1
選舉二○銓法上
Selection of Officials 2 — Appointment Regulations, Upper Section
2
凡怯薛出身：元初用左右宿衛為心膂爪牙，故四怯薛子孫世為宿衛之長，使得自舉其屬。 諸怯薛歲久被遇，常加顯擢，惟長官薦用，則有定制。 至元二十年議：「久侍禁闥、門地崇高者，初受朝命散官，減職事一等，否則量減二等。」 至大四年，詔蒙古人降一等，色目人降二等，漢人降三等。
On appointments from the keshig ranks: in the early Yuan the left and right palace guards served as the dynasty’s innermost bulwark, so descendants of the four keshig corps held the headship of the guard in hereditary succession and were allowed to nominate their own followers. Keshig who had long served at court were frequently advanced to prominent posts; only when a chief officer recommended someone for appointment did fixed rules apply. In Zhiyuan 20 it was decided: those who had long served within the palace precincts and came from eminent families, upon first receiving a court-appointed nominal rank, would have their substantive post reduced by one grade; others would have theirs reduced by two grades as appropriate. In Zhida 4 an edict stipulated that Mongols would be reduced one grade, Semu two grades, and Han three grades.
3
凡臺憲選用：大德元年，省議：「臺官舊無選法，俱於民職選取，後互相保選，省、臺各為一選。 宜令臺官，幕官聽自選擇，惟廉訪司官，則省、臺共選。 若臺官於省部選人，則與省官共議之； 省官於臺憲選人，亦與臺官共議之。」 至元八年，定監察御史任滿，在職無異政，元系七品以下者例加一等，六品以上者升擢。 其有不顧權勢，彈劾非違，及利國便民者，別議升除。 或有不稱者，斟酌銓註。
On appointments to the censorate and surveillance service: in Dade 1 the Secretariat proposed that, whereas censorate posts had once lacked a formal selection process and were filled from the civil bureaucracy, the two sides had later begun nominating one another’s candidates, with the Secretariat and Censorate each conducting its own selection. Censorate officials and their staff should be free to choose their own appointees; only regional surveillance commissioners would be selected jointly by the Secretariat and Censorate. When censorate officials chose candidates from the Secretariat or ministries, they would deliberate jointly with Secretariat officials; when Secretariat officials chose from the censorate or surveillance ranks, they would likewise consult censorate officials. In Zhiyuan 8 it was stipulated that when investigating censors finished a term without notable achievements in office, those who had originally held seventh rank or below would routinely advance one grade, while those of sixth rank or above would receive promotion. Those who defied powerful interests, impeached wrongdoing, or advanced the public good would have their advancement considered separately. If any proved unfit, their appointments would be adjusted at discretion.
4
凡選舉守令：至元八年，詔以戶口增、田野辟、詞訟簡、盜賊息、賦役均五事備者，為上選。 九年，以五事備者為上選，升一等。 四事備者，減一資。 三事有成者為中選，依常例遷轉。 四事不備者，添一資。 五事俱不舉者，黜降一等。 二十三年，詔：「勸課農桑，克勤奉職者，以次升獎。 其怠於事者，笞罷之。」 二十八年，詔：「路府州縣，除達魯花赤外，長官並宜選用漢人素有聲望，及勛臣故家，並儒吏出身，資品相應者，佐貳官遴選色目、漢人參用，庶期於政平訟理，民安盜息，而五事備矣。」
On the selection of prefects and magistrates: in Zhiyuan 8 an edict designated as top candidates officials who had achieved all five standards—growth in registered households, reclamation of farmland, reduction of litigation, suppression of banditry, and equitable taxes and corvée. In the ninth year, officials who fulfilled all five criteria were ranked as top selections and advanced one grade. Those who fulfilled four criteria had one qualification period waived toward promotion. Those who achieved three criteria were middle selections and transferred under the usual regulations. Those who fell short on four criteria had one qualification period added before promotion. Those who failed on all five counts were demoted one grade. In the twenty-third year an edict declared that officials who promoted farming and sericulture and diligently performed their duties would be promoted and rewarded in due order. Those who neglected their duties were flogged and removed from office. In the twenty-eighth year an edict ordered that, aside from darughachi posts, chief officials at circuit, prefecture, subprefecture, and county levels should be drawn from reputable Han families, households of meritorious ministers, and qualified Confucian-trained clerks, while deputies should be appointed from both Semu and Han candidates, so that administration would be equitable, litigation orderly, the people secure, banditry suppressed, and all five performance standards met.
5
凡進用武官：至元十五年，詔：「軍官有功而升職者，舊以其子弟襲職，陣亡者許令承襲，若罷去者，以有功者代之。」 十七年，詔：「渡江總把、百戶有功升遷者，總把依千戶降等承襲，百戶無遞降職名，則從其本等。」 十九年，奏擬：「萬戶、千戶、百戶物故，視其子孫堪承襲者，依例承襲外，都元帥、招討使、總管、總把，視其子孫堪承襲者，止令管其元軍。 元帥、招討子孫為萬戶，總管子孫為千戶，總把子孫為百戶，給元佩金銀符。 病故者降等，惟陣亡者本等承襲。」 二十一年，詔：「萬戶、千戶、百戶分上中下三等，定立絳格，通行遷轉。 以三年為滿，理算資考，升加品級。 若年老病故者，令其子弟依例蔭敘。」 是年，以舊制父子相繼，管領元軍，不設蒙古軍官，故定立資考，三年為滿，通行遷轉。 後各翼大小軍官俱設蒙古軍官，又兼調遣征進，俱已離翼，難與民官一體遷轉蔭敘，合將萬戶、千戶、鎮撫自奏準日為始，以三年為滿，通行遷轉。 百戶以下，不拘此例。 凡軍官征戰有功過者，驗實跡升降。 又定蒙古奧魯官，大翼萬戶下設奧魯總管府，從四品。 小翼萬戶下設奧魯官，從五品。 各千戶奧魯，亦設奧魯官，受院劄。 各千戶奧魯，不及一千戶者，或二百戶、三百戶，以遠就近，以小就大，合並為千戶翼奧魯官，受院劄。 若干礙投下，難以合並，宜再議之。 又定首領官受敕牒，元帥、招討司經歷、知事，就充萬戶府經歷、知事，換降敕牒，如元翼該革，別與遷除。 若王令旨、並行省劄付、樞密院劄付經歷，充中、下萬戶府知事。 行省諸司劄付，充提領案牘，並各翼萬戶自設經歷、知事，一例俱作提控案牘，受院劄。 又議：「隨朝各衛千戶鎮撫所提控案牘，已擬受院劄，外任千戶鎮撫所提控案牘，合從行省許準，受萬戶府付身。」 二十四年，詔：「諸求襲其父兄之職者，宜察其人而用之。 凡舊臣勛閥及有戰功者，其子弟當先任以小職，若果有能，則大用之。」 二十五年，軍官陣亡者，本等承襲，病故者，降二等。 雖陣亡，其子弟無能，勿用。 雖病故，其子弟果能，不必降等，於本等用之。 大德四年，以上都虎賁司並武衛內萬戶、千戶、百戶達魯花赤亡歿，而無奏準承襲定例，似為偏負。 今後各翼達魯花赤亡歿，宜察其子弟有能者用之，無能則止。 五年，詔：「軍官有不赴任者，有患病因事不行者，有已赴任、被差委而出、公事已辦為私事稱故不回者，今後宜限以六月。 越限者以他人代之，期年後以他職授之。」 十一年，詔：「色目鎮撫已歿，其子有能，依例用之。 子幼，則取其兄弟之子有能者用之，俟其子長，即以其職還之。」 至大二年，議：「各衛翼首領官，至經歷以上，不得升除，似與官軍一體，其子孫乃不得承襲。 今後年逾七十，而散官至正從四品者，宜正從五品軍官內任用。」 四年，詔：「軍官有故，令其嫡長子，亡歿，令嫡長孫為之。 嫡長孫亡歿，則令嫡長孫之嫡長子為之。 若嫡長俱無，則以其兄弟之子相應者為之。」
On the promotion of military officers: in Zhiyuan 15 an edict ruled that officers promoted for merit had traditionally been succeeded by their sons; those killed in battle could be succeeded by heirs; and if an office was vacated otherwise, a meritorious appointee would take the post. In the seventeenth year an edict specified that Cross-River zongguan and centurion-commanders promoted for merit would inherit one grade below the qianhu rank; centurion-commanders without a lower title in the succession chain would retain their original grade. In the nineteenth year a proposal was submitted: when wanhu, qianhu, or baihu officers died, qualified descendants would inherit under the usual rules; but for grand marshals, pacification commissioners, and zongguan, qualified descendants would command only the original troops associated with the post. A marshal’s or pacification commissioner’s descendant would become a wanhu; a zongguan’s descendant a qianhu; a zongguan’s descendant a baihu—and would receive the original gold or silver tally of office. Death from illness entailed inheritance at a reduced grade; only death in battle allowed succession at the original grade. In the twenty-first year an edict ordered wanhu, qianhu, and baihu divided into upper, middle, and lower thirds, with promotion registers established for transfers throughout the system. A three-year term would complete service; qualifications would be reckoned and ranks advanced. If an officer died of old age or illness, his sons would receive hereditary privilege under the usual rules. That same year, because the old system had fathers and sons succeed one another in command of original troops without separate Mongol military officers, qualification terms were fixed at three years with transfers applied throughout. Later, when Mongol officers were appointed at every level in each wing and officers were also dispatched on campaigns away from their units, they could no longer be transferred or granted hereditary privilege like civilian officials. Wanhu, qianhu, and zhenfu would therefore count three-year terms from the date of approved memorial and transfer under the general rule. Centurion-commanders and lower ranks were not subject to this rule. Military officers were promoted or demoted according to verified achievements or failures in the field. Mongol ordo officials were also regulated: under large-wing wanhu an ordo chief steward’s office of rank 4b was established. Under small-wing wanhu an ordo official of rank 5b was established. Each qianhu ordo likewise had an ordo official appointed by commission from the Bureau of Military Affairs. Qianhu ordos numbering fewer than one thousand households—whether two or three hundred—would be consolidated from nearby and smaller units into qianhu-wing ordo officials commissioned by the Bureau. Where appanage holdings obstructed consolidation, the matter should be reconsidered. Leading officers were also required to hold edict patents: bureau managers and clerks of marshal and pacification offices would serve as wanhu-office managers and clerks upon exchange of patents; if the original wing was abolished, they would be reassigned elsewhere. Managers holding princely orders, provincial commissions, or Bureau commissions would serve as clerks in middle- and lower-grade wanhu offices. Provincial and departmental commissions would fill document-controller posts; managers and clerics appointed by each wing’s wanhu would uniformly serve as document controllers under Bureau commission. It was further proposed that document controllers attached to court guard qianhu and zhenfu should receive Bureau commission, while those on provincial assignment should be approved by the province and commissioned by the wanhu office. In the twenty-fourth year an edict declared that anyone seeking to inherit a father’s or elder brother’s post must be examined for fitness before appointment. Sons of veteran ministers from meritorious houses and families with battle honors should first be given minor posts; if they proved capable, they could be promoted to major appointments. In the twenty-fifth year, officers killed in battle could inherit at the original grade; those who died of illness would have succession reduced by two grades. Even when an officer died in battle, unfit sons would not be appointed. Even when an officer died of illness, capable sons need not suffer grade reduction and could be appointed at the original rank. In Dade 4, because darughachi of wanhu, qianhu, and baihu posts in the Shangdu Tiger Guard and Martial Guard had died without approved rules for hereditary succession, the practice seemed unfairly inconsistent. Henceforth, when a wing’s darughachi died, capable sons would be examined and appointed; incapable heirs would not succeed. In the fifth year an edict ruled that officers who failed to report, were detained by illness or affairs, or who after finishing an assignment used private excuses not to return would henceforth be limited to six months’ absence. Those exceeding the limit would be replaced; after a year they would receive another appointment. In the eleventh year an edict provided that when a Semu zhenfu died, a capable son would be appointed under the usual rules. If the son was a minor, a capable nephew would serve temporarily until the son came of age, when the post would be restored to him. In Zhida 2 it was proposed that leading officers of guard wings, from bureau manager upward, could not be promoted or demoted like regular troops, which prevented their descendants from inheriting posts. Henceforth, officers over seventy holding nominal ranks up to fourth grade would be reassigned within fifth-grade military posts. In the fourth year an edict ordered that when a military officer left office through death or other cause, his eldest legitimate son would succeed; if the son had died, the eldest legitimate grandson would. If the eldest legitimate grandson had died, the eldest legitimate son of that grandson would succeed. If no legitimate eldest heirs remained, a suitable nephew would succeed."
6
太禧院。 天歷元年，罷會福、殊祥二院而立之，秩正二品。 其所轄諸司，則從其擢用。
The Grand Prosperity Bureau. In Tianli 1 the Bureau of Assembled Blessings and Bureau of Special Auspice were abolished and this bureau was established at rank 2a. Subordinate offices under its jurisdiction were staffed at its own discretion.
7
宣徽院。 皇慶二年，省臣奏：「其所轄倉庫、屯田官員，半由都省，半由本院用之。」 奉旨，宜俱從省臣用之。
The Bureau of Palace Insignia. In Huangqing 2 Secretariat ministers reported that warehouse and garrison-farm officials under the bureau were appointed half by the Metropolitan Secretariat and half by the bureau itself. By imperial order, all such appointments were to be made by Secretariat ministers.
8
中政院。 至大四年言：「諸司錢糧選法，悉令中書省掌之，可更選人任用，移文中書，給降宣敕。」 延祐七年，院臣啟：「皇后位下中政院用人，奉懿旨，依樞密院、御史臺等例行之。」
The Central Governance Bureau. In Zhida 4 it was ordered that selection for fiscal posts in various bureaus would be managed by the Secretariat, which could appoint replacements and issue edict commissions. In Yanyou 7 bureau ministers reported that appointments by the empress’s Central Governance Bureau would follow the precedents of the Bureau of Military Affairs and Censorate, per imperial rescript.
9
直省舍人，內則侍相臣之興居，外則傳省闥之命令，選宿衛及勛臣子弟為之。 又擇其高等二人，專掌奏事。 至元二十五年，省臣奏：「其充是職者，俾受宣命。」 大德八年，擬歷六十月者，始令從政。
Direct secretariat attendants attended the chief minister within the palace and transmitted Secretariat orders without; they were chosen from palace guards and sons of meritorious ministers. Two senior attendants were further selected to handle memorials exclusively. In Zhiyuan 25 Secretariat ministers proposed that holders of this office should receive formal appointment patents. In Dade 8 it was stipulated that after sixty months of service they could enter regular government posts.
10
凡禮儀諸職：有太常寺檢討，至元十三年，擬歷一百月，除從八品。 有御史臺殿中司知班，十五年，擬歷九十月，除正八品。 有通事舍人，二十年，議：「從本司選已入流品職官為之，考滿驗應得資品，升一等遷用。 未入流官人員，擬充侍儀舍人，受中書省劄，一考除從九品。」 三十年，議：「於二品、三品官子內選用，不限蔭敘，兩考從七品遷敘。」 有侍儀舍人，三十年，議：「於四品、五品官子內選用，不限蔭敘，一考從九品。」 大德三年，議：「有闕，宜令侍儀司於到部正從九品流官內選用，仍受省劄，三十月為滿，依朝官內升轉，如不敷，於應得府州儒學教授內選用，歷一考，正九品敘。」 有禮直管勾，大德三年，省選合用到部人員，俱從太常寺舉保，非常選除充者，任回止於本衙門敘用。 有郊壇庫藏都監二人，至大三年，議：「受省劄者歷一考之上，受部劄者歷兩考之上，再歷本院屬官一任，擬於從九品內敘。」 天歷二年，擬在朝文翰衙門，於國子生員內舉充。
On ritual offices: the Court of Imperial Sacrifices collator, in Zhiyuan 13, would be appointed to rank 8b after one hundred months of service. There was the Censorate Hall Duty shift manager; in the fifteenth year, appointment to rank 8a after ninety months was proposed. There were communication attendants; in the twentieth year it was decided that regular-rank officials would be chosen from the bureau and, upon completing a term, promoted one grade according to verified qualifications. Officials outside the regular ranks would serve as ceremonial attendants under Secretariat commission and be appointed to rank 9b after one term. In the thirtieth year it was decided that sons of second- and third-rank officials would be selected without hereditary restrictions and promoted to rank 7b after two terms. Ceremonial attendants would be chosen from sons of fourth- and fifth-rank officials without hereditary limits and appointed to rank 9b after one term. In Dade 3 it was decided that vacancies would be filled from rank-9a and 9b officials at the ministry under provincial commission for thirty-month terms with promotion like court officials; if insufficient, qualified Confucian-school instructors would serve one term for rank 9a appointment. The ritual duty controller: in Dade 3 qualified personnel selected by the province would be recommended by the Court of Imperial Sacrifices; those not appointed through regular selection would be ranked only within their original bureau after completing a term. Two directors of suburban altar treasury stores: in Zhida 3 those with provincial commission required more than one term, those with ministry commission more than two, plus one term as a bureau subordinate, for appointment within rank 9b. In Tianli 2 court literary offices would nominate National University students for these posts.
11
至元九年，部議：「巡檢流外職任，擬三十月為一考，任回於從九品遷敘。」 二十年，議：「巡檢六十月，升從九品。」 大德七年，議：「各處所委巡檢，自立格月日為始，已歷兩考之上者，循舊例九十月出職； 不及兩考者，須歷一百二十月，方許出職遷轉。」 十年，省奏：「奉旨腹裏巡檢，任回及考者，止於巡檢內註授。 所歷未及者，於錢谷官內定奪，通理巡檢月日。 各處行省所設巡檢，考滿者，咨省定奪； 未及考滿者，行省於錢谷官等職內委用，通理月日，依舊升轉； 不及一考，如系告蔭並提控案牘例應轉充者，於雜職內委用，考滿各理本等月日，依例升轉。」
In Zhiyuan 9 the ministry proposed that patrol inspectors, as extra-regular posts, would complete thirty-month terms and transfer at rank 9b upon return. In the twentieth year patrol inspectors would be promoted to rank 9b after sixty months. In Dade 7 locally commissioned patrol inspectors would count from their register date; those with more than two terms would leave post after ninety months under the old rule; those with fewer than two terms must serve one hundred twenty months before transfer. In the tenth year the Secretariat reported that metropolitan patrol inspectors who completed terms would be reassigned only within patrol inspector ranks. Those with insufficient service would be placed among fiscal officers, with patrol inspector months counted toward qualification. Provincial patrol inspectors who completed review would be decided by the province; those not yet completing review would be assigned to fiscal posts with months counted toward promotion under the old rules; those with less than one term who qualified by hereditary privilege or document-controller precedent would be assigned to miscellaneous offices and, upon review, have months counted at their original grade for promotion."
12
腹裏諸路行用鈔庫，至元十九年，部擬：「州縣民官內選充，系八品、九品人員，三十月為滿，任回驗元資品，減一資歷，通理遷敘。 庫使，受都省劄付，任滿從優遷敘。 庫副，受本路劄付，二十月為滿，於本處上戶內公選交替。 陜西、四川、西夏中興等路提舉司鈔庫，俱系行省管領，合就令依上選擬庫官，移文都省，給降敕牒劄付。」 省議：「除鈔庫使副咨各省選擬外，提領省部選註。」 腹裏官員，二十六年，定選充倉庫等官，擬於應得資品上升一等，通理月日升轉。 江南官員，若曾腹裏歷仕，前資相應依例升轉。 遷去江淮歷仕人員，所歷月日一考之上者，除一考準為根腳，余有月日，後任通理； 不及考者，添一資。 若選充倉庫等官，擬於應得資品上，例升一等，任回依上於腹裏升轉。 接連官員選充倉庫等官，應本地面從七品者，準算腹裏從七資品。 歷過一考者，為始理算月日，後任通理； 一考之上，余有月日，後任通理； 不及考者，添一資升轉。 福建、兩廣官員選充倉庫等官，應得本地面從七品者，準算江南從七資品。 歷過一考者，為始理算月日； 一考之上，余有月日，後任通理； 不及考者，添一資升轉。 元系流官，任回，止於流官內任用； 雜職者，雜職內遷敘。 萬億庫、寶鈔總庫、八作司，以一年滿代，錢物甚多，未易交割，宜以二年為滿，少者以一年為滿。 上都稅務官，止依上例遷轉。 都省所轄去處，二周歲為滿者：各處都轉運使司官、司屬官、首領官，各處都漕運使司官、首領官，諸路寶鈔都提舉司官，腹裏、江南隨路平準行用庫官，印造寶鈔庫官，鐵冶提舉司官、首領官，采金提舉司官、首領官，銀場提舉司官、首領官，新舊運糧提舉司官、首領官，都提舉萬億庫、八作司、寶鈔總庫首領官。 一周歲為滿者：泉府司所轄富藏庫官，廩給司、四賓庫、薄斂庫官，大都稅課提舉司官、首領官，酒課提舉司官、首領官，提舉太倉官、首領官，提舉醴源倉官、首領官，大都省倉官，河倉官，通州等處倉官、應受省部劄付管錢谷院務雜職等官，大都平準行用庫官，燒鈔四庫官，抄紙坊官，弊源庫官。 行省所轄去處，二周歲為滿者：各處都轉運使司官、司屬官、首領官，各處都漕運使司官、首領官，行諸路寶鈔都提舉司官，腹裏、江南隨路平準行用庫官，甘州、寧夏府等處都轉運使司官，市舶提舉司官、首領官，榷茶提舉司官、首領官。 一周歲為滿者：行泉府司所轄阜通庫官，各處行省收支錢帛諸物庫官。 三十年，部議：「凡內外平準行用庫官，提領從七品，大使從八品，副使從九品。 若流官內選充者，任回減一資升轉。 雜職人員，止理本等月日。」 元貞二年，部議：「凡倉官有闕，於到選相應職官，並諸衙門有出身令譯史、通事、知印、宣使、奏差兩考之上人內選用，依驗難易收糧多寡升等，任回於應去地方遷敘。 通州、河西務、李二寺等倉官，於應德資品上升一等，任滿，交割別無短少，減一資通理。 在都並城外倉分，收糧五萬石之上倉官，於應得資品上升一等，任滿，交割別無短少，依例遷敘； 收糧一萬石之上倉官，止依應得品級除授，任滿，交割別無短少，減一資通理。」 大德元年，省擬：「大都萬億四庫、富寧庫、寶鈔總庫、上都萬億庫官，止依合德資品選註，須二周歲滿日，別無短少，擬同隨朝例升一等。」 二年，省議：「上都、應昌倉官，比同萬億庫官例，二周歲為滿，於應得資品上擬升一等。」 六年，部議：「在都平準行用庫官，擬合與外路一體二周歲為滿，元系流官內選充者，任回減一資升轉。 萬億四庫知事例升一等，提控案牘減資遷轉。 和林、昔寶赤八剌哈孫、孔古烈倉改立從五品提舉司。 提舉一員，從五品，同提舉一員，從六品，副提舉一員，從七品，周歲為滿，於到選人內選充，應得資品上擬升二等，任回遷用，所歷月日通理。 甘、肅二路，每處設監支納一員，正六品，倉使一員，從六品，倉副一員，正七品，二周歲為滿，於到選人內銓註，入倉先升一等，任滿交割，別無短少，又升一等。 受給庫提領，從九品，使、副受省劄，攢典、合幹人各設二名。」 七年，部擬：「大都路永豐庫提領從七，大使從八，副使從九，於到選相應人內銓註。 江西省英德路、河西務兩處，設立平準行用庫，擬合設官員，系從七以下人員，依例銓註。 英德路平準行用庫，提領一員，從七，大使一員，從八，副使一員，從九品。 河西務行用庫，大使一員，從八品，副使一員，吏部劄。 甘肅行省豐備庫，提領一員，從七品，大使一員，正八品，於到選迤西資品人內升等銓註。 大同倉官，擬二周歲交代，永盈倉例升一等，其餘六倉，任回擬減一資升轉。」 八年，部議：「湖廣行省所轄散府司吏充倉官，依河南行省散府司吏充倉官，比總管府司吏取充者，降等定奪。」 至大二年，部呈：「凡平準行用庫設官二員，常平倉設官三員，於流官內銓註，以二年為滿，依例減資。」 四年，部議：「上都兩倉，二周歲為滿，於應得資品上升一等，歷過月日，今後比例通理。」 皇慶元年，部議：「上都平盈庫，二周歲為滿，減一資升轉。」 延祐四年，部議：「江浙行省各路見役司吏，已及兩考，選充倉官，五萬石之上，比同考滿出身充典史，一考升吏目。 五萬石之下者，於典史添一考，依例遷敘。 湖廣行省倉官，如系路吏及兩考，選充倉官一界，同考滿出身充典史，一考升吏目，遷敘庫官，周歲準理本等月日，考滿依例升轉。」
Metropolitan paper-note treasuries: in Zhiyuan 19 the ministry proposed selecting rank-8 and 9 prefectural and county officials for thirty-month terms, with one qualification period waived toward promotion upon return. Treasury managers, commissioned by the Metropolitan Secretariat, would receive preferential promotion upon completing a term. Deputy treasurers, commissioned by the circuit, would serve twenty-month terms and rotate by public selection from leading local households. Paper-note treasuries under supervisory offices in Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xixia Zhongxing, and other circuits, all under provincial administration, would select officers as above and obtain edict patents and commissions from the Metropolitan Secretariat. The Secretariat decided that aside from treasury managers and deputies selected by each province, supervisors would be appointed by the provincial ministry. For metropolitan officials, in the twenty-sixth year appointment to warehouse and similar posts would advance one grade above due qualification, with service months counted toward promotion. Jiangnan officials who had previously served in the metropolitan interior would be promoted according to regulation if prior qualifications matched. Officials who had served in the Jianghuai region and moved elsewhere: if service exceeded one term, one term would count as foundation and remaining months would apply to later posts; those with less than one term would have one qualification period added. If appointed to warehouse and similar posts, they would advance one grade above due qualification and, upon return, be promoted in the metropolitan interior under the rules above. Officials appointed in succession to warehouse and related posts who would be rank 7b in their home region were credited with metropolitan-interior rank-7b qualifications. Those who had served one full term would begin counting months and days from that point, with remaining time carried over to later appointments. Any months beyond one term would also carry forward to later posts. Those with less than one term would add one qualification period before promotion. Fujian and Two Guang officials appointed to warehouse posts who would be rank 7b locally were credited with Jiangnan rank-7b qualifications. Those who had completed one term would begin counting months and days from that point; Any months beyond one term would carry forward to later posts. Those with less than one term would add one qualification period before promotion. Regular officials, upon completing a special appointment, could only be reassigned within the regular bureaucracy; miscellaneous officers would be promoted only within miscellaneous posts. The Trillion Treasury, Paper-Note General Treasury, and Eight Crafts Directorate had originally one-year terms, but their vast holdings made handover difficult, so two-year terms were set, with smaller offices at one year. Shangdu tax officers would follow the same promotion rules above. Under the Metropolitan Secretariat, two-year terms applied to: all Regional Transport commissioners, subordinates, and section heads; Grand Canal Transport commissioners and section heads; circuit-wide paper-note supervisors; circulation treasuries in the metropolitan interior and Jiangnan; paper-note printing treasuries; iron, gold, and silver supervisory offices and their section heads; grain-transport supervisory offices (new and old) and section heads; and section heads of the Trillion Treasury, Eight Crafts Directorate, and Paper-Note General Treasury. One-year terms covered: Rich Storehouse officers under the Commissariat; Grain-Ration, Four-Guest, and Light-Levy treasuries; Dadu tax, liquor, grand granary, and brewery-source supervisory offices and their section heads; provincial and river granaries; Tongzhou granaries; miscellaneous fiscal yard officers under ministry commission; the Dadu circulation treasury; note-burning treasuries; paper mills; and worn-note treasuries. Provincial jurisdictions with two-year terms included: Regional Transport and Grand Canal Transport commissioners and section heads; provincial paper-note supervisors; circulation treasuries in the metropolitan interior and Jiangnan; Regional Transport commissioners at Ganzhou and Ningxia; and maritime-trade and tea-monopoly supervisory offices with their section heads. One-year terms applied to Flourishing Exchange treasuries under the provincial Commissariat and to provincial receipt-and-disbursement treasuries for cash, silks, and goods. In the thirtieth year the ministry ruled that circulation treasury supervisors would be rank 7b, commissioners rank 8b, and deputies rank 9b throughout the realm. Regular officials appointed to these posts would receive one waived qualification period toward promotion upon return. Miscellaneous appointees would count only service months at their original grade. In Yuanzhen 2 the ministry ruled that vacant granary posts would be filled from qualified candidates and from clerical translators, interpreters, seal keepers, dispatch envoys, and presentation memorial envoys with two or more terms of service, with promotion grades set by collection difficulty and grain volume, and reassignment upon return to appropriate posts. Granary officers at Tongzhou, Hexi Station, Li'er Temple, and similar posts would advance one grade above due qualification; upon completing a term with no shortages at handover, they would receive one waived qualification period counted toward promotion. Capital and suburban granary officers handling more than fifty thousand piculs would advance one grade above due qualification and, upon completing a term with no shortages, be transferred under standard rules; Officers handling more than ten thousand piculs would be appointed at due rank only and, upon completing a term with no shortages, receive one waived qualification period counted toward promotion. In Dade 1 the province proposed that officers of the four Dadu Trillion Treasuries, Funing Treasury, Paper-Note General Treasury, and Shangdu Trillion Treasury be appointed at due qualification, serve two full years with no shortages, and advance one grade like court-attendant officials. In the second year the province ruled that Shangdu and Yingchang granary officers, like Trillion Treasury officers, would serve two-year terms and advance one grade above due qualification. In the sixth year the ministry ruled that capital circulation treasury officers would have two-year terms like those in the provinces, with one waived qualification period for regular officials upon return. Experienced Trillion Treasury clerks would advance one grade, while document controllers would receive reduced qualification requirements for transfer. Granaries at Karakorum, Sibaoci Balghasan, and Konggulie were reorganized as rank-5b supervisory offices. Each office would have a rank-5b supervisor, rank-6b associate supervisor, and rank-7b deputy supervisor on one-year terms, selected from candidates and advanced two grades above due qualification, with service months carried forward upon reassignment. On the Gan and Su circuits each site would have a rank-6a receipt overseer, rank-6b granary commissioner, and rank-7a deputy on two-year terms, appointed from candidates with one grade upon entry and another upon completing a term with no shortages. Receipt-and-disbursement treasuries would have rank-9b supervisors, provincially commissioned commissioners and deputies, and two clerks and two attendants each. In the seventh year the ministry proposed appointing the Dadu Circuit Ever-Abundant Treasury's rank-7b supervisor, rank-8b commissioner, and rank-9b deputy from qualified candidates. Circulation treasuries were established at Yingde Circuit and Hexi Station in Jiangxi, with rank-7b and lower officers appointed under standard rules. Yingde Circuit's circulation treasury would have one rank-7b supervisor, one rank-8b commissioner, and one rank-9b deputy. Hexi Station's circulation treasury would have a rank-8b commissioner and a Ministry-appointed deputy. Gansu's Abundant-Provision Treasury would have a rank-7b supervisor and rank-8a commissioner, appointed with grade advancement from western-qualified candidates. Datong granary officers would rotate every two years; Ever-Abundant Granary officers would advance one grade, while the other six granaries' officers would receive one waived qualification period upon return. In the eighth year the ministry ruled that Huguang subprefectural clerks appointed as granary officers, like Henan's, would rank below those drawn from surveillance-commission clerks. In Zhide 2 the ministry proposed that circulation treasuries have two regular officials and Ever-Normal Granaries three, all on two-year terms with standard qualification reductions. In the fourth year the ministry ruled that Shangdu's two granaries would have two-year terms with one grade above due qualification, and prior service months would henceforth count proportionally toward promotion. In Huangqing 1 the ministry ruled that Shangdu's Ever-Abundant Treasury would have two-year terms with one waived qualification period toward promotion. In Yanyou 4 the ministry ruled that active Jiang-Zhe circuit clerks with two terms appointed as granary officers handling more than fifty thousand piculs would be treated like record clerks who had completed review, advancing to clerk registrar after one term. Those handling less than fifty thousand piculs would add one term to their record-clerk standing and transfer under standard rules. Huguang granary officers who were route clerks with two terms would serve one tenure like review-completed record clerks, advance to clerk registrar after one term, then transfer to treasury posts with one year counting at original grade before standard promotion.
13
凡稅務官升轉：至元二十一年，省議：「應敘辦課官分三等：一百錠之上，設提領一員、使一員。 五十錠之上，設務使一員。 五十錠之下，設都監一員。 十錠以下，從各路差人管辦。 都監歷三界，升務使，一周歲為滿，月日不及者通理。 務使歷三界，升提領。 提領歷三界，受省劄錢谷官，再歷三界，始於資品錢谷官並雜職任用。 各處就差相副官，增及兩酬者，聽各處官司再差。 增及三酬以上及後界又增者，申部定奪。」 二十九年，省判所辦諸課增虧分數，升降人員。 增六分升二等，增三分升一等。 其增不及分數，比全無增者，到選量與從優。 虧兌一分，降一等。 三十年，省擬：「提領二年為滿，省部於流官內銓註，一萬錠之上擬從六品，五千錠之上擬正七品，二千錠之上擬從七品，一千錠之上正八品，五百錠之上從八品。 大使、副使俱周歲交代，大使從行省吏部於解由合敘相應人內遷調，副使從各路於本處系籍近上戶內公選。」 至大三年，詔定立辦課例。 一百錠之下院務官分為三等：五十錠之上為上等，設提領一員，受省劄，大使一員，受部劄； 二十錠之上為中等，設大使、副使各一員； 二十錠之下為下等，設都監、同監各一員，俱受部劄，並以一年為滿，齊界交代。 都監、同監四界升副使，又四界升大使，又三界升提領，又三界入資品錢谷官並雜職內遷用。 行省差設人員，各添兩界升轉，仍自立界以後為始，理算月日，並於有升轉出身人員內定奪，不許濫用白身。 議得例前部劄，提領於大使內銓註，都監、同監本等擬註，止依歷一十二界。 至大三年例後，創入錢谷人員，及正從六品七品取蔭子孫，亦依先例升轉，不須添界外，其餘雜進之人，依今次定例遷用，通歷一十四界，依上例升轉。
Tax officer promotions: in Zhiyuan 21 the province divided revenue officers into three grades, with one supervisor and one commissioner for offices above one hundred ingots. Offices above fifty ingots would have one yard commissioner. Offices below fifty ingots would have one chief inspector. Offices below ten ingots would be managed by circuit appointees. Chief inspectors would advance to yard commissioner after three tenures on one-year terms, with shortfalls in service time carried forward. Yard commissioners would advance to supervisor after three tenures. Supervisors would become provincially commissioned fiscal officers after three tenures, and after three more tenures be appointed among qualified fiscal and miscellaneous posts. Deputy officers whose revenue increased by two compensation shares could be reappointed by their dispatching office. Increases of three shares or more, or further increases in a later tenure, required ministry approval. In the twenty-ninth year the province set promotions and demotions based on revenue increase and deficit figures. A sixty-percent increase merited two grades of promotion; a thirty-percent increase merited one. Increases below the threshold would still receive preferential consideration at selection compared with no increase. A ten-percent deficit would demote one grade. In the thirtieth year the province proposed two-year supervisor terms appointed from regular officials, with ranks from 6b (above ten thousand ingots) down to 8b (above five hundred). Commissioners and deputies would rotate annually, with commissioners transferred by the provincial personnel ministry from qualified candidates and deputies publicly selected from leading local households. In Zhide 3 an edict established the revenue-management regulations. Revenue yards below one hundred ingots were divided into three grades; upper-grade yards above fifty ingots would have a provincially commissioned supervisor and a ministry-commissioned commissioner; middle-grade yards above twenty ingots would have one commissioner and one deputy; lower-grade yards below twenty ingots would have ministry-commissioned chief and associate inspectors on one-year terms with simultaneous rotation. Chief and associate inspectors would advance to deputy after four tenures, commissioner after four more, supervisor after three more, and qualified fiscal or miscellaneous posts after three more. Provincially dispatched officers would require two additional tenures for each promotion, counting service from the established tenure onward only among officers with proper promotion backgrounds, without appointing unqualified persons. Under the prior regulations, supervisors would be drawn from commissioners and chief inspectors appointed at original grade, counting only twelve tenures of service. After Zhide 3, newly appointed fiscal officers and enfeoffed descendants of rank-6 and 7 officials would follow the old promotion rules without extra tenures, while other entrants would need fourteen tenures under the new rules.
14
至元九年，部議：「凡總府續置提控案牘，多系入仕年深，似比巡檢例同考滿轉入從九。 緣從九系銓註巡檢闕，提領案牘吏員文資出職，難應捕捉，兼從九員多闕少，本等人員不敷銓註。 凡升轉資考，從九三任升從八，正九兩任升從八，巡檢提領案牘等考滿轉入從九，從九再歷三考升從八，通理一百二十月升。 巡檢依已擬，提領案牘權擬六十月正九，再歷兩任，通理一百二十月升從九，較之升轉資考，即比巡檢庶員闕易就。 都、吏目，擬吏目一考，轉充都目，一考，轉充提領案牘，考滿依上轉入流品。 都、吏目應升無闕，止註本等職名，驗理升轉。」 二十年，部擬：「提控案牘九十月升九品。」 二十五年，部擬：「各路司吏實歷六十月，吏目兩考升都目，歷一考升提控案牘，兩考升正九。 若依路司吏九十月，吏目歷一考與都目，餘皆依上升轉。」 省議：「江南提控案牘，除各路司吏比附腹裏路司吏至元二十五年呈準定例遷除，其餘已行直補，並自行踏逐歷案牘兩考者，再添資遷除。」 三十年，省準：「提控案牘補註巡檢，升轉資品，不相爭懸，如已歷提控案牘月日者，任回止於提控案牘內遷敘。」 三十一年，省議：「都目、巡檢員闕，雖不相就，若不從宜調用，似涉壅滯，下部先盡到選巡檢，余闕準告銓註，任回各理本等月日。」 大德二年，省準：「京城內外省倉典吏，例於大都路州司吏、縣典史內勾補，二周歲轉升吏目。 除行省所轄外，腹裏下州並雜職等衙門，計設吏目一百餘處，其籍記未註者，以次銓註，俱擬三十月為滿，任回本等內不次銓註。」 三年，部擬：「提控案牘、都吏目有三周歲、二周歲、一周歲為滿者，俱以三十月為滿。」 八年，省準：「和林兵馬司掌管案牘人等，比依下州，合設吏目一員，於籍記吏目外發補，任回從九品遷用，添一資升轉。 司吏量擬四名，從本司選補通吏業者，六十月，提控案牘內任用。」 九年，部呈：「都、吏目已於典史內銓註，宜將籍記案牘驗歷仕，以遠就近，於吏目闕內參註，各理本等月日。」 十一年，江浙省臣言：「各路提控案牘改受敕牒，不見通例。」 部照：「江北提控案牘，皆自府州司縣轉充路吏，請俸九十月方得吏目，一考升都目，都目一考，升提控案牘，兩考正九品，通理二百一十月入流，其行省所委者，九十月與九品。 今議行省委用例革提控案牘，合於散府諸州案牘、都吏目並雜職錢谷官內，行省依例銓註，通理月日升轉。 之後行省所設提控案牘、都吏目，合依江北由司縣府州轉充路吏，通理月日，考滿方許入流。」
In Zhiyuan 9 the ministry noted that surveillance-commission document controllers, mostly long-serving officials, should transfer to rank 9b upon review like patrol inspectors. Since rank 9b was reserved for patrol inspectors, literate case documenters were ill-suited to arrest duties, and rank-9b vacancies far exceeded qualified candidates. Promotion rules: rank 9b required three terms for rank 8b, rank 9a two terms; patrol inspectors and case documenters entered at rank 9b after review, then three terms for rank 8b, with one hundred twenty months counted together. Patrol inspectors would follow existing rules, while case documenters would provisionally reach rank 9a in sixty months and rank 9b after one hundred twenty months—an easier path than patrol-inspector subordinate posts. Clerk registrars would advance to chief clerk registrar after one term, case documenter after another, and enter the regular bureaucracy upon review. When no vacancy existed for chief or clerk registrars, they would remain at their current title until promotion could be verified. In the twentieth year the ministry proposed rank-9 promotion for document controllers after ninety months. In the twenty-fifth year the ministry proposed that circuit clerks serve sixty months, clerk registrars advance to chief clerk registrar after two terms, document controller after one more, and rank 9a after two more. If circuit clerks served ninety months, clerk registrars would reach chief clerk registrar after one term, with remaining promotions as above. The province ruled that Jiangnan document controllers would follow the Zhiyuan 25 metropolitan-interior circuit-clerk standard, while direct appointees and those with two terms of case documents would need additional qualifications. In the thirtieth year the province approved that document controllers filling patrol-inspector posts would not compete for promotion precedence, and those with prior service would transfer only within document-controller posts. In the thirty-first year the province ruled that mismatched chief clerk registrar and patrol-inspector vacancies should be filled flexibly—patrol-inspector candidates first, then reported appointments—with each officer counting service at original grade upon return. In Dade 2 the province approved that capital and provincial granary record clerks would be drawn from Dadu prefectural clerks and county record clerks and advance to clerk registrar after two years. Outside provincial jurisdictions, over one hundred clerk-registrar posts in metropolitan lower prefectures and miscellaneous offices would be filled in roster order on thirty-month terms, with non-sequential reassignment within grade upon return. In the third year the ministry unified all document-controller and chief clerk registrar terms to thirty months regardless of prior one-, two-, or three-year rules. In the eighth year the province approved one supplemental clerk registrar for Karakorum Military Command document managers, with rank-9b appointment and one added qualification period upon return. Four clerks skilled in administrative work would be selected from the command and appointed as document controllers after sixty months. In the ninth year the ministry proposed filling clerk-registrar vacancies from registered case documenters by seniority, with each counting service at original grade. In the eleventh year Jiang-Zhe ministers noted that circuit document controllers receiving disposition edicts lacked precedent. The ministry noted that north-of-the-Yangtze document controllers rose from local offices through route clerk (ninety months), clerk registrar, chief clerk registrar, and document controller (rank 9a after two terms), entering the regular bureaucracy after two hundred ten months, while provincial appointees reached rank 9 in ninety months. The proposed abolition of document controllers would have provinces appoint from subprefectural and prefectural case documenters, chief clerk registrars, and miscellaneous fiscal officers, counting service months toward promotion. Thereafter provincial document controllers and chief clerk registrars would follow the north-of-the-Yangtze path from local offices through route clerk, with service months counted together, entering the regular bureaucracy only upon review completion."
15
凡選取宣使奏差：至元十九年，部擬：「六部奏差額設數目，每一十名內，令各部選取四名，九十月與從九品，余外合設數目，俱於到部巡檢、提領案牘、都吏目內選取，候考滿日，驗下項資品銓註。」 省準：「解由到部，關會完備人員內選取。 應人吏目，選充奏差，三考與從九品。 吏目一考應入都目人員，選充奏差，兩考與從九品。 都目一考應入提領案牘人員，選充奏差，一考與從九品。 巡檢、提領案牘一考，選充奏差，一考與正九品。」 二十六年，省準：「上都留守司兼本路都總管府典吏出身，歷九十月，比通政院例，合轉補本司宣使，考滿依例定奪。」 二十九年，省議：「行省、行院宣使於正從九品有解由職官內選取，如是不敷，於各道宣慰司一考之上奏差、本衙門三考典吏內選取。 行臺止於正從九品職官內選取不敷，於各道廉訪司三考奏差內並本衙門三考典史內選取，仍須色目、漢人相參選取。 自行踏逐者，亦須相應人員，考滿例降一等，須歷九十月，方許出職。 內外諸衙門宣使，以色目、漢人相參，九十月為滿，自行踏逐者降一等。 凡內外諸衙門宣使、通事、知印、奏差，都省宣使有闕，於臺、院等衙門一考之上宣使、並有解由正從八品職官內選補，如系都省直選人員，不拘此例，仍須色目、漢人相參選取。 自行踏逐者，考滿例降一等，須歷九十月，方許出職。 樞密院宣使，正從九品職官內選取，仍須色目、漢人相參選用。 自行踏逐者，亦須相應人員，考滿例降一等，須歷九十月，方許出職。 御史臺宣使，正從九品職官內選取。 自行踏逐者，考滿例降一等，須歷九十月，方許出職。 宣政院宣使，選補同。 宣慰司奏差，於本衙門三考典吏內選取。 自行踏逐者，考滿降等敘，須色目、漢人參用，歷九十月，方許出職。 山東運司奏差，九十月，於近下錢谷官內任用。 大都運司，一體定奪。」 七年，省準：「鞏昌等處便宜都總帥府令史人等，已擬依各道宣慰司令史人等一體出身，自行踏逐者降等敘，有闕於本司三考典吏內選取。」 八年，部呈：「各寺監保本處典吏補奏差，若元系請俸典吏、本把人等補充者，考滿同自行踏逐者，降等敘。」 九年，擬宣徽院典吏九十月補宣使，並所轄寺監令史。 十年，省擬：「中政院宣使於本衙門三考之上典吏及正從九品職官內選用，以色目、漢人相參，自行踏逐者降等。」 十一年，省擬：「燕南廉訪司奏差，州吏內選補，考滿於都目內遷用。」 延祐三年，省議：「各衙門典吏，須歷九十月，方許轉補奏差。」
Selection of dispatch and presentation memorial envoys: in Zhiyuan 19 the ministry proposed that each ministry select four presentation memorial envoys per ten quota (rank 9b after ninety months), with remaining posts filled from patrol inspectors, case documenters, and chief clerk registrars upon review. The province required selection only from candidates with complete credentials and joint verification. Candidates due for clerk registrar would serve three terms as presentation memorial envoys before receiving rank 9b. Clerk registrars due for chief clerk registrar after one term would serve two terms as presentation memorial envoys before rank 9b. Chief clerk registrars due for case documenter after one term would serve one term as presentation memorial envoys before rank 9b. Patrol inspectors and case documenters after one term would serve one term as presentation memorial envoys before rank 9a. In the twenty-sixth year the province approved that Shangdu Rear-Guard record clerks with ninety months' service, like Communications Council precedent, could become dispatch envoys with promotion decided upon review. In the twenty-ninth year the province ruled that provincial dispatch envoys would be drawn from rank-9 officials with credentials, or if insufficient from Pacification Commission presentation memorial envoys with one term or office record clerks with three. The itinerant censorate would draw from rank-9 officials first, then Surveillance Commission presentation memorial envoys or office record clerks with three terms, with balanced Semu and Han selection. Self-nominated candidates must still be qualified, receive one grade lower upon review, and serve ninety months before leaving office. Dispatch envoys throughout the bureaucracy would balance Semu and Han appointees on ninety-month terms, with self-nominated candidates demoted one grade. Vacancies for Metropolitan Secretariat dispatch envoys among all internal and external dispatch envoys, communication attendants, seal keepers, and presentation memorial envoys would be filled from senior dispatch envoys in the Censorate and commissions or from credentialed rank-8 officials, except for direct Metropolitan Secretariat picks, with balanced Semu and Han selection. Self-nominated candidates would be demoted one grade upon review and required to serve ninety months before leaving office. Privy Council dispatch envoys would be drawn from rank-9 officials with balanced Semu and Han appointment. Self-nominated Privy Council candidates must still be qualified, receive one grade lower upon review, and serve ninety months before leaving office. Censorate dispatch envoys would be selected from rank-9 officials. Self-nominated Censorate candidates would be demoted one grade upon review and serve ninety months before leaving office. Xuanzheng Commission dispatch envoys would follow the same selection rules. Pacification Commission presentation memorial envoys would be chosen from office record clerks with three terms of service. Self-nominated candidates would receive demoted-grade promotion, require balanced Semu and Han use, and serve ninety months before leaving office. Shandong Transport Commission presentation memorial envoys would serve ninety months and be drawn from junior fiscal grain officers. The Dadu Transport Commission would follow the same rule. In the seventh year the province approved that Gongchang Pacification-General registrars would share Pacification Commission registrar origins, with self-nominated candidates demoted one grade and vacancies filled from three-term commission record clerks. In the eighth year the ministry ruled that temple and supervisory commissions nominating local record clerks for presentation memorial envoys would treat salaried record clerks and bureau insiders like self-nominated candidates upon review. In the ninth year Xuanhui Commission record clerks with ninety months' service could become dispatch envoys or registrars of subordinate temples. In the tenth year the province proposed Zhongzheng Commission dispatch envoys from three-term office record clerks or rank-9 officials with balanced Semu and Han selection, demoting self-nominated candidates one grade. In the eleventh year the province proposed that Yannan Surveillance Commission presentation memorial envoys be drawn from prefectural clerks and, upon review, advance among chief clerk registrars. In Yanyou 3 the province required ninety months' service before record clerks could become presentation memorial envoys.
16
凡匠官：至元九年，工部驗各管戶數，二千戶之上至一百戶之上，隨路管匠官品級。 省議：「除在都總提舉司去處，依準所擬。 東平雜造提舉司並隨路織染提舉司，二千戶之上，提舉正五品，同提舉從六品，副提舉從七品。 一千戶之上，提舉從五品，同提舉正七品，副提舉正八品。 五百戶之上至一千戶之下，提舉正六品，同提舉從七品，副提舉從八品。 三百戶之上，大使正七品，副使正八品。 一百戶之上，大使從七品，副使從八品。 一百戶之下，院長一員，同院務，例不入流品，量給食錢。 凡一百戶之下管匠官資品，受上司劄付者，依已擬充院長。 已受宣牌充局使者，比附一百戶之上局使資品遞降，量作正九資品。」 二十二年，凡選取升轉匠官資格，元定品給員數，提舉司二千戶之上者，無之。 一千戶之上，提舉從五品，同提舉正七品，副提舉正八品。 五百戶之上、一千戶之下，提舉正六品，同提舉從七品，副提舉從八品。 使副，三百戶之上，局使正七品，副使正八品。 一百戶之上，局使從七品，副使從八品。 一百戶之下，院長一員，比同務院，例不入流品。 工部議：「三百戶之上局副從八，一百戶之上局副正九，遇有闕，於一百戶之下院長內選充。 院長一百二十月升正九，正九兩考升從八，從八三考、正八兩考，俱升從七。 如正八有闕，別無資品相應人員，於已授從八匠官內選註，通歷九十月，升從七； 從七三考升正七，正七兩考升從六； 從六三考、正六兩考，俱升從五。 如所轄司屬無從六，名闕，如已歷正七兩考，擬升加從六散官，止於正七匠官內遷轉，九十月升從五。 如正六匠官有闕，於已授從六散官人員內選註，通歷九十月升從五。 從五三考擬升正五，別無正五匠官，名闕，升加正五散官，止於從五匠官內遷轉。 如歷仕年深，至日斟酌定奪。 至元十二年以前受宣敕省劄人員，依管民官例，擬準已受資品。 十三年以後受宣敕省劄人員，若有超升越等者，驗實歷俸月定擬，合得資品上例存一等遷用。 管匠官遇有闕員去處，如無資品相應之人，擬於雜職資品相應到選人內銓用。 凡中原、江淮匠官，正從五品子從九品匠官內蔭敘，六品、七品子於院長內敘用。 以匠官無從九，名闕，擬正從五品子應蔭者，於正九匠官內銓註，任回，理算從九月日。」 二十三年，詔：「管匠官，其造作有好惡虧少，勿令遷轉。」 二十四年，部言：「管匠衙門首領官，宜於本衙門內選委知會造作相應人員區用，勿令遷轉，合依舊例，從本部於常選內選差相應人員掌管案牘，任滿交代遷敘。」 元貞元年，準湖廣行省所擬：「三千戶之上提舉司從五品，提舉從五品，同提舉正七品，副提舉正八品。 二千戶之上提舉司正六品，提舉正六品，同提舉從七品，副提舉從八品。 一千戶之上局，局使正七品，副使正八品。 五百戶之上局，局使從七品，副使正九品。 五百戶之下，院長一員。」
Craftsman officials: in Zhiyuan 9 the Works Ministry set route craftsman ranks by verified household counts from two thousand down to one hundred. The province ruled that only metropolitan directorates-general would be exempt; elsewhere the draft would apply. For Dongping Miscellaneous Manufacture and route Dyeing Directorates with two thousand or more households, the intendant would be rank 5a, associate 6b, and deputy 7b. At one thousand or more households, ranks would be intendant 5b, associate 7a, and deputy 8a. From five hundred to one thousand households, ranks would be intendant 6a, associate 7b, and deputy 8b. At three hundred or more households, the director would be rank 7a and the deputy 8a. At one hundred or more households, the director would be rank 7b and the deputy 8b. Below one hundred households there would be one institute director, like institute affairs staff outside the regular bureaucracy, receiving a modest food allowance. Craftsman officials under one hundred households who held a superior's writ would serve as institute directors under the draft. Bureau envoys holding edict plaques would be ranked one step below hundred-household bureau directors, at rank 9a qualification. In the twenty-second year promotion rules for craftsman officials left no fixed ranks for directorates of two thousand or more households. At one thousand or more households, ranks would be intendant 5b, associate 7a, and deputy 8a. From five hundred to under one thousand households, ranks would be intendant 6a, associate 7b, and deputy 8b. For three hundred or more households, the bureau director would be rank 7a and the deputy 8a. At one hundred or more households, the bureau director would be rank 7b and the deputy 8b. Below one hundred households there would be one institute director, like an affairs institute, outside the regular bureaucracy. The Works Ministry proposed rank-8b deputy directors for three-hundred-household bureaus and rank-9a for hundred-household bureaus, filling vacancies from sub-hundred institute directors. Institute directors would advance after 120 months to rank 9a, then through stated terms to ranks 8b and 7b. Vacant rank-8a posts without qualified candidates would be filled from rank-8b craftsman officials with ninety months' total service before promotion to 7b; rank 7b required three terms for 7a, and rank 7a two terms for 6b; rank 6b required three terms and rank 6a two terms for promotion to 5b. Without subordinate rank-6b posts, a craftsman official with two terms at 7a could receive honorary 6b and remain among 7a craftsman officials until ninety months brought promotion to 5b. Vacant rank-6a craftsman posts would be filled from honorary rank-6b holders with ninety months' service for promotion to 5b. After three terms at 5b, promotion to 5a was proposed; without rank-5a craftsman posts, honorary 5a would be added while officials remained among rank-5b craftsman officers. Long-serving officials would receive case-by-case decisions. Those commissioned before Zhiyuan 12 would keep their received qualifications under civilian-official precedent. After Zhiyuan 13, over-promoted appointees would have salaries verified and transfer capped one grade below due qualification. Vacant craftsman posts without qualified candidates would be filled from miscellaneous-service appointees of matching qualification. In the Central Plains and Jiang-Huai, sons of rank-5 officials would inherit rank-9 craftsman posts, and sons of rank-6 and 7 officials would serve as institute directors. With no rank-9b craftsman posts, inheriting sons of rank-5 officials would register at rank 9a and have service reckoned from the ninth month upon return. In the twenty-third year an edict barred transfer of craftsman officials whose output varied in quality or quantity. In the twenty-fourth year the ministry required craftsman office leaders skilled in manufacture to remain in post while the ministry filled document duties from the regular selection pool on rotating terms. In Yuanzhen 1 Huguang's draft was approved: three-thousand-household directorates at rank 5b, with intendant 5b, associate 7a, and deputy 8a. Two-thousand-household directorates would be rank 6a, with intendant 6a, associate 7b, and deputy 8b. Thousand-household bureaus would have a rank-7a director and rank-8a deputy. Five-hundred-household bureaus would have a rank-7b director and rank-9a deputy. Below five hundred households there would be one institute director.
17
凡諸王分地與所受湯沐邑，得自舉其人，以名聞朝廷，而後授其職。 至元二年，詔以各投下總管府長官不遷外，其所屬州縣長官，於本投下分到城邑內遷轉。 四年，省劄：「應給印官員，若受宣命及諸王令旨、或投下官員批劄、省府樞密院制府左右部劄付者，驗戶給印。」 五年，詔：「凡投下官，必須有蒙古人員。」 六年，以隨路見任並各投下創差達魯花赤內，多女直、契丹、漢人，除回回、畏吾兒、乃蠻、唐兀同蒙古例許敘用，其餘擬合革罷，曾歷仕者，於管民官內敘用。 十九年，詔：「各投下長官，宜依例三年一次遷轉。」 省臣奏：「江南諸王分地長官，已令如例遷轉，其間若有兼管軍鎮守為達魯花赤者，一體代之，似為不宜。 合令於投下長官之上署字，一同蒞事。」 二十年，議：「諸王各投下千戶，於江南分地已於長官內委用，其州縣長官，亦令如之，似為相宜。」 二十三年，諸王、駙馬並百官保送人員，若曾仕者，驗資歷於州縣內相間用，如無歷仕，從本投下自用。 三十年，各投下州縣長官，三年一次給由互相遷轉，如無可遷轉，依例給由申呈省部，仍牒廉訪司體訪。 大德元年，諸投下達魯花赤從七以下者，依例類選。 十年，議：「各投下官員，非奉省部明文，毋得擅自離職。」 皇慶二年，詔：「各投下分地城邑長官，其常選所用者，居眾人之上，投下所委者為添設，其常選內路府州及各縣內減一員。」 三年，以中下縣主簿、錄事司錄判掌錢糧捕盜等事，不宜減去，並增置副達魯花赤一員。 四年，凡投下郡邑，令自置達魯花赤，其為副者罷之。 各投下有闕用人，自於其投下內選用，不許冒用常選內人。
Princes holding appanage lands or ceremonial fiefs could nominate their own men, report names to court, and receive appointment thereafter. In Zhiyuan 2 appanage surveillance chiefs would not leave their jurisdictions, but subordinate prefectural and county officials would rotate within the appanage's assigned cities. In the fourth year a provincial writ required household verification before granting seals to officials holding imperial, princely, appanage, or central-government commissions. In the fifth year an edict required Mongol personnel among all appanage officials. In the sixth year most non-Mongol darughachi among Jurchen, Khitan, and Han appointees were to be removed, except Hui, Uighur, Naiman, and Tangut treated like Mongols, with former incumbents reassigned as civilian officials. In the nineteenth year appanage chiefs were ordered to rotate every three years. Provincial ministers argued that Jiangnan appanage chiefs who also commanded troops as darughachi should not be replaced wholesale under the rotation rule. Such officials should countersign above the appanage chief and govern jointly. In the twentieth year it was decided that Jiangnan appanage qianhu already serving as chiefs showed that prefectural and county chiefs should follow the same practice. In the twenty-third year recommended personnel with prior service would be placed in prefectures and counties by verified qualification; those without service history would remain within their appanage. By the thirtieth year appanage prefectural and county chiefs would rotate every three years on issued credentials, or report to central authorities and the Surveillance Commission when no rotation was possible. In Dade 1 appanage darughachi of rank 7b and below would follow categorical selection rules. In the tenth year appanage officials were forbidden to leave office without Secretariat or ministry authorization. In Huangqing 2 regular-selection chiefs would rank above appanage appointees in fief cities, with one fewer regular post per circuit prefecture and county. In the third year lower and middle county registrars and Record Affairs recorders handling revenue and policing would not be cut, and a deputy darughachi would be added. In the fourth year appanage prefectures could appoint their own darughachi and deputy posts were abolished. Appanage vacancies would be filled internally, not from the regular selection pool.
18
凡壕寨官：至元十九年，省部擬：「都水監並入本部，其壕寨官比依各部奏差出身。」 大德二年，擬考滿除從九品。
Ditch-fort officials: in Zhiyuan 19, with the Waterways Commission merged into the ministry, they would follow Six Ministries presentation memorial envoy origins. In Dade 2 ditch-fort officials would receive rank 9b upon completing review.
19
凡入粟補官：天歷三年，河南、陜西等處民饑，省臣議：「江南、陜西、河南等處富實之家願納粟補官者，驗糧數等第，從納粟人運至被災處所，隨即出給勘合朱鈔，實授茶鹽流官，咨申省部除授。 凡錢谷官隸行省者行省銓註，腹裏省者吏部註擬，考滿依例升轉。 其願折納價鈔者，並以中統鈔為則。 江南三省每石四十兩，陜西省每石八十兩，河南並腹裏每石六十兩。 其實授茶鹽流官，如不願仕而讓封父母者聽。 陜西省：一千五百石之上，從七品。 一千石之上，正八品。 五百石之上，從八品。 三百石之上，正九品。 二百石之上，從九品。 一百石之上，上等錢谷官。 八十石之上，中等錢谷官。 五十石之上，下等錢谷官。 三十石之上，旌表門閭。 河南並腹裏：二千石之上，從七品。 一千五百石之上，正八品。 一千石之上，從八品。 五百石之上，正九品。 三百石之上，從九品。 二百石之上，上等錢谷官。 一百五十石之上，中等錢谷官。 一百石之上，下等錢谷官。 江南三省：一萬石之上，正七品。 五千石之上，從七品。 三千石之上，正八品。 二千石之上，從八品。 一千石之上，正九品。 五百石之上，從九品。 三百石之上，上等錢谷官。 二百五十石之上，中等錢谷官。 二百石之上，下等錢谷官。 凡先嘗入粟遙授虛名者，今再入粟，則依驗糧數，照依資品，令實授茶鹽流官。 陜西省：一千石之上，從七品。 六百六十石之上，正八品。 三百三十石之上，從八品。 二百石之上，正九品。 一百三十石之上，從九品。 河南並腹裏：一千三百石之上，從七品。 一千石之上，正八品。 六百六十石之上，從八品。 三百三十石之上，正九品。 二百石之上，從九品。 江南三省：六千六百六十石之上，正七品。 三千三百三十石之上，從七品。 二千石之上，正八品。 一千三百三十石之上，從八品。 六百六十石之上，正九品。 三百三十石之上，從九品。 先嘗入粟實授茶鹽流官者，今再入粟，則依驗糧數，加等升職。 陜西省：七百五十石之上，五百石之上，二百五十石之上，一百五十石之上，一百石之上。 河南並腹裏：一千石之上，七百五十石之上，五百石之上，二百五十石之上，一百五十石之上。 僧道能以自己衣缽濟饑民者，三百石之上，六字師號，都省出給。 二百石之上，四字師號； 一百石之上，二字師號； 俱禮部出給。 四川省所轄地分富實民戶，有能入粟赴江陵者，依河南省入粟補官例行之。 其糧合用之時，從長處置。 江浙、江西、湖廣三省已糶官糧，見在價鈔於此差人赴河南省別與收貯，合用之時，從長處置。」
Grain-for-office appointments: in Tiansli 3 wealthy donors in Jiangnan, Shaanxi, and Henan could transport grain to famine areas, receive tallies and notes, and gain substantive tea-salt circulating offices through provincial consultation. Provincial fiscal officials would be registered by their branch secretariat and metropolitan ones by the Ministry of Personnel, with promotion upon review. Donors paying in notes would use Zhongtong currency as the standard. Rates would be forty taels per shi in Jiangnan, eighty in Shaanxi, and sixty in Henan and the interior. Substantive appointees unwilling to serve could instead ennoble their parents. In Shaanxi, one thousand five hundred shi or more brought rank 7b. One thousand shi or more brought rank 8a. Five hundred shi or more brought rank 8b. Three hundred shi or more brought rank 9a. Two hundred shi or more brought rank 9b. One hundred shi or more conferred upper-grade fiscal grain official status. Eighty shi or more conferred middle-grade fiscal grain official status. Fifty shi or more conferred lower-grade fiscal grain official status. Thirty shi or more brought commendation at the gate and lane. In Henan and the interior, two thousand shi or more brought rank 7b. Fifteen hundred shi or more brought rank 8a. One thousand shi or more brought rank 8b. Five hundred shi or more brought rank 9a. Three hundred shi or more brought rank 9b. Two hundred shi or more conferred upper-grade fiscal grain official status. One hundred fifty shi or more conferred middle-grade fiscal grain official status. One hundred shi or more conferred lower-grade fiscal grain official status. In the three Jiangnan provinces, ten thousand shi or more brought rank 7a. Five thousand shi or more brought rank 7b. Three thousand shi or more brought rank 8a. Two thousand shi or more brought rank 8b. One thousand shi or more brought rank 9a. Five hundred shi or more brought rank 9b. Three hundred shi or more brought an upper-grade fiscal grain office. Two hundred fifty shi or more brought a middle-grade fiscal grain office. Two hundred shi or more brought a lower-grade fiscal grain office. Those who had previously donated grain for distant honorary titles would, upon donating again, receive substantive tea-and-salt regular offices matching verified grain amounts and their due qualifications. In Shaanxi, one thousand shi or more brought rank 7b. Six hundred sixty shi or more brought rank 8a. Three hundred thirty shi or more brought rank 8b. Two hundred shi or more brought rank 9a. One hundred thirty shi or more brought rank 9b. In Henan and the metropolitan interior, one thousand three hundred shi or more brought rank 7b. One thousand shi or more brought rank 8a. Six hundred sixty shi or more brought rank 8b. Three hundred thirty shi or more brought rank 9a. Two hundred shi or more brought rank 9b. In the three Jiangnan provinces, six thousand six hundred sixty shi or more brought rank 7a. Three thousand three hundred thirty shi or more brought rank 7b. Two thousand shi or more brought rank 8a. One thousand three hundred thirty shi or more brought rank 8b. Six hundred sixty shi or more brought rank 9a. Three hundred thirty shi or more brought rank 9b. Those who had already received substantive tea-and-salt offices through grain donation would, upon donating again, advance one grade according to verified grain amounts. In Shaanxi the promotion thresholds were seven hundred fifty, five hundred, two hundred fifty, one hundred fifty, and one hundred shi. In Henan and the metropolitan interior the promotion thresholds were one thousand, seven hundred fifty, five hundred, two hundred fifty, and one hundred fifty shi. Monks and priests who relieved famine victims from their own resources would receive a six-character honorific title from the Metropolitan Secretariat at three hundred shi or more. At two hundred shi or more, a four-character honorific title was granted; one hundred shi or more brought a two-character honorific title; all issued by the Ministry of Rites. Affluent households in Sichuan jurisdictions able to transport grain to Jiangling would follow the Henan grain-for-office precedent. When the grain was to be deployed, the senior authority would decide. Jiangzhe, Jiangxi, and Huguang had sold official grain; agents would take the resulting paper notes to Henan for separate storage, with deployment decided by the senior authority when needed."
20
凡獲盜賞官：大德五年，詔：「獲強盜五人，與一官。 捕盜官及應捕人，本境失盜而獲他境盜者，聽功過相補。 獲強盜過五人，捕盜官減一資，至十五人升一等，應捕人與一官，不在論賞之列。」
On rewards of office for capturing bandits: in Dade 5 an edict declared that capturing five armed robbers would earn an official appointment. Bandit-capture officers and authorized pursuers who failed to catch thieves in their own district but caught thieves elsewhere could offset gains against losses. Beyond five armed robbers, capture officers would receive one waived qualification period; at fifteen captives they advanced one grade; authorized pursuers received an appointment outside the standard merit-reward reckoning."
21
凡玉典赤：至元二十七年，定擬歷三十月至九十月者，並與縣達魯花赤、進義副尉。 一百月以上者，官敦武校尉。 至大二年，令玉典赤權於州判、縣丞內銓註。 三年，令依舊例，九十月除從七下縣達魯花赤，任回添一資。
On yudianchi attendants: in Zhiyuan 27 those who had served thirty to ninety months would receive appointment as county darughachi or Advance-in-Merit deputy commandant. Those with one hundred months or more of service would receive the office of Dunwu commandant. In Zhida 2 yudianchi were temporarily appointed from among prefectural judges and county assistants. In the third year the old rule was restored: after ninety months they would be appointed lower subordinate seventh-rank county darughachi, with one qualification period added upon return.
22
凡蠻夷官：議：「播州宣撫司保蠻夷地分副長官，系遠方蠻夷，不拘常調之職，合準所保。 其蠻夷地分，雖不拘常調之處，而所保之人，多有泛濫。 今後除襲替土官外，急闕久任者，依例以相應人舉用，不許預報，違者罪及所由官司。」
On barbarian and tribal officials: it was proposed that the Bozhou Pacification Commission’s recommendations for deputy chiefs in tribal territories, as posts outside regular transfer for distant peoples, should be approved as presented. Although tribal territories were exempt from regular transfer rules, recommended candidates were often unqualified. Henceforth, aside from hereditary native chiefs, urgent or long-vacant tribal posts would be filled by suitable candidates under standard rules without advance nomination; violators and responsible offices would be punished."