Volume 115 Biographies 2: Ruizong, Yuzong, Xianzong, Shunzong

◎睿宗

◎ Ruizong

睿宗景襄皇帝，諱拖雷，太祖第四子，太宗母弟也。方太祖崩時，太宗留霍博之地，國事無所屬，拖雷實身任之。聞燕京盜賊白晝剽掠富民財物，吏不能禁，遂遣塔察、吾圖撒合裏往窮治之，殺十有六人，盜始屏息。

Ruizong, styled the Emperor Jingxiang, bore the personal name Tolui and was the fourth son of Taizu and uterine younger brother of Taizong. When Taizu died, Taizong was still in the Hobot region and no one held the reins of state; Tolui in fact shouldered the burden himself. Learning that in Yanjing bandits were plundering the wealthy in broad daylight while officials could not stop them, he sent Tacha and Utusaqri to investigate thoroughly; sixteen were executed, and the bandits finally fell quiet.

己丑夏，太宗還京。八月，即位。明年庚寅秋，太宗伐金，命拖雷帥師以從，破天城堡，拔蒲城縣，聞金平章合達、參政蒲阿守西邊，遂渡河，攻鳳翔。會前兵戰不利，從太宗援之，合達乃退。辛卯春，破洛陽、河中諸城。太宗還官山，大會諸侯王，謂曰：「人言耗國家者，實由寇敵。今金未殄，實我敵也。諸君寧無計乎？」拖雷進曰：「臣有愚計，非眾可聞。」太宗屏左右，亟臨問之，其言秘，人莫知也。鳳翔既下，有降人李昌國者言：「金主遷汴，所恃者黃河、潼關之險爾。若出寶雞，入漢中，不一月可達唐、鄧。金人聞之，寧不謂我師從天而下乎！」拖雷然之，言於太宗。太宗大喜，語諸王大臣曰：「昔太祖嘗有誌此舉，今拖雷能言之，真賽因也。」賽因，猶華言大好云。遂大發兵。

In the summer of the jichou year, Taizong returned to the capital. In the eighth month he ascended the throne. The following autumn, in the gengyin year, Taizong campaigned against Jin and ordered Tolui to command the accompanying force. Tolui stormed Tianbao Fortress and took Pucheng County. When he heard that the Jin Grand Councilor Heda and Vice Councilor Pu'a were holding the western frontier, he crossed the river and attacked Fengxiang. The vanguard had met with defeat in battle, so he went with Taizong to reinforce them, and Heda then withdrew. In the spring of the xinmao year he captured Luoyang and the cities of Hezhong. Taizong returned to Guanshan and convened the princes, saying, "What people say drains the state is really bandits and enemies. Jin is not yet destroyed, and they are truly our enemy. Have you no plan for this?" Tolui stepped forward and said, "I have a humble plan that is not for everyone to hear." Taizong dismissed his attendants and questioned him at once in private; what he said remained secret, and no one knew it. After Fengxiang fell, a defector named Li Changguo said, "The Jin ruler has moved to Bianjing; he relies only on the defenses of the Yellow River and Tong Pass. If we march out through Baoji and into Hanzhong, we can reach Tang and Deng in less than a month. When the Jin hear of it, will they not think our army has fallen from the sky!" Tolui agreed and reported it to Taizong. Taizong was delighted and told the princes and ministers, "Taizu once intended this very campaign; that Tolui can speak of it shows he is truly sayin." Sayin means, in Chinese, "excellent." He then mobilized the army on a large scale.

太宗以中軍自碗子城南下，渡河，由洛陽進；斡陳那顏以左軍由濟南進；而拖雷總右軍自鳳翔渡渭水，過寶雞，入小潼關，涉宋人之境，沿漢水而下。期以明年春，俱會於汴。遣搠不罕詣宋假道，且約合兵。宋殺使者，拖雷大怒曰：「彼昔遣茍夢玉來通好，遽自食言背盟乎！」乃分兵攻宋諸城堡，長驅入漢中，進襲四川，陷閬州，過南部而還。遂由金取房，前鋒三千人破金兵十餘萬於武當山，趨均州。乘騎浮渡漢水，遣夔曲涅率千騎馳白太宗。太宗方詣漢水，將分兵應之，會夔曲涅至，即遣慰諭拖雷，亟合兵焉。

Taizong led the center army south from Wanzi Fortress, crossed the river, and advanced through Luoyang; Orchan noyan led the left wing from Jinan; while Tolui commanded the right wing, crossing the Wei at Fengxiang, passing Baoji, entering Lesser Tong Pass, crossing Song territory, and marching down the Han River. They agreed to meet at Bianjing the following spring. He sent Shubuhan to the Song to request passage and to arrange a joint campaign. The Song killed the envoy. Tolui said in fury, "They once sent Gou Mengyu to seek friendship — will they break their word and betray the alliance so soon!" He then divided his forces to attack Song strongholds, drove deep into Hanzhong, raided into Sichuan, took Langzhou, passed through Nanbu, and returned. He then took Fang through Jin territory; three thousand vanguard horsemen routed more than a hundred thousand Jin troops at Wudang Mountain and pressed on toward Junzhou. They crossed the Han on horseback by swimming their mounts and sent Qaiqunie with a thousand riders to gallop ahead and inform Taizong. Taizong was on his way to the Han and was about to send detachments to support him when Qaiqunie arrived; he immediately sent orders encouraging Tolui to join forces at once.

拖雷既渡漢，金大將合達設伏二十餘萬於鄧州之西，據隘待之。時拖雷兵不滿四萬，及得諜報，乃悉留輜重，輕騎以進。十二月丙子，及金人戰於禹山，佯北以誘之，金人不動。拖雷舉火夜行，金合達聞其且至，退保鄧州，攻之，三日不下。遂將而北，以三千騎命劄剌等率之為殿。明旦，大霧迷道，為金人所襲，殺傷相當。拖雷以劄剌失律，罷之，而以野裏知給歹代焉。未幾，敗金軍。壬辰春，合達等知拖雷已北，合步騎十五萬躡其後。拖雷按兵，遣其將忽都忽等誘之。日且暮，令軍中曰：「毋令彼得休息，宜夜鼓以擾之。」太宗時亦渡河，遣親王口溫不花等將萬餘騎來會。天大雨雪，金人僵凍無人色，幾不能軍，拖雷即欲擊之，諸將請俟太宗至破之未晚，拖雷曰：「機不可失，彼脫入城，未易圖也。況大敵在前，敢以遺君父乎！」遂奮擊於三峰山，大破之，追奔數十里，流血被道，資仗委積，金之精銳盡於此矣。余眾迸走睢州，伏兵起，又敗之。合達走鈞州，僅遺數百騎。蒲阿走汴，至望京橋，復禽獲之。太宗尋至，按行戰地，顧謂拖雷曰：「微汝，不能致此捷也。」諸侯王進曰：「誠如聖諭，然拖雷之功，著在社稷。」蓋又指其定冊云爾。拖雷從容對曰：「臣何功之有，此天之威，皇帝之福也。」聞者服其不伐。從太宗攻鈞州，拔之，獲合達。攻許州，又拔之，遂從太宗收定河南諸郡。四月，由半渡入真定，過中都，出北口，住夏於官山。

After Tolui crossed the Han, the Jin commander Heda laid an ambush of more than two hundred thousand men west of Dengzhou and held the defiles to await him. Tolui had fewer than forty thousand men. When he received intelligence reports, he left all baggage behind and advanced with light cavalry. On the bingzi day of the twelfth month he fought the Jin at Yushan, feigning retreat to lure them, but the Jin did not stir. Tolui marched by night with torches raised. When the Jin commander Heda heard he was near, he withdrew into Dengzhou. Tolui attacked the city for three days without taking it. He then marched north, leaving three thousand horsemen under Zhala and others to serve as rearguard. At dawn the next day a heavy fog obscured the road, and Jin troops attacked; casualties were roughly equal on both sides. Tolui removed Zhala for breach of discipline and replaced him with Yelüchidai. Before long he defeated the Jin army. In the spring of the renchen year, Heda and others learned that Tolui had marched north and combined a hundred and fifty thousand infantry and cavalry to pursue him. Tolui held his army in place and sent his generals Huduhu and others to lure the enemy on. As evening approached he ordered the army, "Do not let them rest; beat the drums through the night to harass them." Taizong had also crossed the river by then and sent the imperial prince Köten and others with more than ten thousand horsemen to join him. Heavy rain and snow fell; the Jin troops were frozen stiff and barely able to hold formation. Tolui wanted to attack at once, but his generals urged him to wait until Taizong arrived. Tolui said, "The moment must not be lost. If they escape into the cities, they will be hard to overcome. With a great enemy before us, how dare we leave the victory to our sovereign father!" He then launched a fierce assault at Sanfeng Mountain and broke them completely, pursuing the fugitives for dozens of li. Blood covered the road; arms and equipment lay heaped in piles. The flower of Jin's army was destroyed here. The survivors fled headlong toward Suizhou, where ambush troops rose and defeated them again. Heda fled to Junzhou with only a few hundred horsemen remaining. Pu'a fled toward Bianjing and was captured again at Wangjing Bridge. Taizong soon arrived, walked the battlefield, and said to Tolui, "Without you, this victory could not have been won." The princes replied, "It is as Your Majesty says, yet Tolui's merit stands out for the realm itself." This alluded again to his role in settling the succession. Tolui answered calmly, "What merit have I? This is Heaven's power and the Emperor's good fortune." Those who heard admired his modesty. He followed Taizong in attacking Junzhou, captured the city, and took Heda prisoner. He attacked Xuzhou and took it as well, then followed Taizong in securing the Henan commanderies. In the fourth month he entered Zhending by Bandu, passed through Zhongdu, left by the northern pass, and spent the summer at Guanshan.

五月，太宗不豫。六月，疾甚。拖雷禱於天地，請以身代之，又取巫覡祓除釁滌之水飲焉。居數日，太宗疾愈，拖雷從之北還，至阿剌合的思之地，遇疾而薨，壽四十有（闕）。妃怯烈氏。子十一人，長憲宗，次四則世祖也。憲宗立，追謚曰英武皇帝，廟號睿宗。二年，合祭昊天后土，以太祖、睿宗配享。世祖至元二年，改謚景襄皇帝。

In the fifth month Taizong fell ill. In the sixth month his illness grew severe. Tolui prayed to Heaven and Earth, offering to take the illness upon himself, and also drank the exorcism and purification water prepared by shamans. Several days later Taizong recovered. Tolui accompanied him on the return north, but at Alaqadesi he fell ill and died at the age of forty- Text lacuna in the manuscript. His consort was Sorghaghtani Beki of the Kereit. He had eleven sons; the eldest was Xianzong, and the fourth was Shizu. When Xianzong ascended the throne, he posthumously styled him the Emperor Yingwu with the temple name Ruizong. In the second year, at the joint sacrifice to Heaven and Earth, Taizu and Ruizong were enshrined as spirit partners. In Shizu's second Zhiyuan year the posthumous title was changed to the Emperor Jingxiang.

○裕宗

◎ Yuzong

裕宗文惠明孝皇帝，諱真金，世祖嫡子也。母昭睿順聖皇后，弘吉烈氏。少從姚樞、竇默受《孝經》，及終卷，世祖大悅，設食饗樞等。中統三年，封燕王，守中書令。丞相史天澤入啟事，王曰：「我幼，未嘗習祖宗典則，閑於政體，一旦當大任，惟汝耆德賴焉。」復諭贊善王恂曰：「省臣所啟，等國事也。爾宜入與聞之。」四年，兼判樞密院事。至元初，省臣奏請王署敕，每月必再至中書。於是王將入中書，乳母進新衣，笑卻之曰：「吾何事美觀也。」嘗從幸宜興，世祖違豫，憂形於色，夕不能寐。聞母皇后暴得風疾，即悲泣，衣不及帶而行。七年秋，受詔巡撫稱海，至冬還京。間謂諸王劄剌忽及從官伯顏等曰：「吾屬適有茲暇，宜各悉乃心，慎言所守，俾吾聞之。」於是撒裏蠻曰：「太祖有訓：欲治身，先治心；欲責人，先責己。」伯顏曰：「皇上有訓：欺罔盜竊，人之至惡。一為欺罔，則後雖出善言，人終弗信；一為盜竊，則事雖未覺，心常惴惴，若捕者將至。」劄剌忽曰：「我祖有訓：長者梢，深者底。蓋言貴有終始，長必極其杪，深必究其底，不可中輟也。」王曰：「皇上有訓：毋持大心。大心一持，事即隳敗。吾觀孔子之語，即與聖訓合也。」至王恂陳說尤多，事見恂傳。

Yuzong, styled the Emperor Wenhui Mingxiao, bore the personal name Zhenjin and was Shizu's son by the principal wife. His mother was Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng of the Onggirat, Chabi. In his youth he studied the Classic of Filial Piety under Yao Shu and Dou Mo. When he finished the text, Shizu was delighted and gave a feast in their honor. In the third Zhongtong year he was enfeoffed as Prince of Yan and appointed Director of the Secretariat. When Grand Councilor Shi Tianze came in to report affairs, the prince said, "I am young, have never studied our ancestral regulations, and know little of government. To be given such a great responsibility all at once, I must rely on your seasoned wisdom." He also told his tutor Wang Xun, "What the Secretariat ministers report is state business. You should attend and hear it yourself." In the fourth year he was also made concurrent administrator of the Bureau of Military Affairs. Early in the Zhiyuan period the Secretariat ministers memorialized that the prince should countersign edicts and attend the Secretariat twice each month. As the prince was about to enter the Secretariat, his wet nurse brought him new clothes. He smiled and refused them, saying, "Why should I dress for show?" Once when he accompanied Shizu to Yixing and Shizu fell ill, his worry showed plainly on his face and he could not sleep at night. When he heard that the empress mother had suddenly suffered a stroke, he wept and set out without even fastening his belt. In the autumn of the seventh year he received orders to tour and pacify Cheng-hai and returned to the capital by winter. In the interval he said to Prince Zhalaqu and the attendant officials Bayan and others, "We happen to have this leisure. Each of you should speak frankly and carefully about what you uphold, so that I may hear it." Sariman then said, "Taizu taught: to govern yourself, first govern your mind; to blame others, first blame yourself." Bayan said, "The Emperor taught: deceit and theft are the worst of human faults. Once you deceive, even good words afterward will never be believed; once you steal, even if the deed is undiscovered your heart stays fearful, as though the pursuer were about to arrive." Zhalaqu said, "My ancestor taught: what is long has its tip; what is deep has its bottom. This means one must see things through: what is long must reach its end, what is deep must be traced to the bottom, and one must not stop halfway." The prince said, "The Emperor taught: do not harbor grand ambitions. Once grand ambitions take hold, affairs are ruined at once. When I read Confucius, his words match the sage's instructions." Wang Xun spoke at even greater length; see his biography for the details.

十年二月，立為皇太子，仍兼中書令，判樞密院事。受玉冊：「皇帝若曰：咨爾皇太子真金，仰惟太祖皇帝遺訓，嫡子中有克嗣服繼統者，豫選定之。是用立太宗英文皇帝，以紹隆丕構。自時厥後，為不顯立冢嫡，遂啟爭端。朕上遵祖宗宏規，下協昆弟僉同之議，乃從燕邸，即立爾為皇太子，積有日矣。比者儒臣敷奏，國家定立儲嗣，宜有冊命，此典禮也。今遣攝太尉、左丞相伯顏持節授爾玉冊金寶。於戲！聖武燕謀，爾其承奉。昆弟宗親，爾其和協。使仁孝顯於躬行，抑可謂不負所托矣。尚其戒哉，勿替朕命。」九月丙戌，詔立宮師府，設官屬三十有八員。起處士楊恭懿於京兆。

In the second month of the tenth year he was installed as crown prince, while retaining the posts of Director of the Secretariat and administrator of the Bureau of Military Affairs. He received the jade register: "The Emperor speaks: Crown Prince Zhenjin, in accordance with Taizu's testament, among the sons of the principal wife, whoever is fit to succeed and continue the line should be chosen in advance. For this reason Taizong, the Emperor Yingwen, was established to carry on the great foundation. From that time on, because the principal heir was not clearly designated, strife arose. I have followed our ancestors' great regulations above and my brothers' unanimous agreement below, and so, from the Yan residence, I established you as crown prince some time ago. Recently the Confucian ministers have memorialized that when the state formally establishes the heir, there should be an investiture decree; this is proper ritual. I now send Acting Grand Commandant and Left Grand Councilor Bayan, bearing credentials, to confer upon you the jade register and golden seal. Alas! Uphold the sage's martial prowess and the founding designs of Yan. Live in harmony with your brothers and kinsmen. Let benevolence and filial piety show in your own conduct, and you will not fail what has been entrusted to you. Take heed, and do not neglect my command." On the bingxu day of the ninth month an edict established the Palace Tutorate with thirty-eight staff posts. The scholar Yang Gongyi was summoned from Jingzhao.

太子嘗有疾，世祖臨幸，親和藥以賜之。遣侍臣李眾馳祀嶽瀆名山川，太子戒其所至郡邑，毋煩吏迎送，重擾民也。詔以侍衛親軍萬人益隸東宮，太子命王慶端、董士亨選其驍勇者，教以兵法，時閱試焉。太子服綾袷，為瀋所漬，命侍臣重加染治，侍臣請織綾更制之，太子曰：「吾欲織百端，非難也。顧是物未敝，豈宜棄之。」東宮香殿成，工請鑿石為池，如曲水流觴故事。太子曰：「古有肉林酒池，爾欲吾效之耶！」不許。每與諸王近臣習射之暇，輒講論經典，若《資治通鑒》、《貞觀政要》，王恂、許衡所述遼、金帝王行事要略，下至《武經》等書，從容片言之間，茍有允愜，未嘗不為之灑然改容。時侍經幄者，如王恂、白棟皆朝夕不出東宮，而待制李謙、太常宋瑽尤加咨訪，蓋無間也。

When the crown prince fell ill, Shizu visited him in person and mixed medicine himself to give him. He sent the attendant minister Li Zhong to sacrifice at famous mountains and rivers. The crown prince warned the districts he passed through not to trouble officials with welcoming parties, lest the people be burdened again. An edict added ten thousand palace guards to the Eastern Palace. The crown prince had Wang Qingduan and Dong Shiheng select the bravest men, taught them military tactics, and reviewed them regularly. The crown prince's lined gauze robe was stained with sweat, and he ordered his attendants to have it dyed again. They asked to weave a new robe instead. He said, "If I wanted a hundred bolts of gauze, that would not be difficult. But this garment is not yet worn out. How can I discard it?" When the Eastern Palace incense hall was completed, the craftsmen asked to carve a stone pool in the manner of the floating-cup stream banquet. The crown prince said, "In antiquity there were meat forests and wine pools. Do you want me to imitate them!" He refused. In intervals from archery practice with the princes and close ministers, he would discuss the classics, from Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance and Essentials of Government in the Zhenguan Reign to Wang Xun and Xu Heng's summaries of Liao and Jin rulers and even Military Classics. An apt remark would always make him brighten visibly. Those who attended his study sessions, such as Wang Xun and Bai Dong, scarcely left the Eastern Palace from morning to night, while Awaiting Draft Li Qian and Director of Ceremonies Song Cong were consulted especially often.

十八年正月，昭睿順聖皇后崩，太子自獵所奔赴，勺飲不入口者終日，設廬帳居之。命宋瑽擇可備顧問者，瑽以郭祐、何瑋、徐琰、馬紹、楊居寬、何榮祖、楊仁風等為言。太子曰：「是數人者，盡為我致之，宜自近者始。」遂召瑋於易州、琰於東平。贊善王恂卒，太子聞之嗟悼，賻鈔二千五百緡。一日，顧謂左右曰：「王贊善當言必言，未嘗顧惜，隨事規正，良多裨補，今鮮有其匹也。」時阿合馬擅國重柄，太子惡其奸惡，未嘗少假顏色。盜知阿合馬所畏憚者，獨太子爾，因為偽太子，夜入京城，召而殺之。及和禮霍孫入相，太子曰：「阿合馬死於盜手，汝任中書，誠有便國利民者，毋憚更張。茍或沮撓，我當力持之。」中書啟以何瑋參議省事，徐琰為左司郎中。瑋、琰入見，太子諭之曰：「汝等學孔子之道，今始得行，宜盡平生所學，力行之。」辟楊仁風於潞州、馬紹於東平，復辟楊恭懿置省中議事，以衛輝總管董文用練達官政，與恭懿同置省中。按察副使王惲進《承華事略》：一曰《廣孝》，二曰《立愛》，三曰《端本》，四曰《進學》，五曰《擇術》，六曰《謹習》，七曰《聽政》，八曰《達聰》，九曰《撫軍》，十曰《明分》，十一曰《崇儒》，十二曰《親賢》，十三曰《去邪》，十四曰《納誨》，十五曰《幾諫》，十六曰《從諫》，十七曰《推恩》，十八曰《尚儉》，十九曰《戒逸》，二十曰《審官》。太子聞漢成帝不絕馳道，唐肅宗改絳紗袍為朱明服，大喜曰：「使吾行之，亦當若此。」及說邢峙止齊太子食邪蒿，顧宮臣曰：「菜名邪蒿，未必果邪也。雖食之，豈遽使人不正邪？」張九思對曰：「古人設戒，義固當爾。」

In the first month of the eighteenth year Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng died. The crown prince rushed back from the hunt and for a whole day would take no food or drink, dwelling in a mourning hut. He ordered Song Cong to choose men fit to serve as advisers. Cong named Guo You, He Wei, Xu Yan, Ma Shao, Yang Jukuan, He Rongzu, Yang Renfeng, and others. The crown prince said, "Bring all of them to me, beginning with those nearest." He then summoned Wei from Yizhou and Yan from Dongping. When Tutor Wang Xun died, the crown prince mourned him deeply and sent two thousand five hundred strings of paper money as funeral gifts. One day he said to his attendants, "Tutor Wang spoke whenever he should, never holding back, and corrected matters as they arose. He was of great help, and today there are few like him." At that time Ahmad monopolized state power. The crown prince detested his wickedness and never showed him a pleasant face. Bandits knew Ahmad feared only the crown prince. They impersonated the crown prince, entered the capital by night, summoned Ahmad, and killed him. When Helühuosun became chief minister, the crown prince said, "Ahmad died at the hands of bandits. You hold the Secretariat. If there are measures that truly benefit the state and the people, do not fear to change what exists. If anyone obstructs you, I shall support you." The Secretariat memorialized to appoint He Wei as Associate Administrator of Affairs and Xu Yan as Left Department Director. When Wei and Yan came to audience, the crown prince told them, "You have studied the Way of Confucius. Now you may put it into practice. Employ all you have learned through life and act on it." He recruited Yang Renfeng from Luzhou and Ma Shao from Dongping, brought Yang Gongyi back to deliberate affairs in the Secretariat, and because Weihui Administrator Dong Wenyong was experienced in government, placed him in the Secretariat with Gongyi. Investigation Vice Commissioner Wang Yun presented Outline of Chenghua Affairs in twenty chapters: Broad Filial Piety, Establishing Love, Correcting the Root, Advancing Learning, Choosing Methods, Diligent Practice, Hearing Government, Reaching the Wise, Pacifying the Army, Clarifying Distinctions, Honoring Confucians, Cherishing the Worthy, Removing the Wicked, Accepting Admonition, Subtle Remonstrance, Following Remonstrance, Extending Grace, Esteeming Frugality, Warning against Dissipation, and Examining Officials. When he heard that Han Emperor Cheng did not close the imperial carriage road and that Tang Emperor Suzong changed the crimson gauze robe to vermilion-bright dress, he said with delight, "If I acted on these, I would do the same." When told how Xing Zhi stopped the Qi crown prince from eating a vegetable called "wicked mugwort," he said to the palace officers, "The vegetable is named wicked mugwort, but it is not necessarily wicked. Even if one eats it, how could it make someone unrighteous at once?" Zhang Jiusi replied, "When the ancients set such warnings, the principle was indeed sound."

詔割江西龍興路為太子分地，太子謂左右曰：「安得治民如邢州張耕者乎！誠使之往治，俾江南諸郡取法，民必安集。」於是召宋瑽大選署守長。江西行省以歲課羨余鈔四十七萬緡獻，太子怒曰：「朝廷令汝等安治百姓，百姓安，錢糧何患不足，百姓不安，錢糧雖多，安能自奉乎！」盡卻之。阿裏以民官兼課司，請歲附輸羊三百，太子以其越例，罷之。參政劉思敬遣其弟思恭以新民百六十戶來獻，太子問民所從來，對曰：「思敬征重慶時所俘獲者。」太子蹙然曰：「歸語汝兄，此屬宜隨所在放遣為民，毋重失人心。」烏蒙宣撫司進馬，逾歲獻之額，即諭之曰：「去歲嘗俾勿多進馬，恐道路所經，數勞吾民也。自今其勿復然。」

An edict carved off Jiangxi Longxing Circuit as the crown prince's allotment. He said to his attendants, "How can I find someone to govern the people like Zhang Geng of Xingzhou! If he were sent to govern and the Jiangnan commanderies took him as their model, the people would surely be settled." He then summoned Song Cong to conduct a great selection and appoint prefects and magistrates. The Jiangxi Branch Secretariat presented surplus annual tax paper money of four hundred seventy thousand strings. The crown prince said angrily, "The court ordered you to bring peace to the people. When the people are at peace, why worry that revenue will not suffice? When the people are not at peace, no amount of revenue can support your own comfort!" He sent it all back. Ali, a civil official who also held a tax post, requested three hundred sheep delivered yearly. The crown prince abolished it as contrary to precedent. Vice Councilor Liu Sijing sent his younger brother Sigong to present a hundred sixty households of new subjects. The crown prince asked where they came from and was told, "Those captured when Sijing campaigned in Chongqing." The crown prince frowned and said, "Tell your brother these people should be released wherever they are and restored as commoners. Do not lose the people's hearts again. The Wumeng Pacification Commission presented horses beyond the annual quota. He instructed them, "Last year I ordered you not to present too many horses, lest the people along the roads be repeatedly burdened. From now on do not do so again."

二十年春，辟劉因於保定，因以疾辭，固辟之，乃至，拜右贊善大夫，以吏部郎中夾谷之奇為左贊善大夫。是時已立國子學，李棟、宋瑽、李謙皆以東宮僚友，繼典教事，至是，命因專領之，而以瑽等仍備咨訪。嘗曰：「吾聞金章宗時，有司論太學生廩費太多，章宗謂養出一範文正公，所償顧豈少哉。其言甚善。」會因復以疾乞去。二十二年，以長史耶律有尚為國子司業。中庶子伯必以其子阿八赤入見，諭令入學，伯必即令其子入蒙古學。逾年又見，太子問讀何書，其子以蒙古書對，太子曰：「我命汝學漢人文字耳，其亟入胄監。」遣使辟宋工部侍郎倪堅於開元，既至，訪以古今成敗得失，堅對言：「三代得天下以仁，其失也以不仁。漢、唐之亡也，以外戚閹豎。宋之亡也，以奸黨權臣。」太子嘉納，賜酒，日昃乃罷。諭德李謙、夾谷之奇嘗進言曰：「殿下睿性夙成，閱理久熟，方遵聖訓，參決庶務，如視膳問安之禮，固無待於贊諭。至於軍民之利病，政令之得失，事關朝廷，責在臺院，有非宮臣所宜言者。獨有澄原固本，保守成業，殿下所當留心，臣等不容緘口者也。敬陳十事：曰正心，曰睦親，曰崇儉，曰親賢，曰幾諫，曰戢兵，曰尚文，曰定律，曰正名，曰革敝。」其論正心有云：「太子之心，天下之本也。太子心正，則天心有所屬，人心有所系矣。唐太宗嘗言，人主一心，攻之者眾，或以勇力，或以辨口，或以諂諛，或以奸詐，或以嗜欲，輻輳攻之，各求自售。人主少懈，而受其一，則其害有不可勝言者。殿下至尊之儲貳，人求自售者亦不為少，須常喚醒此心，不使為物欲所撓，則宗社生靈之福。固本澄原，莫此為切。」論睦親，以「宗親為王室之藩屏，人主之所自衛者也。大分既定，尊卑懸殊，必恩意俯逮，然後得盡其歡心。宗親之歡心得，則遠近之歡心得矣」。其論正名、革敝，尤切中時政。太子在中書日久，明於聽斷，四方州郡科征、挽漕、造作、和市，有系民休戚者，聞之，即日奏罷。右丞盧世榮以言利進，太子意深非之。嘗曰：「財非天降，安得歲取贏乎！恐生民膏血，竭於此也。豈惟害民，實國之大蠹。」其後世榮果坐罪。桑哥素主世榮，聞太子有言，訖箝口不敢救。

In the spring of the twentieth year he recruited Liu Yin from Baoding. Yin declined on grounds of illness, but when recruitment was pressed he came and was appointed Right Tutor, with Ministry of Personnel Director Jiagu Zhiqi as Left Tutor. By then the National University had been established. Li Dong, Song Cong, and Li Qian, all friends of the Eastern Palace, had successively directed instruction. Now he ordered Yin to take sole charge while Cong and the others still served for consultation. He once said, "I hear that under Jin Emperor Zhangzong, officials said National University students' stipends were too costly. Zhangzong replied that nurturing one Fan Zhongyan repaid the cost. His words were excellent. His words were excellent." When Yin again begged leave on grounds of illness. In the twenty-second year Ye Lü Youshang was made National University Vice Director. Junior Mentor Bo Bi brought his son Abachi to audience. The crown prince instructed him to enter study, and Bo Bi at once sent his son into Mongolian study. More than a year later he saw him again and asked what book he was reading. The son answered in Mongolian script. The crown prince said, "I ordered you to study Chinese writing. Enter the Imperial College at once." He sent envoys to recruit Song Ministry of Works Vice Minister Ni Jian from Kaiyuan. When Jian arrived he was asked about success and failure through the ages. Jian replied, "The Three Dynasties gained the realm through benevolence and lost it through lack of benevolence. Han and Tang fell through maternal kin and eunuchs. Song fell through treacherous factions and powerful ministers." The crown prince approved and bestowed wine. They did not disperse until sundown. Moral Instructor Li Qian and Jiagu Zhiqi once said, "Your Highness's keen nature was formed early and you have long mastered principle. You now follow the sage's instructions and take part in deciding affairs. Rites such as presenting food and inquiring after health need no exhortation from us. What benefits or harms soldiers and civilians and what is gained or lost in government orders concern the court and are the Censorate's responsibility, not what palace officers should speak of. Only clarifying the source and securing the root and preserving the established enterprise are what Your Highness should attend to, and on these we cannot keep silent. They respectfully presented ten matters: rectifying the mind, drawing kin close, esteeming frugality, cherishing the worthy, subtle remonstrance, restraining troops, honoring culture, fixing laws, correcting names, and reforming abuses. On rectifying the mind they said, "The crown prince's mind is the root of the realm. When the crown prince's mind is correct, Heaven's mind has what to attach to and the people's hearts have what to bind them. Tang Taizong once said that a ruler has but one mind, yet those who assail it are many, whether by force, eloquence, flattery, treachery, or craving, each wheeling in to sell himself. If the ruler relaxes even slightly and accepts one of them, the harm is beyond words. Your Highness, as the supreme heir, also has no lack of those who seek to sell themselves. You must constantly awaken this mind and not let it be stirred by external things. Then the altars of state and the living will be blessed. To secure the root and clarify the source, nothing is more urgent. On drawing kin close they said, "Clan kin are the screen of the royal house and what the ruler uses to defend himself. Once rank is fixed and honor and baseness stand far apart, favor must reach down generously, and only then can their full hearts be won. When the clan kin's hearts are won, the hearts of those far and near are won as well." Their discussions of correcting names and reforming abuses especially struck at the politics of the time. The crown prince had long served in the Secretariat and was clear in judgment. Whenever levies, transport, construction, or market purchases in the commanderies touched the people's welfare, he memorialized the same day to stop them. Right Vice Councilor Lu Shirong advanced by speaking of profit, which the crown prince deeply disapproved. He once said, "Wealth does not fall from Heaven. How can one take surplus every year! I fear the people's fat and blood will be exhausted here. It will not only harm the people; it is truly the great bane of the state." Afterward Shirong was indeed punished for crime. Sangge had always championed Shirong, but hearing the crown prince's words, he kept silent to the end and dared not save him.

甘麻剌

Gammala

○顯宗

◎ Xianzong

顯宗光聖仁孝皇帝，諱甘麻剌，裕宗長子也。母曰徽仁裕聖皇后，弘吉剌氏。甘麻剌少育於祖母昭睿順聖皇后，日侍世祖，未嘗離左右，畏慎不妄言，言必無隱。至元中，奉旨鎮北邊，叛王嶽木忽兒等聞其至，望風請降。既而都阿、察八兒諸王遣使求和，邊境以寧。嘗出征駐金山，會大雪，擁火坐帳內，歡甚，顧謂左右曰：「今日風雪如是，吾與卿處猶有寒色，彼從士亦人耳，腰弓矢、荷刃周廬之外，其苦可知。」遂命饔人大為肉糜，親嘗而遍賜之。撫循部曲之暇，則命也滅堅以國語講《通鑒》。戒其近侍太不花曰：「朝廷以藩屏寄我，事有不逮，正在汝輩輔助。其或依勢作威，不用我命，輕者論遣，大者奏聞耳，宜各慎之。使百姓安業，主上無北顧之憂，則予與卿等亦樂處於此，乃所以報國家也。」

Xianzong, styled the Emperor Guang Sheng Renxiao, bore the personal name Gammala and was the eldest son of Yuzong. His mother was Empress Hui Ren Yu Sheng of the Onggirat. Gammala was raised in youth by his grandmother Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng, daily attending Shizu and never leaving his side. He was cautious and did not speak rashly, but when he spoke he concealed nothing. In the Zhiyuan period he was ordered to guard the northern frontier. Rebel princes such as Yüsmish, hearing he had arrived, submitted at once. Before long Princes Dua, Chabar, and others sent envoys seeking peace, and the frontier was tranquil. Once on campaign he encamped at Jinshan. Heavy snow fell. Huddling by the fire in his tent he was merry and said to those at hand, "In wind and snow like this we still feel cold here. Our followers are men too, with bows at their waists and blades on their backs circling the camp outside. Their hardship is easy to imagine." He ordered the provisioners to make meat porridge in quantity, tasted it himself, and gave it to all. In intervals of comforting the troops he had Yemujian lecture on Comprehensive Mirror in Mongolian. He warned his close attendant Taibuhua, "The court has entrusted me as a frontier screen. If affairs are not fully handled, you must assist me. If any rely on power to act arrogantly and disobey my command, the lighter case is reprimand and dispatch, the heavier is memorialized. Each of you must be careful. If the common people settle in their occupations and the sovereign has no worry of looking north, then you and I may dwell here in peace as well. That is how we repay the state."

二十六年，世祖以其居邊日久，特命獵於柳林之地。率眾至漷州，恐廩膳不均，令左右司之，分給從士，仍飭其眾曰：「汝等飲食既足，若復侵漁百姓，是汝自取罪謫，無悔。」眾皆如約，民賴以安。北還，覲世祖於上京，世祖勞之曰：「汝在柳林，民不知擾，朕實嘉焉。」明年冬，封梁王，授以金印，出鎮雲南。過中山，又明年春過懷、孟，從卒馬駝之屬不下千百計，所至未嘗橫取於民。

In the twenty-sixth year Shizu, because he had long dwelt on the frontier, specially ordered him to hunt in the Willow Grove. Leading his host to Huozhou, fearing uneven grain provisions, he had his attendants supervise distribution to the followers and admonished them, "You have enough food and drink. If you encroach on the common people again, you bring punishment on yourselves. Do not regret it." The host all kept the agreement, and the people were left in peace. Returning north he paid homage to Shizu at Shangdu. Shizu praised him, "At Willow Grove the people were undisturbed. I truly commend this." The next winter he was enfeoffed Prince of Liang, granted the golden seal, and sent to guard Yunnan. Passing through Zhongshan and the next spring through Huai and Meng, with followers, horses, and camels numbering no fewer than a thousand, he never took forcibly from the people wherever he went.

二十九年，改封晉王，移鎮北邊，統領太祖四大斡耳朵及軍馬、達達國土，更鑄晉王金印授之。中書省臣言於世祖曰：「諸王皆置傳，今晉王守太祖肇基之地，視諸王宜有加，請置內史。」世祖從之，遂以北安王傅禿歸、梁王傅木八剌沙、雲南行省平章賽陽並為內史。明年，置內史府。又明年，世祖崩，晉王聞訃，奔赴上都。諸王大臣咸在，晉王曰：「昔皇祖命我鎮撫北方，以衛社稷，久歷邊事，願服厥職。母弟鐵木耳仁孝，宜嗣大統。」於是成宗即帝位，而晉王復歸藩邸。

In the twenty-ninth year he was changed to Prince of Jin, transferred to guard the northern frontier, commanding Taizu's four great ordos with troops, horses, and Tatar lands, and a new Jin Prince golden seal was cast and conferred. Secretariat ministers spoke to Shizu, "All princes are given tutors. The Jin Prince now guards the land where Taizu first raised the foundation and, compared with other princes, ought to receive more. Please establish an Inner Scribe." Shizu agreed and appointed North Pacification King Tutor Tugui, Liang King Tutor Mubalasha, and Yunnan Branch Secretariat Grand Councilor Saiyang as Inner Scribes. The following year the Inner Scribe Office was established. The year after that Shizu died. Hearing the mourning announcement, the Jin Prince rushed to Shangdu. All the princes and great ministers were present. The Jin Prince said, "Formerly the imperial grandfather ordered me to pacify the north and guard the altars of state. Having long handled frontier affairs, I wish to fulfill that duty. My younger brother by the same mother, Temür, is benevolent and filial and ought to succeed to the throne." Chengzong then took the throne, and the Jin Prince returned to his princely residence.

元貞元年，塔塔兒部年谷不熟，檄宣徽院賑之。又答答剌民饑，請朝廷賑之。詔賜王鈔千萬貫，及銀帛有差。皇太后復以雲南所貢金器，遣朵年來賜。是歲冬，奉詔以知樞密院事劄散、同知徽政院事阿裏罕為內史。大德二年，詔給秫米五百石。五年，成宗以邊士貧乏，分給鈔一千萬貫。

In the first Yuanzhen year the Tatar tribes' harvest failed, and he ordered the Imperial Provision Court to relieve them. The Dadala people also suffered famine, and he requested relief from the court. An edict bestowed ten million strings of paper money on the prince, with graded amounts of silver and silk. The empress dowager again sent the gold vessels presented from Yunnan, dispatched by Duonian as gifts. That winter, by imperial order Zhasan, who knew Bureau of Military Affairs affairs, and Alihan, Associate Administrator of the Imperial Provision Court, were appointed Inner Scribes. In the second Dade year an edict granted five hundred shi of grain. In the fifth year Chengzong, because frontier troops were poor and lacking, distributed ten million strings of paper money.

答剌麻八剌

Dadarmabala

○順宗

◎ Shunzong

子三人：長曰阿木哥，封魏王，郭出也；妃所生者曰海山，是為武宗；曰愛育黎拔力八達，是為仁宗。大德十一年秋，武宗即位，追謚曰昭聖衍孝皇帝，廟號順宗，祔享太廟。

He had three sons. The eldest was Amuge, enfeoffed as Prince of Wei, a son by adoption. Those born of the consort were Haishan, who became Wuzong; and Ayurbarwada, who became Renzong. In the autumn of the eleventh Dade year Wuzong took the throne and posthumously styled him the Emperor Zhaosheng Yanxiao with the temple name Shunzong, enshrined in the Imperial Ancestral Temple.

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