1
嗚呼，自三代以上，莫不分土而治也。 後世鑒古矯失，始郡縣天下。 而自秦、漢以來，為國孰與三代長短？ 及其亡也，未始不分，至或無地以自存焉。 蓋得其要，則雖萬國而治，失其所守，則雖一天下不能以容，豈非一本於道德哉！ 唐之盛時，雖名天下為十道，而其勢未分。 既其衰也，置軍節度，號為方鎮，鎮之大者連州十餘，小者猶兼三四，故其兵驕則逐帥，帥強則叛上，土地為其世有，干戈起而相侵，天下之勢，自茲而分。 然唐自中世多故矣，其興衰救難，常倚鎮兵扶持，而侵淩亂亡，亦終以此。 豈其利害之理然歟？ 自僖、昭以來，日益割裂。 梁初，天下別為十一國，南有吳、浙、荊、湖、閩、漢，西有岐、蜀，北有燕、晉，而朱氏所有七十八州以為梁。 莊宗初起並、代，取幽、滄，有州三十五，其後又取梁魏、博等十有六州，合五十一州以滅梁。 岐王稱臣，又得其州七。 同光破蜀，已而復失，惟得秦、鳳、階、成四州，而營、平二州陷於契丹，其增置之州一，合一百二十三州以為唐。 石氏入立，獻十有六州於契丹，而得蜀金州，又增置之州一，合百九州以為晉。 劉氏之初，秦、鳳、階、成復入於蜀，隱帝時增置之州一，合一百六州以為漢。 郭氏代漢，十州入於劉旻，世宗取秦、鳳、階、成、瀛、莫及淮南十四州，又增置之州五而廢者三，合一百一十八州以為周。 宋興因之。 此中國之大略也。 其餘外屬者，強弱相並，不常其得失。 至於周末，閩已先亡，而在者七國。 自江以南二十一州為南唐，自劍以南及山南西道四十六州為蜀，自湖南北十州為楚，自浙東西十三州為吳越，自嶺南北四十七州為南漢，自太原以北十州為東漢，而荊、歸、峽三州為南平。 合中國所有，二百六十八州，而軍不在焉。 唐之封疆遠矣，前史備載，而羈縻寄治虛名之州在其間。 五代亂世，文字不完，而時有廢省，又或陷於夷狄，不可考究其詳。 其可見者，具之如譜。
Alas—from the Three Dynasties onward, every state had governed by granting fiefs and ruling through enfeoffed lords. Later rulers looked to antiquity, corrected what had gone wrong, and only then imposed the commandery-county system across the empire. Yet from the Qin and Han dynasties onward, which polities lasted longer—theirs or those of the Three Dynasties? When those dynasties fell, they invariably fragmented; some rulers no longer held even enough land to survive. Grasp the essentials and even myriad states may be ruled in order; lose what must be upheld and not even a unified realm can hold together—is this not wholly a matter of virtue and moral governance! At the height of Tang power, the empire was formally divided into ten circuits, yet its political strength had not yet splintered. Once Tang declined, frontier armies were placed under commissioners—known as regional commands. The largest commands straddled more than ten prefectures; even the smallest still controlled three or four. Troops grown arrogant expelled their commanders; commanders grown powerful rebelled against the throne. Territory became a hereditary possession, war broke out among them, and the empire's unity was broken from that time forward. Yet from mid-Tang the dynasty was beset by turmoil: in its rises and falls and in moments of crisis it often depended on regional armies for support, while invasion, usurpation, chaos, and final collapse also came about through those same forces. Was this not simply the logic of advantage and harm at work? From the reigns of Emperors Xizong and Zhaozong onward, the realm was carved up ever more deeply. At the founding of Later Liang the realm split into eleven polities: in the south Wu, Zhe, Jing, Hu, Min, and Han; in the west Qi and Shu; in the north Yan and Jin; the Zhu clan held seventy-eight prefectures as the territory of Liang. Emperor Zhuangzong first rose in Bing and Dai, seized You and Cang, and held thirty-five prefectures; he later took Wei, Bo, and sixteen other prefectures from Liang—fifty-one in all—and overthrew Liang. When the Prince of Qi submitted as a vassal, Zhuangzong gained seven more prefectures. In the Tongguang era Tang conquered Shu but soon lost it again, retaining only Qin, Feng, Jie, and Cheng; Ying and Ping fell to the Khitan. With one newly established prefecture, Tang held one hundred twenty-three prefectures in all. When the Shi clan seized the throne, sixteen prefectures were ceded to the Khitan; Jin recovered Jin Prefecture in Shu, added one new prefecture, and held one hundred nine prefectures in all. At the founding of Later Han, Qin, Feng, Jie, and Cheng again fell to Shu; under Emperor Yindi one prefecture was added, and Han held one hundred six prefectures in all. The Guo clan replaced Han and lost ten prefectures to Liu Min. Emperor Shizong recovered Qin, Feng, Jie, Cheng, Ying, Mo, and fourteen Huainan prefectures; five prefectures were added and three abolished, giving Zhou one hundred eighteen prefectures in all. When the Song dynasty arose, it inherited this arrangement. This is the broad outline of the central domains. The remaining territories on the periphery shifted constantly as stronger and weaker powers annexed one another, with no stable pattern of gain or loss. By the end of Later Zhou, Min had already fallen, leaving seven states still standing. South of the Yangzi lay twenty-one prefectures of Southern Tang; south of Jian and the Shannan West Circuit lay forty-six prefectures of Shu; Hunan and Hubei held ten prefectures of Chu; eastern and western Zhe held thirteen prefectures of Wu-Yue; north and south of the Ling Mountains lay forty-seven prefectures of Southern Han; north of Taiyuan lay ten prefectures of Eastern Han; and Jing, Gui, and Xia—three prefectures—formed Nanping. The central domains altogether held two hundred sixty-eight prefectures, not counting military districts. Tang's borders stretched far; earlier histories record them in full, including nominal prefectures under loose control and delegated administration scattered among them. The Five Dynasties were a chaotic age: records are incomplete, prefectures were repeatedly abolished or merged, and some fell to non-Chinese powers, so the full details cannot be reconstructed. What can be verified is set forth below in register form.
2
〈（以下表略）〉
(Table below omitted.)〉
3
汴州，唐故曰宣武軍。 梁以汴州為開封府，建為東都。 後唐滅梁，復為宣武軍。 晉天福三年升為東京。 漢、周因之。
Bian Prefecture: under Tang it was known as the Xuanwu Army command. Liang made Bian the seat of Kaifeng Prefecture and designated it the Eastern Capital. Later Tang overthrew Liang and restored the Xuanwu Army command. In the third year of Tianfu under Later Jin it was elevated to the Eastern Capital. Later Han and Later Zhou retained this designation.
4
洛陽，梁、唐、晉、漢、周常以為都。 唐故為東都。 梁為西都。 後唐為洛京。 晉為西京，漢、周因之。
Luoyang: Liang, Tang, Jin, Han, and Zhou commonly made it their capital. Under Tang it had been the Eastern Capital. Liang designated it the Western Capital. Later Tang called it the Luo Capital. Later Jin made it the Western Capital; Later Han and Later Zhou retained that title.
5
雍州，唐故上都，昭宗遷洛，廢為佑國軍。 梁初改京兆府曰大安，佑國軍曰永平。 唐滅梁，復為西京。 晉廢為晉昌軍。 漢改曰永興，周因之。
Yong Prefecture: under Tang it had been the Superior Capital; when Emperor Zhaozong moved to Luoyang it was demoted to the Youguo Army command. At the founding of Liang the Jingzhao metropolitan prefecture was renamed Da'an and the Youguo Army was renamed Yongping. Later Tang overthrew Liang and restored it as the Western Capital. Later Jin demoted it to the Jinchang Army command. Later Han renamed it Yongxing; Later Zhou retained that name.
6
曹州，故屬宣武軍節度。 晉開運二年置威信軍。 漢初，軍廢。 周廣順二年復置彰信軍。 宋州，故屬宣武軍節度。 梁初徙置宣武軍。 唐滅梁，改曰歸德。
Cao Prefecture: formerly under the Xuanwu Army command. In the second year of Kaiyun under Later Jin the Weixin Army command was established. At the founding of Later Han the command was abolished. In the second year of Guangshun under Later Zhou the Zhangxin Army command was restored. Song Prefecture: formerly under the Xuanwu Army command. At the founding of Liang the Xuanwu Army headquarters was moved here. Later Tang overthrew Liang and renamed the command Guide.
7
陳州，故屬忠武軍節度。 晉開運二年置鎮安軍。 漢初，軍廢。 周廣順二年復之。 許州，唐故曰忠武。 梁改曰匡國。 唐滅梁，復曰忠武。 滑州，唐故曰義成。 以避梁王父諱改曰宣義。 唐滅梁，復其故。
Chen Prefecture: formerly under the Zhongwu Army command. In the second year of Kaiyun under Later Jin the Zhen'an Army command was established. At the founding of Later Han the command was abolished. In the second year of Guangshun under Later Zhou it was restored. Xu Prefecture: under Tang it was known as the Zhongwu command. Liang renamed it Kuangguo. Later Tang overthrew Liang and restored the name Zhongwu. Hua Prefecture: under Tang it was known as the Yicheng command. To avoid the taboo on the Liang founder's father's name it was renamed Xuanyi. Later Tang overthrew Liang and restored the former name.
8
襄州，唐故曰山南東道。 唐、梁之際改曰忠義軍。 後以延州為忠義，襄州復曰山南東道。
Xiang Prefecture: under Tang it was known as the Shannan East Circuit command. At the transition from Tang to Liang it was renamed the Zhongyi Army command. Later Yan Prefecture took the name Zhongyi, and Xiang Prefecture again became the Shannan East Circuit command.
9
鄧州，故屬山南東道節度。 梁破趙匡凝，分鄧州置宣化軍。 唐改曰威勝。 周改曰武勝。 安州，梁置宣威軍。 唐改曰安遠，晉罷，漢復曰安遠，周又罷。
Deng Prefecture: formerly under the Shannan East Circuit command. After Liang defeated Zhao Kuangning, Deng was separated and the Xuanhua Army command was established. Later Tang renamed it Weisheng. Later Zhou renamed it Wusheng. An Prefecture: Liang established the Xuanwei Army command. Later Tang renamed it Anyuan; Later Jin abolished the command; Later Han restored the name Anyuan; Later Zhou abolished it again.
10
晉州，故屬護國軍節度。 梁開平四年置定昌軍，貞明三年改曰建寧。 唐改曰建雄。
Jin Prefecture: formerly under the Huguo Army command. In the fourth year of Kaiping under Liang the Dingchang Army was established; in the third year of Zhenming it was renamed Jianning. Later Tang renamed it Jianxiong.
11
金州，故屬山南東道節度。 唐末置戎昭軍，已而廢之，遂入於蜀。 至晉高祖時，又置懷德軍，尋罷。 陜州，唐故曰保義，梁改曰鎮國，後唐復曰保義。
Jin Prefecture: formerly under the Shannan East Circuit command. Late in Tang the Rongzhao Army command was established, soon abolished, and the prefecture passed to Shu. Under Later Jin's founding emperor the Huaide Army was established again, then soon abolished. Shan Prefecture: under Tang it was Baoyi; Liang renamed it Zhenguo; Later Tang restored Baoyi.
12
華州，唐故曰鎮國，梁改曰感化，後唐復曰鎮國。 同州，唐故曰匡國，梁改曰忠武，後唐復曰匡國。
Hua Prefecture: under Tang it was Zhenguo; Liang renamed it Ganhuo; Later Tang restored Zhenguo. Tong Prefecture: under Tang it was Kuangguo; Liang renamed it Zhongwu; Later Tang restored Kuangguo.
13
耀州，本華原縣，唐末屬李茂貞，建為耀州，置義勝軍。 梁末帝時，茂貞養子溫韜以州降梁，梁改耀州為崇州，義勝曰靜勝。 後唐復為耀州，改曰順義。
Yao Prefecture: originally Huayuan County; late in Tang it fell under Li Maozhen, was elevated to prefectural status, and the Yisheng Army command was established. Under the last Liang emperor, Li Maozhen's adopted son Wen Tao surrendered the prefecture; Liang renamed Yao as Chong and Yisheng as Jingsheng. Later Tang restored the name Yao and renamed the command Shunyi.
14
延州，故屬保大軍節度。 梁置忠義軍，唐改曰彰武。
Yan Prefecture: formerly under the Baoda Army command. Liang established the Zhongyi Army command; Later Tang renamed it Zhangwu.
15
魏州，唐故曰大名府，置天雄軍，五代皆因之。 後唐建鄴都，晉、漢因之，至周罷。 大名府，後唐曰興唐，晉曰廣晉，漢、周復曰大名。 澶州，故屬天雄軍節度。 晉天福九年置鎮寧軍。
Wei Prefecture: under Tang it was Daming Prefecture with the Tianxiong Army command; all Five Dynasties retained this arrangement. Later Tang made it the Ye Capital; Later Jin and Later Han retained that status until Later Zhou abolished it. Daming Prefecture: Later Tang called it Xingtang; Later Jin called it Guangjin; Later Han and Later Zhou restored the name Daming. Chan Prefecture: formerly under the Tianxiong Army command. In the ninth year of Tianfu under Later Jin the Zhenning Army command was established.
16
相州，故屬天雄軍節度。 梁末帝分置昭德軍，而天雄軍亂，遂入於晉。 莊宗滅梁，復屬天雄。 晉高祖置彰德軍。
Xiang Prefecture: formerly under the Tianxiong Army command. The last Liang emperor split off the Zhaode Army command, but when the Tianxiong Army mutinied the prefecture passed to Jin. Emperor Zhuangzong overthrew Liang and restored it to the Tianxiong command. Later Jin's founding emperor established the Zhangde Army command.
17
邢州，故屬昭義軍節度。 昭義所統澤、潞、邢、洺、磁五州。 唐末孟方立為昭義軍節度使，徙其軍額於邢州，而澤、潞二州入於晉。 方立但有邢、洺、磁三州。 故當唐末有兩昭義軍。 梁、晉之爭，或入於梁，或入於晉。 梁以邢、洺、磁三州為保義軍。 莊宗滅梁，改曰安國。
Xing Prefecture: formerly under the Zhaoyi Army command. The Zhaoyi command originally governed Ze, Lu, Xing, Ming, and Ci—five prefectures. Late in Tang Meng Fangli became commissioner of the Zhaoyi Army, moved its headquarters designation to Xing, while Ze and Lu passed to Jin. Fangli held only Xing, Ming, and Ci—three prefectures. Thus late in Tang there were two separate Zhaoyi Army commands. In the wars between Liang and Jin the territory sometimes fell to Liang, sometimes to Jin. Liang organized Xing, Ming, and Ci as the Baoyi Army command. Emperor Zhuangzong overthrew Liang and renamed the command Anguo.
18
鎮州，故曰成德軍。 梁初以成音犯廟諱，改曰武順。 唐復曰成德，晉又改曰順德，漢復曰成德。
Zhen Prefecture: formerly known as the Chengde Army command. At the founding of Liang, because the sound cheng violated a temple taboo, the command was renamed Wushun. Later Tang restored the name Chengde; Later Jin renamed it Shunde; Later Han restored Chengde.
19
潞州，唐故曰昭義。 梁末帝時屬梁，改曰匡義，歲餘，唐滅梁，改曰安義。 晉復曰昭義。 廬州，周世宗克淮南，置保信軍。 壽州，唐故曰忠正，南唐改曰清淮。 周世宗平淮南，復曰忠正。
Lu Prefecture: under Tang it was known as the Zhaoyi command. Under the last Liang emperor it belonged to Liang and was renamed Kuangyi; a year later Later Tang overthrew Liang and renamed it Anyi. Later Jin restored the name Zhaoyi. Lu Prefecture: when Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou conquered Huainan, the Baoxin Army command was established. Shou Prefecture: under Tang it was Zhongzheng; Southern Tang renamed it Qinghuai. When Emperor Shizong pacified Huainan, the name Zhongzheng was restored.
20
五代之際，外屬之州，揚州曰淮南，宣州曰寧國，鄂州曰武昌，洪州曰鎮南，福州曰武威，杭州曰鎮海，越州曰鎮東，江陵府曰荊南，益州、梓州曰劍南東、西川，遂州曰武信，興元府曰山南西道，洋州曰武定，黔州曰黔南，潭州曰武安，桂州曰靜江，容州曰寧遠，邕州曰建武，廣州曰清海，皆唐故號，更五代無所易，而今因之者也。 其餘僭偽改置之名，不可悉考，而不足道，其因著於今者，略註於譜。
During the Five Dynasties, among peripheral prefectures: Yangzhou was Huainan, Xuanzhou Ningguo, Ezhou Wuchang, Hongzhou Zhennan, Fuzhou Weiwu, Hangzhou Zhenhai, Yuezhou Zhendong, Jiangling Jingnan, Yi and Zi the Eastern and Western Shu circuits of Jiannan, Suizhou Wuxin, Xingyuan the Shannan West Circuit, Yangzhou Wuding, Qianzhou Qiannan, Tanzhou Wu'an, Guizhou Jingjiang, Rongzhou Ningyuan, Yongzhou Jianwu, Guangzhou Qinghai—all former Tang designations unchanged through the Five Dynasties and still in use today. Other names imposed by rebel regimes cannot all be traced and need not be recounted; those still in use today are briefly noted in the register below.
21
濟州，周廣順二年置，割鄆州之鉅野、鄆城，兗州之任城，單州之金鄉為屬縣而治鉅野。
Ji Prefecture: established in the second year of Guangshun under Later Zhou by carving out Juye and Yuncheng from Yanzhou, Rencheng from Yanzhou, and Jinxiang from Danzhou as subordinate counties, with the seat at Juye.
22
單州，唐末以宋州之碭山，梁太祖鄉里也，為置輝州，已而徙治單父。 後唐滅梁，改輝州為單州。 其屬縣置徙，傳記不同，今領單父、碭山、成武、魚臺四縣。
Dan Prefecture: late in Tang, Dangshan from Songzhou—the homeland of the Liang founder—was made into Hui Prefecture, and the seat was later moved to Shanfu. Later Tang overthrew Liang and renamed Hui Prefecture Dan Prefecture. Accounts differ on how its subordinate counties were established and moved; it now governs Shanfu, Dangshan, Chengwu, and Yutai—four counties.
23
耀州，李茂貞置，治華原縣。 梁初改曰崇州，唐同光元年復為耀州。
Yao Prefecture: established by Li Maozhen with its seat at Huayuan County. At the founding of Liang it was renamed Chong Prefecture; in the first year of Tongguang under Later Tang it was restored as Yao Prefecture.
24
解州，漢乾祐元年九月置，割河中之聞喜、安邑、解縣為屬而治解。
Xie Prefecture: established in the ninth month of the first year of Qianyou under Later Han by carving out Wenxi, Anyi, and Xie from Hezhong as subordinate counties, with the seat at Xie.
25
威州，晉天福四年置，割靈州之方渠，寧州之木波、馬嶺三鎮為屬而治方渠。 周廣順二年改曰環州，顯德四年廢為通遠軍。
Wei Prefecture: established in the fourth year of Tianfu under Later Jin by carving out Fangqu from Lingzhou and the garrisons of Mubo and Maling from Ningzhou as subordinates, with the seat at Fangqu. In the second year of Guangshun under Later Zhou it was renamed Huan Prefecture; in the fourth year of Xiande it was abolished and made the Tongyuan Army command.
26
〈（五代置軍六，皆寄治於縣，隸於州，故不別出。 監者，物務之名爾，故不載於地理。 皇朝軍監始自置屬縣，與州府並列矣。）〉 乾州，李茂貞置，治奉天縣。
(The six armies established in the Five Dynasties were all administered from counties and subordinated to prefectures, and so are not listed separately. Superintendencies are merely designations for material affairs, and so are not recorded in the geographical treatise. Our dynasty's armies and superintendencies from the outset established subordinate counties and rank alongside prefectures and circuits.)〉 Qian Prefecture: established by Li Maozhen with its seat at Fengtian County.
27
磁州，梁改曰惠州，唐復曰磁州。
Ci Prefecture: Liang renamed it Hui Prefecture; Later Tang restored the name Ci.
28
景州，唐故治弓高。 周顯德三年廢為定遠軍，割其屬安陵縣屬德州，廢弓高縣入東光縣，為定遠軍治所。
Jing Prefecture: under Tang its seat was at Gonggao. In the third year of Xiande under Later Zhou it was abolished and made the Dingyuan Army command; its subordinate Anling was assigned to Dezhou, Gonggao was abolished and merged into Dongguang, which became the command seat.
29
濱州，周顯德三年置，以其濱海為名。 初，五代之際，置榷鹽務於海傍，後為贍國軍，周因置州，割棣州之渤海、蒲臺為屬縣而治渤海。
Bin Prefecture: established in the third year of Xiande under Later Zhou and named for its coastal location. Initially during the Five Dynasties a salt monopoly office was established on the coast; it later became the Shanguo Army; Later Zhou then established a prefecture by carving out Bohai and Putai from Di as subordinate counties, with the seat at Bohai.
30
雄州，周顯德六年克瓦橋關置，治歸義； 割易州之容城為屬，尋廢。
Xiong Prefecture: established in the sixth year of Xiande under Later Zhou after capturing Waqiao Pass, with its seat at Guiyi; Rongcheng from Yizhou was carved out as a subordinate county, then soon abolished.
31
霸州，周顯德六年克益津關置，治永清，割莫州之文安，瀛州之大城為屬。
Ba Prefecture: established in the sixth year of Xiande under Later Zhou after capturing Yijin Pass, with its seat at Yongqing; Wen'an from Mozhou and Dacheng from Yingzhou were carved out as subordinate counties.
32
通州，本海陵之東境，南唐置靜海制置院，周世宗克淮南，升為靜海軍，後置通州，分其地置靜海、海門二縣為屬而治靜海。
Tong Prefecture: originally the eastern reaches of Hailing; Southern Tang established the Jinghai Commissioner's Office; when Emperor Shizong conquered Huainan it was elevated to the Jinghai Army; Later Zhou then established Tong Prefecture, dividing the territory into Jinghai and Haimen as subordinate counties, with the seat at Jinghai.
33
筠州，南唐李景置，割洪州之高安、上高、萬載、清江四縣為屬而治高安。
Jun Prefecture: established by Li Jing of Southern Tang by carving out Gao'an, Shanggao, Wanzai, and Qingjiang from Hongzhou as subordinate counties, with the seat at Gao'an.
34
劍州，南唐李景置，割建州之延平、劍浦、富沙三縣為屬而治延平。
Jian Prefecture: established by Li Jing of Southern Tang by carving out Yanping, Jianpu, and Fusha from Jianzhou as subordinate counties, with the seat at Yanping.
35
全州，楚王馬希範置，以潭州之湘川縣為清湘縣，又割灌陽縣為屬而治清湘。 秀州，吳越王錢元瓘置，割杭州之嘉興縣為屬而治之。 雄州，南漢劉龑割韶州之保昌置，治保昌。
Quan Prefecture: established by King Ma Xifan of Chu; Xiangchuan from Tanzhou was renamed Qingxiang County, and Guanyang was carved out as a subordinate, with the seat at Qingxiang. Xiu Prefecture: established by King Qian Yuanguan of Wu-Yue by carving out Jiaxing from Hangzhou as a subordinate county and making it the seat. Xiong Prefecture: Liu Yan of Southern Han carved out Baochang from Shaozhou and established a prefecture with its seat at Baochang.
36
英州，南漢劉龑割廣州之湞陽置，治湞陽。
Ying Prefecture: Liu Yan of Southern Han carved out Zhenyang from Guangzhou and established a prefecture with its seat at Zhenyang.
37
雍丘，晉改曰杞，漢復其故。 長垣，唐改曰匡城。 黎陽，故屬滑州，晉割隸衛州。 葉、襄城，故屬許州，唐割隸汝州。
Yongqiu: Later Jin renamed it Qi; Later Han restored the former name. Changyuan: Tang renamed it Kuangcheng. Liyang: formerly under Hua Prefecture; Later Jin reassigned it to Weizhou. Ye and Xiangcheng: formerly under Xu Prefecture; Tang reassigned them to Ruzhou.
38
楚丘，故屬單州，梁割隸宋州。 密州膠西，故曰輔唐，梁改曰安丘，唐復其故，晉改曰膠西。 渭南，故屬京兆，周改隸華州。 同官，故屬京兆府，梁割隸同州，唐割隸耀州。
Chuqiu: formerly under Dan Prefecture; Liang reassigned it to Song Prefecture. Jiaoxi in Mizhou: formerly Futang; Liang renamed it Anqiu; Later Tang restored the former name; Later Jin renamed it Jiaoxi. Weinan: formerly under Jingzhao; Later Zhou reassigned it to Hua Prefecture. Tongguan: formerly under Jingzhao Prefecture; Liang reassigned it to Tong Prefecture; Later Tang reassigned it to Yao Prefecture.
39
美原，故屬同州，李茂貞置鼎州而治之。 梁改為裕州，屬順義軍節度。 後不見其廢時，唐同光三年，割隸耀州。
Meiyuan: formerly under Tong Prefecture; Li Maozhen established Ding Prefecture with Meiyuan as its seat. Liang renamed it Yu Prefecture, subordinate to the Shunyi Army command. The date of its abolition is not recorded; in the third year of Tongguang under Later Tang it was reassigned to Yao Prefecture.
40
平涼，故屬涇州。 唐末渭州陷吐蕃，權於平涼置渭州而縣廢。 後唐清泰三年，以故平涼之安國、耀武兩鎮置平涼縣，屬涇州。
Pingliang: formerly under Jing Prefecture. Late in Tang Weizhou fell to the Tibetans; a provisional Weizhou was established at Pingliang and the county was abolished. In the third year of Qingtai under Later Tang, Pingliang County was established from the former garrisons of Anguo and Yaowu at Pingliang and assigned to Jing Prefecture.
41
臨涇，故屬涇州。 唐末原州陷吐蕃，權於臨涇置原州而涇州兼治其民。 後唐清泰三年割隸原州。 鄜州咸寧，周廢。 稷山，故屬河中，唐割隸絳州。
Linjing: formerly under Jing Prefecture. Late in Tang Yuanzhou fell to the Tibetans; a provisional Yuanzhou was established at Linjing while Jing Prefecture jointly administered its population. In the third year of Qingtai under Later Tang it was reassigned to Yuanzhou. Xianning in Fuzhou: abolished under Later Zhou. Jishan: formerly under Hezhong; Tang reassigned it to Jiang Prefecture.
42
慈州仵城、呂香，周廢。 大名府大名，故曰貴鄉。 後唐改曰廣晉，漢改曰大名。 滄州長蘆、乾符，周廢入清池； 無棣，周置保順軍。 安陵，故屬景州，周割隸德州。
Wucheng and Lüxiang in Cizhou: abolished under Later Zhou. Daming in Daming Prefecture: formerly called Guixiang. Later Tang renamed it Guangjin; Later Han restored the name Daming. Changlu and Qianfu in Cangzhou: abolished under Later Zhou and merged into Qingchi; Wudi: Later Zhou established the Baoshun Army command. Anling: formerly under Jing Prefecture; Later Zhou reassigned it to Dezhou.
43
澶州頓丘，晉置德清軍。 博州武水，周廢入聊城。 博野，故屬深州，周割隸定州。 武康，故屬湖州，梁割隸杭州。
Dunqiu in Chan Prefecture: Later Jin established the Deqing Army command. Wushui in Bozhou: abolished under Later Zhou and merged into Liaocheng. Boye: formerly under Shen Prefecture; Later Zhou reassigned it to Ding Prefecture. Wukang: formerly under Hu Prefecture; Liang reassigned it to Hangzhou.
44
福州閩清，梁乾化元年，王審知於梅溪場置。 蘇州吳江，梁開平三年，錢镠置。 明州望海，梁開平三年，錢镠置。 處州長松，故曰松陽，梁改曰長松。
Minqing in Fuzhou: in the first year of Qianhua under Liang, Wang Shenzhi established it at Meixi post. Wujiang in Suzhou: in the third year of Kaiping under Liang, Qian Liu established it. Wanghai in Mingzhou: in the third year of Kaiping under Liang, Qian Liu established it. Changsong in Chuzhou: formerly Songyang; Liang renamed it Changsong.
45
潭州龍喜，漢乾祐三年，馬希範置。
Longxi in Tanzhou: in the third year of Qianyou under Later Han, Ma Xifan established it.
46
天長、六合，故屬揚州。 南唐以天長為軍，六合為雄州，周復故。 漢陽，故屬鄂州，周置漢陽軍。 氵義川，故屬沔州，周割隸安州。 襄州樂鄉，周廢入宜城。
Tianchang and Liuhe: formerly under Yang Prefecture. Southern Tang made Tianchang a military district and Liuhe a separate Xiong Prefecture; Later Zhou restored the former arrangement. Hanyang: formerly under E Prefecture; Later Zhou established the Hanyang Army command. Yichuan: formerly under Mian Prefecture; Later Zhou reassigned it to An Prefecture. Lexiang in Xiang Prefecture: abolished under Later Zhou and merged into Yicheng.
47
鄧州臨湍，漢改曰臨瀨； 菊潭、向城，周廢。 復州竟陵，晉改曰景陵。 監利，故屬復州，梁割隸江陵。 唐州慈丘，周廢。
Lintuan in Deng Prefecture: Later Han renamed it Linlai; Jutan and Xiangcheng: abolished under Later Zhou. Jingling in Fu Prefecture: Later Jin renamed it Jingling. Jianli: formerly under Fu Prefecture; Liang reassigned it to Jiangling. Ciqu in Tang Prefecture: abolished under Later Zhou.
48
商州乾元，漢改曰乾祐，割隸京兆。 洛南，故屬華州，周割隸商州。 隨州唐城，梁改曰漢東，後唐復舊，晉又改漢東，漢復舊。 雄勝軍，本鳳州固鎮，周置軍。
Qianyuan in Shang Prefecture: Later Han renamed it Qianyou and reassigned it to Jingzhao. Luonan: formerly under Hua Prefecture; Later Zhou reassigned it to Shang Prefecture. Tangcheng in Suizhou: Liang renamed it Handong; Later Tang restored the former name; Later Jin renamed it Handong again; Later Han restored the former name. The Xiongsheng Army: originally Guzhen in Feng Prefecture; Later Zhou established the command.
49
秦州天水、隴城，唐末廢，後唐復置。 成州栗亭，後唐置。
Tianshui and Longcheng in Qin Prefecture: abolished late in Tang; Later Tang restored them. Liting in Cheng Prefecture: established under Later Tang.
50
自唐有方鎮，而史官不錄於地理之書，以謂方鎮兵戎之事，非職方所掌故也。 然而後世因習，以軍目地，而沒其州名。 又今置軍者，徒以虛名升建為州府之重，此不可以不書也。 州、縣，凡唐故而廢於五代，若五代所置而見於今者，及縣之割隸今因之者，皆宜列以備職方之考。 其餘嘗置而復廢，嘗改割而復舊者，皆不足書。 山川物俗，職方之掌也，五代短世，無所遷變，故亦不復錄，而錄其方鎮軍名，以與前史互見之云。
From Tang onward there were regional military commands, yet historians did not record them in geographical treatises, on the grounds that military affairs of the commands lay outside the Directorate of Official Posts. Yet later ages followed custom, using army designations for place names and letting prefecture names fade away. Moreover, armies established today are often mere nominal elevations to prefectural or circuit rank—this cannot go unrecorded. Prefectures and counties abolished in the Five Dynasties after Tang, those established in the Five Dynasties and still in use today, and counties reassigned and still governed as today—all should be listed for the Examination on Official Posts. Those once established then abolished, or once reassigned then restored, need not be recorded. Mountains, rivers, and local customs fall under the Directorate of Official Posts; the Five Dynasties were brief and saw little change in these matters, so they are not recorded again here—only regional army names are set down, to be read against earlier histories.