Volume 51 Miscellaneous Biographies 31: Zhu Shouyin, Dong Zhang, Fan Yanguang, Lou Jiying, An Zhongrong, An Congjin, Yang Guangyuan

朱守殷

Zhu Shouyin

朱守殷，少事唐莊宗為奴，名曰會兒。莊宗讀書，會兒常侍左右。莊宗即位，以其廝養為長直軍，以守殷為軍使，故未嘗經戰陣之用。然好言人陰私長短以自結，莊宗以為忠，遷蕃漢馬步軍都虞候，使守德勝。王彥章攻德勝，守殷無備，遂破南城，莊宗罵曰：「駑才，果誤予事！」明宗請以守殷行軍法，莊宗不聽。同光二年，領鎮武軍節度使。是時，莊宗初入洛，守殷巡檢校京師，恃恩驕恣，淩侮勛舊，與伶人景進相為表裏。魏王繼岌已殺郭崇韜，進誣朱友謙與崇韜謀反，莊宗遣守殷圍其第而殺之。是時，明宗自鎮州來朝，居於私第。莊宗方惑群小，疑忌大臣，遣守殷伺察明宗動靜。守殷陰使人告明宗曰：「位高人臣者身危，功蓋天下者不賞，公可謂位高而功著矣。宜自圖歸藩，無與禍會也！」明宗曰：「吾洛陽一匹夫爾，何能為也！」既而明宗卒反於魏。莊宗東討，守殷將騎軍陣宣仁門外以俟駕。郭從謙作亂，犯興教門以入，莊宗亟召守殷等軍，守殷按軍不動。莊宗獨與諸王宦官百餘人射賊，守殷等終不至，方移兵憩北邙山下，聞莊宗已崩，即馳入宮中，選載嬪御、寶貨以歸，縱軍士劫掠，遣人趣明宗入洛。

Zhu Shouyin had served Tang Zhuangzong as a slave in his youth; his name was Hui'er. When Zhuangzong read his books, Hui'er was always at his side. Once Zhuangzong took the throne, he formed his personal attendants into the Changzhi Army and made Shouyin its commander, so he had never seen real combat. He delighted in retailing others' secrets to curry favor. Zhuangzong took this for loyalty, made him chief adjutant of the combined horse and foot forces, and stationed him at Desheng. Wang Yanzhang attacked Desheng. Shouyin was caught off guard and lost the southern citadel. Zhuangzong raged: "You worthless fool—you have ruined me!" Mingzong urged that Shouyin be executed under military law, but Zhuangzong refused. In Tongguang 2 he was made military governor of Zhenwu. Zhuangzong had just entered Luoyang. Shouyin patrolled the capital, swaggering on imperial favor, bullying the old guard, and conspiring openly with the actor Jing Jin. The Prince of Wei, Jiji, had already killed Guo Chongtao. Jing Jin accused Zhu Youqian of plotting with Chongtao, and Zhuangzong sent Shouyin to surround his mansion and kill him. Mingzong had come from Zhenzhou to court and was staying in his private house. Zhuangzong was listening to flatterers and had grown wary of his senior ministers. He sent Shouyin to watch Mingzong's every move. Shouyin secretly warned Mingzong: "A minister who stands too high risks his life; a man whose merit covers the realm goes unrewarded. You are high in rank and your deeds are plain for all to see. You ought to plan your return to your fief before disaster finds you!" Mingzong replied: "I am nobody in Luoyang—what could I possibly do?" Soon afterward Mingzong rose in rebellion at Wei. Zhuangzong marched east against him. Shouyin drew up the cavalry outside Xuaren Gate to await the emperor's departure. Guo Congqian mutinied and broke in through Xingjiao Gate. Zhuangzong urgently summoned Shouyin's troops, but Shouyin held his men still. Zhuangzong fought the rebels with barely a hundred princes and eunuchs at his side. Shouyin never came. Only then did he move his army to rest on Mount Beimang. When he heard Zhuangzong was dead, he galloped into the palace, loaded concubines and treasure onto his carts, let his men loot the city, and sent word urging Mingzong to enter Luoyang.

明宗即位，拜守殷同中書門下平章事、河南尹、判六軍諸衞事。明年，遷宣武軍節度使。九月，明宗詔幸汴州，議者喧然，或以為征吳，或以為東諸侯有屈彊者，將制置之。守殷尤不自安，乃殺指揮使馬彥超，閉城反。明宗行至京水，聞守殷反，遣范延光馳兵傅其城，汴人開門納延光，守殷自殺其族，乃引頸命左右斬之。明宗至汴州，命鞭其尸，梟首于市七日，傳徇洛陽。

When Mingzong took the throne, Shouyin was made Grand Councilor, Governor of Henan, and supervisor of the Six Armies and the Guards. The following year he was transferred as military governor of Xuanwu Army. In the ninth month, Mingzong announced a visit to Bian Prefecture. Debate erupted: some thought he meant to campaign against Wu, while others thought he intended to discipline stubborn eastern governors. Shouyin felt especially unsafe, killed Commander Ma Yanchao, shut the city gates, and rebelled. When Mingzong reached Jingshui and heard of Shouyin's rebellion, he sent Fan Yanguang racing with troops to the city. The people of Bian opened the gates to Yanguang; Shouyin killed his own family, then bared his neck and ordered his attendants to behead him. When Mingzong reached Bian Prefecture, he ordered the corpse flogged, the head displayed in the market for seven days, and then carried to Luoyang for public warning.

守殷之將反也，召都指揮使馬彥超與計事，彥超不從，守殷殺之。明宗憐彥超之死，以其子承祚為洺州長史。 ○董璋

When Shouyin was plotting rebellion he summoned chief commander Ma Yanchao to counsel with him. Yanchao refused, and Shouyin killed him. Mingzong pitied Yanchao's death and appointed his son Chengduo chief magistrate of Luo. Dong Zhang

董璋，不知其世家何人也。少與高季興、孔循俱為汴州富人李讓家僮。梁太祖鎮宣武，養讓為子，是為朱友讓。其僮奴以友讓故，皆得事梁太祖，璋以軍功為指揮使。晉李繼韜以潞州叛降梁，末帝遣璋攻下澤州，即以璋為刺史。

Dong Zhang's family background is unknown. In youth he had been a household slave of Li Rang, a wealthy man of Bianzhou, together with Gao Jixing and Kong Xun. When Liang Taizu held Xuanyi, he adopted Rang as his son, who became Zhu Yourang. Through Yourang's connection, the slaves all entered Taizu's service. Zhang rose to command through military merit. When Jin's Li Jitao rebelled and surrendered Lu to Liang, the Last Emperor sent Zhang to take Ze and made him its prefect.

梁亡，璋事唐為邠寧節度使，與郭崇韜相善。崇韜伐蜀，以璋為行營右廂馬步軍都虞候，軍事大小，皆與參決。蜀平，以為劍南東川節度使，孟知祥鎮西川。其後，二人有異志。安重誨居中用事，議者多言知祥必不為唐用，而能制知祥者璋也，往往稱璋忠義，重誨以為然，頗優寵之，以故璋益橫。

After Liang fell, Zhang served Tang as military governor of Binning and was close to Guo Chongtao. When Chongtao invaded Shu, he made Zhang chief adjutant of the right wing and consulted him on every matter, large or small. After Shu fell, he was made military governor of eastern Sichuan while Meng Zhixiang held the west. Afterward both men began to harbor ambitions of their own. An Chonghui dominated the court. Councillors said Zhixiang would never remain loyal to Tang and that only Zhang could restrain him. They praised Zhang's loyalty, Chonghui believed them, and showered him with favor—so Zhang grew ever more arrogant.

天成四年，明宗祀天南郊，詔兩川貢助南郊物五十萬，使李仁矩賫安重誨書往諭璋，璋訴不肯出，秖出十萬而已。又因事欲殺仁矩，仁矩涕泣而免，歸言璋必反。其後使者至東川，璋益倨慢，使者還，多言璋欲反狀。重誨患之，乃稍擇將吏為兩川刺史，以精兵為其牙衞，分布其諸州。又分閬州置保寧軍，以仁矩為節度使，遣姚洪將兵千人從仁矩戍閬州。璋及知祥覺唐疑己，且削其地，遂連謀以反。璋因為其子娶知祥女以相結。又遣其將李彥釗扼劍門關為七砦，於關北增置關，號永定。凡唐戍兵東歸者，皆遮留之，獲其逃者，覆以鐵籠，火炙之，或刲肉釘面，割心而啖。長興元年九月，知祥攻陷遂州，璋攻陷閬州，執李仁矩、姚洪，皆殺之。

In Tiancheng 4, when Mingzong sacrificed to Heaven in the southern suburb, he ordered the two Sichuan circuits to contribute goods worth five hundred thousand. Li Renju carried An Chonghui's letter to instruct Zhang, but Zhang protested and sent only one hundred thousand. On another occasion Zhang wanted to kill Renju, who escaped only by weeping and pleading. When Renju returned, he reported that Zhang was certain to rebel. Later envoys to Dongchuan found Zhang even more arrogant, and on returning repeatedly reported signs that he meant to rebel. Chonghui grew alarmed. He gradually chose officers and administrators as prefects in the two Sichuan circuits, gave them crack troops as headquarters guards, and spread them through the prefectures. He also split off Lang Prefecture to create Baoning Army, appointed Renju as its military governor, and sent Yao Hong with one thousand troops to garrison Lang Prefecture with him. Zhang and Zhixiang realized Tang suspected them and was carving away their territory, so they joined in plotting rebellion. Zhang then had his son marry Zhixiang's daughter to bind the alliance. He also sent his general Li Yanzhao to hold Jianmen Pass with seven stockades and added another pass north of it, called Yongding. He detained all Tang garrison troops returning east. Those caught escaping were covered with iron cages and roasted, or had flesh cut away, faces nailed, hearts cut out and eaten. In the ninth month of Changxing 1, Zhixiang captured Sui Prefecture and Zhang captured Lang Prefecture. They seized Li Renju and Yao Hong and killed them both.

初，璋等反，唐獨誅璋家屬，知祥妻子皆在成都，其疏屬留京師者皆不誅。石敬瑭討璋等，兵久無功，而自關以西饋運不給，遠近勞敝，明宗患之。安重誨自往督軍，敬瑭不納，重誨遂得罪死，敬瑭亦還。明宗乃遣西川進奏官蘇願、東川軍將劉澄西歸，諭璋等使改過。知祥遣人告璋，欲與俱謝過自歸，璋曰：「唐不殺孟公家族，於西川恩厚矣。我子孫何在？何謝之有！」璋由此疑知祥賣己。三年四月，以兵萬人攻知祥，戰於彌牟，璋大敗，還走梓州。初，唐陵州刺史王暉代還過璋，璋邀留之。至是，暉執璋殺之，傳其首於知祥。

When Zhang and the others first rebelled, Tang executed only Zhang's family. Zhixiang's wife and children were in Chengdu, and his distant kin in the capital went unpunished. Shi Jingtang campaigned against them without success. West of the passes supplies ran dry and the realm groaned under the burden. Mingzong was deeply troubled. An Chonghui went to supervise the army in person, but Jingtang refused him entry. Chonghui fell from power and died, and Jingtang withdrew. Mingzong sent Su Yuan, memorial officer of western Sichuan, and Liu Chengxi, a general of the east, west to urge Zhang and the others to repent. Zhixiang sent word that they should submit together and beg forgiveness. Zhang replied: "Tang spared Lord Meng's family—that was grace enough to western Sichuan. Where are my sons and grandsons? What is there to thank them for?" From that moment Zhang suspected Zhixiang had betrayed him. In the fourth month of the third year he attacked Zhixiang with ten thousand men. They fought at Mimu. Zhang was routed and fled to Zizhou. Earlier, when Tang's prefect of Ling, Wang Hui, was returning home on relief of office, Zhang had detained him. Now Hui seized Zhang, killed him, and sent his head to Zhixiang.

範延光

Fan Yanguang

範延光，字子瑰，相州臨漳人也。唐明宗為節度使，置延光麾下，而未之奇也。明宗破鄆州，梁兵方扼楊劉，其先鋒將康延孝陰送款於明宗。明宗求可以通延孝款於莊宗者，延光輒自請行，乃懷延孝蠟丸書，西見莊宗致之，且曰：「今延孝雖有降意，而梁兵扼楊劉者甚盛，未可圖也，不如築壘馬家口以通汶陽。」莊宗以為然。壘成，梁遣王彥章急攻新壘。明宗使延光間行求兵，夜至河上，為梁兵所得，送京師，下延光獄，搒掠數百，脅以白刃，延光終不肯言晉事。系之數月，稍為獄吏所獲。莊宗入汴，獄吏去其桎梏，拜而出之。莊宗見延光，喜，拜檢校工部尚書。

Fan Yanguang, courtesy name Zikui, was from Linzhang in Xiangzhou. When Mingzong was a military governor he placed Yanguang in his command but saw nothing remarkable in him. When Mingzong took Yanzhou, Liang's army was holding Yangliu. Their vanguard commander Kang Yanxiao secretly offered to defect to Mingzong. Mingzong needed someone to carry Yanxiao's offer to Zhuangzong. Yanguang volunteered, bore the wax-sealed letter west, and told Zhuangzong: "Yanxiao wishes to surrender, but Liang's grip on Yangliu is too strong to attack yet. Build a fort at Majiakou to open the route to Wenyang instead." Zhuangzong agreed. When the fort was finished, Liang sent Wang Yanzhang to storm it. Mingzong sent Yanguang by a secret route to seek reinforcements. He reached the river by night and was captured. Liang sent him to the capital, threw him in prison, flogged him hundreds of times, and held blades to his throat—but he would not betray Jin. After months in chains, the jailers gradually won him over. When Zhuangzong entered Bian, the jailers removed his fetters, bowed, and set him free. Zhuangzong received him with delight and appointed him honorary Minister of Works.

明宗時，為宣徽南院使。明宗行幸汴州，至滎陽，朱守殷反，延光曰：「守殷反跡始見，若緩之使得為計，則城堅而難近。故乘人之未備者，莫若急攻，臣請騎兵五百，馳至城下，以神速駭之。」乃以騎兵五百，自暮疾馳至半夜，行二百里，戰於城下。遲明，明宗亦馳至，汴兵望見天子乘輿，乃開門，而延光先入，猶巷戰，殺傷甚眾，守殷死，汴州平。

Under Mingzong he served as commissioner of the southern bureau of the Palace Secretariat. When Mingzong traveled to Bianzhou and reached Xingyang, Zhu Shouyin rebelled. Yanguang said: "His revolt has only just begun. If we give him time to prepare, the walls will harden and we will never get near. Strike before he is ready—nothing beats a sudden assault. Give me five hundred cavalry and I will ride to the walls and shock him with speed." He took five hundred horsemen, rode hard from dusk until midnight—two hundred li—and fought beneath the walls. At dawn Mingzong arrived. The defenders saw the imperial carriage and opened the gates. Yanguang entered first; street fighting left many dead. Shouyin was killed and Bianzhou was pacified.

明年，遷樞密使，出為成德軍節度使。安重誨死，復召延光與趙延壽並為樞密使。明宗問延光馬數幾何，對曰「騎軍三萬五千。」明宗撫髀嘆曰：「吾兵間四十年，自太祖在太原時，馬數不過七千，莊宗取河北，與梁家戰河上，馬才萬匹。今有馬三萬五千而不能一天下，吾老矣，馬多奈何！」延光因曰：「臣嘗計，一馬之費，可養步卒五人，三萬五千匹馬，十五萬兵之食也。」明宗曰：「肥戰馬而瘠吾人，此吾所愧也！」

The next year he became Privy Commissioner, then was posted out as military governor of Chengde. After An Chonghui died, he was recalled and served with Zhao Yanshou as Privy Commissioner. Mingzong asked how many horses the army had. "Thirty-five thousand cavalry," Yanguang replied." Mingzong slapped his thigh and sighed. "Forty years in arms! When Taizu was at Taiyuan we had barely seven thousand horses. When Zhuangzong took Hebei and fought Liang on the river we had only ten thousand. Now we have thirty-five thousand and still cannot unite the realm. I am old—what good are all these horses?" Yanguang added: "I once reckoned that one horse costs as much as five foot soldiers. Thirty-five thousand horses feed an army of a hundred fifty thousand men." Mingzong said: "Fat horses and starving soldiers—that is what shames me!"

夏州李仁福卒，其子彜超自立而邀旄節。明宗遣安從進代之，彜超不受代。以兵攻之，久不克。隰州刺史劉遂凝馳驛入見獻策，言綏、銀二州之人，皆有內向之意，請除二刺史以招降之。延光曰：「王師問罪，本在彜超，夏州已破，綏、銀豈足顧哉！若不破夏州，雖得綏、銀，不能守也。」遂凝又請自馳入說彜超使出降，延光曰：「一遂凝，萬一失之不足惜，所惜者朝廷大體也。」是時，王淑妃用事，遂凝兄弟與淑妃有舊，方倚以蒙恩寵，所言無不聽，而大臣以妃故，多不敢爭，獨延光從容沮止之。明宗有疾，不能視朝，京師之人，洶洶異議，藏竄山谷，或寄匿於軍營，有司不能禁。或勸延光以嚴法制之，延光曰：「制動當以靜，宜少待之。」已而明宗疾少間，京師乃定。

When Li Renfu of Xia died, his son Yichao seized power and demanded the commission. Mingzong sent An Congjin to replace him, but Yichao refused to yield. The army besieged him for a long time without success. Liu Suining, prefect of Xi, raced to court by post horse. He said the people of Sui and Yin were ready to defect and urged that two new prefects be appointed to win them over. Yanguang objected: "The campaign targets Yichao. Once Xia falls, what need is there to fuss over Sui and Yin? Without taking Xia, even if we gain Sui and Yin we cannot hold them." Suining then asked to ride in and persuade Yichao to surrender in person. Yanguang said: "One Suining is expendable if he fails. What matters is the dignity of the court." Consort Wang Shufei held sway at court. Suining's brothers were her old friends and won every argument through her favor. Most ministers dared not oppose them—only Yanguang quietly held his ground. When Mingzong fell ill and could not hold court, rumor swept the capital. People hid in the hills or took shelter in army camps, and the authorities could not stop them. Some urged harsh measures. Yanguang said: "Restlessness is best met with calm. Wait a little." When Mingzong's health improved slightly, the capital quieted down.

是時，秦王握兵驕甚，宋王弱而且在外，議者多屬意於潞王。延光懼禍之及也，乃求罷去。延壽陰察延光有避禍意，亦遽求罷。明宗再三留之，二人辭益懇至，繼之以泣。明宗不得已，乃皆罷之，延光復鎮成德，而用朱弘昭、馮赟為樞密使。已而秦王舉兵見誅，明宗崩，潞王反，殺湣帝，唐室大亂，弘昭、赟皆及禍以死。末帝復詔延光為樞密使，拜宣武軍節度使。天雄軍亂，逐節度使劉延皓，遣延光討平之，即以為天雄軍節度使。

The Prince of Qin held the armies and grew insolent. The Prince of Song was weak and far from court. Many looked to the Prince of Lu instead. Fearing he would be swept up in the coming disaster, Yanguang asked to resign. Yanshou sensed Yanguang's fear and hurried to resign as well. Mingzong urged them to stay again and again. They pleaded all the more earnestly, weeping as they spoke. Mingzong had no choice but to let them go. Yanguang returned to Chengde, and Zhu Hongzhao and Feng Yun became Privy Commissioners. Soon the Prince of Qin rebelled and was executed. Mingzong died. The Prince of Lu rose, killed the Lamented Emperor, and Tang plunged into chaos. Hongzhao and Yun both died in the upheaval. The Last Emperor recalled Yanguang as Privy Commissioner and made him military governor of Xuanyi. When Tianxiong mutinied and drove out Liu Yanhao, Yanguang was sent to pacify the army and was made its military governor.

延光常夢大蛇自臍入其腹，半入而掣去之，以問門下術士張生，張生贊曰：「蛇，龍類也，入腹內，王者之兆也。」張生自延光微時，言其必貴，延光素神之，常置門下，言多輒中，遂以其言為然，由是頗畜異志。當晉高祖起太原，末帝遣延光以兵二萬屯遼州，與趙延壽掎角。既而延壽先降，延光獨不降。高祖即位，延光賀表又頗後諸侯至，又其女為末帝子重美妃，以此遂懷反側。高祖封延光臨清王以慰其心。

Yanguang often dreamed that a great snake entered his belly through his navel, only to be pulled away when half inside. He asked the retainer-diviner Zhang Sheng, who praised the dream: "A snake is of the dragon kind; entering the belly is an omen of kingship." Since Yanguang's humble days, Zhang Sheng had predicted he would rise high. Yanguang regarded him as uncanny and kept him in his retinue; many of his words came true, so Yanguang believed him and began to harbor ambitions of his own. When Jin Gaozu rose at Taiyuan, the Last Emperor sent Yanguang with twenty thousand troops to Liao Prefecture to coordinate with Zhao Yanshou. Soon Yanshou surrendered first; Yanguang alone held out. When Gaozu took the throne, Yanguang's congratulatory memorial arrived later than those of the other governors; moreover, his daughter was consort to the Last Emperor's son Chongmei. For these reasons he grew uneasy and disaffected. Gaozu enfeoffed Yanguang as Prince of Linqing to soothe him.

有平山人秘瓊者，為成德軍節度使董溫其衙內指揮使，後溫其為契丹所虜，瓊乃悉殺溫其家族，瘞之一穴，而取其家貲巨萬計，晉高祖入立，以瓊為齊州防禦使，橐其貲裝，道出於魏。延光陰遣人以書招之，瓊不納，延光怒，選兵伏境上，伺瓊過，殺之於夏津，悉取其貲，以戍邏者誤殺聞。由是高祖疑其必為亂，乃幸汴州。天福二年六月，延光遂反，遣其牙將孫銳、澶州刺史馮暉，以兵二萬距黎陽，掠滑、衛。高祖以楊光遠為招討使，引兵自滑州渡胡梁攻之。銳輕脫無謀，兵行以娼女十餘自隨，張蓋操扇，酣歌飲食自若。軍士苦大熱，皆不為用。光遠得諜者，詢得其謀，誘銳等渡河，半濟而擊之，兵多溺死，銳、暉退走入魏，閉壁不復出。

Mi Qiong of Pingshan had been inner-palace commander to Dong Wenqi of Chengde. When Khitan captured Wenqi, Qiong slaughtered his entire clan, buried them in one pit, and seized a fortune. Jin Gaozu made him defensive commissioner of Qi. He loaded his wealth and passed through Wei on the road. Yanguang secretly tried to win him with a letter. Qiong refused. Enraged, Yanguang ambushed him at the border, killed him at Xiajin, seized everything he carried, and reported it as a border patrol's mistake. Gaozu suspected rebellion was coming and traveled to Bianzhou. In the sixth month of Tianfu 2, Yanguang rebelled. He sent Sun Rui and Feng Hui of Cang with twenty thousand men to hold Liyang and raid Hua and Wei. Gaozu made Yang Guangyuan pacification commissioner and led troops from Huazhou across Hubian to attack him. Rui was reckless and witless. On the march he brought a dozen courtesans, raised canopies, waved fans, and feasted as if at leisure. The soldiers sweltered in the heat and would not fight. Guangyuan captured a spy, learned their plans, and lured Rui across the river. He struck halfway across; many drowned. Rui and Hui fled into Wei, shut the gates, and would not come out again.

初，延光反意未決，而得暴疾不能興，銳乃陰召暉入城。迫延光反，延光惶惑，遂從之。高祖聞延光用銳等以反，笑曰：「吾雖不武，然嘗從明宗取天下，攻堅破強多矣。如延光已非我敵，況銳等兒戲邪？行取孺子爾！」乃決意討之。

At first Yanguang had not fully decided to rebel when a sudden illness laid him low. Rui secretly summoned Hui into the city. They pressed him to rebel. Dazed and helpless, he went along. When Gaozu heard Yanguang had rebelled with Rui and the rest, he laughed. "I may not be a great warrior, but I followed Mingzong across the realm and broke many a strong foe. Yanguang alone is no match for me—what are Rui and his crew but children at play? I will scoop them up like children!" He resolved to crush them.

延光初無必反意，及銳等敗，延光遣牙將王知新賫表自歸，高祖不見，以知新屬武德司。延光又附楊光遠表請降，不報，延光遂堅守。晉以箭書二百射城中，悉赦魏人，募能斬延光者。然魏城堅難下，攻之逾年不克，師老糧匱。宗正丞石帛上書極諫，請赦延光，願以單車入說而降之。高祖亦悔悟。三年九月，使謁者入魏赦延光，延光乃降，冊封東平郡王、天平軍節度使，賜鐵券。居數月來朝，因慚請老，以太子太師致仕。

Yanguang had never fully meant to rebel. After Rui's defeat he sent Wang Zhixin with a memorial offering surrender. Gaozu refused to see him and handed Zhixin over to the Bureau of Martial Virtue. Yanguang sent another memorial through Yang Guangyuan begging to surrender. No answer came, and he held the city. Jin rained two hundred messages on arrows into the city, pardoning every man of Wei and promising reward for Yanguang's head. Wei's walls were too strong. The siege dragged on more than a year without success; the army tired and grain ran out. Shi Bo of the Imperial Clan Bureau submitted a fierce memorial urging pardon for Yanguang and offering to ride alone into the city to talk him down. Gaozu too repented. In the ninth month of year 3 he sent an envoy to pardon Yanguang. Yanguang surrendered, was enfeoffed Prince of Dongping and military governor of Tianping, and received an iron certificate. Months later he came to court, begged to retire in shame, and was dismissed as Grand Preceptor of the Heir Apparent.

初，高祖赦降延光，語使者謂之曰：「許卿不死矣，若降而殺之，何以享國？」延光謀於副使李式，式曰：「主上敦信明義，許之不死，則不死矣。」乃降。乃致仕居京師，歲時宴見，高祖待之與群臣無間，然心不欲使在京師。歲餘，使宣徽使劉處讓載酒夜過延光，謂曰：「上遣處讓來時，適有契丹使至，北朝皇帝問晉魏博反臣何在，恐晉不能制，當鎖以來，免為中國後患。」延光聞之泣下，莫知所為。處讓曰：「當且之洛陽，以避契丹使者。」延光曰：「楊光遠留守河南，吾之仇也。吾有田宅在河陽，可以往乎？」處讓曰：「可也。」乃挈其帑歸河陽。其行輜重盈路，光遠利其貲，果圖之。因奏曰：「延光反覆奸臣，若不圖之，非北走胡則南走吳越，請拘之洛陽。」高祖猶豫未決。光遠兼鎮河陽，其子承勛知州事，乃遣承勛以兵脅之使自裁。延光曰：「天子賜我鐵券，許之不死，何得及此？」乃以壯士驅之上馬，行至浮橋，推墮水溺死，以延光自投水死聞，因盡取其貲。高祖以適會其意，不問，為之輟朝，贈太傅。水運軍使曹千獲其流屍於繆家灘，詔許歸葬相州。已葬，墓輒崩，破其棺槨，頭顱皆碎。初，秘瓊殺董溫其取其貲，延光又殺瓊而取之，而終以貲為光遠所殺，而光遠亦不能免也。

When Gaozu first pardoned him, he told the envoy: "I promise you will not die. If I kill you after you surrender, how can I rule the realm?" Yanguang asked his deputy Li Shi. Shi said: "The emperor is a man of his word. If he promises you life, you will live." So he surrendered. He retired to the capital and was received at court like any minister, but Gaozu did not want him there. A year later he sent Liu Churang with wine by night. Churang said: "The Khitan envoy just asked where your Weibo rebel is. He fears Jin cannot control you and wants you taken north in chains." Yanguang wept, helpless. Churang said: "Go to Luoyang for now to avoid the envoy." Yanguang said: "Yang Guangyuan holds Henan—my enemy. I have estates at Heyang—may I go there?" "You may." He took his household to Heyang. His train filled the road. Guangyuan coveted his wealth and plotted against him. He memorialized: "Yanguang is a treacherous minister who changes sides again and again. If he is not dealt with, he will either flee north to the barbarians or south to Wu and Yue. I request that he be detained in Luoyang." Gaozu hesitated. Guangyuan also held Heyang. His son Chengxun governed there and sent troops to force Yanguang to kill himself. Yanguang cried: "The emperor gave me an iron certificate and promised I would not die. How has it come to this?" They forced him onto a horse, pushed him from the bridge into the river, and drowned him. They reported suicide and seized everything he owned. Gaozu, pleased at the outcome, asked no questions, suspended court, and posthumously made him Grand Tutor. Cao Qian of the water transport service recovered his body at Miaojia Ford. An edict allowed burial in Xiangzhou. After burial the tomb collapsed again and again. The coffin was opened and the skull shattered. Mi Qiong had killed Dong Wenqi for his wealth; Yanguang killed Qiong and took it; in the end Guangyuan killed Yanguang for the same wealth—and Guangyuan too could not escape.

當延光反時，有李彥珣者，為河陽行軍司馬，張從賓反河陽，彥珣附之，從賓敗，彥珣奔於魏，延光以為步軍都監，使之守城。招討使楊光遠知彥珣邢州人也，其母尚在，乃遣人之邢州，取其母至城下，示彥珣以招之，彥珣望見，自射殺之。及延光出降，晉高祖拜彥珣房州刺史，大臣言彥珣殺母當誅，高祖以謂赦令已行，不可失信。後以坐贓誅。

When Yanguang rebelled, Li Yanxun was marching army marshal of Heyang. He joined Zhang Congbin's rebellion there. When Congbin fell, Yanxun fled to Wei. Yanguang made him chief foot inspector and put him in charge of the walls. Guangyuan knew Yanxun was from Xingzhou and that his mother still lived. He brought her below the walls to sway him. Yanxun saw her and shot her dead with his own hand. When Yanguang surrendered, Gaozu made Yanxun prefect of Fang. Ministers said he deserved death for killing his mother. Gaozu said the amnesty was already in force and could not be revoked. Later he was executed for embezzlement.

嗚呼，甚哉，人性之慎於習也！故聖人於仁義深矣，其為教也，勤而不怠，緩而不迫，欲民漸習而自趨之，至於久而安以成俗也。然民之無知，習見善則安於為善，習見惡則安於為惡。五代之亂，其來遠矣。自唐之衰，干戈饑饉，父不得育其子，子不得養其親。其始也，骨肉不能相保，蓋出於不幸，因之禮義日以廢，恩愛日以薄，其習久而遂以大壞，至於父子之間，自相賊害。五代之際，其禍害不可勝道也。夫人情莫不共知愛其親，莫不共知惡於不孝，然彥珣彎弓射其母，高祖從而赦之，非徒彥珣不自知為大惡，而高祖亦安焉不以為怪也，豈非積習之久而至於是歟！《語》曰：「性相近，習相遠。」至其極也，使人心不若禽獸，可不哀哉！若彥珣之惡，而恬然不以為怪，則晉出帝之絕其父，宜其舉世不知為非也。

Alas—how deeply habit shapes human nature! The sages made benevolence and righteousness profound. They taught diligently but without haste, gently but without slack, so that people might grow used to goodness by degrees until custom itself carried them. Yet people are ignorant: show them good and they settle into good; show them evil and they settle into evil. The chaos of the Five Dynasties had deep roots. From Tang's fall came war and famine. Fathers could not raise sons; sons could not care for parents. At first kin could not protect one another—mostly from sheer misfortune. Then ritual decayed and love thinned day by day until habit rotted everything, and fathers and sons turned on each other. In the Five Dynasties the harm is beyond reckoning. Everyone loves his kin and hates unfilial acts—yet Yanxun shot his mother and Gaozu pardoned him. Yanxun scarcely knew it as monstrous; Gaozu scarcely thought it strange. Had habit not rotted them for generations? The Analects says: "By nature we are alike; by habit we diverge." At the extreme, the heart falls below the beasts. How pitiful! If Yanxun's crime could pass without shock, it is no wonder that when Jin's Deposed Emperor abandoned his father, the world saw no wrong in it.

婁繼英

Lou Jiying

婁繼英，不知何許人也。歷梁、唐，為絳、冀二州刺史、北面水陸轉運使、耀州團練使。晉高祖時，為左監門衛上將軍。繼英子婦，溫延沼女也，自明宗時誅其父韜，延沼兄弟廢居於許，心常怨望。及範延光反，繼英有弟為魏州子城都虞候，延光遣人以蠟書招繼英，繼英乃遣延沼入魏見延光，延光大喜，與之信箭，使陰圖許。延沼與其弟延浚、延袞募不逞之徒千人，期以攻許。而許州節度使萇從簡以延光之反，疑有應者，為備甚嚴。延沼未及發，延光蠟書事泄於京師，繼英惶恐不自安，乃出奔許。高祖下詔招慰之，使復位，繼英懼不敢出。溫氏兄弟謀殺繼英以自歸，延沼以其女故不忍。張從賓反於洛陽，延沼兄弟乃與繼英俱投從賓於汜水。繼英知溫氏之初欲殺己也，反譖延沼兄弟於從賓，從賓殺之。從賓敗，繼英為杜重威所殺。

Lou Jiying's origins are unknown. Through Liang and Tang he served as prefect of Jiang and Ji, commissioner of northern transport, and regimental trainer of Yao. Under Jin Gaozu he was general of the Left Gate Guard. Jiying's daughter-in-law was Wen Yanhao's daughter. Since Mingzong had executed her father Tao, the Yanhao brothers lived in disgrace at Xu, nursing resentment. When Fan Yanguang rebelled, Jiying's brother was chief adjutant of Wei's inner citadel. Yanguang sent a wax-sealed letter. Jiying sent Yanhao to Wei. Yanguang rejoiced, gave him a trust-arrow, and set him to plot Xu. Yanhao and his brothers Yanjun and Yangun recruited a thousand desperadoes and fixed a day to strike Xu. Xu prefect Chang Congjian, suspecting collusion after Yanguang's revolt, fortified the city strictly. Before they could move, the wax letter was exposed at court. Jiying fled in terror to Xu. Gaozu issued an edict summoning and reassuring him, but Jiying was too afraid to emerge. The Wen brothers plotted to kill Jiying to win pardon, but Yanhao spared him for his daughter's sake. When Zhang Congbin rebelled at Luoyang, the Wen brothers and Jiying joined him at Sishui. Jiying knew the Wens had meant to kill him and slandered the brothers to Congbin, who executed them. When Congbin fell, Du Chongwei killed Jiying.

安重榮

An Chongrong

安重榮，小字鐵胡，朔州人也。祖從義，利州刺史。父全，勝州刺史、振武馬步軍都指揮使。重榮有力，善騎射，為振武巡邊指揮使。晉高祖起太原，使張潁陰招重榮，其母與兄皆以為不可，重榮業已許潁，母、兄謀共殺潁以止之，重榮曰：「未可，吾當為母卜之。」乃立一箭，百步而射之，曰：「石公為天子則中。」一發輒中；又立一箭而射之，曰：「吾為節度使則中。」一發又中，其母、兄乃許，重榮以巡邊千騎叛入太原。高祖即位，拜重榮成德軍節度使。

An Chongrong, childhood name Tiehu, was from Shuo Prefecture. His grandfather Congyi was prefect of Li Prefecture. His father Quan was prefect of Sheng Prefecture and commander of Zhenwu's horse and foot troops. Chongrong was strong and skilled at riding and archery, and became Zhenwu's border-patrol commander. When Jin Gaozu rose at Taiyuan, he sent Zhang Ying secretly to recruit Chongrong. Chongrong's mother and elder brother opposed it, but Chongrong had already promised Ying; they plotted to kill Ying and stop him. Chongrong said, "Not yet. I shall divine it for Mother." He set up an arrow, shot at it from a hundred paces, and said, "If Lord Shi is to become Son of Heaven, let me hit it." He hit it with one shot. He set up another arrow and shot, saying, "If I am to become a military governor, let me hit it." Again he hit it with one shot, and his mother and brother consented. Chongrong rebelled with one thousand border-patrol cavalry and entered Taiyuan. When Gaozu took the throne, he appointed Chongrong military governor of Chengde Army.

重榮雖武夫，而曉吏事，其下不能欺。有夫婦訟其子不孝者，重榮拔劍授其父，使自殺之，其父泣曰：「不忍也！」其母從傍詬罵，奪其劍而逐之，問之，乃繼母也，重榮叱其母出，後射殺之。

Chongrong was a soldier, but he understood government; no subordinate could fool him. A couple sued their son for unfilial conduct. Chongrong handed the father his sword and told him to kill the boy. The father wept: "I cannot!" The mother cursed, seized the sword, and drove him off. She was the stepmother. Chongrong expelled her and later shot her dead.

重榮起於軍卒，暴至富貴，而見唐廢帝、晉高祖皆自藩侯得國，嘗謂人曰：「天子寧有種邪？兵強馬壯者為之爾！」雖懷異志，而未有以發也。是時，高祖與契丹約為父子，契丹驕甚，高祖奉之愈謹，重榮憤然，以謂「詘中國以尊夷狄，困已敝之民，而充無厭之欲，此晉萬世恥也！」數以此非誚高祖。契丹使者往來過鎮州，重榮箕踞慢罵，不為之禮，或執殺之。是時，吐渾白氏役屬契丹，苦其暴虐，重榮誘之入塞。契丹數遣使責高祖，並求使者，高祖對使者鞠躬俯首，受責愈謹，多為好辭以自解，而姑息重榮不能詰。乃遣供奉官張澄以兵二千搜索並、鎮、忻、代山谷中吐渾，悉驅出塞。吐渾去而復來，重榮卒納之，因招集亡命，課民種稗，食馬萬匹，所為益驕。因怒殺指揮使賈章，誣之以反。章女尚幼，欲舍之，女曰：「吾家三十口皆死於兵，存者特吾與父爾，今父死，吾何忍獨生，願就死！」遂殺之。鎮人於是高賈女之烈，而知重榮之必敗也。重榮既僭侈，以為金魚袋不足貴，刻玉為魚佩之。娶二妻，高祖因之並加封爵。

A common soldier risen to riches, he saw Tang's Deposed Emperor and Jin Gaozu both seize the throne from the frontier. He said: "Are emperors born to the purple? Whoever has the stronger army makes one!" He harbored ambition but had no opening. At this time, Gaozu had made a father-son covenant with Khitan. Khitan was extremely arrogant, and Gaozu served them all the more carefully. Chongrong was indignant, saying, "To bend China in order to exalt the barbarians, to exhaust an already worn-out people in order to fill insatiable desires—this is Jin's shame for ten thousand generations!" He rebuked Gaozu again and again. Khitan envoys passing through Zhenzhou he insulted sprawled on his seat, sometimes seizing and killing them. The Tuguhun Bai clan, subject to Khitan cruelty, he lured inside the passes. Khitan envoys rebuked Gaozu and demanded his men back. Gaozu bowed and apologized, yet indulged Chongrong. He sent Zhang Cheng with two thousand men to scour the valleys of Bing, Zhen, Xin, and Dai and drive the Tuguhun out. They left and returned. Chongrong took them in, gathered outlaws, forced the people to plant broomcorn, kept ten thousand horses, and grew bolder. In rage he killed commander Jia Zhang and accused him of rebellion. His daughter was still young, and he meant to spare her. She said: "Thirty people of my household all died in the fighting; the only survivors were my father and me. Now that my father is dead, how can I bear to live alone? I wish to go to death!" He killed her. The people of Zhen honored the girl's courage and knew Chongrong was doomed. Growing extravagant, he thought the golden-fish pouch beneath him and wore fish carved from jade. He took two wives, and Gaozu ennobled both.

天福六年夏，契丹使者拽剌過鎮，重榮侵辱之，拽剌言不遜，重榮怒，執拽剌，以輕騎掠幽州南境之民，處之博野。上表曰：「臣昨據熟吐渾白承福、赫連功德等領本族三萬餘帳自應州來奔，又據生吐渾、渾、契、兩突厥三部南北將沙陀、安慶、九府等各領其族、牛羊、車帳、甲馬七八路來奔，具言契丹殘害，掠取生口羊馬，自今年二月已後，號令諸蕃，點閱強壯，辦具軍裝，期以上秋南向。諸蕃部誠恐上天不祐，敗滅家族，願先自歸，其諸部勝兵眾可十萬。又據沿河党項、山前後逸越利諸族首領皆遣人送契丹所授告身、敕牒、旗幟來歸款，皆號泣告勞，願治兵甲以報怨。又據朔州節度副使趙崇殺節度使劉山，以城來歸。竊以諸蕃不招呼而自至，朔州不攻伐而自歸，雖系人情，盡由天意。又念陷蕃諸將等，本自勛勞，久居富貴，沒身虜塞，酷虐不勝，企足朝廷，思歸可諒，茍聞傳檄，必盡倒戈。」其表數千言。又為書以遺朝廷大臣、四方藩鎮，皆以契丹可取為言。高祖患之，為之幸鄴，報重榮曰：「前世與虜和親，皆所以為天下計，今吾以天下臣之，爾以一鎮抗之，大小不等，無自辱焉！」重榮謂晉無如我何，反意乃決。重榮雖以契丹為言，反陰遣人與幽州節度使劉晞相結。契丹亦利晉多事，幸重榮之亂，期兩敝之，欲因以窺中國，故不加怒於重榮。

In summer of Tianfu 6 the Khitan envoy Zhuai passed through Zhen. Chongrong insulted him; Zhuai answered insolently; Chongrong seized him, raided southern You with light horse, and settled captives at Boye. He submitted a memorial: "Your servant recently learned that the settled Tuyuhun Bai Chengfu, Helian Gongde, and others led more than thirty thousand tents of their own clans from Yingzhou to come over. I have also learned that the raw Tuyuhun, Hun, Xi, the two Turkic groups, the northern and southern Shatuo commanders, Anqing, the Nine Garrisons, and others each led their clans, cattle and sheep, carts and tents, armored horses, in seven or eight routes to come over. They all reported Khitan brutality: they seize living persons, sheep, and horses; since the second month of this year they have issued orders to the various tribes, mustered the strong men, prepared military equipment, and set a deadline to head south in early autumn. The various tribal groups sincerely feared that Heaven above would not aid them and that their families and clans would be defeated and destroyed, so they wished first to submit of themselves; the fighting men of those groups can number one hundred thousand. I have also learned that the chiefs of the Tangut along the Yellow River and the Yiyueli tribes before and behind the mountains have all sent men to deliver back the appointment certificates, edict documents, banners, and flags given them by Khitan and to come over in loyal submission. All wept and spoke of their hardships, wishing to put armor and weapons in order to repay their wrongs. I have also learned that Zhao Chong, deputy military governor of Shuozhou, killed the military governor Liu Shan and came over with the city. Privately I consider that the various tribes came of themselves without being summoned, and Shuozhou submitted of itself without being attacked. Though this is tied to human feeling, it comes entirely from Heaven's will. I also think of the generals trapped among the tribes. They originally had merit, long enjoyed wealth and rank, but have ended their lives at the barbarian frontier and cannot bear the cruelty. They stand on tiptoe toward the court, and their longing to return is understandable. If they only hear a proclamation, they will all turn their spears." The memorial ran thousands of words. He wrote to court ministers and governors everywhere that Khitan could be beaten. Gaozu was troubled by this, traveled to Ye because of it, and replied to Chongrong: "When former ages made peace through kinship with the barbarians, it was always for the sake of the realm. Now I subject the realm to them, while you resist them with one province. The great and small are unequal; do not humiliate yourself!" Chongrong thought Jin helpless and resolved to rebel. Though he railed at Khitan, he secretly contacted You governor Liu Xi. Khitan welcomed Jin's troubles, hoping Chongrong would wear both sides down so they might probe China—so they did not punish him.

重榮將反也，其母又以為不可，重榮曰：「為母卜之。」指其堂下幡竿龍口仰射之，曰：「吾有天下則中之。」一發而中，其母乃許。饒陽令劉巖獻水鳥五色，重榮曰：「此鳳也。」畜之後潭。又使人為大鐵鞭以獻，誑其民曰：「鞭有神，指人，人輒死。」號「鐵鞭郎君」，出則以為前驅。鎮之城門抱關鐵胡人，無故頭自落，鐵胡，重榮小字，雖甚惡之，然不悟也。其冬，安從進反襄陽，重榮聞之，乃亦舉兵。是歲，鎮州大旱、蝗，重榮聚饑民數萬，驅以向鄴，聲言入覲。行至宗城破家堤，高祖遣杜重威朔之，兵已交，其將趙彥之與重榮有隙，臨陣卷旗以奔晉軍，其鎧甲鞍轡皆裝以銀，晉國不知其來降，爭殺而分之。重榮聞彥之降晉，大懼，退入於輜重中，其兵二萬皆潰去。是冬大寒，潰兵饑凍及見殺無孑遺，重榮獨與十餘騎奔還，以牛馬革為甲，驅州人守城以待。重威兵至城下，重榮裨將自城西水碾門引官軍以入，殺守城二萬餘人。重榮以吐渾數百騎守牙城，重威使人擒之，斬首以獻，高祖禦樓受馘，命漆其首送於契丹。改成德軍為順德，鎮州曰恒州，常山曰恒山云。

As Chongrong prepared to rebel, his mother again said it was wrong. Chongrong said: "I will divine it for Mother." He pointed to the dragon mouth on the banner pole below his hall, shot upward at it, and said: "If I am to possess the realm, I will hit it." One arrow struck true; his mother consented. Raoyang magistrate Liu Yan presented a five-colored water bird. Chongrong said: "This is a phoenix." He kept it in his rear pool. He also had someone make a great iron whip and present it, and deceived his people by saying: "The whip has a spirit. If it points at a person, that person dies at once." It was called "Lord Iron Whip," and when he went out it served as his vanguard. Iron Hu gate guards' heads fell off for no reason—Iron Hu was Chongrong's childhood name. He hated the omen but did not understand. That winter An Congjin rebelled at Xiangyang. Hearing it, Chongrong rose too. That year drought and locusts ravaged Zhen. Chongrong gathered tens of thousands of the starving, drove them toward Ye, and claimed he was coming to court. At Pojia Embankment, Du Chongwei met him in battle. General Zhao Yanzhi, who hated Chongrong, furled his banner and fled to Jin. His silver-trimmed armor fooled them—they thought him an enemy and tore him apart. Hearing Yanzhi had gone over, Chongrong panicked and hid among the wagons. His twenty thousand men melted away. Winter was savage. The routed army starved and froze until none remained. Chongrong fled back with a dozen riders, armored his men in hides, and forced the townspeople to hold the walls. Chongwei arrived. A deputy led imperial troops in through the Water-Mill Gate and slaughtered more than twenty thousand defenders. Chongrong held the headquarters with a few hundred Tuguhun horse. Chongwei captured him, beheaded him, and presented the head. Gaozu received it from the tower, had it lacquered, and sent it to Khitan. Chengde became Shunde; Zhen was renamed Heng, and Changshan Hengshan.

安從進

An Congjin

安從進，振武索葛部人也。祖、父皆事唐為騎將。從進初從莊宗於兵間，為護駕馬軍都指揮使，領貴州刺史。明宗時，為保義、彰武軍節度使，未嘗將兵征伐。李彝超自立於夏州，從進嘗一以兵往，卒亦無功。愍帝即位，徙領順化，為侍衞馬軍都指揮使。潞王反鳳翔，從進巡檢京城，殺樞密使馮贇，送款於從珂。愍帝出奔，從珂將至京師，從進率百官班迎于郊。清泰中，徙鎮山南東道。晉高祖即位，加同中書門下平章事。

An Congjin was from the Suoge tribe of Zhenwu. His grandfather and father both served Tang as cavalry generals. Congjin first followed Zhuangzong in the army, became commander of the escort cavalry, and held the prefecture of Gui Prefecture. Under Mingzong he served as military governor of Baoyi and Zhangwu armies, though he had never led troops on campaign. When Li Yichao set himself up independently in Xia Prefecture, Congjin once led troops against him but achieved nothing. When Emperor Min took the throne, Congjin was transferred to Shunhua and made commander of the Palace Guard cavalry. When the Prince of Lu rebelled at Fengxiang, Congjin was inspecting the capital. He killed Privy Commissioner Feng Yun and sent his submission to Congke. When Emperor Min fled and Congke neared the capital, Congjin led the officials in formation to welcome him in the suburbs. During Qingtai he was transferred to command Shannan East Circuit. When Jin Gaozu took the throne, Congjin was additionally granted the title Grand Councilor.

高祖取天下不順，常以此慚，藩鎮多務，過為姑息，而藩鎮之臣，或不自安，或心慕高祖所為，謂舉可成事，故在位七年，而反者六起，從進最後反，然皆不免也。自範延光反鄴，從進已畜異志，恃江為險，招集亡命，益置軍兵。南方貢輸道出襄陽者，多擅留之，邀遮商旅，皆黥以充軍。與安重榮陰相結托，期為表裹。高祖患之，謀徙從進，使人謂曰：「東平王建立來朝，願還鄉里，已徙上黨。朕虛青州以待卿，卿誠樂行，朕即降制。」從進報曰：「移青州在漢江南，臣即赴任。」高祖亦優容之。其子弘超為宮苑副使，居京師，從進請賜告歸，遂不遣。王令謙、潘知麟者，皆從進牙將也，常從從進最久，知其必敗，切諫之。從進遣子弘超與令謙遊南山，酒酣，令人推墮崖死。

Gaozu had seized the throne by irregular means and was ashamed. He indulged the commands too much; their officers either feared for their lives or thought they could do as he had done. In seven years six rebellions rose—Congjin was the last, and none escaped. After Fan Yanguang rebelled at Ye, Congjin already nursed rebellion, trusting the Yangzi barrier, gathering outlaws, and swelling his army. He seized southern tribute passing through Xiangyang, waylaid merchants, and branded them into his ranks. He secretly allied with An Chongrong, each to support the other. Gaozu tried to transfer him, saying: "The Prince of Dongping has come to court and returned home; Shangdang is open. Qingzhou waits for you. If you are willing to go, I will issue the order." Congjin replied: "Move Qingzhou south of the Han River, and your subject will take up the post." Gaozu indulged him. His son Hongchao served at court. Congjin asked to visit home and was refused. Generals Wang Lingqian and Pan Zhilin, who had served him longest, warned he was doomed. He sent Hongchao and Lingqian to tour the southern hills, got them drunk, and had Lingqian pushed off a cliff.

天福六年，安重榮執殺契丹使者，反跡見，高祖為之幸鄴，鄭王重貴留守京師。宰相和凝曰：「陛下且北，從進必反，何以制之？」高祖曰：「卿意奈何？」凝曰：「臣聞兵法，先人者奪人，願為空名宣敕十數通授鄭王，有急則命將以往。」從進聞高祖北，遂殺知麟以反。鄭王以空名敕授李建崇、郭金海等討之，從進引兵攻鄧州，不克，進至湖陽，遇建崇等，大駭，以為神速，復為野火所燒，遂大敗。從進以數十騎奔還襄陽。高祖遣高行周圍之，逾年糧盡，從進自焚死。執其子弘受及其將佐四十三人送京師，高祖禦樓受俘，徇於市而斬之。降襄陽為防禦，贈令謙忠州刺史，知麟順州刺史。

In Tianfu 6, Chongrong killed Khitan envoys and rebellion showed. Gaozu went to Ye; Prince of Zheng Chonggui held the capital. Chancellor He Ning said: "Your Majesty is about to go north. Congjin will certainly rebel. How will he be controlled?" Gaozu said: "What is your view?" Ning said: "Your servant has heard in the art of war that the one who gets ahead of others seizes them. I wish to prepare a dozen or so blank-name proclamations and edicts and give them to the Prince of Zheng; if there is an emergency, he can appoint generals to go." Hearing Gaozu had gone north, Congjin killed Zhilin and rebelled. Chonggui gave blank edicts to Li Jianchong and Guo Jinhai. Congjin attacked Deng without success, advanced to Huyang, met them in alarm, was burned by prairie fire, and was routed. He fled to Xiangyang with a few dozen riders. Gaozu sent Gao Xingzhou to besiege him. After a year, grain ran out and Congjin burned himself. His son Hongshou and forty-three officers were sent to the capital. Gaozu received them from the tower and beheaded them in the market. Xiangyang became a defensive command. Lingqian was posthumously made prefect of Zhong, Zhilin of Shun.

楊光遠

Yang Guangyuan

楊光遠，字德明，其父曰阿噔啜，蓋沙陀部人也。光遠初名阿檀，為唐莊宗騎將，從周德威戰契丹於新州，折其一臂，遂廢不用。久之，以為幽州馬步軍都指揮使，戍瓦橋關。光遠為人病禿折臂，不通文字，然有辨智，長於吏事。明宗時，為媯、瀛、冀、易四州刺史，以治稱。

Yang Guangyuan, courtesy name Deming, was the son of Adengchuo of the Shatuo. Originally named Atan, he was Zhuangzong's cavalry officer. Fighting Khitan at Xin with Zhou Dewei, he lost an arm and was cast aside. Long afterward he became chief commander of You's horse and foot and garrisoned Wagong Pass. Bald, one-armed, and illiterate, he was nonetheless shrewd and skilled in government. Under Mingzong he governed Jiao, Ying, Ji, and Yi and was praised for his rule.

初，唐兵破王都於中山，得契丹大將荝剌等十餘人。已而契丹與中國通和，遣使者求荝剌等，明宗與大臣議，皆欲歸之，獨光遠不可，曰：「荝剌皆北狄善戰者，彼失之如去手足；且居此久，熟知中國事，歸之豈吾利也！」明宗曰：「蕃人重盟誓，已與吾好，豈相負也？」光遠曰：「臣恐後悔不及爾！」明宗嘉其說，卒不遣荝剌等。光遠自易州刺史拜振武軍節度使。清泰二年，徙鎮中山，兼北面行營都虞候，禦契丹於雲、應之間。

When Tang defeated Wang Du at Zhongshan, they captured Khitan generals including Cila. Khitan sought their return. Ministers agreed; Guangyuan alone objected: "Cila and the rest are Khitan's best fighters—to lose them is to lose hands and feet; Moreover, having lived here long, they know China's affairs well. How would returning them benefit us?" Mingzong said: "Tribal people value covenants and oaths. Since they are already friendly with us, how could they betray us?" Guangyuan said: "Your servant fears that regret afterward will be too late!" Mingzong praised him and kept Cila and the rest. From Yi he was made military governor of Zhenwu. In Qingtai 2 he governed Zhongshan and served as northern chief adjutant against Khitan between Yun and Ying.

晉高祖起太原，末帝以光遠佐張敬達為太原四面招討副使，為契丹所敗，退守晉安寨。契丹圍之數月，人馬食盡，殺馬而食，馬盡，乃殺敬達出降。耶律德光見之，靳曰：「爾輩大是惡漢兒。」光遠與諸將初不知其誚己，猶為謙言以對，德光曰：「不用鹽酪，食一萬匹戰馬，豈非惡漢兒邪！」光遠等大慚伏，德光問曰：「懼否？」皆曰：「甚懼。」曰：「何懼？」曰：「懼皇帝將入蕃。」德光曰：「吾國無土地官爵以居汝，汝等勉事晉。」晉高祖以光遠為宣武軍節度使、侍衛馬步軍都指揮使。光遠進見，佯為悒悒之色，常如有所恨者，高祖疑其有所不足，使人問之，對曰：「臣於富貴無不足也，惟不及張生鐵死得其所，此常為愧爾！」由是高祖以為忠，頗親信之。

When Gaozu rose at Taiyuan, the Last Emperor made Guangyuan Zhang Jingda's deputy. Khitan defeated them at Jin'an Stockade. Khitan besieged them until horses were eaten, then men, then they killed Jingda and surrendered. When Yelü Deguang saw them, he mocked them, saying: "You are truly wicked Han fellows." Guangyuan and the other generals at first did not know he was mocking them and still answered with humble words. Deguang said: "Without salt or curds, you ate ten thousand warhorses. Are you not wicked Han fellows?" They prostrated themselves in shame. "Afraid?" he asked. All said: "Very afraid." He said: "What are you afraid of?" "That you will take us into the steppe." Deguang said: "My country has no lands, offices, or titles with which to house you. You should do your best to serve Jin." Gaozu made him military governor of Xuanyi and chief of palace horse and foot. When Guangyuan came to audience, he feigned a depressed expression and always seemed to harbor some grievance. Gaozu suspected that something was not enough for him and sent someone to ask. He replied: "Your servant lacks nothing in wealth and rank. I am only ashamed that I did not, like Zhang Shengtie, die in the proper place!" Gaozu took this for loyalty and trusted him.

范延光反，以為魏府都招討使，久之不能下，高祖卒用佗計降延光。而光遠自以握重兵在外，謂高祖畏己，始為恣橫。高祖每優容之，為選其子承祚尚長安公主，其次子承信等皆超拜官爵，恩寵無比。樞密使桑維翰惡之，數以為言。光遠自魏來朝，屢指維翰擅權難制。高祖不得已，罷出維翰於相州，亦徙光遠西京留守，兼鎮河陽，奪其兵職。光遠始大怨望，陰以寶貨奉契丹，訴己為晉疏斥。所養部曲千人，撓法犯禁河、洛之間，甚於寇盜。天福五年，徙鎮平盧，封東平王。光遠請其子以行，乃拜承祚單州刺史，承勳萊州防禦使，父子俱東，車騎連屬數十里。出帝即位，拜太師，封壽王。

When Fan Yanguang rebelled, Gaozu made Guangyuan general director of the Wei Prefecture campaign, but he could not take the city. Gaozu finally used another plan to make Yanguang surrender. Guangyuan believed that because he commanded a large army away from court, Gaozu feared him, and he began acting with arrogance and license. Gaozu indulged him, chose his son Chengzuo to marry Princess Chang'an, and gave his other son Chengxin and the rest extraordinary promotions. His favor was unmatched. Privy Commissioner Sang Weihan disliked him and repeatedly raised the issue. When Guangyuan came from Wei to court, he repeatedly accused Weihan of monopolizing power and being hard to control. Gaozu had no choice but to remove Weihan to Xiang Prefecture. He also transferred Guangyuan to be defender of the Western Capital, with concurrent command of Heyang, and stripped him of his army post. Guangyuan then grew deeply resentful, secretly sent treasure to the Khitan, and complained that Jin had cast him aside. The thousand retainers he kept broke laws and violated prohibitions between the Yellow River and Luo, behaving worse than bandits. In Tianfu 5 he was transferred to command Pinglu and enfeoffed as Prince of Dongping. Guangyuan asked to take his sons with him, so Chengzuo was made prefect of Shan Prefecture and Chengxun defensive commissioner of Lai Prefecture. Father and sons went east together, their carts and horses stretching for several tens of li. When the Deposed Emperor took the throne, Guangyuan was appointed Grand Preceptor and enfeoffed as Prince of Shou.

是時，晉馬少，括天下馬以佐軍，景延廣請取光遠前所借官馬三百匹，光遠怒曰：「此馬先帝賜我，安得復取，是疑我反也！」遂謀為亂。而承祚自單州逃歸，出帝即以承祚為淄州刺史，遣使者賜以玉帶、御馬以慰安之，光遠益驕，乃反。召契丹入寇，陷貝州。博州刺史周儒亦叛降契丹。

At this time Jin had few horses and was requisitioning horses throughout the realm to support the army. Jing Yanguang requested that the three hundred official horses previously lent to Guangyuan be taken back. Guangyuan angrily said: "These horses were bestowed on me by the late emperor. How can they be taken back? This is suspecting me of rebellion!" He plotted rebellion. Chengxun fled from Dan. The Deposed Emperor made him prefect of Zi and sent gifts—Guangyuan grew bolder and rebelled. He summoned Khitan, who took Bei. Bo prefect Zhou Ru also defected to Khitan.

是時，出帝與耶律德光相距澶、魏之間，鄆州觀察判官竇儀計事軍中，謀曰：「今不以重兵大將守博州渡，使儒得引契丹東過河與光遠合，則河南危矣！」出帝乃遣李守貞、皇甫遇以兵萬人沿河而下。儒果引契丹自馬家渡濟河，方築壘，守貞等急擊之，契丹大敗，遂與光遠隔絕。德光聞河上兵大敗，與晉決戰戚城，亦敗。

At this time, the Deposed Emperor and Yelü Deguang faced each other between Chan and Wei. Dou Yi, observation judge of Yunzhou, planned affairs in the army and advised: "If we do not use heavy troops and a great general to guard the Bozhou ford, and allow Ru to lead Khitan east across the river and join Guangyuan, then Henan will be in danger!" The emperor sent Li Shouzhen and Huangfu Yu with ten thousand men downriver. Ru crossed at Majia Ford. Shouzhen struck while he was building a fort. Khitan was routed and cut off from Guangyuan. Deguang fought at Qi City after the river defeat—and lost again.

契丹已北，出帝復遣守貞、符彥卿東討，光遠嬰城固守，自夏至冬，城中人相食幾盡。光遠北望契丹，稽首以呼德光曰：「皇帝誤光遠耶！」其子承勛等勸光遠出降，光遠曰：「我在代北時，嘗以紙錢祭天池，投之輒沒，人言我當作天子，宜且待時，毋輕議也。」承勛知不可，乃殺節度判官丘濤、親將杜延壽、楊瞻、白延祚等，劫光遠幽之，遣人奉表待罪。承信、承祚皆詣闕自歸，而光遠亦上章請死。出帝以其二子為侍衛將軍，賜光遠昭書，許以不死，群臣皆以為不可，乃敕李守貞便宜處置。守貞遣客省副使何延祚殺之於其家。延祚至其第，光遠方閱馬於廄，延祚使一都將入謂之曰：「天使在門，欲歸報天子，未有以藉手。」光遠曰：「何謂也？」曰：「願得大王頭爾！」」光遠罵曰：「我有何罪？昔我以晉安寨降契丹，使爾家世世為天子，我亦望以富貴終身，而反負心若此！」遂見殺，以病卒聞。

Khitan withdrew. Shouzhen and Fu Yanqing besieged Guangyuan from summer to winter until the city nearly ate itself. Guangyuan looked north toward Khitan, kowtowed, and called out to Deguang: "Has the Emperor wronged Guangyuan?" His sons Chengxun and the others urged Guangyuan to go out and surrender. Guangyuan said: "When I was north of Dai, I once used paper money to sacrifice at Heaven Pool. Whenever I cast it in, it sank. People said I should become Son of Heaven. We should wait for the right time and not discuss this lightly." Chengxun knew it was hopeless, killed Qiu Tao and other officers, imprisoned Guangyuan, and sent a memorial of surrender. Chengxin and Chengzuo surrendered at court; Guangyuan asked to die. The emperor made his sons guard generals and promised Guangyuan life. Ministers objected; he told Shouzhen to act as he saw fit. Shouzhen sent He Yanzuo to kill him at home. When Yanzuo arrived at his residence, Guangyuan was inspecting horses in the stable. Yanzuo sent a military commander in to tell him: "The imperial envoy is at the gate and wishes to return and report to the Son of Heaven, but has nothing with which to make a presentation." Guangyuan said: "What do you mean?" "Your head," he said. Guangyuan cursed: "What crime have I? I surrendered Jin'an and made your house emperors—I hoped to die rich—and this is my reward!" He was killed; they reported illness.

承勛事晉為鄭州防禦使，德光滅晉，使人召承勛至京師，責其劫父，臠而食之，乃以承信為平盧節度使。漢高祖贈光遠尚書令，封齊王，命中書舍人張正撰光遠碑銘文賜承信，使刻石於青州。碑石既立，天大雷電，擊折之。

Chengxun served Jin at Zheng. When Deguang destroyed Jin he summoned him, accused him of betraying his father, and had his flesh eaten—then made Chengxin governor of Pinglu. Han Gaozu posthumously made Guangyuan Director of the Secretariat and enfeoffed him as Prince of Qi. He ordered Zhang Zheng, Secretariat Drafter, to compose Guangyuan's stele inscription and grant it to Chengxin, and had him carve the stone in Qingzhou. When the stone was raised, thunder shattered it.

阿噔啜初非姓氏，其後改名瑊而姓楊氏。光遠初名檀，清泰二年，有司言明宗廟諱犯偏傍者皆易之，乃賜名光遠云。光遠既病禿，而妻又跛其足也，人為之語曰：「自古豈有禿瘡天子、跛腳皇后邪？」相傳以為笑。然而召夷狄為天下首禍，卒滅晉氏，瘡痍中國者三十餘年，皆光遠為之也。

Adengchuo was not originally a surname; later he took the name Jian and the surname Yang. His original name was Tan. In Qingtai 2 taboo rules forced a change to Guangyuan. Guangyuan suffered from bald sores, and his wife was lame in one foot, so people made a saying about them: "Since antiquity, has there ever been a bald-sore Son of Heaven and a lame-footed empress?" The joke spread. Yet it was he who called the barbarians as the realm's chief scourge, destroyed Jin, and ravaged China for thirty years.

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