss, I will mobilize the empire's armies to wipe them out—I will not leave this scourge to my descendants. All eyes were fixed upon him. With a single shot he split the bamboo, the arrow passing clean through. The courtiers erupted in cries of "Long live the emperor!". Within the month the Tangut were indeed crushed, and the survivors fled into the southern mountains.

始，天寶末，平夏部有戰功，擢容州刺史、天柱軍使。其裔孫拓拔思恭，咸通末竊據宥州，稱刺史。黃巢入長安，與鄜州李孝昌壇而坎牲，誓討賊，僖宗賢之，以為左武衛將軍，權知夏綏銀節度事。次王橋，為巢所敗，更與鄭畋四節度盟，屯渭橋。，詔為京城西面都統、檢校司空、同中書門下平章事。俄進四面都統，權知京兆尹。賊平，兼太子太傅，封夏國公，賜姓李。嗣襄王煴之亂，詔思恭討賊，兵不出，卒。以弟思諫代為定難節度使，思孝為保大節度、鄜坊凡翟等州觀察使，並檢校司徒、同中書門下平章事。王行瑜反，以思孝為北面招討使，思諫東北面招討使。思孝亦因亂取鄜州，遂為節度使，累兼侍中。以老薦弟思敬為保大軍兵馬留後，俄為節度使。東女東女，亦曰蘇伐剌挐瞿咀羅，羌別種也，西海亦有女自王，故稱「東」別之。東與吐蕃、党項、茂州接，西屬三波訶，北距於闐，東南屬雅州羅女蠻、白狼夷。東西行盡九日，南北行盡二十日。有八十城。以女為君，居康延川，巖險四繚，有弱水南流，縫革為船。戶四萬，勝兵萬人。王號賓就，官曰高霸黎，猶言宰相也。官在外者，率男子為之。凡號令，女官自內傳，男官受而行。王侍女數百，五日一聽政。王死，國人以金錢數萬納王族，求淑女二立之。次為小王，王死，因以為嗣，或姑死婦繼，無篡奪。所居皆重屋，王九層，國人六層。王服青毛綾裙，被青袍，袖委於地，冬羔裘，飾以文錦。為小鬟髻，耳垂珰。足曳索。索，履也。俗輕男子，女貴者咸有侍男，被發，以青塗面，惟務戰與耕而已。子從母姓。地寒宜麥，畜羊馬，出黃金。風俗大抵與天竺同。以十一月為正。巫者以十月詣山中，布糟麥，咒呼群鳥。俄有鳥來如雞狀，剖視之，有谷者歲豐，否即有災，名曰鳥卜。居喪三年，不易服，不櫛沐。貴人死，剝藏其皮，內骨甕中，糅金屑瘞之。王之葬，殉死至數十人。

Earlier, at the end of the Tianbao era, a warrior of the Pingxia Division distinguished himself in battle and was promoted to prefect of Rong Prefecture and commissioner of the Tianzhu Army. His descendant Tuoba Sigong, in the closing years of Xiantong, seized control of You Prefecture and styled himself prefect. When Huang Chao seized Chang'an, Sigong and Li Xiaochang of Fu Prefecture erected an altar, buried a sacrificial victim, and swore to destroy the rebels. Emperor Xizong was impressed and appointed him Left Martial Guard General with provisional authority over the Xia-Sui-Yin frontier command. Defeated by Huang Chao at Wang Bridge, he then joined Zheng Tian and four military governors in alliance and encamped at Wei Bridge. He was then appointed supreme commander of the western capital, Acting Minister of Works, and Chancellor of the Secretariat and Chancellery. He was soon promoted to supreme commander on all four sides and granted provisional authority as prefect of Jingzhao. After the rebels were crushed, he was also made Grand Tutor to the Heir Apparent, enfeoffed as Duke of Xia, and granted the imperial surname Li. When the Heir Apparent Xiang Wang Yun rebelled, the court ordered Sigong to suppress the uprising, but he never marched. He died soon after. His younger brother Sijian succeeded him as military governor of Dingnan; Sixiao was appointed military governor of Baoda and observation commissioner of Fu, Fang, Fan, Zhai, and neighboring prefectures. Both were made Acting Ministers of Education and chancellors. When Wang Xingyu rebelled, Sixiao was appointed northern campaign commander and Sijian northeastern campaign commander. Sixiao also seized Fu Prefecture during the upheaval and became its military governor, eventually rising to Vice Director of the Chancellery. Advancing in years, he recommended his younger brother Sijing as acting commander of the Baoda Army; Sijing soon became military governor. The Eastern Women Kingdom. Also known as Sufalianijuluo, this was a Qiang offshoot. Since women also ruled in kingdoms west of the sea, the designation "Eastern" served to distinguish this one. It bordered Tibet, the Tangut, and Maozhou on the east; owed allegiance to Sanbohe on the west; faced Khotan on the north; and was linked to the Luonü barbarians and Bailang Yi of Yazhou on the southeast. It measured nine days' travel from east to west and twenty days from north to south. The kingdom contained eighty walled cities. A woman held the throne, with the capital at Kangyanchuan, ringed by precipitous cliffs. Weak Water flowed southward, and boats were fashioned from sewn leather. It had forty thousand households and could field ten thousand warriors. The queen bore the title Binjiu; officials were titled Gaobali, meaning prime minister. Men generally held offices based outside the capital. All royal commands were issued by female officials from within the palace and executed by male officials outside. The queen was attended by several hundred maidens and held court every five days. Upon the queen's death, the people offered tens of thousands in gold and silver to the royal clan and selected two virtuous women to succeed her. The younger woman served as vice-queen and succeeded upon the queen's death. Sometimes a niece succeeded an aunt; the throne was never seized by force. All dwellings were multi-storied: the queen's palace rose nine stories, common dwellings six. The queen wore a green woolen skirt and green robe with sleeves trailing to the ground; in winter she donned a lamb-fur coat trimmed with brocade. She wore her hair in small topknots with pearl earrings. On her feet she wore suo. Suo means shoes. Men were held in low esteem by custom. Noble women kept attendant men with loose hair and blue-painted faces who devoted themselves solely to warfare and farming. Children inherited their mother's surname. The cold climate favored wheat; they raised sheep and horses and mined gold. Their customs were largely those of India. The eleventh month marked the beginning of their year. In the tenth month shamans entered the mountains, scattered fermented grain and wheat, and summoned flocks of birds with incantations. A bird resembling a chicken would appear; they opened it and read the omen—grain within meant a bountiful harvest, its absence foretold disaster. This practice was called bird divination. Mourning lasted three years without changing garments, combing hair, or bathing. When a noble died, the skin was preserved, the bones placed in an urn, and the urn buried mixed with gold dust. Dozens were entombed alive to accompany the queen at her burial.

武德時，王湯滂氏始遣使入貢。高祖厚報，為突厥所掠不得通。貞觀中，使復至，太宗璽制慰撫。顯慶初，遣使高霸黎文與王子三廬來朝，授右監門中郎將。其王斂臂使大臣來請官號，武後冊拜斂臂左玉鈐衛員外將軍，賜瑞錦服。天授、開元間，王及子再來朝，詔與宰相宴曲江，封王曳夫為歸昌王、左金吾衛大將軍。後乃以男子為王。

During the Wude reign, Queen Tangpangshi first sent envoys to pay tribute. Emperor Gaozu responded with lavish gifts, but the envoys were intercepted by the Turks and never reached the court. During the Zhenguan reign, envoys returned, and Emperor Taizong issued an imperial edict of reassurance. At the start of the Xianqing reign, the envoy Gaobali Wen and Prince Sanlu came to court; both were appointed Right Gate Guard Lieutenant Generals. Queen Lianbi dispatched a minister to request an official title. Empress Wu appointed Lianbi External General of the Left Jade Bell Guard and granted her brocade robes of honor. Between the Tianshou and Kaiyuan reigns, the queen and her son visited court again and were entertained at Qujiang with the chancellor. Queen Yefu was enfeoffed as King of Guichang and appointed Left Golden Guard General. Later the throne passed to a man.

，其王湯立悉與白狗君及哥鄰君董臥庭、逋租君鄧吉知、南水君薛尚悉曩、弱水君董避和、悉董君湯息贊、清遠君蘇唐磨、咄霸君董藐蓬皆詣劍南韋臯求內附。其種散居西山、弱水，雖自謂王，蓋小小部落耳。自失河、隴，悉為吐蕃羈屬，部數千戶，輒置令，歲督絲絮。至是猶上天寶所賜詔書。臯處其眾於維、霸等州，賜牛、糧，治生業。立悉等入朝，差賜官祿。於是松州羌二萬口相踵入附。立悉等官刺史，皆得世襲，然陰附吐蕃，故謂「兩面羌」。高昌高昌，直京師西四千里而贏，其橫八百里，縱五百里，凡二十一城。王都交河城，漢車師前王廷也。田地城，戊己校尉所治也。勝兵萬人。土沃，麥、禾皆再熟。有草名白疊，擷花可織為布。俗辮髻垂後。

King Tanglixi, together with the lord of Baigou and the chieftains Tangwoting of Geling, Dengjizhi of Chongzu, Xue Shangxinang of Nanshui, Dongbihe of Ruoshui, Tangxizan of Xidong, Sutangmo of Qingyuan, and Dongmiaopeng of Duoba, all sought out Wei Gao in Jiannan to submit to the Tang. Scattered across the western mountains and Weak Water, they styled themselves kings but were in truth little more than small tribes. After the Tang lost the He and Long regions, all fell under Tibetan control. Tribes of several thousand households each had officials imposed upon them to collect silk floss as tribute every year. Even then they still presented the edicts the court had granted them during the Tianbao reign. Gao resettled them in Wei, Ba, and neighboring prefectures, providing cattle and grain to establish new livelihoods. Tanglixi and the others came to court and received graded appointments and stipends. Then twenty thousand Tangut of Song Prefecture submitted in a steady stream. Tanglixi and the others were appointed hereditary prefects, yet they secretly sided with Tibet and were therefore called the "double-faced Qiang." Gaochang. Gaochang lay some four thousand li west of the capital, measuring eight hundred li east to west and five hundred li north to south, with twenty-one cities in all. The capital was Jiaohe City, seat of the Former Kingdom of Cheshi in Han times. Tiandi City was the seat of the Wuji Colonel. It could field ten thousand warriors. The land was fertile, with wheat and grain yielding two harvests a year. A plant called baidie grew there; its flowers could be harvested and woven into cloth. By custom they wore braided topknots hanging down the back.

其王曲伯雅，隋時嘗妻以戚屬宇文氏女，號華容公主。武德初，伯雅死，子文泰立，遣使來告，高祖命使者臨吊。後五年，獻狗高六寸，長尺，能曳馬銜燭，雲出拂菻，中國始有拂菻狗。

Their king Qu Boya had married a daughter of the imperial Yuwen clan during the Sui dynasty, who was titled Princess Huarong. At the start of Wude, Boya died and his son Wentai succeeded. Envoys came to announce the death, and Emperor Gaozu dispatched representatives to pay condolences. Five years later they presented a dog six cun tall and one chi long, capable of pulling a bridle and carrying a candle—said to come from Fulin—the first such dog known in China.

太宗即位，獻玄狐裘，帝賜妻宇文華钅奠一具，宇文亦上玉盤。凡諸國施為輒以聞。貞觀四年，文泰遂來朝，禮賜厚甚。宇文求預宗籍，有詔賜氏李，更封常樂公主。

When Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, they presented a dark fox fur coat. The emperor granted Princess Yuwen a set of floral gold inlay ornaments, and she in turn presented a jade dish. They reported all major undertakings to the Tang court. In the fourth year of Zhenguan, Wentai came to court and was received with exceptional honors and gifts. Yuwen petitioned for enrollment in the imperial clan register; the court granted her the surname Li and re-enfeoffed her as Princess Changle.

久之，文泰與西突厥通，凡西域朝貢道其國，鹹見壅掠。伊吾嘗臣西突厥，至是內屬，文泰與葉護共擊之。帝下詔讓其反覆，召大臣冠軍阿史那矩計事，文泰不遣，使長史曲雍來謝罪。初，大業末，華民多奔突厥，及頡利敗，有逃入高昌者，有詔護送，文泰苛留之。又與西突厥乙毗設破焉耆三城，虜其人，焉耆王訴諸朝。帝遣虞部郎中李道裕問狀，復遣使謝。帝引責曰：「而主數年朝貢不入，無藩臣禮，擅置官，擬效百僚。今歲首萬君長悉來，而主不至。日我使人往，文泰猥曰：『鷹飛於天，雉竄於蒿，貓遊於堂，鼠安於穴，各得其所，豈不快邪！』西域使者入貢，而主悉拘梗之。又諗薛延陀曰：『既自為可汗，與唐天子等，何事拜謁其使？』明年我當發兵虜而國，歸謂而君善自圖。」時薛延陀可汗請為軍向導，故民部尚書唐儉至延陀堅約。

Before long, Wentai allied with the Western Turks and plundered every Western Regions tribute mission passing through his territory. Yiwu, formerly a Western Turk vassal, had now submitted to the Tang. Wentai and Yehu joined forces to attack it. The emperor issued an edict rebuking Wentai's duplicity and summoned his minister Champion Ashina Ju for consultation, but Wentai refused to send him, dispatching Chief Administrator Qu Yong to apologize instead. At the end of the Daye reign, many Chinese had fled to the Turks. After Jieli's defeat, some escaped into Gaochang. The court ordered their repatriation, but Wentai forcibly detained them. He also joined the Western Turk Yipishi in sacking three Yanqi cities and capturing their people, prompting the King of Yanqi to petition the Tang court. The emperor dispatched Li Daoyu of the Palace Revisions Bureau to investigate; Wentai again sent envoys to apologize. The emperor summoned him and rebuked him: "Your lord has sent no tribute for years, shown no deference befitting a vassal, and arbitrarily established offices imitating the imperial bureaucracy. At this New Year every tribal chieftain has come to court, yet your lord has not appeared. When I sent envoys before, Wentai insolently replied: 'The hawk soars in the sky, the pheasant hides in the weeds, the cat roams the hall, the rat rests in its hole—each in its own place. What fault is there in that? Envoys from the Western Regions bringing tribute—your lord has detained and obstructed them all. He also goaded the Xueyantuo, saying: 'You have made yourself khan and are equal to the Tang emperor—why demean yourself by paying respects to his envoys? Next year I shall send troops to destroy your kingdom. Return and tell your lord to prepare accordingly. The Xueyantuo khan had offered to guide the Tang army, so Minister of Revenue Tang Jian went to Xueyantuo to finalize the alliance.

帝復下璽書示文泰禍福，促使入朝，文泰遂稱疾不至。乃拜侯君集為交河道大總管，左屯衛大將軍薛萬均、薩孤吳仁副之，契何力為蔥山道副大總管，武衛將軍牛進達為行軍總管，率突厥、契騎數萬討之。群臣諫以行萬里兵難得誌，且天界絕域，雖得之，不可守。帝不聽。文泰謂左右曰：「曩吾入朝，見秦、隴北城邑蕭條，非有隋比。今伐我，兵多則糧付不逮；若下三萬，我能制之。度磧疲鈍，以逸待勞，臥收其弊耳。」十四年，聞王師至磧口，悸駭無它計，發病死，子智盛立。

The emperor again sent an imperial edict setting out the consequences of obedience and defiance, urging Wentai to come to court. Wentai pleaded illness and refused. Hou Junji was appointed Grand Commander of the Jiaohe Circuit, with Left Encampment Guard General Xue Wanjun and Sagou Wuren as deputies, Qibi Heli as deputy commander of the Congshan Route, and Martial Guard General Niu Jinda as campaign commander. They led tens of thousands of Turk and Qi cavalry against Gaochang. Ministers warned that an army marching ten thousand li could not be sustained, and that even if conquered, this remote frontier land could not be held. The emperor overruled them. Wentai told his advisors: "When I last visited court, the cities north of Qin and Long were desolate—nothing like the Sui era. If they invade now, too large an army will outrun its supplies. If they send fewer than thirty thousand, I can defeat them. Crossing the desert will wear them down. I need only wait rested for their exhaustion and reap the victory. In the fourteenth year, hearing the imperial army had reached the desert crossing, he was gripped by terror and had no recourse. He died of fright; his son Zhicheng succeeded him.

君集奄攻田地城，契何力以前軍鏖戰。是夜星墜城中，明日拔其城，虜七千餘人。中郎將辛獠兒以勁騎夜逼其都。智盛以書遺君集曰：「得罪於天子者，先王也，咎深譴積，震墜厥命。智盛嗣位未幾，公其見赦。」君集曰：「能悔禍者，當面縛軍門。」智盛不答。軍進，填隍引沖車，飛石如雨，城中大震。智盛令大將曲士義居守，身與綰曹曲德俊謁軍門，請改事天子。君集諭使降，辭示屈，薛萬均勃然起曰：「當先取城，小兒何與語！」麾而進，智盛流汗伏地曰：「唯公命！」乃降。君集分兵略定，凡三州、五縣、二十二城，戶八千，口三萬，馬四千。先是，其國人謠曰：「高昌兵，如霜雪；唐家兵，如日月。日月照霜雪，幾何自殄滅。」文泰捕謠所發，不能得也。

Junji launched a surprise assault on Tiandi City, with Qibi Heli fighting fiercely at the head of the vanguard. That night a star fell inside the city. The next day the Tang forces took it, capturing more than seven thousand men. Lieutenant General Xin Liaor led elite cavalry in a night approach on the capital. Zhicheng wrote to Junji: "It was my late father who offended the Son of Heaven. His crimes were grave and his punishment long overdue, and Heaven struck him down. I have reigned only briefly—I beg your mercy. Junji replied: "If you wish to repent, come bound to the camp gate." Zhicheng made no reply. The army advanced, filled the moat, and deployed siege engines. Stones rained down and the city shook in terror. Zhicheng left General Qu Shiyi to defend the city and went with Secretariat Officer Qu Dejun to the camp gate to surrender to the Son of Heaven. Junji urged him to surrender, and Zhicheng's words showed submission. Xue Wanjun rose angrily: "Take the city first—why parley with this boy! He ordered the advance. Zhicheng, sweating, prostrated himself and cried: "I obey your command alone!" He then surrendered. Junji divided his forces to pacify the region, securing three prefectures, five counties, and twenty-two cities—eight thousand households, thirty thousand people, and four thousand horses. Earlier the people had sung: "Gaochang's soldiers are like frost and snow; Tang soldiers are like sun and moon. When sun and moon shine upon frost and snow, how long before it melts away? Wentai arrested those who spread the song but could not find the ringleaders.

捷書聞，天子大悅，宴群臣，班賜策功，赦高昌所部，披其地皆州縣之，號西昌州。特進魏徵諫曰：「陛下即位，高昌最先朝謁。俄以掠商胡，遏貢獻，故王誅加焉。文泰死，罪止矣。撫其人，立其子，伐罪吊民，道也。今利其土，屯守常千人，屯士數年一易，辦裝資，離親戚，不十年隴右且空。陛下終不得高昌圭粒咫帛助中國費，所謂散有用事無用。」不納。改西昌州曰西州，更置安西都護府，歲調千兵，謫罪人以戍。黃門侍郎褚遂良諫曰：「古者先函夏，後夷狄，務廣德化，不爭荒逖。今高昌誅滅，威動四夷，然自王師始征，河西供役，飛米轉芻，十室九匱，五年未可復。今又歲遣屯戍，行李萬里，去者資裝使自營辦，賣菽粟，傾機杼，道路死亡尚不計。罪人始於犯法，終於惰業，無益於行。所遣復有亡命，官司捕逮，株蔓相牽。有如張掖、酒泉塵飛烽舉，豈得高昌一乘一卒及事乎？必發隴右、河西耳。然則河西為我腹心，高昌，他人手足也，何必耗中華，事無用？昔陛下平頡利、吐谷渾，皆為立君，蓋罪而誅之，伏而立之，百蠻所以畏威慕德也。今宜擇高昌可立者立之，召首領悉還本土，長為藩翰，中國不擾。」書聞不省。

When victory was reported, the emperor was delighted. He feasted his ministers, distributed rewards by merit, pardoned the people of Gaochang, organized their lands into prefectures and counties, and named the region Xichang Prefecture. Special Advance Wei Zheng remonstrated: "Since Your Majesty's accession, Gaochang was the first to pay court. Soon, for plundering merchants and obstructing tribute, the king was punished. Wentai is dead—the crime ends with him. To comfort the people and install his son—punishing the guilty and consoling the innocent—is the proper way. Now, seizing their land requires a permanent garrison of a thousand men, rotated every few years at the cost of equipment and supplies, torn from their families—for less than ten years Longyou will be drained empty. Your Majesty will never receive so much as a grain or inch of silk from Gaochang to offset the empire's costs—this is to squander the useful on the useless. The emperor did not accept the advice. Xichang Prefecture was renamed Xizhou, the Anxi Protectorate was established, a thousand soldiers were levied annually, and convicts were exiled to garrison the frontier. Yellow Gate Vice Director Chu Suiliang remonstrated: "In antiquity the sage kings secured the Central Plains first and dealt with barbarians afterward, extending virtue rather than contesting remote wastes. Though Gaochang's destruction shakes the four quarters, from the moment the imperial army marched the Hexi region has supplied labor, flying grain and hauling fodder until nine of ten households are ruined—five years will not restore them. Now you dispatch annual garrison troops ten thousand li away; those who depart must provision themselves, selling grain and exhausting their looms—and deaths along the road are beyond counting. Convicts begin as lawbreakers and end as idlers—this serves no practical purpose. Among those dispatched are fugitives whom officials pursue, dragging entire families into the net. If dust rises and beacon fires blaze at Zhangye and Jiuquan, would a single rider or soldier from Gaochang be of any use? Troops would have to be drawn from Longyou and Hexi. Hexi is our heart and belly; Gaochang is another's hand and foot. Why exhaust the Central Plains for something useless? When Your Majesty pacified Jieli and Tuyuhun, you established rulers for each—executing the guilty and enthroning the submissive. This is why the hundred barbarians fear your might and admire your virtue. Choose a suitable ruler from Gaochang, summon all chieftains back to their native lands, and let them serve as frontier bulwarks without disturbing the empire. The memorial was received but ignored.

初，文泰以金厚餉西突厥欲谷設，約有急為表裏；使葉護屯可汗浮圖城。及君集至，懼不敢發，遂來降，以其地為庭州。焉耆請歸高昌所奪五城，留兵以守。

Earlier, Wentai had bribed the Western Turk Yugu She heavily with gold, agreeing to mutual support in an emergency; he had Yehu station troops at Khan Futu City. When Junji arrived, Yehu feared to act and surrendered; his territory was organized as Ting Prefecture. Yanqi requested the return of five cities seized by Gaochang and that troops be left to garrison them.

君集勒石紀功，凱而旋，俘智盛君臣獻觀德殿。行飲至禮，酺三日。徙高昌豪桀於中國，智盛拜左武衛將軍、金城郡公，弟智湛右武衛中郎將、天山郡公。曲氏傳國九世，百三十四年而亡。

Junji inscribed a stone to record the victory, returned in triumph, and presented the captive Zhicheng and his court at Guande Hall. A victory banquet was held and revelry lasted three days. Gaochang's leading families were relocated to China. Zhicheng was appointed Left Martial Guard General and Duke of Jincheng; his younger brother Zhizhan was made Right Martial Guard Lieutenant General and Duke of Tianshan. The Qu clan had ruled for nine generations over one hundred thirty-four years before the kingdom fell.

智湛，麟德中以左驍衛大將軍為西州刺史，卒，贈涼州都督。有子昭，好學。有鬻異書者，母顧笥中金嘆曰：「何愛此，不使子有異聞乎？」盡持易之。昭歷司膳卿，頗能辭章。弟崇裕有武藝，永徽中為右武衛翊府中郎將，封交河郡王，邑至三千戶。終鎮軍大將軍，武後為舉哀，襚以美錦，賻賜甚厚，封爵絕。吐谷渾吐谷渾居甘松山之陽，洮水之西，南抵白蘭，地數千里。有城郭，不居也。隨水草，帳室、肉糧。其官有長史、司馬、將軍、王、公、僕射、尚書、郎中，蓋慕諸華為之。俗識文字，其王椎髻黑冒，妻錦袍織裙，金花飾首。男子服長裙繒冒，或冠瀍。婦人辮發縈後，綴珠貝。婚禮，富家厚納聘，貧者竊妻去。父死妻庶母，兄死妻嫂。喪有服，葬已即除。民無常稅，用不足，乃斂富室商人，足而止。凡殺人若盜馬者死，它罪贖以物。地多寒，宜麥、菽、粟、蕪菁，出小馬、犛牛、銅、鐵、丹砂。有青海者，周八九百里，中有山，須冰合，遊牝馬其上，明年生駒，號龍種。嘗得波斯馬，牧於海，生驄駒，日步千里，故世稱「青海驄」。西北有流沙數百里，夏有熱風，傷行人。風將發，老駝引項鳴，埋鼻沙中，人候之，以氈蔽鼻口乃無恙。

Zhizhan served as Left Piaoqi Guard General and prefect of Xizhou during the Longde era; upon his death he was posthumously made military governor of Liang Prefecture. He had a son named Zhao who loved learning. When a peddler offered unusual books, his mother glanced at the gold in her chest and sighed: "Why hoard this and deny my son uncommon learning? She spent it all to buy the books. Zhao served as Director of Palace Provisions and was accomplished in literary composition. His younger brother Chongyu was skilled in arms; during the Yonghui reign he served as Right Martial Guard Lieutenant General of the Palace Guard and was enfeoffed as Prince of Jiaohe with a fief of three thousand households. He ended his career as General of Garrison Forces. Empress Wu held mourning rites for him, bestowing fine brocade for the shroud and lavish funeral gifts; the line of enfeoffment then ended. Tuyuhun. The Tuyuhun lived on the southern slopes of Mount Gansong, west of the Tao River, extending south to Bailan across several thousand li. They had walled cities but did not live in them. They followed water and pasture, living in tents on meat and dairy. Their offices included chief administrator, marshal, generals, kings, dukes, vice directors, ministers, and bureau directors—titles apparently modeled on Chinese practice. They knew writing by custom. The king wore a topknot with a black cap; his wife wore brocade robes and woven skirts with golden flower ornaments in her hair. Men wore long skirts and silk caps, or caps of chan. Women braided their hair behind and adorned it with pearls and shells. Wealthy families paid heavy bride-prices; the poor eloped with their brides. When a father died, a son might marry his stepmother; when an elder brother died, he might marry his sister-in-law. Mourning garments were worn for funerals and removed as soon as burial was complete. There were no fixed taxes; when revenue fell short, the wealthy and merchants were levied until needs were met. Murderers and horse thieves were executed; other crimes were redeemed with goods. The land was mostly cold, suited to wheat, beans, millet, and turnips; it produced small horses, yaks, copper, iron, and cinnabar. Qinghai Lake measured eight or nine hundred li around, with a mountain at its center. When ice fully formed, mares were driven onto it to mate; foals born the next year were called dragon seed. They once obtained Persian horses and pastured them by the lake; the foals born were dappled grays traveling a thousand li in a day, hence the world called them Qinghai dappled grays. To the northwest lay drifting sands extending several hundred li; in summer hot winds injured travelers. When the wind was about to rise, old camels stretched their necks and cried, burying their noses in the sand; people watched for this sign and covered nose and mouth with felt to escape harm.

隋時，其王慕容伏允號步薩缽，嘗寇邊。煬帝遣鐵勒敗之，壁西平；復命觀王雄破其眾。伏允以數十騎入泥嶺，亡去，仙頭王率男女十餘萬降。置郡縣鎮戍，以長子順為質，因王之，統餘眾，俄追還。伏允客党項，隋亂，因得復故地。

During the Sui dynasty, their king Murong Fuyun, titled Busabo, frequently raided the frontier. Emperor Yang dispatched the Tiele to defeat him, and he fortified himself at Xiping; he then ordered Prince Guan to rout his forces. Fuyun fled with several dozen horsemen into Mount Ni; King Xiantou led more than one hundred thousand men and women in surrender. Prefectures, counties, and garrison posts were established; his eldest son Shun was kept as hostage and installed as king over the remaining people, but was soon recalled. Fuyun took refuge with the Tangut; amid the Sui turmoil he recovered his former territory.

高祖受命，順自江都還長安，於時李軌據涼州，帝乃約伏允和，令擊軌自效，當護送順。伏允喜，引兵與軌戰庫門，交綏止，即遣使請順，帝遣之。順至，號為大寧王。

When Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne, Shun returned from Jiangdu to Chang'an. Li Gui then held Liang Prefecture, so the emperor made peace with Fuyun, ordering him to attack Li Gui to prove his loyalty in exchange for Shun's return. Fuyun was pleased, led troops against Li Gui at Kumen, fought to a standstill, and immediately requested Shun's return; the emperor sent him. When Shun arrived, he was titled King of Daning.

太宗時，伏允遣使者入朝，未還，即寇鄯州。帝遣使者讓，且召伏允；以疾為解，而為子求婚，驗帝意。帝召子親迎，亦稱疾。有詔止婚，遣中郎將康處真臨諭。又掠岷州，都督李道彥擊走之，執名王二，斬級七百。連歲遣名王朝。俄寇涼州，鄯州刺史李玄運表吐谷渾牧馬青海，輕兵掩之，可盡致。乃命左驍衛大將軍段誌玄、左驍衛將軍梁洛仁率契、党項兵擊之，未至三十里，誌玄等不欲戰，壁而留。虜知之，驅牧馬走。副將李君羨率精騎尾襲懸水上，得牛羊二萬還。

During Emperor Taizong's reign, Fuyun sent envoys to court; before they returned he raided Shan Prefecture. The emperor sent envoys to reproach him and summoned Fuyun; he pleaded illness, but sought a marriage alliance for his son to test the emperor's intentions. The emperor summoned the son to come in person for the marriage, but he too claimed illness. An edict halted the marriage and dispatched Lieutenant General Kang Chuzhen to instruct him. He again raided Min Prefecture; Military Governor Li Daoyan drove him off, capturing two titled kings and seven hundred heads. Year after year he sent titled princes to court. Soon he raided Liang Prefecture; Prefect Li Xuanyun memorialized that Tuyuhun horses pastured at Qinghai could be seized entirely by a light strike. Left Piaoqi Guard General Duan Zhixuan and Left Piaoqi Guard Commander Liang Luoren were ordered to lead Qi and Tangut troops against them; within thirty li they halted and encamped without fighting. The barbarians detected this and drove their herds away. Deputy Commander Li Junxian led elite cavalry in pursuit along the Xuanshui River, returning with twenty thousand cattle and sheep.

是時，伏允耄不能事，其相天柱王用事，拘天子行人鴻臚丞趙德楷。帝遣使曉敕，十返，無悛言。貞觀九年，詔李靖為西海道行軍大總管，侯君集積石道，任城王道宗鄯善道，李道彥赤水道，李大亮且末道，高甑生鹽澤道，並為行軍總管，率突厥、契兵擊之。党項內屬羌及洮州羌，皆殺刺史歸伏允。夏四月，道宗破伏允於庫山，俘斬四百。伏允謀入磧疲唐兵，燒野草，故靖馬多饑。道宗曰：「柏海近河源，古未有至者。伏允西走，未知其在，方馬臒糧乏，難遠入，不如按軍鄯州，須馬壯更圖之。」君集曰：「不然。向者段誌玄至鄯州，吐谷渾兵輒傅城，彼國方完，逆眾用命也。今虜大敗，斥候無在，君臣相失，我乘其困，可以得誌。柏海雖遠，可鼓而至也。」靖曰：「善。」分二軍：靖與大亮、薛萬均以一軍趣北，出其右；君集、道宗以一軍趣南，出其左。靖將薩孤吳仁以輕騎戰曼都山，斬名王，獲五百級。諸將戰牛心堆、赤水源，獲虜將南昌王慕容孝俊，收雜畜數萬。君集、道宗登漢哭山，戰烏海，獲名王梁屈蔥。靖破天柱部落於赤海，收雜畜二十萬。大亮俘名王二十，雜畜五萬，次且末之西。伏允走圖倫磧，將托於闐，萬均督銳騎追亡數百里，又破之。士乏水，刺馬飲血。君集、道宗行空荒二千里，盛夏降霜，乏水草，士糜冰，馬秣雪。閱月，次星宿川，達柏海上，望積石山，覽觀河源。執失思力馳破虜車重。兩軍會於大非川、破邏真谷。

By then Fuyun was aged and unable to govern; his minister Tianzhu Wang held power and detained the court's envoy, Director of Ceremonies Zhao Dekai. The emperor sent envoys with imperial instructions ten times; there was no word of repentance. In the ninth year of Zhenguan, Li Jing was appointed Grand Campaign Commander of the Xihai Route, Hou Junji of the Jishi Route, Prince of Rencheng Li Daozong of the Shanshan Route, Li Daoyan of the Chishui Route, Li Daliang of the Qimo Route, and Gao Zangsheng of the Yanze Route—all leading Turk and Qi troops against Tuyuhun. The submitted Tangut and the Tao Prefecture Tangut all killed their prefects and submitted to Fuyun. In the fourth month of summer, Daozong defeated Fuyun at Mount Ku, capturing and killing four hundred. Fuyun planned to enter the desert to wear down the Tang army and burn the wild grasses, leaving Jing's horses mostly hungry. Daozong said: "Bohai lies near the source of the Yellow River; in antiquity none had ever reached it. Fuyun has fled westward to parts unknown; our horses are thin and grain scarce—it is hard to go far. Better to hold at Shan Prefecture until the horses recover before planning further. Junji replied: "Not so. When Duan Zhixuan reached Shan Prefecture, Tuyuhun troops pressed against the walls—their state was intact and they fought with full loyalty. Now the barbarians are crushed, scouts are nowhere, ruler and ministers are separated—we should seize their distress and finish the task. Though Bohai is far, we can drum our way there." Jing said: "Well said." The army divided in two: Jing with Daliang and Xue Wanjun took one column north to emerge on their right; Junji and Daozong took one column south to emerge on their left. Jing had Sagou Wuren fight with light cavalry at Mount Mandu, beheading a titled king and taking five hundred heads. The generals fought at Mount Niuxin and Chishui Source, capturing the barbarian general Nanchang Wang Murong Xiaojun and tens of thousands of head of livestock. Junji and Daozong ascended Mount Hanku and fought at Wuhai, capturing the titled king Liang Qucong. Jing destroyed the Tianzhu tribe at Chihai, seizing two hundred thousand head of livestock. Daliang captured twenty titled kings and fifty thousand head of livestock, halting west of Qimo. Fuyun fled to the Tulun desert, intending to take refuge with Khotan; Wanjun led crack cavalry in pursuit for several hundred li and defeated him again. The soldiers lacked water and pierced their horses to drink the blood. Junji and Daozong marched two thousand li through empty wilderness. In midsummer frost fell; water and fodder ran out, soldiers ate ice, and horses fed on snow. Within a month they reached Xingsu River and Bohai Lake, gazing upon Jishi Mountain and the source of the Yellow River. Zhishisili charged and smashed the barbarians' baggage train. The two armies joined at Dafeichuan and Poluozheng Valley.

順之質隋，為金紫光祿大夫、伏允立其弟為太子。順歸，常鞅鞅，自以失位，欲以功自結天子，乃斬天柱王，舉國降。伏允懼，引千餘騎遁磧中，眾稍亡，從者才百騎，窮無聊，即自經死。國人立順為君，稱臣內附，詔封四平郡王，號越胡呂烏甘豆可汗。帝恐未能定其國，遣李大亮率精兵鎮援。

Shun had been a hostage in Sui and was made Gold Purple Light Grand Master; Fuyun established his younger brother as crown prince. When Shun returned he was often discontented, feeling displaced. Seeking to win the emperor's favor through merit, he beheaded Tianzhu Wang and led the entire kingdom in surrender. Fuyun fled in terror with a thousand horsemen into the desert. His followers gradually deserted until only a hundred remained; in utter destitution he hanged himself. The people established Shun as ruler. He submitted to the Tang and was enfeoffed as Prince of Siping with the title Khan Yuehulugandou. Fearing the kingdom was not yet settled, the emperor dispatched Li Daliang with elite troops to garrison and support it.

順久質華，國人不附，卒為下所殺，立其子燕王諾曷缽。諾曷缽幼，大臣爭權。帝詔侯君集就經紀之，始請頒歷及子弟入侍。詔封諾曷缽河源郡王，號為地也拔勒豆可汗，遣淮陽郡王道明持節冊命，賜鼓纛。諾曷缽身入謝，遂請婚，獻馬牛羊萬。比年入朝，乃以宗室女為弘化公主妻之，詔道明及右武衛將軍慕容寶持節送公主。其相宣王跋扈，謀作亂，欲襲公主，劫諾曷缽奔吐蕃。諾曷缽知之，引輕騎走鄯城，威信王以兵迎之。果毅都尉席君買率兵與威信王共討，斬其兄弟三人，國大擾。帝又詔民部尚書唐儉、中書舍人馬周持節撫慰。

Shun had long been a hostage in China and was not accepted by his people; his subordinates killed him and established his son, Prince of Yan Nuohebo. Nuohebo was young, and ministers contended for power. The emperor ordered Hou Junji to administer the state; they first requested the Tang calendar and that princes enter court as hostages. Nuohebo was enfeoffed as Prince of Heyuan with the title Khan Diyebledou. Prince of Huaiyang Li Daoming was dispatched to invest him and bestow drums and banners. Nuohebo came in person to give thanks, then requested a marriage alliance and presented ten thousand horses, cattle, and sheep. In succeeding years he came to court. An imperial clanswoman was made Princess Honghua and given to him in marriage; Daoming and Right Martial Guard General Murong Bao escorted the princess. His minister Xuan Wang was overbearing and plotted rebellion, intending to seize the princess and abduct Nuohebo to Tibet. Learning of the plot, Nuohebo fled with light cavalry to Shancheng, where Prince of Weixin welcomed him with troops. Fruit-and-Courage Commandant Xi Junmai joined Prince of Weixin in suppressing them, beheading three of Xuan Wang's brothers and throwing the kingdom into turmoil. The emperor again ordered Minister of Revenue Tang Jian and Secretariat Draftsman Ma Zhou to console and reassure them.

高宗立，以主故，拜駙馬都尉。又獻名馬，帝問馬種性，使者曰：「國之最良者。」帝曰：「良馬人所愛。」詔還其馬。公主表請入朝，遣左驍衛將軍鮮于匡濟迎之。十一月，及諾曷缽至京師，帝又以宗室女金城縣主妻其長子蘇度摸末，拜左領軍衛大將軍。久之，摸末死，主與次子右武衛大將軍梁漢王闥盧摸末來請婚，帝以宗室女金明縣主妻之。既而與吐蕃相攻，上書相曲直，並來請師，天子兩不許。吐谷渾大臣素和貴奔吐蕃，言其情，吐蕃出兵搗虛，破其眾黃河上。諾曷缽不支，與公主引數千帳走涼州。帝遣左武衛大將軍蘇定方為安集大使，平兩國怨。吐蕃遂有其地。

When Emperor Gaozong ascended the throne, Nuohebo was made Imperial Son-in-Law Commandant because of the princess. He again presented famous horses. When the emperor inquired about the breed, the envoy replied: "They are the finest in our kingdom. The emperor said: "Fine horses are beloved by all men." An edict returned the horses. The princess petitioned to come to court; Left Piaoqi Guard General Xianyu Kuangji was dispatched to escort her. In the eleventh month Nuohebo and the princess arrived at the capital. The emperor also gave County Princess of Jincheng to his eldest son Sumomomo and appointed him Left Vanguard Guard General. After a time Momo died. The princess and the second son, Right Martial Guard General Prince of Lianghan Tulumomo, came to request a marriage; the emperor gave County Princess of Jinming to Tulumomo. Thereafter they fought with Tibet. Both sides petitioned the court with their grievances and requested troops; the emperor refused both. Tuyuhun minister Suhe Gui fled to Tibet and revealed their situation. Tibet dispatched troops to strike at a weak point and broke their forces on the Yellow River. Unable to hold out, Nuohebo fled with the princess and several thousand tents to Liang Prefecture. The emperor dispatched Left Martial Guard General Su Dingfang as Pacification Commissioner to settle the grievances between the two kingdoms. Tibet thereupon seized their territory.

諾曷缽請內徙。乾封初，更封青海國王。帝欲徙其部於涼州之南山，群臣議不同，帝難之。咸亨元年，乃以右威衛大將軍薛仁貴為邏娑道行軍大總管，左衛員外大將軍阿史那道真、左衛將軍郭待封副之，總兵五萬討吐蕃，且納諾曷缽於故廷。王師敗於大非川，舉吐谷渾地皆陷，諾曷缽與親近數千帳才免。三年，乃徙浩水南。諾曷缽以吐蕃盛，勢不抗，而鄯州地狹，又徙靈州，帝為置安樂州，即拜刺史，欲其安且樂雲。

Nuohebo requested resettlement within Tang territory. At the beginning of Qianfeng he was again enfeoffed as King of Qinghai. The emperor wished to relocate their tribe to the southern mountains of Liang Prefecture; ministers debated without agreement, and the emperor hesitated. In the first year of Xianheng, Right Martial Guard General Xue Rengui was made Grand Campaign Commander of the Luosuo Route, with Ashina Daozhen and Guo Daifeng as deputies, leading fifty thousand troops against Tibet to restore Nuohebo to his former court. The imperial army was defeated at Dafeichuan. All Tuyuhun territory fell; Nuohebo and several thousand tents of kin barely escaped. In the third year they were relocated south of the Hao River. Seeing Tibetan power and unable to resist, and finding Shan Prefecture too narrow, Nuohebo was relocated to Ling Prefecture. The emperor established Anle Prefecture and appointed him prefect, wishing them peace and contentment.

諾曷缽死，子忠立。忠死，子宣超立，聖歷三年，拜左豹韜員外大將軍，襲故可汗號，餘部詣涼、甘、肅、瓜、沙等州降。宰相張錫與右武衛大將軍唐休璟議徙其人於秦、隴、豐、靈間，令不得畔去。涼州都督郭元振以為：「吐谷渾近秦、隴，則與監牧雜處；置豐、靈，又邇默啜；假在諸華，亦不遽移其性也。前日王孝傑自河源軍徙耽爾乙句貴置靈州，既其叛，乃入牧坊掠群馬，瘢夷州縣，是則遷中土無益之成驗。往素和貴叛去，於我無損，但失吐谷渾數十部，豈與句貴比邪？今降虜非強服，皆突矢刃，棄吐蕃而來，宜當循其情，為之制也。當甘、肅、瓜、沙降者，即其所置之。因所投而居，情易安，磔數州則勢自分。順其情，分其勢，不擾於人，可謂善奪戎心者也。歲遣鎮遏使者與宣超兄弟撫護之，無令相侵奪，生業固矣。有如叛去，無損中國。」詔可。宣超死，子曦皓立。曦皓死，子兆立。吐蕃復取安樂州，而殘部徙朔方、河東，語謬為「退渾」。

Nuohebo died; his son Zhong succeeded. When Zhong died his son Xuanchao succeeded. In the third year of Shengli, Xuanchao inherited the former khan title; the remaining tribes submitted to Liang, Gan, Su, Gua, Sha, and other prefectures. Chief Minister Zhang Xi and Right Martial Guard General Tang Xiujing debated relocating the people among Qin, Long, Feng, and Ling to prevent rebellion and flight. Liang Prefecture Military Governor Guo Yuanzhen argued: "Placing Tuyuhun near Qin and Long would mix them with the imperial stud farms; placing them at Feng and Ling would put them close to Mohe again; even among the Chinese, their nature would not quickly change. Formerly Wang Xiaojie relocated Danier Yijugui from Heyuan Army to Ling Prefecture; when he rebelled he plundered the stud farms and ravaged the prefectures—proof that relocation to the interior is useless. When Suhe Gui rebelled and fled, we lost nothing but several dozen Tuyuhun tribes. Can that compare with Yijugui? The present submitters came willingly, braving blades to abandon Tibet. Their sentiments should be respected and institutions tailored to them. Those who submitted at Gan, Su, Gua, and Sha should be settled where they submitted. Settling them where they chose eases their minds; splitting them across prefectures divides their power. Following their sentiments and dividing their power without disturbing the people is skillfully winning barbarian hearts. Each year dispatch pacification commissioners with Xuanchao and his brothers to protect them from mutual encroachment, and their livelihoods will be secure. If they rebel and flee, the empire loses nothing. An edict approved his proposal. When Xuanchao died his son Xihao succeeded. When Xihao died his son Zhao succeeded. Tibet again took Anle Prefecture, and the remnant tribes were relocated to Shuofang and Hedong; their name was corrupted in speech to "Tuihun."

貞元十四年，以朔方節度副使、左金吾衛大將軍慕容復為長樂都督、青海國王，襲可汗號。復死，停襲。吐谷渾自晉永嘉時有國，至龍朔三年吐蕃取其地，凡三百五十年，及此封嗣絕矣。焉耆國焉耆國直京師西七千里而贏，橫六百里，縱四百里。東高昌，西龜茲，南尉犁，北烏孫。逗渠溉田，土宜黍、蒲陶，有魚鹽利。俗祝髮氈衣。戶四千，勝兵二千，常役屬西突厥。俗尚娛遨，二月朏出野祀，四月望日遊林，七月七日祀生祖，十月望日王始出遊，至歲盡止。

In the fourteenth year of Zhenyuan, Shuofang Frontier Deputy Military Governor Murong Fu was made Military Governor of Changle and King of Qinghai, inheriting the khan title. When Fu died the line of inheritance ceased. Tuyuhun had ruled since the Yongjia era of Jin; in the third year of Longshuo Tibet seized their lands—three hundred fifty years in all—and with this the succession ended. Yanqi. Yanqi lay some seven thousand li west of the capital, measuring six hundred li east to west and four hundred li north to south. It bordered Gaochang on the east, Kucha on the west, Weili on the south, and Wusun on the north. Canals irrigated the fields; the soil suited millet and grapes, and fish and salt brought profit. By custom they shaved their heads and wore felt garments. There were four thousand households and two thousand warriors; they were regularly subject to the Western Turks. They valued amusement by custom: on the second day of the second month they sacrificed in the wilds; on the fifteenth of the fourth month they roamed the forests; on the seventh day of the seventh month they sacrificed to the birth ancestor; from the fifteenth of the tenth month the king toured until year's end.

太原貞觀六年，其王龍突騎支始遣使來朝。自隋亂，磧路閉，故西域朝貢皆道高昌。突騎支請開大磧道以便行人，帝許之。高昌怒，大掠其邊。西突厥莫賀設與咄陸弩失畢作難，來奔，咄陸弩失畢復攻之，遣使言狀，並貢名馬。咥利失可汗立，素善焉耆，故倚為援。十二年，處月、處蜜與高昌攻陷其五城，掠千五百人，焚廬舍。侯君集討高昌，遣使與相聞，突騎支喜，引兵佐唐。高昌破，歸向所俘及城，遣使者入謝。

In the sixth year of Zhenguan, their king Long Tuqizhi first sent envoys to court. Since the Sui turmoil the desert route was closed, and Western Regions tribute missions all passed through Gaochang. Tuqizhi requested opening the great desert route for travelers; the emperor granted it. Gaochang was enraged and launched heavy raids on their frontier. The Western Turk Moheshe and Dulunushibi made trouble and came to submit; Dulunushibi again attacked them. They sent envoys reporting the situation and presenting famous horses. When Khan Xielishi was established, he was naturally friendly with Yanqi and relied on it as support. In the twelfth year, Chuyue and Chumi together with Gaochang attacked and took five cities, capturing fifteen hundred people and burning dwellings. When Hou Junji campaigned against Gaochang he sent envoys to communicate; Tuqizhi was pleased and led troops to assist the Tang. When Gaochang fell, captives and seized cities were returned; envoys came to give thanks.

西突厥臣屈利啜為弟娶突騎支女，遂相約為輔車勢，不朝貢。安西都護郭孝恪請討之。會王弟頡鼻、栗婆準葉護等三人來降，帝即命孝恪為西州道總管，率兵出銀山道，以栗婆準等為向導。初，焉耆所都周三十里，四面大山，海水繚其外，故恃不為虞。孝恪倍道絕水，夜傅堞，遲曙噪而登，鼓角轟哄，唐兵縱，國人擾敗，斬千餘級，執突騎支，更以栗婆準攝國事。始，帝語近臣曰：「孝恪以八月十一日詣焉耆，閱二旬可至，當以二十二日破之，使者今至矣！」俄而遽人以捷布聞。囚突騎支及妻子送洛陽，有詔赦罪。

The Western Turk subject Quili Chuo had his brother marry Tuqizhi's daughter; they agreed to mutual support and ceased tribute to the court. Anxi Protector Guo Xiaoge requested a campaign against them. The king's younger brothers Xiebi, Lipozhun Yehu, and three others came to surrender. The emperor appointed Xiaoge campaign commander of the Xizhou Route, leading troops out the Yinshan Route with Lipozhun and others as guides. Yanqi's capital measured thirty li around, ringed by mountains with seawater encircling it; relying on this, they were unprepared. Xiaoge marched at double speed, crossed water by night, and scaled the walls at dawn amid thundering drums and horns. Tang troops charged; more than a thousand were beheaded, Tuqizhi was captured, and Lipozhun was left to administer affairs. The emperor told close ministers: "Xiaoge will reach Yanqi on the eleventh of the eighth month and break them within twenty days on the twenty-second—the messenger should arrive now! Soon a swift messenger arrived with news of victory. Tuqizhi and his wife and children were sent to Luoyang; an edict pardoned their crimes.

屈利啜以兵救焉耆，而孝恪還三日矣。屈利啜囚栗婆準，更使吐屯攝王，遣使以告。帝曰：「焉耆我所下，爾乃王之邪？」吐屯懼，不敢王。焉耆立栗婆準，而從兄薛婆阿那支自為王，號瞎幹，執栗婆準獻龜茲，殺之。阿史那社爾討龜茲，阿那支奔之，壁東境抗王師，為社爾所禽，數其罪，斬以徇。立突騎支弟婆伽利為王，以其地為焉耆都督府。

Quili Chuo came with troops to rescue Yanqi, but Xiaoge had already returned three days earlier. Quili Chuo imprisoned Lipozhun and installed Tutun as regent king, sending envoys to report this. The emperor said: "Yanqi is territory I conquered—yet you would make yourself its king? Tutun feared and dared not claim kingship. Yanqi established Lipozhun, but his cousin Xiepo Anazhi made himself king, styled Xiaqian, seized Lipozhun, and presented him to Kucha, where he was killed. Ashina She'er campaigned against Kucha; Anazhi fled to him and fortified the eastern border. She'er captured him, enumerated his crimes, and beheaded him as warning. Tuqizhi's younger brother Pojiali was established as king, and the territory was organized as the Yanqi Military Governorship.

婆伽利死，國人請還前王突騎支，高宗許之，拜左衛大將軍，歸國。死，龍嫩突立。武後長安時，以其國小人寡，過使客不堪其勞，詔四鎮經略使禁止傔使私馬、無品者肉食。開元七年，龍嫩突死，焉吐拂延立。於是十姓可汗請居碎葉，安西節度使湯嘉惠表以焉耆備四鎮。詔焉耆、龜茲、疏勒、於闐征西域賈，各食其征，由北道者輪臺征之。訖天寶常朝賀。龜茲龜茲，一曰丘茲，一曰屈茲，東距京師七千里而贏，自焉耆西南步二百里，度小山，經大河二，又步七百里乃至。橫千里，縱六百里。土宜麻、麥、粳稻、蒲陶，出黃金。俗善歌樂，旁行書，貴浮圖法。產子以木壓首。俗斷髮齊頂，惟君不翦發。姓白氏。居伊邏廬城，北倚河羯田山，亦曰白山，常有火。王以錦冒頂，錦袍、寶帶。歲朔，鬥羊馬橐它七日，觀勝負以卜歲盈耗雲。蔥嶺以東俗喜淫，龜茲、於闐置女肆，征其錢。

When Pojiali died the people requested Tuqizhi's restoration; Emperor Gaozong granted it, appointing him Left Guard Grand General and sending him home. He died; Long Nentu succeeded. During Empress Wu's Chang'an era, because the kingdom was small and passing envoys overburdened the people, an edict ordered the Four Garrisons Frontier Commissioner to forbid attendants' private horses and meat for those without rank. In the seventh year of Kaiyuan, Long Nentu died and Long Tufuyan succeeded. Then the Ten Surname Khan requested residence at Suyab; Anxi Military Governor Tang Jiahui memorialized that Yanqi should supplement the Four Garrisons. An edict ordered Yanqi, Kucha, Kashgar, and Khotan to levy Western Regions merchants, each taking its share; those on the northern route were levied at Luntai. Until the Tianbao era they regularly came to court with tribute. Kucha. Also called Qiuci or Quzi, it lay seven thousand li east of the capital. From Yanqi one walked southwest two hundred li, crossed two small mountains and a great river, then seven hundred li more to reach it. It measured a thousand li east to west and six hundred li north to south. The soil suited hemp, wheat, rice, and grapes; it produced gold. By custom they were skilled in song and music, wrote horizontally, and honored Buddhism. At childbirth they pressed the infant's head with wood. By custom they cut their hair level with the crown; only the king kept his hair uncut. They bore the surname Bai. They dwelt in Yilu City, north of Mount Hetian, also called White Mountain, which perpetually burned with fire. The king wore a brocade cap, brocade robe, and jeweled belt. At the New Year they matched sheep, horses, and camels for seven days, reading victory and defeat as omens of the year's harvest. East of the Congling Pass customs favored licentiousness; Kucha and Khotan established women's markets and levied fees.

高祖受禪，王蘇伐勃駃遣使入朝。會死，子蘇伐疊立，號時健莫賀俟利發。貞觀四年獻馬，太宗賜璽書，撫慰加等。後臣西突厥。郭孝恪伐焉耆，乃遣兵與焉耆影援，自是不朝貢。

When Emperor Gaozu ascended the throne, King Subo Bodi sent envoys to court. He soon died and his son Subo Die succeeded, styled Shijian Mohe Sili Fa. In the fourth year of Zhenguan they presented horses; Emperor Taizong bestowed an imperial edict of consolation and raised their rank. Later they became subjects of the Western Turks. When Guo Xiaoge campaigned against Yanqi, they secretly sent troops to assist Yanqi and thereafter ceased tribute to the court.

蘇伐疊死，弟訶黎布失畢立。二十一年，兩遣使朝貢，然帝怒其佐焉耆叛，議討之。是夜月食昴，詔曰：「月陰精，用刑兆也；星胡分，數且終。」乃以阿史那社爾為昆丘道行軍大總管，契何力副之，率安西都護郭孝恪、司農卿楊弘禮、左武衛將軍李海岸等發鐵勒十三部兵十萬討之。社爾分五軍掠其北，執焉耆王阿那支。龜茲大恐，酋長皆棄城走。社爾次磧石，去王城三百里。先遣伊州刺史韓威以千騎居前，右驍衛將軍曹繼叔次之。至多褐，與王遇，其將羯獵顛兵五萬合戰。威偽北，王見威兵少，麾而進，威退與繼叔合，還戰，大破之，追奔八十里。王嬰城，社爾將圍之，王引突騎西走，城遂拔，孝恪居守。沙州刺史蘇海政、行軍長史薛萬備以精騎窮躡六百里。王計窮，保撥換城，社爾圍之。閱月，執王及羯獵顛。其相那利夜逸，以西突厥並國人萬餘來戰，孝恪及子死之。王師擾，倉部郎中崔義起募兵戰城中，繼叔、威助擊之，斬首三千級。那利敗，裒亡散復振，還襲王師，繼叔乘之，斬八千級。那利走，或執以詣軍。社爾凡破五大城，男女數萬，遣使者諭降小城七百餘，西域震懼，西突厥、安兩國歸軍餉焉。社爾立王弟葉護王其國，勒石紀功。

When Subo Die died his younger brother Heli Bushibi succeeded. In the twenty-first year they sent envoys twice, yet the emperor was angry they had aided Yanqi's rebellion and debated attacking them. That night the moon eclipsed the Pleiades. An edict declared: "The moon is yin essence and an omen of punishment; the stars mark the Hu constellation—its number is nearly exhausted. Ashina She'er was made Grand Campaign Commander of the Kunqiu Route with Qibi Heli as deputy, leading Guo Xiaoge, Yang Hongli, Li Haian, and one hundred thousand Tiele troops against Kucha. She'er divided five armies to raid the north and captured the Yanqi king Anazhi. Kucha was terrified; chieftains abandoned their cities and fled. She'er halted at Qishi, three hundred li from the capital. He first dispatched Yizhou Prefect Han Wei with a thousand horsemen, followed by Right Piaoqi Guard General Cao Jishu. At Duoe they encountered the king; his general Jieliedian joined battle with fifty thousand troops. Wei feigned retreat. Seeing his small force, the king pressed the attack. Wei rejoined Jishu, counterattacked, routed the enemy, and pursued eighty li. The king held the city. As She'er prepared to besiege it, the king fled west with crack cavalry; the city fell and Xiaoge remained to garrison it. Shazhou Prefect Su Haizheng and Campaign Chief Administrator Xue Wanbei led elite cavalry in pursuit for six hundred li. At his wit's end, the king held Boluan City; She'er besieged it. Within a month the king and Jieliedian were captured. Minister Nali escaped by night, joined the Western Turks and more than ten thousand countrymen in battle; Xiaoge and his son were killed. The imperial army was thrown into disorder. Treasury Section Director Cui Yiqi recruited troops to fight in the city; Jishu and Wei assisted, taking three thousand heads. Nali rallied the scattered and attacked again; Jishu struck them, beheading eight thousand. Nali fled and was captured and brought to the army. She'er captured five great cities and tens of thousands of people; envoys persuaded more than seven hundred small cities to surrender. The Western Regions trembled; the Western Turks and An submitted provisions. She'er established the king's younger brother Yehu as ruler and inscribed a stone to record the victory.

書聞，帝喜，見群臣從容曰：「夫樂有幾，朕嘗言之：土城竹馬，童兒樂也；飭金翠羅紈，婦人樂也；貿遷有無，商賈樂也；高官厚秩，士大夫樂也；戰無前敵，將帥樂也；四海寧一，帝王樂也。朕今樂矣！」遂遍觴之。初，孝恪之擊焉耆也，龜茲有浮屠善數，嘆曰：「唐家終有西域，不數年吾國亦亡。」社爾執訶黎布失畢、那利、羯獵顛獻太廟，帝受俘紫微殿。帝責謂，君臣皆頓首伏。詔赦罪，改館鴻臚寺，拜布失畢左武衛中朗將。始徙安西都護於其都，統於闐、碎葉、疏勒，號「四鎮。」

When the report arrived the emperor was pleased and told his ministers: "How many kinds of joy exist? Earthen cities and bamboo horses are the joy of children; adornment in gold, green, silk, and brocade is the joy of women; trading what one has for what one lacks is the joy of merchants; high office and rich stipends are the joy of scholar-officials; fighting with no enemy ahead is the joy of generals; when the four seas are pacified, that is the joy of an emperor. I am joyful now! He then passed cups to all. When Xiaoge attacked Yanqi, a Kuchan Buddhist skilled in divination sighed: "The Tang will hold the Western Regions; within a few years our kingdom too will perish. She'er presented Heli Bushibi, Nali, and Jieliedian at the Imperial Ancestral Temple; the emperor received the captives at Ziwei Hall. The emperor reproached them; ruler and ministers prostrated themselves. An edict pardoned their crimes, lodged them at the Court of Ceremonies, and appointed Bushibi Left Martial Guard Lieutenant General. The Anxi Protectorate was relocated to their capital, governing Khotan, Suyab, and Kashgar—the "Four Garrisons."

高宗復封訶黎布失畢為龜茲王，與那利、羯獵顛還國。久之，王來朝。那利烝其妻阿史那，王不能禁，左右請殺之，由是更猜忌。使者言狀，帝並召至京師，囚那利，護遣王還。羯獵顛拒不內，遣使降賀魯，王不敢進，悒悒死。詔左屯衛大將軍楊胄發兵禽羯獵顛，窮誅部黨，以其地為龜茲都督府，更立子素稽為王，授右驍衛大將軍，為都督。是歲，徙安西都護府於其國，以故安西為西州都督府，即拜左驍衛大將軍兼安西都護曲智湛為都督。西域平。帝遣使者分行諸國風俗物產，詔許敬宗與史官撰《西域圖志》。

Emperor Gaozong again enfeoffed Heli Bushibi as King of Kucha and returned Nali and Jieliedian to their kingdom. After a long time the king came to court. Nali violated the king's wife Ashina; the king could not restrain him. Attendants urged his execution, deepening mutual suspicion. Envoys reported the situation; the emperor summoned both to the capital, imprisoned Nali, and escorted the king home. Jieliedian refused to admit him and sent envoys to surrender to Helu; the king dared not advance and died of grief. An edict ordered Yang Zhou to capture Jieliedian and exterminate his faction. The territory became the Kucha Military Governorship; his son Suji was established as king and appointed Right Piaoqi Guard General and military governor. That year the Anxi Protectorate moved to Kucha; former Anxi became the Xizhou Military Governorship. Qu Zhizhan was appointed military governor. The Western Regions were pacified. The emperor dispatched envoys to survey the customs and products of the various states and ordered Xu Jingzong and the historiographers to compile the Record of the Western Regions.

上元中，素稽獻銀頗羅、名馬。，王延田跌來朝。始，儀鳳時，吐蕃攻焉耆以西，四鎮皆沒。長壽元年，武威道總管王孝傑破吐蕃，復四鎮地，置安西都護府於龜茲，以兵三萬鎮守。於是沙磧荒絕，民供貲糧苦甚，議者請棄之，武後不聽。都護以政勣稱華狄者，田揚名、郭元振、張孝嵩、杜暹雲。，王白莫死，子多幣立，改名孝節。十八年，遣弟孝義來朝。

During the Shangyuan era Suji presented silver poluo and famous horses. King Yantian Die came to court. During the Yifeng era, Tibet attacked west of Yanqi and all Four Garrisons fell. In the first year of Changshou, Wang Xiaojie defeated Tibet, recovered the Four Garrisons, and established the Anxi Protectorate at Kucha with thirty thousand garrison troops. The desert wastes were desolate; the people suffered supplying provisions. Critics urged abandonment, but Empress Wu refused. Protectors renowned for governing Chinese and barbarians alike included Tian Yangming, Guo Yuanzhen, Zhang Xiaosong, and Du Xian. King Baimo died; his son Duobi succeeded, changing his name to Xiaojie. In the eighteenth year his younger brother Xiaoyi came to court.

自龜茲贏六百里，窬小沙磧，有跋祿迦，小國也，一曰亟墨，即漢姑墨國，橫六百里，縱三百里。風俗文字與龜茲同，言語少異。出細氈褐。西三百里度石磧至淩山，蔥嶺北原也，水東流，春夏山谷積雪。西北五百里至素葉水城，比國商胡雜居。素葉以西數十城，皆立君長，役頟屬突厥。自素葉水城至羯霜那國，衣氈褐皮氎，以繒繚。素葉城西四百里至千泉，地贏二百里，南雪山，三垂平陸，多泉池，因名之，突厥可汗歲避暑其中。群鹿飾鈴镮，可狎也。西贏百里至呾邏私城，亦比國商胡雜居。有小城，三百，本華人，為突厥所掠，群保此，尚華語。西南贏二百里至白水城，原隰膏腴。南五十里有笯赤建國，廣千里，地沃宜稼，多蒲陶。又二百里即石國。疏勒疏勒，一曰佉沙，環五千里，距京師九千里而贏。多沙磧，少壤土。俗尚詭詐，生子亦夾頭取褊，其人文身碧瞳。王姓裴氏，自號「阿摩支」，居迦師城，突厥以女妻之。勝兵二千人。俗祠祅神。

Six hundred li beyond Kucha, crossing a small desert, lay Baluka, also called Jimo—the Han Kingdom of Gumo—measuring six hundred by three hundred li. Customs and writing matched Kucha's; the language differed slightly. It produced fine felt and coarse wool. Three hundred li west lay stony desert leading to Mount Ling, the northern Congling plain, where water flowed eastward and snow accumulated in the valleys through spring and summer. Five hundred li northwest was Suyab Water City, where merchants of many states lived together. Dozens of cities west of Suyab each had rulers subject to the Turks. From Suyab Water City to Jieshuangna, people wore felt, coarse wool, and leather trimmed with silk. Four hundred li west of Suyab was Qianquan, a fertile two-hundred-li region named for its many springs; the Turk khan summered there annually. Herds of deer wore bell collars and could be approached freely. One hundred li west was Tuluosi City, where merchants of many states also lived together. A small city of three hundred people, originally Chinese captured by the Turks, preserved themselves here and still spoke Chinese. Two hundred li southwest was Baishui City, with fertile lowlands. Fifty li south was Nuchijian, a thousand li across with rich soil and many grapes. Two hundred li farther was the Kingdom of Shi. Kashgar. Also called Qiasha, it encompassed five thousand li, some nine thousand li from the capital. Desert sand predominated; arable soil was scarce. They valued deceit by custom; at birth they compressed the head to flatten it. Their people tattooed their bodies and had green eyes. The king bore the surname Pei, styled himself Amozhi, dwelt in Jiashi City, and the Turks gave him a wife. It could field two thousand warriors. By custom they worshipped the Zoroastrian god.

貞觀九年，遣使者獻名馬，又四年，與朱俱波、甘棠貢方物。太宗謂房玄齡等曰：「曩之一天下，克勝四夷，惟秦皇、漢武耳。朕提三尺劍定四海，遠夷率服，不減二君者。然彼末路不自保，公等宜相輔弼，毋進諛言，置朕於危亡也。」儀鳳時，吐蕃破其國。開元十六年，始遣大理正喬夢松攝鴻臚少卿，冊其君安定為疏勒王。天寶十二載，首領裴國良來朝，授折沖都尉，賜紫袍、金魚。朱俱波朱俱波亦名朱俱槃，漢子合國也。並有西夜、蒲犁、依耐、得若四種地，直於闐西千里，蔥嶺北三百里，西距喝盤陀，北九百里屬疏勒，南三千里女國也。勝兵二千人。尚浮屠法，文字同婆羅門。甘棠甘棠，在海南，昆侖人也。喝盤陀喝盤陀，或曰漢陀，曰渴館檀，亦謂渴羅陀，由疏勒西南入劍末谷、不忍領六百里，其國也。距瓜州四千五百里，直朱俱波西，南距懸度山，北抵疏勒，西護密，西北判汗國也。治蔥嶺中，都城負徙多河。勝兵千人。其王本疏勒人，世相承為之。西南即頭痛山也。蔥嶺俗號極嶷山，環其國。人勁悍，貌、言如於闐。其法，殺人剽劫者死，餘得贖。賦必輸服飾，王坐人床。後魏太延中，始通中國。貞觀九年，遣使者來朝。開元中破平其國，置蔥嶺守捉，安西極邊戍也。於闐於闐，或曰瞿薩旦那，亦曰渙那，曰屈丹，北狄曰於遁，諸胡曰豁旦。距京師九千七百里，瓜州贏四千里，並有漢戎廬、桿彌、渠勒、皮山五國故地。其居曰西山城，勝兵四千人。有玉河，國人夜視月光盛處必得美玉。王居繪室。俗機巧，言迂大，喜事祅神、浮屠法，然貌恭謹，相見皆跪。以木為筆，玉為印，凡得問遺書，戴於首乃發之。自漢武帝以來，中國詔書符節，其王傳以相授。人喜歌舞，工紡勣。西有沙磧，鼠大如猬，色類金，出入群鼠為從。初無桑蠶，丐鄰國，不肯出，其王即求婚，許之。將迎，乃告曰：「國無帛，可持蠶自為衣。」女聞，置蠶帽絮中，關守不敢驗，自是始有蠶。女刻石約無殺蠶，蛾飛盡得治繭。

In the ninth year of Zhenguan envoys presented famous horses; four years later they presented local products with Zhujubo and Gantang. Emperor Taizong told Fang Xuanling and others: "In unifying the empire and conquering the four quarters, only the First Emperor of Qin and Emperor Wu of Han compare. I drew a three-foot sword and pacified the four seas; distant peoples submitted—no less than those two emperors. Yet they could not preserve themselves in the end. Assist me faithfully—do not flatter me into danger and ruin. During the Yifeng era Tibet destroyed their kingdom. In the sixteenth year of Kaiyuan, Grand Justice Qiao Mengsong was dispatched to invest Lord Anding as King of Kashgar. In the twelfth year of Tianbao chieftain Pei Guoliang came to court, was appointed Irregular Cavalry Commander, and granted a purple robe and golden fish insignia. Zhujubo. Also called Zhujupan, this was the Han Kingdom of Zihe. Together with Xiye, Puli, Yinai, and Deruo it held four territories: a thousand li west of Khotan, three hundred li north of the Congling Pass, four hundred li west to Hepantuo, nine hundred li north to Kashgar, and three thousand li south to the Women Kingdom. It could field two thousand warriors. They honored Buddhism; their writing matched Brahmin script. Gantang lay south of the sea; its people were Kunlun. Hepantuo, also called Handuo, Kehandan, or Keluoduo, was reached by entering the Jianmo Valley southwest from Kashgar and crossing Burnin Ridge for six hundred li. It lay four thousand five hundred li from Guazhou, west of Zhujubo, south of the Suspended Crossing Mountains, north to Kashgar, west to Wumi, and northwest to Pihan. It was governed amid the Congling Pass; the capital stood on the Tuoduo River. It could field a thousand warriors. Their king was originally from Kashgar, succeeding generation after generation. To the southwest lay Mount Toutong. The Congling Pass, popularly called Mount Jiyi, encircled their kingdom. The people were fierce; their appearance and speech resembled those of Khotan. By their law murderers and robbers were executed; other crimes could be redeemed. Tribute was paid in garments; the king sat on a human bed. In the Taiyan era of Later Wei they first communicated with China. In the ninth year of Zhenguan they sent envoys to court. In the Kaiyuan era their kingdom was conquered and the Congling Garrison established as Anxi's extreme frontier post. Khotan. Also called Qusadanna, Huanna, Quzhan, Yudun among northern peoples, and Huodan among the Hu. It lay nine thousand seven hundred li from the capital, four thousand li beyond Guazhou, encompassing the former Han territories of Hanronglu, Ganmi, Qule, and Pishan. Their capital was Xishan City; they could field four thousand warriors. There was a Jade River; by night the people watched where moonlight shone brightest and always found fine jade. The king dwelt in a painted hall. They were skilled and clever by custom, spoke grandly, honored Zoroastrian and Buddhist faiths, yet appeared respectful; all knelt when meeting. They used wood for pens and jade for seals; letters of inquiry or gift were placed on the head before opening. Since Emperor Wu of Han, Chinese edicts and credentials had passed from king to king. The people loved song and dance and were skilled weavers. To the west lay desert sands where rats large as hedgehogs, colored like gold, moved in attendant groups. At first they had no mulberry or silkworms; a neighbor refused their request, so their king sought marriage and was granted it. When she was escorted home, he said: "Our state has no silk; bring silkworms and raise them for clothing. She placed silkworms in cotton in her hat; border guards dared not inspect, and silkworms first entered the kingdom. She carved a stone covenant forbidding silkworm killing; when moths flew away the cocoons could be processed.

王姓尉遲氏，名屋密，本臣突厥，，遣使者入獻。後三年，遣子入侍。阿史那社爾之平龜茲也，其王伏阇信大懼，使子獻橐它三百。長史薛萬備謂社爾曰：「公破龜茲，西域皆震恐，願假輕騎羈於闐王獻京師。」社爾許之。至於闐，陳唐威靈，勸入見天子，伏阇信乃隨使者來。會高宗立，授右衛大將軍，子葉護玷為右驍衛將軍，賜袍帶，布帛六千段，第一區，留數月遣之，請以子弟宿衛。上元初，身率子弟酋領七十人來朝。擊吐蕃有功，帝以其地為毗沙都督府，析十州，授伏阇雄都督。死，武後立其子敬。開元時獻馬、駝、豽。敬死，復立尉遲伏師戰為王。死，伏阇達嗣，並冊其妻執失為妃。死，尉遲圭嗣，妻馬為妃。圭死，子勝立。至德初，以兵赴難，因請留宿衛。乾元三年，以其弟左監門衛率葉護曜為大仆員外卿、同四鎮節度副使，權知本國事。勝自有傳。

King Yuchi Wumi originally served the Turks and sent envoys with tribute. Three years later he sent his son to serve at court. When Ashina She'er pacified Kucha, King Fuxinxin was terrified and sent his son with three hundred camels. Xue Wanbei told She'er: "You have broken Kucha and the Western Regions tremble; lend me light cavalry to bring the Khotan king to court. She'er granted it. At Khotan he displayed Tang might and urged audience with the emperor; Fuxinxin followed the envoy. When Emperor Gaozong ascended, Fuxinxin was appointed Right Guard Grand General; his son Yehu Dian was made Right Piaoqi Guard General and granted robes, belts, and six thousand bolts of silk. After several months he was sent home, requesting sons and brothers remain as guards. At the start of Shangyuan he led seventy sons, brothers, and chieftains to court. For fighting Tibet he was rewarded; his territory became the Bisha Military Governorship of ten prefectures, with Fuxiong as military governor. When he died Empress Wu established his son Jing. In the Kaiyuan era they presented horses, camels, and leopards. When Jing died Yuchi Fushizhan was again established as king. When he died Fuxinda succeeded; his wife Zhishi was enfeoffed as consort. When he died Yuchi Gui succeeded; his wife Ma was enfeoffed as consort. When Gui died his son Sheng succeeded. At the start of Zhide he came with troops to aid the court and requested to remain as palace guard. In the third year of Qianyuan his brother Yehu Yao was made External Director of the Palace Stud and deputy military governor of the Four Garrisons with provisional authority over state affairs. Sheng has his own biography.

於闐東三百里有建德力河，七百里有精絕國；河之東有汗彌，居達德力城，亦曰拘彌城，即寧彌故城。皆小國也。

Three hundred li east of Khotan was the Jiandele River; seven hundred li farther was Jingjue. East of the river was Hanmi at Dadeli City, also called Jumi City—the former Ningmi. All were small states.

初，德宗即位，遣內給事朱如玉之安西，求玉於於闐，得圭一，珂佩五，枕一，帶胯三百，簪四十，奩三十，釧十，杵三，瑟瑟百斤，並它寶等。及還，詐言假道回紇為所奪。久之事泄，得所市，流死恩州。天竺國天竺國，漢身毒國也，或曰摩伽陀，曰婆羅門。去京師九千六百里，都護治所二千八百里。居葱嶺南，幅圓三萬里，分東、西、南、北、中五天竺，皆城邑數百。南天竺瀕海，出師子、豹、𤟤、橐它、犀、象、火齊、琅玕、石蜜、黑鹽。北天竺距雪山，圜抱如璧，南有谷，通為國門。東天竺際海，與扶南、林邑接。西天竺與罽賓、波斯接。中天竺在四天竺之會，都城曰茶镈和羅城，濱迦毗黎河。有別城數百，皆置長；別國數十，置王。曰舍衛；曰迦沒路，開戶皆東嚮；曰迦尸，或曰波羅奈，亦曰波羅那斯。其畜有稍割牛，黑色，角細，長四尺許，十日一割，不然困且死。人飲其血，或曰壽五百歲，牛壽如之。

When Emperor Dezong ascended, Inner Attendant Zhu Ruyu was dispatched to Anxi to seek jade from Khotan, obtaining one gui, five ke pendants, one pillow, three hundred belt plaques, and other treasures. On returning he falsely claimed the Uyghurs seized them en route. The matter was eventually exposed; the goods were recovered and he was exiled to En Prefecture to die. India. The Han Kingdom of Shendu, also called Magadha or Brahmana. It lay nine thousand six hundred li from the capital, two thousand eight hundred li from the protectorate seat. South of the Congling Pass, it spanned three thousand li, divided into East, West, South, North, and Central India, each with hundreds of walled cities. South India bordered the sea, producing lions, leopards, rhinoceroses, camels, ivory, elephants, fire crystal, carnelian, rock sugar, and black salt. North India faced the Snow Mountains, encircled like a jade disk; a southern valley served as the national gate. East India bordered the sea and connected with Funan and Linyi. West India connected with Jibin and Persia. Central India lay at the confluence of the four Indias; the capital was Chaboluoluo City on the Kapila River. Several hundred separate cities each had a chief; several dozen separate states each had a king. One was Shewei; one was Kamolu, its gates all facing east; one was Kashi, also called Varanasi. Their livestock included slightly cut cattle—black with fine horns four chi long, cut every ten days lest they sicken and die. People drank their blood; some said they lived five hundred years, as did the cattle.

中天竺王姓乞利咥氏，亦曰刹利，世有其國，不篡殺。土溽熱，稻歲四熟。禾之長者沒橐它。以貝齒為貨。有金剛、旃檀、鬱金，與大秦、扶南、交趾相貿易。人富樂，無簿籍，耕王地者乃輸稅。以舐足摩踵為致禮。家有奇樂倡伎。王大臣皆服錦罽，為螺髻於頂，餘發翦使卷。男子穿耳垂璫，或懸金，耳緩者為上類；徒跣，衣重白。婦人項飾金、銀、珠纓絡，死者燔骸取灰，建窣堵，或委野中及河，餌鳥獸魚鼈，無喪紀。謀反者幽殺之；小罪贖錢；不孝者斷手足，劓耳鼻，徙于邊。有文字，善步曆，學《悉曇章》，妄曰梵天法。書貝多葉以記事。尚浮圖法，不殺生飲酒，國中處處指曰佛故跡也。信盟誓，傳禁呪，能致龍起雲雨。

The king of Central India bore the surname Qilizhi, also called Kshatriya; his line had ruled for generations without usurpation or murder. The soil was humid and hot; rice ripened four times a year. The tallest grain stalks were hidden by camels. Shell currency served as money. Diamonds, sandalwood, and turmeric were traded with Daqin, Funan, and Jiaozhi. The people were rich and content; there were no registers; only royal land cultivators paid taxes. Licking the feet and rubbing the heels was the form of respectful greeting. Every household had exotic music and performers. Kings and ministers wore brocade rugs, spiral topknots on the crown, and curled the remaining hair. Men pierced their ears with pendants or suspended gold; loose-hanging ears marked the upper class; they went barefoot in heavy white garments. Women adorned their necks with gold, silver, and pearl tassels. The dead were cremated and ashes collected for stupas, or bodies cast to wilds or rivers to feed birds and fish; there was no mourning ritual. Rebels were secretly executed; minor crimes were redeemed with money; the unfilial had limbs severed, nose and ears cut, and were exiled to the frontier. They had writing and calendrical skill, studying Siddham script, falsely calling it Brahma's law. They recorded affairs on pattra leaves. They honored Buddhism, abstained from killing and wine, and every place was pointed out as a trace of the Buddha. They trusted oaths and transmitted forbidden incantations, able to summon dragons and rain.

隋煬帝時，遣裴矩通西域諸國，獨天竺、拂菻不至為恨。武德中，國大亂，王尸羅逸多勒兵戰無前，象不弛鞍，士不釋甲，因討四天竺，皆北面臣之。會唐浮屠玄奘至其國，尸羅逸多召見曰：「而國有聖人出，作《秦王破陣樂》，試為我言其為人。」玄奘粗言太宗神武，平禍亂，四夷賓服狀。王喜，曰：「我當東面朝之。」，自稱摩伽陀王，遣使者上書。帝命雲騎尉梁懷璥持節尉撫，尸羅逸多驚問國人：「自古亦有摩訶震旦使者至吾國乎？」皆曰：「無有。」戎言中國為摩訶震旦。乃出迎，膜拜受詔書，戴之頂，復遣使者隨入朝。詔衛尉丞李義表報之，大臣郊迎，傾都邑縱觀，道上焚香，尸羅逸多率羣臣東面受詔書，復獻火珠、鬱金、菩提樹。

During Emperor Yang, Pei Ju opened the Western Regions; only India and Fulin did not come—a regret. During Wude the kingdom fell into turmoil. King Shiluoyiduo led invincible troops, elephants never unharnessed, soldiers never doffing armor, and subdued all four Indias. When Xuanzang arrived, Shiluoyiduo summoned him: "Your state has produced a sage who composed the 'Prince of Qin's Breaking the Battle Array'—tell me what kind of man he is. Xuanzang described Taizong's martial spirit, pacifying disorder and winning the submission of the four quarters. The king was pleased: "I shall face east and pay him homage. He styled himself King of Magadha and sent envoys with a letter. The emperor ordered Liang Huaijin to console him. Shiluoyiduo asked in astonishment: "From antiquity has a Great Mahachina envoy ever reached our kingdom? All said: "Never." Among the barbarians China was called Great Mahachina. He went out to welcome them, prostrated and received the edict, placed it on his head, and sent envoys to follow to court. Li Yibiao was ordered to respond; ministers greeted them in the suburbs and the city turned out to watch. Shiluoyiduo led ministers eastward to receive the edict and presented fire pearls, turmeric, and bodhi trees.

二十二年，遣右衛率府長史王玄策使其國，以蔣師仁為副；未至，尸羅逸多死，國人亂，其臣那伏帝阿羅那順自立，發兵拒玄策。時從騎纔數十，戰不勝，皆沒，遂剽諸國貢物。玄策挺身奔吐蕃西鄙，檄召鄰國兵。吐蕃以兵千人來，泥婆羅以七千騎來，玄策部分進戰茶鏄和羅城，三日破之，斬首三千級，溺水死萬人。阿羅那順委國走，合散兵復陣，師仁禽之，俘斬千計。餘衆奉王妻息阻乾陀衛江，師仁擊之，大潰，獲其妃、王子，虜男女萬二千人，雜畜三萬，降城邑五百八十所。東天竺王尸鳩摩送牛馬三萬餽軍，及弓、刀、寶纓絡。迦沒路國獻異物，并上地圖，請老子象。玄策執阿羅那順獻闕下。有司告宗廟，帝曰：「夫人耳目玩聲色，口鼻耽臭味，此敗德之原也。婆羅門不劫吾使者，寧至俘虜邪？」擢玄策朝散大夫。

In the twenty-second year Wang Xuance was dispatched with Jiang Shiren as deputy; before arrival Shiluoyiduo died, the kingdom fell into turmoil, and minister Nafudi Arunashun made himself ruler and resisted Xuance. The escort numbered only dozens; defeated, all perished; Arunashun plundered tribute goods of various states. Xuance fled to the Tibetan western frontier and summoned neighboring troops by proclamation. Tibet sent a thousand troops and Nepal seven thousand horsemen. Xuance attacked Chazhan Heluo City, breaking it in three days—three thousand heads, ten thousand drowned. Arunashun fled, rallied scattered troops, and re-formed lines; Shiren captured him, with captures and killings by the thousand. Remaining forces supporting the queen and crown prince blocked the Gandaki River; Shiren routed them, capturing consort and princes, twelve thousand people, thirty thousand livestock, and five hundred eighty cities. The king of East India Shijiumo sent thirty thousand cattle and horses to supply the army, along with bows, blades, and precious tassels. The Kingdom of Kamolu presented exotic objects and a map, requesting an image of Laozi. Xuance presented Arunashun at the palace gate. The relevant office reported to the ancestral temple. The emperor said: "Men's ears and eyes delight in sound and color, mouths and noses indulge in flavors and odors—this is the root of ruined virtue. Had the Brahmins not robbed our envoys, would they have become captives? Xuance was promoted to Gentleman for Promoting Morality.

得方士那邏邇娑婆寐，自言壽二百歲，有不死術，帝改館使治丹，命兵部尚書崔敦禮護視。使者馳天下，采怪藥異石，又使者走婆羅門諸國。所謂畔茶法水者，出石臼中，有石象人守之，水有七種色，或熱或冷，能銷草木金鐵，人手入輒爛，以橐它髑髏轉注瓠中。有樹名咀賴羅，葉如梨，生窮山崖腹，前有巨虺守穴，不可到。欲取葉者，以方鏃矢射枝則落，為羣鳥銜去，則又射，乃得之。其詭譎類如此。後術不驗，有詔聽還，不能去，死長安。高宗時，廬伽逸多者，東天竺烏茶人，亦以術進，拜懷化大將軍。

A Daoist named Naluo'er Sapomi was obtained, who claimed to be two hundred years old and possessed an art of immortality. The emperor lodged him to prepare elixirs and ordered Minister of War Cui Dunli to oversee him. Envoys were dispatched throughout the empire to gather strange drugs and exotic stones, and other envoys were sent to the Brahman states. The so-called Pantea method water came from a stone mortar, guarded by a stone image of a man. The water had seven colors, sometimes hot or cold, and could dissolve plants, metal, and iron. If a hand entered it, it rotted; it was transferred into gourds using camel skulls. There was a tree called Julailuo, its leaves like pears, growing in the belly of steep mountain cliffs, with a great serpent guarding the cave so it could not be reached. To obtain the leaves, one shot the branch with square-headed arrows and it fell; flocks of birds carried it away, so one shot again and only then obtained it. Their deceptions were of this sort. Later the art proved ineffective; an edict permitted his return, but he could not leave and died in Chang'an. During Emperor Gaozong's reign, Luzhi Yiduo of East India, an Udra man, also presented his art and was appointed General of Pacification and Transformation.

，五天竺皆來朝。開元時，中天竺遣使者三至；南天竺一，獻五色能言鳥，乞師討大食、吐蕃，丐名其軍。玄宗詔賜懷德軍。使者曰：「蕃夷惟以袍帶為寵。」帝以錦袍、金革帶、魚袋並七事賜之；北天竺一來朝。摩揭它摩揭它，一曰摩伽陀，本中天竺屬國。環五千里，土沃宜稼穡，有異稻巨粒，號供大人米。王居拘阇揭羅布羅城，或曰俱蘇摩補羅，曰波咤厘子城，北瀕克伽河。貞觀二十一年，始遣使者自通於天子，獻波羅樹，樹類白楊。太宗遣使取熬糖法，即詔揚州上諸蔗，拃沈如其劑，色味愈西域遠甚。高宗又遣王玄策至其國摩訶菩提祠立碑焉。後德宗自制鐘銘，賜那爛陀祠。

All five Indias came to court. During the Kaiyuan era, Central India sent envoys three times; South India once, presenting a five-colored talking bird, requesting troops against the Arabs and Tibet, and begging that their army be named. Emperor Xuanzong decreed the name Huai De Army. The envoy said: "Barbarians regard robes and belts as marks of favor. The emperor bestowed brocade robes, golden leather belts, fish insignia pouches, and seven other items; North India came to court once. Magadha. Also called Magadha, it was originally a dependent state of Central India. It encompassed five thousand li with fertile soil suited to crops; there was a special rice with huge grains, called rice for supplying great men. The king dwelt at Jushejialuoboluo City, also called Jusumobuluo or Bozhalizi City, north on the Ganges River. In the twenty-first year of Zhenguan, envoys first came of their own accord to the Son of Heaven, presenting bodhi trees resembling white poplars. Emperor Taizong dispatched envoys to obtain the method of refining sugar; he then ordered Yangzhou sugarcane processed by that method, and the color and flavor far surpassed the Western Regions. Emperor Gaozong again dispatched Wang Xuance to their Mahabodhi Temple to erect a stele. Later Emperor Dezong personally composed a bell inscription and bestowed it on the Nalanda Temple.

又有那揭者，亦屬國也，貞觀二十年，遣使者貢方物。烏茶烏茶者，一曰烏伏那，亦曰烏萇，直天竺南，地廣五千里，東距勃律六百里，西罽賓四百里。山谷相屬，產金、鐵、蒲陶、郁金。稻歲熟。人柔詐，善禁架術。國無殺刑，抵死者放之窮山。罪有疑，飲以藥，視溲清濁而決輕重。有五城，王居術瞢蘗利城，一曰瞢揭厘城，東北有達麗羅川，即烏萇舊地。，其王達摩因陀訶斯遣使者獻龍腦香，璽書優答。大食與烏萇東鄙接，開元中數誘之，其王與骨咄、俱位二王不肯臣，玄宗命使者冊為王。章求拔國章求拔國，或曰章揭拔，本西羌種。居悉立西南四山中，後徙山西，與東天竺接。衣服略相類，因附之。地袤八九百里，勝兵二千人。無城郭，好鈔暴，商旅患之。貞觀二十年，其王羅利多菩伽因悉立國遣使者入朝。玄策之討中天竺，發兵來赴，有功，由是職貢不絕。

There was also Najie, likewise a dependent state; in the twentieth year of Zhenguan it sent envoys presenting local products. Udra. Also called Wufuna or Wuchang, it lay directly south of India, five thousand li across, six hundred li east to Bolü, four hundred li west to Jibin. Mountains and valleys succeeded one another; it produced gold, iron, grapes, and turmeric. Rice ripened each year. The people were soft and deceitful and skilled in forbidden arts. The state had no death penalty; those deserving death were released in remote mountains. When guilt was doubtful, the accused drank a drug and judgment of severity or leniency was made by observing whether the urine was clear or turbid. There were five cities; the king dwelt at Shumenglili City, also called Mengjieli City. To the northeast was Daliluo River, the former territory of Wuchang. King Damo Yintuosi sent envoys presenting dragon-brain incense; an imperial edict responded graciously. The Arabs bordered Udra's eastern frontier; in the Kaiyuan era they repeatedly incited it, but its king and the kings of Gudu and Juwei refused to submit; Emperor Xuanzong ordered envoys to invest them as kings. Zhangqiuba. Also called Zhangjieba, it was originally a branch of the Western Qiang. It dwelt in the four mountains southwest of Sili, later moving west of the mountains to connect with East India. Clothing was somewhat similar, and for this reason it attached itself to India. The territory measured eight or nine hundred li; it could field two thousand warriors. There were no walled cities; they loved raiding, and merchants suffered from them. In the twentieth year of Zhenguan, King Luoliduopojia sent envoys to court through the Kingdom of Sili. When Xuance campaigned against Central India, they dispatched troops to assist; tribute thereafter never ceased.

悉立當吐蕃西南，戶五萬，城邑多旁澗溪。男子繒束頭，衣氈褐。婦人辮發，短裙。昏姻不以財聘。其谷宜粳稻、麥、豆。死者葬於野，不封樹，喪制為黑衣，滿年而除。刑有刖、劓。常羈屬吐蕃。罽賓罽賓，隋漕國也，居蔥嶺南，距京師萬二千里而贏，南距舍衛三千里。王居脩鮮城，常役屬大月氏。地暑濕，人乘象，俗治浮屠法。

Sili lay southwest of Tibet with fifty thousand households; many walled cities stood beside streams and ravines. Men bound their heads with silk and wore felt and coarse wool. Women braided their hair and wore short skirts. Marriage did not rely on bride-price. Their grains suited rice, wheat, and beans. The dead were buried in the wild without mounds or trees; mourning garments were black and removed after a full year. Punishments included cutting off feet and slicing noses. They were regularly bound subjects of Tibet. Jibin. The Sui Kingdom of Caoguo, south of the Congling Pass, twelve thousand li from the capital with surplus, three thousand li south to Shewei. The king dwelt at Xiuxian City and was regularly subject to the Greater Yuezhi. The land was hot and humid; people rode elephants and honored the Buddhist law by custom.

，遣使貢寶帶、金鎖、水精盞、頗黎狀若酸棗。貞觀中獻名馬。太宗詔大臣曰：「朕始即位，或言天子欲耀兵，振伏四夷，惟魏徵勸我脩文德，安中夏；中夏安，遠人伏矣。今天下大安，四夷君長皆來獻，此徵力也。」遣果毅何處羅拔等厚賫賜其國，並撫尉天竺。處羅拔至罽賓，王東向稽首再拜，仍遣人導護使者至天竺。十六年，獻褥特鼠，喙尖尾赤，能食蛇，螫者嗅且尿，瘡即愈。

Envoys presented jeweled belts, gold locks, crystal cups, and glass resembling sour jujubes. During Zhenguan they presented famous horses. Emperor Taizong told his ministers: "When I first ascended the throne, some said the Son of Heaven wished to display military might; only Wei Zheng urged me to cultivate civil virtue and pacify the Central Plains. When the Central Plains are pacified, distant peoples submit. Now the empire is greatly at peace and chieftains of the four quarters all come with tribute—this is Zheng's achievement. Fruit-and-Courage He Chuluobo and others were dispatched with rich gifts to Jibin and to console India. Chuluobo reached Jibin; the king bowed eastward twice and again sent men to guide the envoy to India. In the sixteenth year they presented the mattress rat, with pointed snout and red tail, able to eat snakes; when bitten, smelling its urine healed the wound.

國人共傳王始祖曰馨孽，至曷擷支傳十二世。，以其地為脩鮮都督府。龍朔初，拜其王脩鮮等十一州諸軍事、脩鮮都督。，遣使獻天文及秘方奇藥，天子冊其王為葛邏達支特勒。後烏散特勒灑年老，請以子拂菻罽婆嗣，聽之。天寶四載，冊其子勃匐準為襲罽賓及烏萇國王。乾元初使者朝貢。

The people commonly transmitted that their royal founder was called Xinnie, passing through twelve generations to Yijiezhi. Their territory was made the Xiuxian Military Governorship. At the beginning of Longshuo, their king was appointed military governor of Xiuxian and eleven other prefectures. Envoys presented astronomical knowledge and secret recipes for strange drugs; the Son of Heaven enfeoffed their king as Tejin Geluodazhi. Later King Wusan Telesa grew old and requested that his son Fulin Jipo succeed; permission was granted. In the fourth year of Tianbao, his son Bofuzhun was invested as successor king of Jibin and Wuchang. At the beginning of Qianyuan envoys came with tribute.

Category:印度

Category: India

◎西域下康國康者，一曰薩末鞬，亦曰颯秣建，元魏所謂悉斤者。其南距史百五十里，西北距西曹百餘里，東南屬米百里，北中曹五十里。在那密水南，大城三十，小堡三百。君姓溫，本月氏人。始居祁連北昭武城，為突厥所破，稍南依蔥嶺，即有其地。枝庶分王，曰安，曰曹，曰石，曰米，曰何，曰火尋，曰戊地，曰史，世謂「九姓」，皆氏昭武。土沃宜禾，出善馬，兵強諸國。人嗜酒，好歌舞於道。王帽氈，飾金雜寶。女子盤髻，蒙黑巾，綴金花。生兒以石蜜啖之，置膠於掌，欲長而甘言，持缶若黏雲。習旁行書。善商賈，好利，丈夫年二十，去傍國，利所在無不至。以十二月為歲首，尚浮圖法，祠祅神，出機巧技。十一月鼓舞乞寒，以水交潑為樂。

The Western Regions, lower section: Kang. Also called Samarkand or Sadijian, what Northern Wei called Sijin. South it was one hundred fifty li from Shi; northwest one hundred plus li from West Cao; southeast it belonged to Mi a hundred li; north fifty li from Central Cao. It lay south of the Namich River with thirty great cities and three hundred small fortresses. The ruler bore the surname Wen and was originally a Yuezhi man. At first they dwelt at Zhaowu City north of the Qilian Mountains; broken by the Turks, they moved south along the Congling Pass and possessed this land. Branch descendants divided into kings: An, Cao, Shi, Mi, He, Huoxun, Wudi, and Shi—the Nine Surnames—all of the Zhaowu clan. The soil was fertile and suited to grain; it produced fine horses and its army was strongest among the states. The people loved wine and enjoyed singing and dancing in the streets. The king's cap was felt, adorned with gold and assorted treasures. Women wore looped topknots, covered with black cloth and adorned with golden flowers. At birth children were fed rock sugar; glue was placed in the palm, wishing sweet speech and hands that held jars as if sticking to clouds. They practiced horizontal writing. They were skilled merchants who loved profit; at twenty husbands left for neighboring states and went wherever profit led. They took the twelfth month as the start of the year, honored Buddhism, worshipped the Zoroastrian god, and produced ingenious crafts. In the eleventh month they danced begging for cold and took mutual water-splashing as amusement.

隋時，其王屈木支娶西突厥女，遂臣突厥。武德十年，始遣使來獻。貞觀五年，遂請臣。太宗曰：「朕惡取虛名，害百姓；且康臣我，緩急當同其憂。師行萬里，寧朕誌邪？」卻不受。俄又遣使獻師子獸，帝珍其遠，命秘書監虞世南作賦。自是歲入貢，致金桃、銀桃，詔令植苑中。

During the Sui dynasty their king Qumuzhi married a Western Turk woman and thereupon became a subject of the Turks. In the tenth year of Wude envoys first came to present tribute. In the fifth year of Zhenguan they then requested to become subjects. Emperor Taizong said: "I hate taking empty names and harming the common people; and if Kang becomes my subject, in urgency I should share their troubles. An army marching ten thousand li—would that suit my intent? He declined to accept. Soon they again sent envoys presenting lions; the emperor treasured their distant journey and ordered Yu Shinan to compose a rhapsody. Thereafter tribute came yearly, presenting golden peaches and silver peaches; an edict ordered them planted in the imperial park.

高宗永徽時，以其地為康居都督府，即授其王拂呼縵為都督。萬歲通天中，以大首領篤娑缽提為王。死，子泥涅師師立。死，國人立突昏為王。開元初，貢鎖子鎧、水精杯、碼瓶、駝鳥卵及越諾、侏儒、胡旋女子。其王烏勒伽與大食亟戰不勝，來乞師，天子不許。久之，請封其子咄曷為曹王，默啜為米王，詔許。烏勒伽死，遣使立咄曷，封欽化王，以其母可敦為郡夫人。安國安者，一曰布豁，又曰捕喝，元魏謂忸蜜者。東北至東安，西南至畢，皆百里所。西瀕烏滸河，治阿濫謐城，即康居小君長罽王故地。大城四十，小堡千餘。募勇健者為柘羯。柘羯，猶中國言戰士也。武德時，遣使入朝。貞觀初，獻方物，太宗厚尉其使曰：「西突厥已降，商旅可行矣。」諸胡大悅。其王訶陵迦又獻名馬，自言一姓相承二十二世雲。是歲，東安國亦入獻，言子姓相承十世云。東安東安，或曰小國，曰喝汗，在那密水之陽，東距何二百里許，西南至大安四百里。治喝汗城，亦曰斤。大城二十，小堡百。顯慶時，以阿濫為安息州，即以其王昭武殺為刺史；斤為木鹿州，以其王昭武閉息為刺史。開元十四年，其王篤薩波提遣弟阿悉爛達拂耽發黎來朝，納馬豹。後八年，獻波斯█婁二，拂菻繡氍球一，郁金香、石蜜等，其妻可敦獻柘辟大氍球二，繡氍球一，丐賜袍帶、鎧仗及可敦袿䙱裝澤。東曹東曹，或曰率都沙那，蘇對沙那，劫布呾那，蘇都識匿，凡四名。居波悉山之陰，漢貳師城地也。東北距俱戰提二百里，北至石，西至康，東北寧遠，皆四百里許，南至吐火羅五百里。有野叉城，城有巨窟，嚴以關鑰，歲再祭，人向窟立，中即煙出，先觸者死。武德中，與康同遣使入朝。其使曰：「本國以臣為健兒，聞秦王神武，欲隸麾下。」高祖大悅。西曹西曹者，隋時曹也，南接史及波覽，治瑟底痕城。東北越於底城有得悉神祠，國人事之。有金具器，款其左曰：「漢時天子所賜。」武德中入朝。天寶元年，王哥邏仆羅遣使者獻方物，詔封懷德王，即上言：「祖考以來，奉天可汗，願同唐人受調發，佐天子征討。」十一載，東曹王設阿忽與安王請擊黑衣大食，玄宗尉之，不聽。中曹中曹者，居西曹東，康之北。王治迦底真城。其人長大，工戰鬥。柘支石，或曰柘支，曰柘折，曰赭時，漢大宛北鄙也。去京師九千里。東北距西突厥，西北波臘，南二百里所抵俱戰提，西南五百里康也。圓千餘里，右涯素葉河。王姓石，治柘折城，故康居小王窳匿城地。西南有藥殺水，入中國謂之真珠河，亦曰質河。東南有大山，生瑟瑟。俗善戰，多良馬。隋大業初，西突厥殺其王，以特勒匐職統其國。武德、貞觀間，數獻方物。顯慶三年，以瞰羯城為大宛都督府，授其王瞰土屯攝舍提於屈昭穆都督。開元初，封其君莫賀咄吐屯，有功，為石國王。二十八年，又冊順義王。明年，王伊捺吐屯屈勒上言：「今突厥已屬天可汗，惟大食為諸國患，請討之。」天子不許。天寶初，封王子那俱車鼻施為懷化王，賜鐵券。久之，安西節度使高仙芝劾其無蕃臣禮，請討之。王約降，仙芝遣使者護送至開遠門，俘以獻，斬闕下，於是西域皆怨。王子走大食乞兵，攻怛邏斯城，敗仙芝軍，自是臣大食。寶應時，遣使朝貢。碎葉有碎葉者，出安西西北千里所，得勃達嶺，南抵上國，北突騎施南鄙也，西南直蔥嶺贏二千里。水南流者經中國入於海，北流者經胡入於海。北三日行度雪海，春夏常雨雪。繇勃達嶺北行贏千里，得細葉川。東曰熱海，地寒不凍。西有碎葉城，天寶七載，北庭節度使王正見伐安西，毀之。川長千里，有異姓突厥兵數萬，耕者皆擐甲，相掠為奴婢。西屬怛邏斯城，石常分兵鎮之。自此抵西海矣。三月訖九月，未嘗雨，人以雪水溉田。怖捍石東南千餘里，有怖捍者，山四環之，地膏腴，多馬羊。西千里距堵利瑟那，東臨葉葉水，水出蔥嶺北原，色濁，西北流入大磧。無水草，望大山，尋遺胔，知所指，五百餘里即康也。彌末米，或曰彌末，曰彌秣賀。北百里距康。其君治缽息德城，永徽時為大食所破。顯慶三年，以其地為南謐州，授其君昭武開拙為刺史，自是朝貢不絕。開元時，獻璧、舞筵、師子、胡旋女。十八年，大首領末野門來朝。天寶初，封其君為恭順王，母可敦郡夫人。屈霜你迦何，或曰屈霜你迦，曰貴霜匿，即康居小王附墨城故地。城左有重樓，北繪中華古帝，東突厥、婆羅門，西波斯、拂菻等諸王，其君旦詣拜則退。貞觀十五年，遣使者入朝。永徽時上言：「聞唐出師西討，願輸糧於軍。」俄以其地為貴霜州，授其君昭武婆達地刺史。遣使者缽底失入謝。火尋火尋，或曰貨利習彌，曰過利，居烏滸水之陽。東南六百里距戊地，西南與波斯接，西北抵突厥曷薩，乃康居小王奧城故地。其君治急多颶遮城。諸胡惟其國有車牛，商賈乘以行諸國。天寶十載，君稍施芬遣使者朝，獻黑鹽。寶應時復入朝。羯霜那史，或曰佉沙，曰羯霜那，居獨莫水南康居小王蘇薤城故地。西百五十里距那色波，北二百里屬米，南四百里吐火羅也。有鐵門山，左右巉峭，石色如鐵，為關以限二國，以金錮闔。城有神祠，每祭必千羊，用兵類先禱乃行。國有城五百。隋大業中，其君狄遮始通中國，號最強盛，築乞史城，地方數千里。貞觀十六年，君沙瑟畢獻方物。顯慶時，以其地為佉沙州，授君昭武失阿喝刺史。開元十五年，君忽必多獻舞女、文豹。後君長數死、立，然首領時時入朝。天寶中，詔改史為來威國。那色波那色波，亦曰小史，蓋為史所役屬。居吐火羅故地，東厄蔥嶺，西接波剌斯，南雪山。呾蜜種循縛芻水北有呾蜜種，亦自國，東西六百里所。又東逾四種，有鑊沙者，廣三百里，長五百里，東界骨咄，接蔥嶺有十八種。南有揭職，稍大，幅員準千里，陵阜連屬，多菽麥，氣寒烈。東南抵雪山六百里，道吐火羅，又逾五種至婆羅睹邏。北逾山行六百里，得烏萇種。東北行二百里至河波羅水，水西南流，春夏涸凍。北歷十二種有婆羅吸摩補羅，最大種，綿地四千里，山周其外，土沃，產鍮、水精。北大雪山，即東女也。歷十九種得摩揭陀。又東過四種，逾大河，有迦摩縷波，皆阪險，地接西南夷，其人類蠻獠。行二月，叩蜀南邊，其東南野象群暴，故戰用象軍。又南歷三十二種有狼揭羅者，地大數千里，其君治窣菟黎濕伐羅城。西北即波剌斯，傳言廣萬里，王治蘇剌薩儻那城。土溫溽，引水為田，人富饒。出金、銀、水精。多工巧，織錦、褐、氍毹。產善馬、橐它。人服錦氎。賦稅，口出四銀錢，又以交易。西北距拂菻，西南際海島，有西女種，皆女子，多珍貨，附拂菻，拂菻君長歲遣男子配焉。俗產男不舉。又有臂、多、勢、羅四種，西北逾大山廣川，歷小城聚，行二千里即謝也。北五百里有弗栗恃薩儻那，地橫二千里，縱千里。其君突厥種，治護那城。東北大雪山，盛夏常凍，鑿冰乃可度。下有安呾羅縛者，地三千里；西北逾嶺四百里有闊悉多；西北三百里有活種，大二千里。此三種皆居吐火羅故地，臣於突厥，君亦突厥種，主鐵門南諸戎，遷徙不常。東又有七種，東南峽道險甚，無慮三百里，得俱蘭。東北山行五百里，即護密，北識匿也。南有商彌，地大二千里而贏，多蒲陶。生雌黃，鑿石乃得。東北逾山七百里，至波謎羅川，東西千里，南北百里，春夏雨雪。南有缽露種，多紫金。行五百里有盤陀。東行八百里出蔥嶺，又八百里至烏鎩，環千里，出白、、青三種玉。君長世臣盤陀。北徑磧，曠野五百里，得疏勒。東南五百里濟徙多水，逾大沙嶺，有斫句迦種，或曰沮渠，地千里。東逾領八百里，即於闐也，東有媲摩川。度磧行二百里，得尼壤城，在大澤中，地墊洳，蘆荒茂，行者鑿道趣城通於闐，而於闐以為東關。又東行入大流沙，人行無跡，故往返輒迷，聚遣骸以識道。無水草，多熱風，觸人及六畜皆迷仆。行四百里至故都邏。又六百里至故折摩馱那，古且末也。又千里至故納縛波，古樓蘭也。

During the Yonghui era their territory was made the Kangju Military Governorship and King Fuhu Man was appointed military governor. During Wansui Tongtian, the great chieftain Dusuoti was made king. When he died his son Nieshi succeeded. When he died the people established Tuhun as king. At the beginning of Kaiyuan they presented chain-mail armor, crystal cups, agate bottles, ostrich eggs, Yuenuo, dwarfs, and Hu-spinning girls. King Wulejia fought repeatedly with the Arabs without victory and begged for troops; the emperor refused. After a long time he requested enfeoffment of his son Duoha as King of Cao and Moruo as King of Mi; an edict granted it. When Wulejia died, envoys established Duoha as King of Qinhua and his mother Keden as Lady of the Commandery. An. Also called Buohuo or Buhe, what Northern Wei called Niumi. Northeast to East An and southwest to Bi were each about a hundred li. West on the Wuhu River it governed Alianmi City, the former territory of the lesser Kangju lord King Ji. Forty great cities and more than a thousand small fortresses. Brave and strong men were recruited as zhejie. Zhejie means warriors in Chinese. During Wude envoys came to court. At the beginning of Zhenguan they presented local products; Emperor Taizong consoled their envoy: "The Western Turks have submitted; merchants may travel. All the Hu were greatly pleased." King Helingjia again presented famous horses, stating one surname had succeeded for twenty-two generations. That year East An also came with tribute, stating ten generations of succession. East An, also called Hehan, lay on the south bank of the Namich River, two hundred li east to He and four hundred li southwest to Great An. It governed Hehan City, also called Jin. Twenty great cities and a hundred small fortresses. During Xianqing, Alian was made Anxi Prefecture and King Zhaowu Sha was appointed prefect; Jin was made Mulu Prefecture and King Zhaowu Bixi was appointed prefect. In the fourteenth year of Kaiyuan King Dusaboti sent his brother Asilandafodanlai to court with horses and leopards. Eight years later they presented Persian carpets, Fulin felts, tulips, and rock sugar; the queen presented felts and begged robes, belts, armor, and queenly garments. East Cao, also called Shudushana, Sudushana, Jiebudana, or Sudushini—four names in all. It dwelt on the northern slopes of Mount Boxi, the land of Han General Li's City. Northeast two hundred li to Juzhanti, north to Shi, west to Kang, northeast to Ningyuan—about four hundred li each; south five hundred li to Tuhuoluo. There was Yecha City with a great cave sealed with locks; twice yearly they sacrificed. Smoke issued from the cave and whoever touched it first died. During Wude they sent envoys to court together with Kang. Their envoy said: "Our state made me a warrior; hearing Prince of Qin's divine prowess, I wished to serve under his banner. Emperor Gaozu was greatly pleased. West Cao was Cao in Sui times, south connecting with Shi and Bolan, governing Sedihén City. Northeast beyond Yudi City was the Deshen Shrine, which the state worshipped. There was a gold vessel inscribed: "Bestowed by the Son of Heaven of Han. During Wude they came to court. In the first year of Tianbao King Geluopuluo sent envoys; he was enfeoffed King of Huai De and memorialized willingness to accept Tang mobilization. In the eleventh year East Cao King Sheahu and the King of An requested to attack the Black-robed Arabs; Xuanzong refused. Central Cao lay east of West Cao and north of Kang. The king governed Jiadizhen City. The people were tall and skilled in fighting. Shi, also called Shizhi or Zheshi, was the northern frontier of Han Greater Fergana. Nine thousand li from the capital. Northeast to the Western Turks, northwest to Bola, south two hundred li to Juzhanti, southwest five hundred li to Kang. About a thousand li round, bounded on the right by the Suyab River. The king bore the surname Shi and governed Shizhi City, the former lesser Kangju lord Yuni's territory. Southwest was the Yash River, called Pearl River in China, also Quality River. Southeast were great mountains producing sese. By custom they were skilled in warfare and had many fine horses. At the beginning of Sui Daye the Western Turks killed their king and had Teli Fuzhi rule the state. During Wude and Zhenguan they repeatedly presented local products. In the third year of Xianqing, Kanjie City became the Dayuan Military Governorship; King Kan Tutun Sheti was appointed military governor. At the beginning of Kaiyuan Lord Mohedu Tutun, having rendered service, was made King of Shi. In the twenty-eighth year he was again invested as King of Shunyi. The next year King Yinatutun Qule memorialized: "The Turks now belong to the Heavenly Kagan; only the Arabs afflict the states—please campaign against them. The emperor refused. At the beginning of Tianbao Prince Najuchabis was enfeoffed King of Huaihua and granted an iron certificate. After a long time Anxi Military Governor Gao Xianzhi impeached them for lacking vassal ritual and requested a campaign. The king agreed to surrender; Xianzhi had him captured and beheaded below the palace; thereafter all the Western Regions resented this. The prince fled to the Arabs, attacked Talas, defeated Xianzhi, and thereafter became Arab subjects. During Baoying envoys came with tribute. Suyab lay a thousand li northwest of Anxi beyond Boda Ridge, south to the upper state and north bordering the Turgesh. Waters flowing south reached China and the sea; those flowing north reached the Hu lands and the sea. Northward three days crossed the Snow Sea; in spring and summer there was always rain and snow. From Boda Ridge northward beyond a thousand li lay Xiyechuan. East was Hot Sea, cold yet unfrozen. West was Suyab City; in the seventh year of Tianbao Wang Zhengjian destroyed it campaigning in Anxi. The valley was a thousand li with tens of thousands of foreign Turk warriors; cultivators wore armor and enslaved one another. West it belonged to Talas City, which Shi often garrisoned. From here one reached the Western Sea. From the third through the ninth month it never rained; fields were irrigated with meltwater. More than a thousand li southeast of Buhan lay Buhan, ringed by mountains, rich in horses and sheep. A thousand li west to Tulisena, east on the Yeye River issuing from the northern Congling plain, turbid, flowing northwest into the desert. Without water or fodder, one followed abandoned corpses as guides; five hundred li farther was Kang. Mi, also called Mimo or Mimohé. A hundred li north of Kang. Its lord governed Boxide City; during Yonghui it was broken by the Arabs. In the third year of Xianqing its territory became Nanmi Prefecture; Lord Zhaowu Kaizhuo was appointed prefect; tribute never ceased. During Kaiyuan they presented jade, dance mats, lions, and Hu-spinning girls. In the eighteenth year great chieftain Moyemen came to court. At the beginning of Tianbao their lord was enfeoffed King of Gongshun and the queen Lady of the Commandery. He, also called Queshuonijia or Guishuangni, was the former lesser Kangju lord Fumo City's territory. Left of the city was a tower painted with Chinese emperors, Turks, Brahmins, Persians, and Fulin kings; the lord bowed each morning and withdrew. In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan envoys came to court. During Yonghui they memorialized willingness to supply grain to the Tang army campaigning westward. Soon their territory became Guishuang Prefecture; Lord Zhaowu Bodadi was appointed prefect. Envoy Bodi sent came to give thanks. Huoxun, also called Huoliximi or Guoli, lay on the south bank of the Wuhu River. Six hundred li southeast to Wudi, southwest to Persia, northwest to Turk Yisa—former lesser Kangju lord Aocheng's territory. Its lord governed Jiduohui City. Among the Hu only this state had ox-carts for merchants traveling among the states. In the tenth year of Tianbao Lord Shaoshifen sent envoys presenting black salt. During Baoying they again came to court. Shi, also called Qiasha or Jieshuangna, was the former lesser Kangju lord Suoxie City's territory on the south bank of the Dumo River. A hundred fifty li west to Nashebo, two hundred li north to Mi, four hundred li south to Tuhuoluo. Iron Gate Mountain had steep iron-colored cliffs serving as a pass between two states, its gate bound with gold. The city had a divine shrine requiring a thousand sheep per sacrifice; armies prayed before marching. The state had five hundred cities. During Sui Daye Lord Dizhe first communicated with China, built Qishi City, and was strongest over several thousand li. In the sixteenth year of Zhenguan Lord Shasebi presented local products. During Xianqing their territory became Qiasha Prefecture; Lord Zhaowu Shiahe was appointed prefect. In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan Lord Hubiduo presented dancing girls and literary leopards. Later lords frequently died and were replaced, yet chieftains regularly came to court. During Tianbao an edict changed Shi to the Kingdom of Laiwei. Nashebo, also called Lesser Shi, was subject to Shi. It lay in former Tuhuoluo territory, east bounded by the Congling Pass, west to Persia, south by the Snow Mountains. North of the Fuchu River was the Damimi tribe, also a state, six hundred li east to west. Farther east was Huosha, three hundred by five hundred li, east bordering Gudu, connecting eighteen Congling tribes. South was Jiezhi, about a thousand li across with linked hills, beans and wheat, and harsh cold. Six hundred li southeast to the Snow Mountains led to Tuhuoluo, then beyond five tribes to Boluoduo. Six hundred li north over mountains reached the Wuchang tribe. Two hundred li northeast reached the Heluo River flowing southwest, drying and freezing in spring and summer. North through twelve tribes was Boluoximobuluo, four thousand li across, mountain-encircled, producing brass and crystal. North was the great Snow Mountain—the Eastern Women. Through nineteen tribes one reached Magadha. Four tribes east beyond a great river was Kamoluobo, steep and bordering southwestern barbarians. Traveling two months reached Shu’s southern border; they fought with elephant armies against rampaging wild elephants. Thirty-two tribes south was Langjieluo, several thousand li across, capital at Suoyulishifaluo City. Northwest was Persia, said to span ten thousand li, capital at Sulasahenna City. The soil was warm and humid; irrigated fields made the people rich. It produced gold, silver, and crystal. Many were skilled weavers of brocade and felt. It produced fine horses and camels. People wore brocade felts. Taxation was four silver coins per person, with trade besides. Northwest to Fulin, southwest to sea islands, was the Western Women tribe attached to Fulin, whose lord sent men yearly to mate with them. By custom male children were not raised. Also Bi, Duo, Shi, and Luo; northwest beyond mountains and rivers, two thousand li, was Xie. Five hundred li north was Fulishisahenna, two thousand by a thousand li. Its Turkic lord governed Huna City. Northeast was the great Snow Mountain, frozen even in midsummer. Below was Andaluofu, three thousand li across; four hundred li northwest was Kuoxiduo; three hundred li northwest was the Huo tribe, two thousand li across. These three tribes dwelt in former Tuhuoluo territory, subject to Turks, migrating without fixed abode. East were seven tribes; the southeastern pass was extremely dangerous, reaching Julan. Five hundred li northeast over mountains was Humi, also Shini. South was Shangmi, more than two thousand li with many grapes. Orpiment was mined from stone. Seven hundred li northeast was Boluoluo Valley, snowing in spring and summer. South was the Bolu tribe with much purple gold. Five hundred li farther was Pantuo. Eight hundred li east out of the Congling Pass, then eight hundred li to Wusa, producing three kinds of jade. The lords generation after generation served Pantuo. North through five hundred li of desert one reached Kashgar. Five hundred li southeast crossed the Tidu River to the Zhuqujia tribe, a thousand li across. Eight hundred li east over a ridge was Khotan, east of which was the Pimo River. Crossing the desert two hundred li reached Nirang City in a great marsh, Khotan's eastern gate. Farther east lay the Great Drifting Sands where travelers left no tracks and marked routes with bones. Without water or fodder, hot winds struck people and livestock. Traveling four hundred li reached old Duluo. Six hundred li farther reached old Zhemotuona, ancient Qiemo. A thousand li farther reached old Nazhabo, ancient Loulan.

自呾蜜以下，諸種相與群聚，華人皆以國名之，故未嘗與唐通，傳記雜詭，不可得而考，然其地與諸國連屬，粗序其名云。寧遠寧遠者，本拔汗那，或曰汗，元魏時謂破洛那。去京師八千里。居西城，在真珠河之北。有大城六，小城百。人多壽。其王自魏、晉相承不絕。每元日，王及首領判二朋，朋出一人被甲鬥，眾以瓦石相之，有死者止，以卜歲善惡。

From Damimi downward tribes gathered; records are confused, yet their lands connect with neighboring states and names are roughly ordered here. Ningyuan was originally Bahanna, also called Han, what Northern Wei called Poluona. Eight thousand li from the capital. It dwelt in the western city on the north bank of the Pearl River. Six great cities and a hundred small ones. People often lived long. Their kings succeeded uninterrupted from Wei and Jin. Each New Year the king and chieftains divided into two groups for armed combat; when one died they stopped, divining the year's fortune.

貞觀中，王契為西突厥瞰莫賀咄所殺，阿瑟那鼠匿奪其城。鼠匿死，子遏波之立契兄子阿了參為王，治呼悶城；遏波之治渴塞城。顯慶初，遏波之遣使朝貢，高宗厚慰諭。三年，以渴塞城為休循州都督，授阿了參刺史，自是歲朝貢。玄宗開元二十七年，王阿悉爛達幹助平吐火仙，冊拜奉化王。天寶三載，改其國號寧遠，帝以外家姓賜其王曰竇，又封宗室女為和義公主降之。十三載，王忠節遣子薛裕朝，請留宿衛，習華禮，聽之，授左武衛將軍。其事唐最謹。大勃律大勃律，或曰布露。直吐蕃西，與小勃律接，西鄰北天竺、烏萇。地宜郁金。役屬吐蕃。萬歲通天逮開元時，三遣使者朝，故冊其君蘇弗舍利支離泥為王。死，又冊蘇麟陀逸之嗣王。凡再遣大首領貢方物。

During Zhenguan King Qi was killed by Western Turk Khan Mohemodu; Ashina Shuni seized his city. When Shuni died his son Ebo established Qi's nephew Alcan as king at Humen City; Ebo governed Kesai City. At the beginning of Xianqing Ebo sent envoys; Emperor Gaozong richly consoled them. In the third year Kesai City became Xiuxun Military Governorship; Alcan was appointed prefect; tribute came yearly. In the twenty-seventh year of Kaiyuan King Asilandagan helped pacify Tuhuoxian and was invested King of Fenghua. In the third year of Tianbao its name became Ningyuan; the emperor granted the surname Dou and enfeoffed Princess of Heyi to marry its king. In the thirteenth year King Zhongjie sent his son Xue Yu to remain as palace guard; he was appointed Left Martial Guard General. Their service to Tang was the most diligent. Greater Bolü, also called Bulu. Directly west of Tibet, connecting with Lesser Bolü, west to North India and Wuchang. The soil suited turmeric. Subject to Tibet. From Wansui Tongtian through Kaiyuan they sent envoys three times; Lord Sufu Shelizhini was invested king. When he died Sulin Tuoyizhi was invested successor king. Twice they sent great chieftains with tribute.

小勃律去京師九千里而贏，東少南三千里距吐蕃贊普牙，東八百里屬烏萇，東南三百里大勃律，南五百里個失蜜，北五百里當護密之娑勒城。王居孽多城，臨娑夷水。其西山顛有大城曰迦布羅。開元初，王沒謹忙來朝，玄宗以兒子畜之，以其地為綏遠軍。國迫吐蕃，數為所困。吐蕃曰：「我非謀爾國，假道攻四鎮爾。」久之，吐蕃奪其九城，沒謹忙求救北庭，節度使張孝嵩遣疏勒副使張思禮率銳兵四千倍道往，沒謹忙因出兵，大破吐蕃，殺其眾數萬，復九城。詔冊為小勃律王；遣大首領察卓那斯摩沒勝入謝。

Lesser Bolü lay nine thousand li from the capital; three thousand li southeast to the Tibetan camp, connecting Greater Bolü, Geshimi, and Humi. The king dwelt at Nieduo City on the Sayi River. On its western peak was a great city called Jiabolu. At the beginning of Kaiyuan King Mojinmang came to court; Xuanzong made his land the Suiyuan Army. The state was pressed by Tibet and repeatedly harassed. Tibet said: "We borrow your route to attack the Four Garrisons, not covet your state. After a long time Tibet seized nine of its cities. Mojinmang begged Beiting for rescue; Zhang Sixi dispatched Zhang Sili with four thousand crack troops; Mojinmang led troops, defeated Tibet, killing tens of thousands and recovering nine cities.

沒謹忙死，子難泥立。死，兄麻來兮立。死，蘇失利之立，為吐蕃陰誘，妻以女，故西北二十餘國皆臣吐蕃，貢獻不入。安西都護三討之無功。天寶六載，詔副都護高仙芝伐之。前遣將軍席元慶馳千騎見蘇失利之曰：「請假道趨大勃律。」城中大酋五六，皆吐蕃腹心。仙芝約元慶：「吾兵到，必走山。出詔書召慰，賜繒彩。縛酋領待我。」元慶如約。蘇失利之挾妻走，不得其處。仙芝至，斬為吐蕃者，斷娑夷橋。是暮，吐蕃至，不能救。仙芝約王降，遂平其國。於是拂菻、大食諸胡七十二國皆震恐，鹹歸附。執小勃律王及妻歸京師，詔改其國號歸仁，置歸仁軍，募千人鎮之。帝赦蘇失利之不誅，授右威衛將軍，賜紫袍、黃金帶，使宿衛。吐火羅吐火羅，或曰土豁羅，曰睹貨邏，元魏謂吐呼羅者。居蔥嶺西，烏滸河之南，古大夏地。與挹怛雜處。勝兵十萬。國土著，少女多男。北有頗黎山，其陽穴中有神馬，國人遊牧牝於側，生駒輒汗血。其王號「葉護」。武德、貞觀時再入獻。

An edict invested him King of Lesser Bolü; Great chieftain Chazhuonasimosheng was dispatched to give thanks. When Mojinmang died his son Nanni succeeded. When he died his elder brother Malaiqi succeeded. When he died Sushilizhi succeeded; incited by Tibet and given a daughter in marriage, more than twenty northwestern states became Tibetan subjects. The Anxi Protector campaigned three times without success. In the sixth year of Tianbao Deputy Protector Gao Xianzhi was ordered to campaign against them. First Xi Yuanqing was dispatched to tell Sushilizhi: "We request passage to Greater Bolü. Five or six great chiefs in the city were Tibetan confidants. Xianzhi agreed with Yuanqing: "When our troops arrive they will flee to the mountains. Issue an edict summoning them and bestow silk. Bind the chiefs and wait for me." Yuanqing did as agreed. Sushilizhi fled with his wife and could not be found. When Xianzhi arrived he beheaded Tibetan partisans and cut the Sayi Bridge. That evening Tibet arrived but could not rescue them. Xianzhi persuaded the king to surrender and pacified the state. Fulin, the Arabs, and seventy-two Hu states all trembled and submitted. Tuhuoluo, also called Duhuoluo, was what Northern Wei called Tuhulu. It lay west of the Congling Pass, south of the Wuhu River, ancient Greater Daxia. It mixed with the Yeda. It could field one hundred thousand warriors. The state was settled; girls outnumbered boys. North was Poli Mountain with a divine horse cave; foals pastured nearby were blood-sweating. Their king was titled Yehu. During Wude and Zhenguan they came twice with tribute.

永徽元年，獻大鳥，高七尺，色黑，足類橐駝，翅而行，日三百里，能啖鐵，俗謂駝鳥。顯慶中，以其阿緩城為月氏都督府，析小城為二十四州，授王阿史那都督。後二年，遣子來朝，俄又獻碼硇鐙樹，高三尺。神龍元年，王那都泥利遣弟仆羅入朝，留宿衛。開元、天寶間數獻馬、█婁、異藥、乾陀婆羅二百品、紅碧玻黎，乃冊其君骨咄祿頓達度為吐火羅葉護、挹怛王。其後，鄰胡羯師謀引吐蕃攻吐火羅，於是葉護失裏忙伽羅丐安西兵助討，帝為出師破之。乾元初，與西域九國發兵為天子討賊，肅宗詔隸朔方行營。挹怛國挹怛國，漢大月氏之種。大月氏為烏孫所奪，西過大宛，擊大夏臣之。治藍氏城。大夏即吐火羅也。嚈噠，王姓也，後裔以姓為國，訛為挹怛，亦曰挹闐。俗類突厥，天寶中遣使朝貢。俱蘭俱蘭，或曰俱羅弩，曰屈浪挐，與吐火羅接，環地三千里，南大雪山，北俱魯河。出金精，琢石取之。貞觀二十年，其王忽提婆遣使者來獻，書辭類浮屠語。劫劫者，居蔥嶺中，西及南距賒彌，西北挹怛也。去京師萬二千里。氣常熱，有稻、麥、粟、豆。畜羊馬。俗死棄於山。武德二年，遣使者獻寶帶、玻黎、水精杯。越底延越底延者，南三千里距天竺，西北千里至賒彌，東北五千里至瓜州，居辛頭水之北。其法不殺人，重罪流，輕罪放。無租稅。俗翦發，被錦袍，貧者白氎。自澡潔。氣溫，多稻、米、石蜜。谢䫻谢䫻居吐火羅西南，本曰漕矩咤，或曰漕矩，顯慶時謂訶達羅支，武後改今號。東距罽賓，東北帆延，皆四百里。南婆羅門，西波斯，北護時健。其王居鶴悉那城，地七千里，亦治阿娑你城。多郁金、瞿草。瀵泉灌田。國中有突厥、罽賓、吐火羅種人雜居，罽賓取其子弟持兵以禦大食。景雲初，遣使朝貢，後遂臣罽賓。開元八年，天子冊葛達羅支頡利發誓屈爾為王。至天寶中數朝獻。帆延帆延者，或曰望衍，曰梵衍那。居斯卑莫運山之旁，西北與護時健接，東南距罽賓，西南訶達羅支，與吐火羅連境。地寒，人穴處。王治羅爛城，有大城四五。水北流入烏滸河。貞觀初，遣使者入朝。顯慶三年，以羅爛城為寫鳳都督府，縛時城為悉萬州，授王寫鳳州都督，管內五州諸軍事，自是朝貢不絕。石汗那石汗那，或曰斫汗那。自縛底野南入雪山，行四百里得帆延，東臨烏滸河。多赤豹。開元、天寶中，一再朝獻。識匿識匿，或曰屍棄尼，曰瑟匿。東南直京師九千里，東五百里距蔥嶺守捉所，南三百里屬護蜜，西北五百里抵俱蜜。初治苦汗城，後散居山谷。有大谷五，酋長自為治，謂之五識匿。地二千里，無五谷。人喜攻剽，劫商賈。播蜜川四谷稍不用王號令。俗窟室。貞觀二十年，與似沒、役槃二國使者偕來朝。開元十二年，授王布遮波資金吾衛大將軍。天寶六載，王跌失伽延從討勃律戰死，擢其子都督、左武衛將軍，給祿居藩。似沒似沒者，北接石。土俗與康同。役槃，亦與康鄰。出良馬。俱蜜俱蜜者，治山中。在吐火羅東北，南臨黑河。其王突厥延陀種。貞觀十六年，遣使者入朝。開元中，獻胡旋舞女，其王那羅延頗言為大食暴賦，天子但尉遣而已。天寶時，王伊悉爛俟斤又獻馬。護蜜護蜜者，或曰達摩悉鐵帝，曰鑊侃，元魏所謂缽和者，亦吐火羅故地。東南直京師九千里而贏，橫千六百里，縱狹才四五里。王居塞迦審城，北臨烏滸河。地寒洹，堆阜曲折，沙石流漫。有豆、麥，宜木果，出善馬。人碧瞳。顯慶時以地為鳥飛州，王沙缽羅頡利發為刺史。地當四鎮入吐火羅道，故役屬吐蕃。開元八年，冊其王羅旅伊陀骨咄祿多毗勒莫賀達摩薩爾為王。十六年，與米首領米忽汗同獻方物。明年，大酋烏鶻達幹復朝。王死，冊其從弟護真檀嗣王。二十九年，身入朝，宴內殿，拜左金吾衛將軍，賜紫袍、金帶。天寶初，王子頡吉匐請絕吐蕃，賜鐵券。八載，真檀來朝，請宿衛，詔可。授右武衛將軍，久乃遣。又遣首領朝貢。乾元元年，王紇設伊俱鼻施來朝，賜氏李。個失蜜個失蜜，或曰迦濕彌邏。北距勃律五百里，環地四千里，山回繚之，它國無能攻伐。王治撥邏勿邏布邏城，西瀕彌那悉多大河。地宜稼。多雪不風。出火珠、郁金、龍種馬。俗毛褐。世傳地本龍池，龍徙水竭，故往居之。

In the first year of Yonghui they presented a great black bird seven chi tall with camel-like feet, wing-walking three hundred li a day—an ostrich. During Xianqing Ahuancheng became the Yuezhi Military Governorship of twenty-four prefectures; King Ashina was appointed military governor. Two years later his son came to court and they presented an agate lamp tree three chi tall. In the first year of Shenlong King Nadunili sent his brother Poluo to remain as palace guard. During Kaiyuan and Tianbao they repeatedly presented horses, carpets, and glass; Lord Gutulu Dundadu was invested Tuhuoluo Yehu and Yeda King. Later Jieshi incited Tibet against Tuhuoluo; Yehu Shilimangaluo begged Anxi troops and the emperor dispatched an army that broke them. At the beginning of Qianyuan, with nine Western Regions states they dispatched troops for the emperor; Suzong ordered them attached to the Shuofang camp. Yeda. The stock of Han Greater Yuezhi. Greater Yuezhi was displaced by Wusun, passed west, attacked and subjugated Greater Daxia. They governed Lanzhi City. Greater Daxia was Tuhuoluo. Yanda was a royal surname; descendants took it as the state name, corrupted to Yeda, also Yitian. Customs resembled the Turks; during Tianbao envoys came with tribute. Julan, connecting with Tuhuoluo, three thousand li round, south of the Snow Mountains, north of the Julu River. It produced gold essence mined from stone. In the twentieth year of Zhenguan King Huti sent envoys; the letter resembled Buddhist language. Jiejie lay in the Congling Pass, west and south to Shemi, northwest to Yeda. Twelve thousand li from the capital. The climate was constantly hot; there were rice, wheat, millet, and beans. Sheep and horses were raised. By custom the dead were abandoned on mountains. In the second year of Wude envoys presented jeweled belts, glass, and crystal cups. Yuediyan lay three thousand li south of India, northwest to Shemi, northeast to Guazhou, north of the Sindhu River. By their law they did not kill; serious crimes meant exile, light crimes release. There were no taxes. By custom they cut their hair and wore brocade robes; the poor wore white felt. They bathed themselves. The climate was warm with much rice and rock sugar. Xieju lay southwest of Tuhuoluo, originally Caojuzha; Empress Wu changed to the present name. East four hundred li to Jibin, northeast four hundred li to Fanyan. South to Brahmana, west to Persia, north to Hushijian. Its king dwelt at Hexina City, seven thousand li across, also governing Asuni City. Much turmeric and qu grass. Spring-fed streams irrigated fields. Turks, Jibin, and Tuhuoluo lived mixed; Jibin took their young men as guards against the Arabs. At the beginning of Jingyun envoys came and later they became subject to Jibin. In the eighth year of Kaiyuan Gedaluozhi Feli Faqie'er was invested king. Until Tianbao they repeatedly came to court. Fanyan, also called Wangyan or Fanyanna. It lay beside Mount Sibimoyun, connecting Hushijian, Jibin, Xiedaluozhi, and Tuhuoluo. The land was cold; people dwelt in caves. The king governed Llan City with four or five great cities. Water flowed north into the Wuhu River. At the beginning of Zhenguan envoys came to court. In the third year of Xianqing, Llan City became Xiefeng Military Governorship; the king was appointed military governor over five prefectures; tribute never ceased. Shihanna, also called Zhanhanna. From Fudiye south into the Snow Mountains, four hundred li reached Fanyan, east on the Wuhu River. Many red leopards. During Kaiyuan and Tianbao they came once or twice with tribute. Shini, also called Shiqini or Seni. Southeast nine thousand li from the capital, east to the Congling garrison, south to Humi, northwest to Jumi. At first they governed Kuhan City, later scattered in valleys. Five great valleys; chieftains each governed themselves—the Five Shini. Two thousand li across without the five grains. People loved raiding and plundered merchants. The four valleys of Bomichuan slightly ignored the king's orders. By custom they dwelt in cave houses. In the twentieth year of Zhenguan envoys of Simo and Yipan came together. In the twelfth year of Kaiyuan King Buzhebo was appointed Golden Guard Grand General. In the sixth year of Tianbao King Dieshijiayan died campaigning against Bolü; his son was promoted military governor and Left Martial Guard General. Simo lay north connecting with Shi. Customs and soil resembled Kang. Yipan also bordered Kang. It produced fine horses. Jumi was governed in the mountains. Northeast of Tuhuoluo, south on the Black River. Its king was of Turkic Yantuo stock. In the sixteenth year of Zhenguan envoys came to court. During Kaiyuan they presented Hu-spinning dancing girls; King Naluoyan complained of Arab exactions; the emperor only consoled him. During Tianbao King Yixilanhoujin again presented horses. Humi, also called Damoxitiedi or Huokan, was Northern Wei's Bohe—former Tuhuoluo territory. Southeast nine thousand li from the capital, sixteen hundred by four or five li. The king dwelt at Saikashen City, north on the Wuhu River. Cold and damp with winding mounds; sand and stones spread everywhere. Beans, wheat, tree fruits, and fine horses. People had green eyes. During Xianqing the territory became Wufei Prefecture; King Shaboluolilifa was appointed prefect. It lay on the Four Garrisons route into Tuhuoluo, hence subject to Tibet. In the eighth year of Kaiyuan their king was invested. In the sixteenth year, with Mi chieftain Mihuhan, they presented local products. The next year great chieftain Wugudagan came to court. When the king died his cousin Huzhen was invested successor king. In the twenty-ninth year he came in person, was feasted in the inner palace, and appointed Left Golden Guard General. At the beginning of Tianbao Prince Jiejifu requested to break with Tibet and was granted an iron certificate. In the eighth year Huzhen came requesting to remain as guard; permission was granted. He was appointed Right Martial Guard General and sent home only after a long time. Chieftains again came with tribute. In the first year of Qianyuan King Heshe Yijubishi came to court and was granted the surname Li. Geshimi, also called Jiashimiluo. Five hundred li north of Bolü, four thousand li round, mountain-encircled and impregnable. The king governed Boluoboluo City, west on the Minasiddha Great River. The soil suited crops. Much snow, little wind. It produced fire pearls, turmeric, and dragon-seed horses. By custom they wore wool and felt. Tradition held the land was a dragon pool; when the dragon moved and the water dried, they settled there.

開元初，遣使者朝。八年，詔冊其王真陀羅秘利為王；間獻胡藥。天木死，弟木多筆立，遣使者物理多來朝，且言：「有國以來，並臣天可汗，受調發。國有象、馬、步三種兵，臣身與中天竺王厄吐蕃五大道，禁出入，戰輒勝。有如天可汗兵至勃律者，雖眾二十萬，能輸糧以助。又國有摩訶波多磨龍池，願為天可汗營祠。」因丐王冊，鴻臚譯以聞。詔內物理多宴中殿，賜賚優備，冊木多筆為王，自是職貢有常。

At the beginning of Kaiyuan envoys came to court. In the eighth year their king Zhentuoluomili was invested king; from time to time they presented Hu drugs. When King Tianmu died his brother Moduobi succeeded; envoy Wuliduo stated they had always served the Heavenly Kagan. The state had elephant, horse, and infantry armies; I with the Central India king blocked five Tibetan routes and always won. If Heavenly Kagan troops reach Bolü, even two hundred thousand, we can supply grain. Also we have the Mahabodhi Dragon Pool and wish to build a shrine for the Heavenly Kagan. He begged investiture as king; the Court of Ceremonies translated and reported. Wuliduo was feasted in the middle hall and Moduobi was invested king; tribute became regular.

其役屬五種，亦名國。所謂呾叉始羅者，地二千里，有都城。東南餘七百里得僧訶補羅，地三千餘里，亦治都城。東南山行五百里得烏剌屍，地二千里，有都城。宜稼穡。東南限山千里即個失蜜。西南行險七百里得半笯蹉，地二千里。又得曷邏阇補羅者，其大四千里，有都城，多山阜，人驍勇。五種皆無君長雲。骨咄骨咄，或曰珂咄羅。廣長皆千里。王治思助建城。多良馬、赤豹。有四大鹽山，山出烏鹽。

Its five subject tribes were also called states. Dachashiluo had two thousand li with a capital city. Seven hundred li southeast was Senghebula, three thousand plus li with a capital. Five hundred li southeast by mountain road was Wulashi, two thousand li with a capital. Suited to crops. A thousand li southeast bounded by mountains was Geshimi. Seven hundred li southwest by dangerous route was Bannacuo, two thousand li. Also Heluojianbula, four thousand li with a capital and fierce warriors. All five tribes had no rulers, it is said. Gudu. Also called Kedouluo. Both length and width were a thousand li. The king governed Sizhujian City. Many fine horses and red leopards. Four great salt mountains produced black salt.

開元十七年，王俟斤遣子骨都施來朝。二十一年，王頡利發獻女樂，又遣大首領多博勒達幹朝貢。天寶十一載，冊其王羅全節為葉護。蘇毗蘇毗，本西羌族，為吐蕃所並，號孫波，在諸部最大。東與多彌接，西距鶻莽硤，戶三萬。天寶中，王沒陵贊欲舉國內附，為吐蕃所殺。子悉諾率首領奔隴右，節度使哥舒翰護送闕下，玄宗厚禮之。多彌多彌，亦西羌族，役屬吐蕃，號難磨。濱犁牛河，土多黃金。貞觀六年，遣使者朝貢，賜遣之。伊吾城伊吾城者，漢宜禾都尉所治。商胡雜居，勝兵千，附鐵勒。人驍悍，土良沃。隋末內屬，置伊吾郡。天下亂，復臣突厥。貞觀四年，城酋來朝。頡利滅，舉七城降，列其地為西伊州。師子師子，居西南海中，延袤二千餘里。有棱伽山，多奇寶，以寶置洲上，商舶償直輒取去。後鄰國人稍往居之。能馴養師子，因以名國。

In the seventeenth year of Kaiyuan King Houjin sent his son Gudushi to court. In the twenty-first year King Felifa presented female musicians and sent great chieftain Duoboledagan with tribute. In the eleventh year of Tianbao King Luoquanjie was invested Yehu. Supi. Originally a Western Qiang tribe annexed by Tibet as Sunbo; largest among the tribes. East to Duomi, west to Gumangxia, thirty thousand households. During Tianbao King Molingzan wished to submit inward but was killed by Tibet. His son Sinuo fled to Longyou; Geshu Han escorted them to court and Xuanzong treated them generously. Duomi was also Western Qiang, subject to Tibet, styled Nanmo. Bordering the Plough Ox River, the soil had much gold. In the sixth year of Zhenguan envoys came with tribute and were sent home with gifts. Yiwu City was where the Han Yihai Colonel was stationed. Merchants lived mixed; a thousand warriors, attached to the Tiele. The people were fierce; the soil was fertile. At the end of Sui it submitted and Yiwu Commandery was established. When the empire fell into turmoil it again became subject to the Turks. In the fourth year of Zhenguan the city chieftain came to court. When Jieli fell seven cities submitted and their lands became West Yizhou. Shizi lay in the southwestern sea, more than two thousand li long. Mount Lengjia had strange treasures placed on an islet for merchant ships to buy. Later neighboring peoples gradually settled there. They could tame lions, hence the state name.

總章三年，遣使者來朝。天寶初，王屍羅迷迦再遣使獻大珠、鈿金、寶瓔、象齒、白氎。波斯波斯，居達遏水西，距京師萬五千里而贏。東與吐火羅、康接，北鄰突厥可薩部，西南皆瀕海，西北贏四千里，拂菻也。人數十萬，其先波斯匿王，大月氏別裔，王因以姓，又為國號。治二城，有大城十餘。俗尊右下左，祠天地日月水火。祠夕，以麝揉蘇，澤耏顏鼻耳。西域諸胡受其法，以祠祅。拜必交股。俗徒跣，丈夫祝髮，衣不剖襟，青白為巾帔，緣以錦。婦辮發著後。戰乘象，一象士百人，負則盡殺。斷罪不為文書，決於廷。叛者鐵灼其舌，瘡白為直，黑為曲。刑有髡、鉗、刖、劓，小罪耏，或系木於頸，以時月而置。劫盜囚終老，偷者輸銀錢。凡死，棄於山，服閱月除。氣常熱，地夷漫，知耕種畜牧。有鷲鳥，能啖羊。多善犬、█婁、大驢。產珊瑚，高不三尺。

In the third year of Zongzhang envoys came to court. At the beginning of Tianbao King Shiluomijia sent great pearls, inlaid gold, jeweled tassels, ivory, and white felt. Persia lay west of the Dada River, fifteen thousand li from the capital. East to Tuhuoluo and Kang, north to Turk Khasar, southwest to the sea, northwest to Fulin. People numbered several hundred thousand; their ancestor was King Bosini of the Greater Yuezhi branch. They governed two cities with more than ten great cities. By custom they honored the right over the left, worshipping heaven, earth, sun, moon, fire, and water. At evening sacrifice they rubbed musk on face, nose, and ears. Various Hu received their method to worship the Zoroastrian god. In bowing they always crossed their legs. By custom they went barefoot; men shaved their heads in uncut-front garments with brocade-edged turbans. Women braided their hair behind. In battle they rode elephants; one elephant soldier had a hundred men; if he fled all were killed. Crimes were decided in court without documents. Rebels had their tongues iron-burned; white scar meant straight, black crooked. Punishments included shaving, shackling, amputation, and slicing nose; minor crimes meant whipping or wooden collars. Robbers were imprisoned for life; thieves paid silver. The dead were abandoned on mountains; mourning ended after a month. The climate was hot; the land level; they farmed and herded. There were vulture birds able to eat sheep. Many fine dogs, carpets, and great donkeys. Coral was produced, no more than three chi high.

隋末，西突厥葉護可汗討殘其國，殺王庫薩和，其子施利立，葉護使部帥監統。施利死，遂不肯臣。立庫薩和女為王，突厥又殺之。施利之子單羯方奔拂菻，國人迎立之，是為伊怛支。死，兄子伊嗣俟立。

At Sui's end Western Turk Khan Yehu destroyed their state, killing King Kusahe; his son Shili succeeded under Turk supervision. When Shili died they refused to submit. Kusahe's daughter was made queen; the Turks killed her again. Shili's son Danjiefang fled to Fulin and was established as Yidizhi. When he died his nephew Yisiqi succeeded.

貞觀十二年，遣使者沒似半朝貢。又獻活褥蛇，狀類鼠，色正青，長九寸，能捕穴鼠。伊嗣俟不君，為大酋所逐，奔吐火羅，半道，大食擊殺之。子卑路斯入吐火羅以免。遣使者告難，高宗以遠不可師，謝遣。會大食解而去，吐火羅以兵納之。

In the twelfth year of Zhenguan envoy Mosiban came with tribute. They also presented the living mattress snake, rat-shaped, green, nine cun long, catching burrowing rats. Yisiqi misruled, was driven out, fled to Tuhuoluo, and was killed by the Arabs en route. His son Beilusi entered Tuhuoluo to escape. Envoys reported distress; Gaozong declined troops and sent them away. When the Arabs withdrew, Tuhuoluo installed him with troops.

龍朔初，又訴為大食所侵，是時天子方遣使者到西域分置州縣，以疾陵城為波斯都督府，即拜卑路斯為都督。俄為大食所滅。雖不能國，咸亨中猶入朝，授右武衛將軍，死。始，其子泥涅師為質，調露元年，詔裴行儉將兵護還，將復王其國。以道遠，至安西碎葉，行儉還。泥涅師因客吐火羅二十年，部落益離散。景龍初，復來朝，授左威衛將軍。病死，西部獨存。開元、天寶間，遣使者十輩獻碼床、火毛繡舞筵。乾元初，從大食襲廣州，焚倉庫廬舍，浮海走。大歷時復來獻。

At the beginning of Longshuo they again complained of Arabs; Jiling City became the Persian Military Governorship and Beilusi was appointed military governor. Soon they were destroyed by the Arabs. Though the state fell, during Xianheng Beilusi still came to court as Right Martial Guard General and died. His son Nieshi was hostage; in the first year of Tiaolu Pei Xingjian was ordered to restore him as king. The route was far; reaching Suyab in Anxi, Xingjian returned. Nieshi sojourned in Tuhuoluo twenty years as tribes scattered further. At the beginning of Jinglong he again came to court as Left Martial Guard General. He died of illness; only the western part remained. During Kaiyuan and Tianbao envoys came ten times with agate beds and fire-fur dance mats. At the beginning of Qianyuan they followed the Arabs raiding Guangzhou, then fled by sea. During the Dali era they again came with tribute.

又有陀拔斯單者，或曰陀拔薩憚。其國三面阻山，北瀕小海。居婆裏城，世為波斯東大將。波斯滅，不肯臣大食。天寶五載，王忽魯汗遣使入朝，封為歸信王。後八年，遣子自會羅來朝，拜右武衛員外中郎將，賜紫袍、金魚，留宿衛。為黑衣大食所滅。

Also Tuobasidanzhe, also Tuobasadanzhe. Blocked by mountains on three sides, north bordered a small sea. It dwelt at Bolil City, generations serving as Persia's eastern great general. When Persia fell they refused Arab submission. In the fifth year of Tianbao King Huluhann was enfeoffed King of Guixin. Eight years later his son Ziluoluo came to court as Right Martial Guard External Lieutenant General and palace guard. They were destroyed by the Black-robed Arabs.

貞觀後，遠小國君遣使者來朝獻，有司未嘗參考本末者，今附之左方。曰火辭彌，與波斯接。貞觀十八年，與摩羅遊使者偕朝。二十一年，有健達王獻佛土菜，莖五葉，赤華紫須。龍朔元年，多福王難婆修強宜說遣使者來朝。總章元年，有末陀提王，開元五年，有習阿薩般王安殺，並遣使者朝貢。七年，訶毗施王捺塞因吐火羅大酋羅摩獻師子、五色鸚鵡。

After Zhenguan, distant small-state envoys never fully documented are appended here. Called Huocimi, connecting with Persia. In the eighteenth year of Zhenguan they came with envoys of Moluoyou. In the twenty-first year King Jianda presented Buddha-soil vegetable with five-leaf stems and red flowers. In the first year of Longshuo King Nanpoxiuqiangyishuo sent envoys to court. In the first year of Zongzhang King Moditi; in the fifth year of Kaiyuan King Ansha—all sent envoys. In the seventh year King Nase presented lions and five-colored parrots through Tuhuoluo chieftain Luomo.

天寶時來朝者，曰俱爛那，曰舍摩，曰威遠，曰蘇吉利發屋蘭，曰蘇利悉單，曰建城，曰新城，曰俱位，凡八國。俱位俱位，或曰商彌。治阿賒師多城，在大雪山、勃律河北。地寒，有五谷、蒲陶、若榴，冬窟室。國人常助小勃律為中國候。

Tianbao visitors included Julanna, Shemo, Weiyuan, and five others—eight states in all. Juwei, also called Shangmi. It governed Asheduoduo City on the great Snow Mountain north of the Bolü River. Cold land with grains, grapes, and pomegranates; winter cave dwellings. The people often assisted Lesser Bolü as scouts for China.

新城之國，在石東北贏百里。有弩室羯城，亦曰新城，曰小石國城，後為葛邏祿所並。拂菻拂菻，古大秦也，居西海上，一曰海西國。去京師四萬里，在苫西，北直突厥可薩部，西瀕海，有遲散城，東南接波斯。地方萬里，城四百，勝兵百萬。十里一亭，三亭一置。臣役小國數十，以名通者曰澤散，曰驢分。澤散直東北，不得其道裏。東度海二千里至驢分國。

Xincheng lay a hundred plus li northeast of Shi. Nushijie City, also Xincheng or Lesser Shi City, later annexed by the Qarluk. Fulin. Ancient Daqin, on the Western Sea, also the Kingdom West of the Sea. Forty thousand li from the capital, west of Shan, north to Turk Khasar, west to the sea, southeast to Persia. Ten thousand li square with four hundred cities and a million warriors. Every ten li a pavilion, every three pavilions a post station. It subject several dozen small states including Zesan and Lufen. Zesan lay northeast; exact distance unknown. East across the sea two thousand li lay Lufen.

重石為都城，廣八十里，東門高二十丈，扣以黃金。王宮有三襲門，皆飾異寶。中門中有金巨稱一，作金人立，其端屬十二丸，率時改一丸落。以瑟瑟為殿柱，水精、琉璃為棁，香木梁，黃金為地，象牙闔。有貴臣十二共治國。王出，一人挈囊以從，有訟書投囊中，還省枉直。國有大災異，輒廢王更立賢者。王冠如鳥翼，綴珠。衣錦繡，前無襟。坐金蘤榻，側有鳥如鵝，綠毛，上食有毒輒鳴。無陶瓦，屑白石塈屋，堅潤如玉。盛暑引水上，流氣為風。男子翦發、衣繡，右袒而帔，乘輜軿白蓋小車，出入建旌旗，擊鼓。婦人錦巾。家訾億萬者為上官。

Heavy stones formed the capital, eighty li wide; the east gate twenty zhang high, gilded. The royal palace had three layered gates adorned with exotic treasures. In the middle gate a golden scale with a golden man and twelve balls dropping one each hour. Sese hall pillars, crystal and glass rafters, fragrant wood beams, gold floors, ivory doors. Twelve noble ministers jointly governed the state. When the king went out, one man carried a bag for lawsuit petitions examined upon return. Great calamities meant deposing the king and establishing a worthy successor. The king's crown was like bird wings adorned with pearls. He wore brocade with no front opening. He sat on a golden flower couch beside a green goose-like bird that cried at poison. No pottery tile; crushed white stone houses hard and smooth as jade. In great summer water was drawn above and flowing air became wind. Men cut hair, wore brocade baring the right side, rode small covered carriages with banners and drums. Women wore brocade kerchiefs. Households worth hundreds of millions were upper officials.

俗喜酒，嗜乾餅。多幻人，能發火於顏，手為江湖，口幡毛舉，足墮珠玉。有善醫能開腦出蟲以愈目眚。土多金、銀、夜光璧、明月珠、大貝、車渠、碼、木難、孔翠、虎魄。織水羊毛為布，曰海西布。海中有珊瑚洲，海人乘大舶，墮鐵網水底。珊瑚初生磐石上，白如菌，一歲而黃，三歲赤，枝格交錯，高三四尺。鐵發其根，系網舶上，絞而出之，失時不敢即腐。西海有市，貿易不相見，置直物旁，名鬼市。有獸名，大如狗，獷惡而力。北邑有羊，生土中，臍屬地，割必死，俗介馬而走，擊鼓以驚之，羔臍絕，即逐水草，不能群。

By custom they loved wine and dried cakes. Many illusionists performed fire, water, banner, and pearl tricks. Skilled physicians opened skulls removing worms to cure blindness. The soil had gold, silver, luminous jade, moon pearls, shells, chequ, agate, munai, kongque, and amber. They wove water-sheep wool into sea-west cloth. In the sea was Coral Isle; seafolk dropped iron nets from great ships. Coral grew on rocks white as fungus, yellow in one year, red in three, branches three or four chi high. Iron reached the roots, nets winched out; missing the time it rotted. In the Western Sea was a ghost market trading without meeting. There was a fierce beast large as a dog. Northern sheep were born from soil with earth-attached navels; cutting killed them; drums startled lambs to break free.

，王波多力遣使獻赤玻黎、綠金精，下詔答賚。大食稍強，遣大將軍摩拽伐之，拂菻約和，遂臣屬。乾封至大足，再朝獻。，因吐火羅大酋獻師子、羚羊。

King Boduoli sent red glass and green gold essence; an edict responded with gifts. The Arabs grew stronger; Fulin made peace and became a subject state. From Qianfeng through Dazu they came twice with tribute. Through Tuhuoluo's great chieftain they presented lions and antelope.

自拂菻西南度磧二千里，有國曰磨鄰，曰老勃薩。其人黑而性悍。地瘴癘，無草木五谷，飼馬以槁魚，人食鶻莽。鶻莽，波斯棗也。不恥烝報，於夷狄最甚，號曰「尋」。其君臣七日一休，不出納交易，飲以窮夜。大食大食，本波斯地。男子鼻高，黑而髯。女子白皙，出輒鄣面。日五拜天神。銀帶，佩銀刀，不飲酒舉樂。有禮堂容數百人，率七日，王高坐為下說曰：「死敵者生天上，殺敵受福。」故俗勇於鬥。土饒礫不可耕，獵而食肉。刻石蜜為廬如輿狀，歲獻貴人。蒲陶大者如雞卵。有千里馬，傳為龍種。

Southwest of Fulin two thousand li across the desert were Molin and Laobosa. The people were black and fierce. Miasmic land without crops; horses fed dried fish, people ate qu mang. Qu mang was Persian jujube. They did not shame incest; among barbarians the worst, styled Xun. Ruler and ministers rested one day in seven, drinking through the night. The Arabs. Originally Persian lands. Men had high noses, were black and bearded. Women were fair-skinned and veiled when going out. Five times daily they worshipped the heavenly god. Silver belts and knives, no wine or music. A ritual hall held hundreds; every seven days the king preached that dying fighting enemies meant heaven. Hence by custom they were brave in battle." Stony soil could not be plowed; they hunted and ate meat. Rock sugar was carved into hut-like dwellings presented yearly to nobles. Grapes as large as chicken eggs. There were thousand-li horses, transmitted as dragon seed.

隋大業中，有波斯國人牧於俱紛摩地那山，有獸言曰：「山西三穴，有利兵，黑石而白文，得之者王。」走視，如言。石文言當反，乃詭眾裒亡命於恒曷水，劫商旅，保西鄙自王，移黑石寶之。國人往討之，皆大敗還，於是遂強。滅波斯，破拂菻，始有粟麥倉庾。南侵婆羅門，並諸國，勝兵至四十萬。康、石皆往臣之。其地廣萬里，東距突騎施。西南屬海。

During Sui Daye a Persian herder heard a beast speak of black stone with white markings west of the mountain. He went to look—it was as said. The stone said rebel; he gathered fugitives at the Hengyi River, robbed merchants, and made himself king. State troops were defeated; thus they grew strong. They destroyed Persia, broke Fulin, and first had millet and wheat granaries. South they invaded Brahmana; warriors reached four hundred thousand. Kang and Shi all submitted. Ten thousand li square, east bordering the Turgesh. Southwest belonged to the sea.

海中有撥拔力種，無所附屬。不生五谷，食肉，刺牛血和乳飲之。俗無衣服，以羊皮自蔽。婦人明皙而麗。多象牙及阿末香，波斯賈人欲往市，必數千人納氎镵血誓，乃交易。兵多牙角，而有弓、矢、鎧、槊，士至二十萬，數為大食所破略。

In the sea was the Baboli tribe, belonging to nothing. No five grains; they ate meat and drank cattle blood mixed with milk. No clothes by custom; sheepskin covered them. Women were fair and beautiful. Much ivory and aloeswood; Persian merchants swore by thousands before trading. Warriors used ivory horns with bows and spears; two hundred thousand troops, repeatedly plundered by Arabs.

永徽二年，大食王豃密莫末𧸐始遣使者朝貢，自言王大食氏，有國三十四年，傳二世。開元初，復遣使獻馬、鈿帶，謁見不拜，有司將劾之。中書令張說謂殊俗慕義，不可置於罪。玄宗赦之。使者又來，辭曰：「國人止拜天，見王無拜也。」有司切責，乃拜。十四年，遣使蘇黎滿獻方物，拜果毅，賜緋袍、帶。

In the second year of Yonghui the Arab king first sent envoys, stating thirty-four years over two generations. At Kaiyuan envoys came without kneeling; officials were about to impeach them. Chief Minister Zhang Yue said exotic peoples admiring righteousness should not be punished. Xuanzong pardoned them. Envoys stated their people worshipped only heaven and bowed to no king. Officials sternly reproached them and they bowed. In the fourteenth year envoy Suliman was appointed Fruit-and-Courage with crimson robe and belt.

或曰大食族中有孤列種，世酋長，號白衣大食。種有二姓，一曰盆尼末換，二曰奚深。有摩訶末者，勇而智，眾立為王。辟地三千里，克夏臘城。傳十四世，至末換，殺兄伊疾自王，下怨其忍。有呼羅珊木鹿人並波悉林將討之，徇眾曰：「助我者，皆黑衣。」俄而眾數萬，即殺末換，求奚深種孫阿蒲羅拔為王，更號黑衣大食。蒲羅死，弟阿蒲恭拂立。至德初，遣使者朝貢。代宗取其兵平兩京。阿蒲恭拂死，子迷地立。死，弟訶論立。貞元時，與吐蕃相攻，吐蕃歲西師，故鮮盜邊。十四年，遣使者含嵯、烏雞、沙北三人朝，皆拜中郎將，賚遣之。傳言其國西南二千里山谷間，有木生花如人首，與語輒笑，則落。

Some say the Guli tribe were hereditary chieftains styled White-robed Arabs. The tribe had two surnames: Penimohuan and Xishen. Mohemo, brave and wise, was established as king. He opened territory three thousand li and captured Xiala City. Fourteen generations to Mohuan, who killed his brother Yiji; the lower classes resented his cruelty. Bin Bosenlin of Merv proclaimed: "Help me and all wear black. Mohuan was killed and Apuluoba of the Xishen clan was made king—the Black-robed Arabs. When Puluo died his brother Apugongfu succeeded. At the beginning of Zhide envoys came with tribute. Daizong used their troops to pacify the two capitals. When Apugongfu died his son Midi succeeded. When he died his brother Helun succeeded. During Zhenyuan they fought Tibet; Tibetan western troops enabled frequent frontier raids. In the fourteenth year envoys Hancuo, Wuji, and Shabei were appointed Lieutenant Generals and sent home with gifts. Tradition held a tree two thousand li southwest bore human-headed flowers that fell when spoken to.

東有末祿，小國也。治城郭，多木姓，以五月為歲首，以畫缸相獻。有尋支瓜，大者十人食乃盡。蔬有顆蔥、葛藍、軍達、茇薤。

East was Molu, a small state. They governed walled cities; many surnamed Mu; fifth month as year start; painted jars as gifts. There was the Xunzhi melon requiring ten men to finish. Vegetables included kecong, gelan, junda, and bixie.

大食之西有苫者，亦自國。北距突厥可薩部，地數千里。有五節度，勝兵萬人。土多禾。有大川，東流入亞俱羅。商賈往來相望雲。

West of the Arabs was Shan, also independent. North bordering Turk Khasar, several thousand li across. Five military governorships; ten thousand warriors. The soil had much grain. A great river flowed east into Yajuluo. Merchants came and went in unbroken succession.

自大食西十五日行，得都盤，西距羅利支十五日行；南即大食，二十五日行；北勃達，一月行。

Fifteen days west of the Arabs was Dupan; west twenty-five days to Luolizhi; south the Arabs, twenty-five days; north Boda, one month.

勃達之東距大食二月行；西抵岐蘭二十日行；南都盤，北大食，皆一月行。

East of Boda two months to the Arabs; west to Qilan twenty days; south Dupan, north the Arabs—one month each.

岐蘭之東南二十日行，得阿沒，或曰阿昧；東南距陀拔斯十五日行；南沙蘭，一月行；北距海二日行。居你訶溫多城，宜馬羊，俗柔寬，故大食常遊牧於此。

Twenty days southeast of Qilan was Amei; southeast fifteen days to Tuobasi; south Shalan, one month; north two days to the sea. At Nihewenduo City, suited to horses and sheep; gentle by custom, hence Arab pasturage.

沙蘭東距羅利支，北恒滿，皆二十日行；西即大食，二十五日行。

Shalan east to Luolizhi, north Hengman—twenty days; west the Arabs, twenty-five days.

羅利支東距都盤，北陀拔斯，皆十五日行；西沙蘭，二十日行；南大食，二十五日行。怛滿怛滿，或曰怛沒，東陀拔斯，南大食，皆一月行；北岐蘭，二十日行；西即大食，一月行。居烏滸河北平川中。獸多師子。西北與史接，以鐵關為限。

Luolizhi east to Dupan, north Tuobasi—fifteen days; west Shalan, twenty days; south the Arabs, twenty-five days. Hengman, east to Tuobasi, south the Arabs—one month; north Qilan, twenty days; west the Arabs, one month. It lay in flat lands north of the Wuhu River. Beasts were mostly lions. Northwest connected with Shi, limited by Iron Pass.

天寶六載，都盤等六國皆遣使者入朝，乃封都盤王謀思健摩訶延曰順化王，勃達王摩俱澀斯曰守義王，阿沒王俱那胡設曰恭信王，沙蘭王卑路斯威曰順禮王，羅利支王伊思俱習曰義寧王，怛滿王謝沒曰奉順王。贊贊曰：西方之戎，古未嘗通中國，至漢始載烏孫諸國。後以名字見者浸多。唐興，以次脩貢，蓋百餘，皆冒萬里而至，亦已勤矣！然中國有報贈、冊吊、程糧、傳驛之費，東至高麗，南至真臘，西至波斯、吐蕃、堅昆，北至突厥、契丹、靺鞨，謂之「八蕃」，其外謂之「絕域」，視地遠近而給費。開元盛時，稅西域商胡以供四鎮，出北道者納賦輪臺。地廣則費倍，此盛王之鑒也。

In the sixth year of Tianbao six states sent envoys; their kings were enfeoffed with various titles. Commentary: Western barbarians rarely reached China before Han records of Wusun and others. Later those known by name gradually increased. When Tang rose more than a hundred came in succession with tribute across ten thousand li—indeed diligence! Yet China paid return gifts and relay costs to the Eight Barbarians and the Utterly Remote by distance. In Kaiyuan's prosperity, Western Regions merchant taxes supplied the Four Garrisons; the northern route paid at Luntai. Wide territory meant doubled expense—a mirror for flourishing kings.

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