1
耶律留哥
Yelu Liuge
2
耶律留哥，契丹人，仕金為北邊千戶。 太祖起兵朔方，金人疑遼遺民有他志，下令遼民一戶，以二女真戶夾居防之。 留哥不自安。 歲壬申，遁至隆安、韓州，糾壯士剽掠其地。 州發卒追捕，留哥皆擊走之。 因與耶的合勢募兵，數月衆至十餘萬，推留哥為都元帥，耶的副之，營帳百里，威震遼東。
Yelu Liuge was a Khitan who held the rank of chiliarch on the Jin dynasty's northern frontier. When Genghis Khan rose in arms from the north, the Jin suspected that remaining Liao subjects might harbor disloyal ambitions. They decreed that every Liao household be flanked on either side by two Jurchen households as a guard against sedition. Liuge felt increasingly insecure under this arrangement. In the renshen year (1212), he fled to Long'an and Hanzhou, rallied bold fighting men, and began raiding the countryside. When the prefectures dispatched soldiers to hunt him down, Liuge routed every force sent against him. He then allied with Yede to raise an army. Within a few months their following swelled to over a hundred thousand men. Liuge was acclaimed supreme commander, with Yede as his second. Their encampments stretched a hundred li, and their power thundered across Liaodong.
3
太祖命按陳那衍、渾都古行軍至遼，遇之，問所從來，留哥對曰：「我契丹軍也，往附大國，道阻馬疲，故逗遛於此。」 按陳曰：「我奉旨討女真，適與爾會，庸非天乎！ 然爾欲效順，何以為信？」 留哥乃率所部會按陳于金山，刑白馬、白牛，登高北望，折矢以盟。 按陳曰：「吾還奏，當以征遼之責屬爾。」
Genghis Khan ordered Anchanna and Hondugu to lead troops into Liao territory. When they met Liuge, they asked where he was headed. Liuge answered: "We are a Khitan army bound to submit to your great realm. Our road has been blocked and our horses exhausted, so we have halted here." Anchanna said: "I have been commanded to subdue the Jurchens, and to meet you just now—can this be anything but Heaven's design? But if you truly mean to submit, what pledge will you give as proof?" Liuge then led his troops to Jinshan to join Anchanna. They sacrificed a white horse and a white ox, climbed a height to look north, and broke arrows together to seal their alliance. Anchanna said: "When I return to report, I shall assign you the task of conquering Liao."
4
金人遣胡沙帥軍六十萬，號百萬，來攻留哥，聲言有得留哥骨一兩者，賞金一兩，肉一兩者，賞銀亦如之，仍世襲千戶。 留哥度不能敵，亟馳表聞。 帝命按陳、孛都歡、阿魯都罕引千騎會留哥，與金兵對陣于迪吉腦兒。 留哥以姪安奴為先鋒，橫衝胡沙軍，大敗之，以所俘輜重獻。 帝召按陳還，而以可特哥副留哥屯其地。
The Jin sent Husha with six hundred thousand troops—proclaimed as a million—to attack Liuge. They offered one tael of gold for each tael of his bones and one tael of silver for each tael of his flesh, with the rank of chiliarch made hereditary to whoever brought them in. Seeing he could not hold them off, Liuge sent an urgent dispatch to the Khan. The Khan ordered Anchanna, Beduhuan, and Arudukan to lead a thousand horsemen to Liuge's aid. They confronted the Jin army at Dijinao'er. Liuge sent his nephew Annu as vanguard in a sweeping charge against Husha's forces and won a great victory. He presented the captured baggage train to the Khan. The Khan recalled Anchanna and left Ketige as Liuge's deputy to hold the territory.
5
衆以遼東未定，癸酉三月，推留哥為王，立妻姚里氏為妃，以其屬耶冢不為郡王，坡沙、僧家奴、耶的、李家奴等為丞相、元帥、尚書，統古與、著撥行元帥府事，國號遼。 甲戌，金遣使青狗誘以重祿使降，不從。 青狗度其勢不可，反臣之。 金主怒，復遣宣撫萬奴領軍四十餘萬攻之。 留哥逆戰于歸仁縣北河上，金兵大潰，萬奴收散卒奔東京。 安東同知阿憐懼，遣使求附。 於是盡有遼東州郡，遂都咸平，號為中京。 金左副元帥移剌都，以兵十萬攻留哥，拒戰，敗之。
With Liaodong still unsettled, in the third month of guiyou (1213) his followers proclaimed Liuge king. They made his wife Yelü Yelishi his consort, appointed Yelü Zhongbu and others as princes and ministers, set Tongguyu and Zhuobo over the military headquarters, and revived the state name of Liao. In jiaxu (1214), the Jin sent an envoy named Qinggou, offering lavish rewards if Liuge would surrender. He refused. Seeing that Liuge's position could not be overcome, Qinggou turned about and submitted to him instead. The Jin emperor, furious, sent the pacification commissioner Wannu with over four hundred thousand troops against him. Liuge met them on the river north of Guiren County and won a crushing victory. Wannu gathered what remained of his army and fled to the Eastern Capital. Alian, deputy administrator of Andong, was terrified and sent envoys to offer his allegiance. He now held all the prefectures of Liaodong. He made Xianping his capital and styled it the Central Capital. Yelü Du, the Jin's left deputy commander, attacked with a hundred thousand men. Liuge met him in battle and routed his army.
6
乙亥，留哥破東京，可特哥娶萬奴之妻李僊娥，留哥不直之，有隙。 既而耶冢不等勸留哥稱帝，留哥曰：「向者吾與按陳那衍盟，願附大蒙古國，削平疆宇。 倘食其言而自為東帝，是逆天也，逆天者必有大咎。」 衆請愈力，不獲已，稱疾不出。 潛與其子薛闍奉金幣九十車、金銀牌五百，至按坦孛都罕入覲。
In yihai (1215), Liuge captured the Eastern Capital. Ketige took Wannu's wife Li Xian'e for himself—a deed Liuge condemned, and ill feeling grew between them. Soon afterward Yelü Zhongbu and others urged Liuge to take the imperial title. Liuge said: "I once swore an alliance with Anchanna, pledging to submit to the Great Mongol State and help conquer the realm. If I break that pledge now and proclaim myself emperor of the east, I would be defying Heaven—and those who defy Heaven bring great disaster upon themselves." They pressed him all the harder, but he would not yield. At last he pleaded illness and refused to come forth. In secret he sent his son Xieshe with ninety cartloads of gold and five hundred gold and silver plaques to Altan Beduhan, and went to present himself at court.
7
帝曰：「漢人先納款者，先引見。」 太傅阿海奏曰：「劉伯林納款最先。」 帝曰：「伯林雖先，然迫於重圍而來，未若留哥仗義效順也，其先留哥。」 既見，帝大悅，謂左右曰：「凡留哥所獻，白之於天，乃可受。」 遂以白氊陳於前，七日而後納諸庫。 因問舊何官，對曰：「遼王。」 帝命賜金虎符，仍遼王。 又間戶籍幾何，對曰：「六十餘萬。」 帝曰：「可發三千人為質，朕遣蒙古三百人往取之，汝亦遣人偕往。」 留哥遣大夫乞奴、安撫禿哥與俱。 且命詰可特哥曰：「爾妻萬奴之妻，悖法尤甚。」 其拘縶以來。 可特哥懼，與耶冢不等紿其衆曰：「留哥已死。」 遂以其衆叛，殺所遣三百人，惟三人逃歸。 事聞，帝諭留哥曰：「爾毋以失衆為憂，朕倍此數封汝無吝也。 草青馬肥，資爾甲兵，往取家孥。」
The Khan said: "Among the Han who submitted first, let the first-comer be received first." Grand Tutor Ahai reported: "Liu Bolin was the first to submit." The Khan said: "Bolin may have come first, but he came only because he was hard pressed in siege. Liuge submitted out of principle. Let Liuge be received first." After receiving him, the Khan was greatly pleased and told his attendants: "Whatever Liuge presents must be offered to Heaven before we may accept it." White felt was spread before the gifts, and only after seven days were they placed in the treasury. The Khan asked what rank he had held before. Liuge answered: "King of Liao." The Khan ordered a gold tiger tally bestowed on him and confirmed him as King of Liao. He asked how many households were under his rule. Liuge answered: "More than six hundred thousand." The Khan said: "Send three thousand men as hostages. I will send three hundred Mongols to escort them back—you must send men to go with them." Liuge sent the grandee Qinu and the pacification commissioner Tuge to accompany them. He also ordered Ketige summoned and rebuked: "You took Wannu's wife for yourself—a grave breach of law." He was to be seized and brought back. Ketige was terrified. He and Yelü Zhongbu and others deceived their troops, claiming that Liuge was dead. They then rebelled with their forces, killed the three hundred Mongols who had been sent, and only three men escaped to report back. When word reached the Khan, he told Liuge: "Do not grieve over the loss of your followers. I shall double your grant in rank and territory—be assured of that. When the grass turns green and the horses grow fat, I will arm you—go and recover your family."
8
丙子，乞奴、金山、青狗、統古與等推耶冢不僭帝號於澄州，國號遼，改元天威，以留哥兄獨剌為平章，置百官。 方閱月，其元帥青狗叛歸于金，耶冢不為其下所殺，推其丞相乞奴監國，與其行元帥鴉兒，分兵民為左右翼，屯開、保州關。 金蓋州守將衆家奴引兵攻敗之。 留哥引蒙古軍數千適至，得兄獨剌并妻姚里氏，戶二千。 鴉兒引敗軍東走，留哥追擊之，還度遼河，招撫懿州、廣寧，徙居臨潢府。 乞奴走高麗，為金山所殺，金山又自稱國王，改元天德。 統古與復殺金山而自立，喊舍又殺之，亦自立。
In bingzi (1216), Qinu, Jinshan, Qinggou, Tongguyu, and others proclaimed Yelü Zhongbu emperor at Chengzhou, revived the state name Liao, adopted the era name Tianwei, made Liuge's elder brother Dula chief minister, and set up a full court. Within a month their commander Qinggou defected back to the Jin, and Yelü Zhongbu was killed by his own men. They made his chancellor Qinu regent and, with the campaigning commander Ya'er, divided their forces into left and right wings and encamped at the Kai and Bao passes. Zhongjianu, the Jin commander defending Gaizhou, led troops against them and routed their army. Liuge arrived just then with several thousand Mongol troops. He recovered his elder brother Dula and his wife Yelü Yelishi, along with two thousand households. Ya'er fled east with the remnants of his army. Liuge pursued, then recrossed the Liao River, pacified Yizhou and Guangning, and moved his seat to Linhuang. Qinu fled to Goryeo, where Jinshan killed him. Jinshan then proclaimed himself king and adopted the era name Tiande. Tongguyu killed Jinshan and seized power in turn; Hanshe then killed Tongguyu and proclaimed himself ruler as well.
9
戊寅，留哥引蒙古、契丹軍及東夏國元帥胡土兵十萬，圍喊舍。 高麗助兵四十萬，克之，喊舍自經死。 徙其民於西樓。 自乙亥歲留哥北覲，遼東反覆，耶冢不僭號七十餘日，金山二年，統古與、喊舍亦近二年，至己卯春，留哥復定之。
In wuyin (1218), Liuge led Mongol and Khitan troops, together with the Eastern Xia commander Hutu and a hundred thousand men, to besiege Hanshe. Goryeo sent four hundred thousand reinforcements. They took the stronghold, and Hanshe hanged himself. His people were resettled at Xilou. From the time Liuge went north to court in yihai (1215), Liaodong was in constant upheaval: Yelü Zhongbu held the title for over seventy days, Jinshan for two years, Tongguyu and Hanshe for nearly two years each—until the spring of jimao (1219), when Liuge restored order.
10
庚辰，留哥卒，年五十六。 妻姚里氏入奏，會帝征西域，皇太弟承制以姚里氏佩虎符，權領其衆者七年。 丙戌，帝還，姚里氏攜次子善哥、鐵哥、永安及從子塔塔兒，孫收國奴，見帝于河西阿里湫城。 帝曰：「健鷹飛不到之地，爾婦人乃能來耶！」 賜之酒，慰勞甚至。 姚里氏奏曰：「留哥既沒，官民乏主，其長子薛闍扈從有年，願以次子善哥代之，使歸襲爵。」 帝曰：「薛闍今為蒙古人矣，其從朕之征西域也，回回圍太子於合迷城，薛闍引千軍救出之，身中槊； 又於蒲華、尋思干城與回回格戰，傷於流矢。 以是積功為拔都魯，不可遣，當令善哥襲其父爵。」 姚里氏拜且泣曰：「薛闍者，留哥前妻所出，嫡子也，宜立。 善哥者，婢子所出，若立之，是私己而蔑天倫，婢子竊以為不可。」 帝嘆其賢，給驛騎四十，從征河西，賜河西俘人九口、馬九匹、白金九錠，幣器皆以九計，許以薛闍襲爵，而留善哥、塔塔兒、收國奴於朝，惟遣其季子永安從姚里氏東歸。
In gengchen (1220), Liuge died at the age of fifty-six. His wife Yelü Yelishi reported to court. The Khan was away campaigning in the west, and the Imperial Younger Brother, acting with delegated authority, had her wear the tiger tally and command Liuge's followers for seven years. In bingxu (1226) the Khan returned from the west. Yelü Yelishi brought her younger sons Shange, Tiege, and Yong'an, her nephew Tatat'er, and her grandson Shouguonu to meet him at Aliqiu in Hexi. The Khan said: "This is country no strong eagle can reach—yet you, a woman, have made the journey!" He gave her wine and comforted her with exceptional warmth. Yelü Yelishi petitioned: "Since Liuge's death, his officials and people have lacked a leader. His eldest son Xieshe has served at your side for years. I ask that his second son Shange take his place in attendance, so that Xieshe may return home to inherit his father's rank." The Khan said: "Xieshe is a Mongol now. On our western campaign, when Muslims besieged the Crown Prince at Hemi, Xieshe led a thousand men to rescue him and took a spear wound; at Puhua and Xunsi'gan he fought the Muslims hand to hand and was wounded by a stray arrow. For these deeds he was made a baturu. He cannot be spared. Let Shange inherit his father's title instead." Yelü Yelishi bowed and wept. "Xieshe was born of Liuge's first wife—the legitimate heir. He should succeed. Shange was born of a servant girl. To install him would be to favor my own child and violate the bonds of kinship. I humbly believe that cannot be right." The Khan marveled at her integrity. He gave her forty relay horses for the Hexi campaign and bestowed nine captives, nine horses, nine ingots of silver, and gifts of silk and vessels—all in counts of nine. He allowed Xieshe to inherit the title but kept Shange, Tatat'er, and Shouguonu at court, sending only her youngest son Yong'an east with her.
11
丁亥，帝召薛闍謂曰：「昔女真猖獗，爾父起兵，自遼東會朕師，又能割愛，以爾事朕，其情貞愨可尚。 繼而奸人耶冢不等叛，人民離散。 欲食爾父子之肉者，今豈無人乎！ 朕以兄弟視爾父，則爾猶吾子，爾父亡矣，爾其與吾弟孛魯古台並轄軍馬，為第三千戶。」 薛闍受命。 己丑，從太宗南征，有功，賜馬四百、牛六百、羊二百。 庚寅，帝命與撒兒台東征，收其父遺民，移鎮廣寧府，行廣寧路都元帥府事。 自庚寅至丁酉，連征高麗、東夏萬奴國，復戶六千有奇。 戊戌，薛闍卒，年四十六。
In dinghai (1227) the Khan summoned Xieshe and said: "When the Jurchens were at their height, your father raised troops in Liaodong and joined my army. He could even part with his beloved son and give you to serve me—that steadfast loyalty is admirable. Then traitors like Yelü Zhongbu rebelled, and his people were scattered. Those who would have devoured you and your father—do you think they are all gone? I treated your father as a brother, so you are as a son to me. Your father is gone. You shall command troops jointly with my brother Belguqutai as the third chiliarch." Xieshe accepted the appointment. In jichou (1229) he followed Ögedei on the southern campaign, distinguished himself, and was rewarded with four hundred horses, six hundred cattle, and two hundred sheep. In gengyin (1230) the Khan ordered him to campaign east with Sa'ertai, recover his father's former subjects, move his headquarters to Guangning, and serve as supreme commander of the Guangning circuit. From gengyin to dingyou (1230–1237) he campaigned repeatedly against Goryeo and the Eastern Xia kingdom of Wannu, recovering more than six thousand households. In wuxu (1238) Xieshe died at the age of forty-six.
12
子收國奴襲爵，行廣寧府路緫管軍民萬戶府事，易名石剌，征高麗，有功。 辛亥，睿宗以石剌為國宣力者三代，命益金更造所佩虎符賜之，佐諸王也苦及扎剌台控制高麗。 己未卒，年四十五。
His son Shouguonu inherited the title and administered the Guangning military-civil headquarters. He took the name Shila, campaigned against Goryeo, and distinguished himself. In xinhai (1251) Ruizong, noting that Shila's family had served the state with distinction for three generations, ordered his gold tiger tally recast and bestowed anew, and assigned him to assist Princes Yeku and Jalatai in controlling Goryeo. In jiwei (1259) he died at the age of forty-five.
13
長子古乃嗣。 中統元年，征河西； 三年，征李璮，破嶧山：以功皆受賞。 至元六年，朝廷併廣寧于東京，去職，是歲卒，年三十六。 子忒哥。
His eldest son Gunai succeeded to the title. In the first year of Zhongtong (1260) he campaigned in Hexi; in the third year (1262) he campaigned against Li Tan and took Yishan—for these deeds he was rewarded each time. In the sixth year of Zhiyuan (1269) the court merged Guangning into the Eastern Capital circuit. He left office and died that same year, aged thirty-six. His son was Teghe.
14
劉伯林
Liu Bolin
15
劉伯林，濟南人。 好任俠，善騎射，金末為威寧防城千戶。 壬申歲，太祖圍威寧，伯林知不能敵，乃縋城詣軍門請降。 太祖許之，遣禿魯花等與偕入城，遂以城降。 帝問伯林，在金國為何官，對曰：「都提控。」 即以元職授之，命選士卒為一軍，與太傅耶律禿懷同征討，招降山後諸州。
Liu Bolin was a native of Jinan. He was fond of chivalrous adventure and skilled in mounted archery. At the end of the Jin dynasty he served as chiliarch defending Weining. In the renshen year (1212) Genghis Khan besieged Weining. Bolin saw he could not hold out and was lowered from the wall to present himself at the camp and offer surrender. The Khan accepted. He sent Tulughua and others to enter the city with Bolin, and the city surrendered. The Khan asked what rank Bolin had held under the Jin. He answered: "Chief commander." The Khan confirmed him in his former rank, ordered him to raise an army from selected troops, and sent him with Grand Tutor Yelü Tuhuai to campaign and bring the prefectures north of the Yan Mountains to submission.
16
太祖北還，留伯林屯天成，遏金兵，前後數十戰。 進攻西京，錄功，賜金虎符，以本職充西京留守，兼兵馬副元帥。 癸酉，從征山東，攻梁門、遂城，下之。 乙亥，同國王木華黎攻破燕京。 丁丑，復從大軍攻下山東諸州。 木華黎上其功，賜名馬二十匹、錦衣一襲。 戊寅，同攻下太原、平陽。 己卯，破潞、絳及火山、聞喜諸州縣。 時論欲徙聞喜民實天成，伯林以北地喪亂，人艱於食，力爭而止之。 部曲所獲俘虜萬計，悉縱之。
When Genghis Khan returned north, Bolin was left to garrison Tiancheng and hold the Jin forces at bay, fighting several dozen engagements. In the advance on the Western Capital his merit was recorded. He received a gold tiger tally and was appointed garrison commander of the Western Capital with his former rank, concurrently serving as deputy commander of troops and horses. In guiyou (1213) he joined the Shandong campaign, attacked Liangmen and Suicheng, and took both. In yihai (1215) he joined Prince Muqali in the capture of Yanjing. In dingchou (1217) he again followed the main army in reducing the Shandong prefectures. Muqali reported his achievements, and he was rewarded with twenty fine horses and a brocade robe. In wuyin (1218) he joined in the capture of Taiyuan and Pingyang. In jimao (1219) he captured Lu, Jiang, and the prefectures of Huoshan and Wenxi. Some proposed resettling Wenxi's people to populate Tiancheng. Bolin argued forcefully that the north was devastated and food scarce, and the plan was abandoned. His troops had taken tens of thousands of captives; he released them all.
17
在威寧十餘年，務農積穀，與民休息，鄰境凋瘵，而威寧獨為樂土。 嘗曰：「吾聞活千人者後必封，吾之所活，何啻萬餘人，子孫必有興者乎！」 辛巳，以疾卒，年七十二。 累贈太師，封秦國公，諡忠順。 子黑馬。
For more than ten years at Weining he promoted farming and grain storage and let the people recover. While neighboring regions lay wasted, Weining alone became a haven. He once said: "They say whoever saves a thousand lives will be ennobled. I have saved more than ten thousand—surely my line will prosper!" In xinsi (1221) he died of illness at the age of seventy-two. He was posthumously honored as Grand Preceptor, enfeoffed as Duke of Qin, and given the posthumous name Zhongshun, "Loyal and Obedient." His son was Heima.
18
子黑馬
His son Heima
19
黑馬名嶷，字孟方，始生時，家有白馬產黑駒，故以為小字，後遂以小字行。 驍勇有志略，年幾弱冠，隨父征伐，大小數百戰，出入行陣，略無懼色。 嘗獨行，遇金兵圍本部十三人，即奮劍入圍，手殺金兵數人，十三人皆得脫。 歲壬午，襲父職，為萬戶，佩虎符，兼都元帥。
Heima's given name was Ni, courtesy name Mengfang. At his birth the family white mare foaled a black colt, which became his childhood name; he was known by it ever after. Bold and resourceful, he followed his father into battle before he came of age, fighting hundreds of engagements and showing scarcely a trace of fear in the thick of combat. Once, riding alone, he found Jin troops surrounding thirteen of his men. He charged in with drawn sword, killed several Jin soldiers himself, and brought all thirteen out alive. In renwu (1222) he inherited his father's post as commander of ten thousand households, received the tiger tally, and served concurrently as supreme commander.
20
癸未，從國王木華黎攻鳳翔，不克，回屯絳州。 又從孛羅攻西夏唐兀。 甲申，從按真那延攻破東平、大名。 乙酉，金降將武僊據真定以叛，從孛羅討之，破真定，武僊遁去。 金將忽察虎以兵四十萬復取山後諸州，黑馬逆戰隘胡嶺，大破之，斬忽察虎。
In guiwei (1223) he followed Prince Muqali in the attack on Fengxiang. When it failed, they withdrew to garrison Jiangzhou. He then followed Boluo in campaigning against the Western Xia. In jiashen (1224) he followed Anzhen Nayan in the capture of Dongping and Daming. In yiyou (1225) the Jin defector Wu Xian seized Zhending in rebellion. Heima followed Boluo to suppress him, took the city, and Wu Xian fled. The Jin general Huchahu led four hundred thousand men to retake the northern prefectures. Heima met him at Aihuling Pass, won a crushing victory, and killed Huchahu.
21
癸巳，從破南京，賜綉衣、玉帶。 甲午，從破蔡州，滅金。 乙未，同都元帥荅海紺卜征西川。 辛丑，改授都緫管萬戶，統西京、河東、陝西諸軍萬戶，夾谷忙古歹、田雄等並聽節制。 入覲，帝慰勞之，賜銀鼠皮三百為直孫衣。 尋命巡撫天下，察民利病。 應州郭志全反，脅從詿誤者五百餘人，有司議盡戮之，黑馬止誅其為首者數人，餘悉從輕典。
In guisi (1233) he joined in the capture of the Southern Capital and was rewarded with embroidered robes and a jade belt. In jiawu (1234) he joined in the capture of Caizhou and the fall of the Jin dynasty. In yiwei (1235) he joined Supreme Commander Dahai Ganbu in the campaign against western Sichuan. In xinchou (1241) he was appointed commander-in-chief over the military households of the Western Capital, Hedong, and Shaanxi, with Jiagu Mangudai, Tian Xiong, and others under his command. At court the Khan welcomed him and granted three hundred silver-marten pelts to make garments for his grandsons. He was soon ordered to tour the realm and investigate the people's welfare. When Guo Zhiquan of Yingzhou rebelled, over five hundred coerced followers were implicated. Officials proposed executing them all, but Heima executed only the ringleaders and treated the rest leniently.
22
癸丑，從憲宗至六盤山。 商州與宋接境，數為所侵，命黑馬守之，宋人斂兵不敢犯。 丁巳，入覲，請立成都以圖全蜀，帝從之。 成都既立，就命管領新舊軍民小大諸務，賜號也可禿立。
In guichou (1253) he accompanied Möngke Khan to Liupan Mountain. Shangzhou bordered Song territory and suffered repeated raids. Heima was assigned to defend it, and the Song held their troops back and dared not attack. In dingsi (1257) he came to court and proposed establishing Chengdu as a base to conquer all of Sichuan. The Khan agreed. With Chengdu established, he was placed in charge of all military and civil affairs there and granted the title Yeketuli.
23
黑馬子元振
Heima's son Yuanzhen
24
元振字仲舉，黑馬長子也。 隨父入蜀，立成都。 會商、鄧間有警，命黑馬往鎮商、鄧，以元振攝萬戶，時年方二十。 既蒞事，號令嚴明，賞罰不妄，麾下宿將皆敬服之。 憲宗伐宋，駐驛釣魚山，以元振與紐鄰為先鋒。
Yuanzhen, courtesy name Zhongju, was Heima's eldest son. He followed his father into Sichuan and helped establish Chengdu. When trouble arose between Shang and Deng, Heima was sent to garrison those regions and left Yuanzhen as acting commander of ten thousand households—he was only twenty. Once in command, his orders were strict and his rewards and punishments fair. Even the veteran generals under him respected him. When Möngke campaigned against Song and encamped at Diaoyu Mountain, Yuanzhen and Niulin were appointed vanguard.
25
宋瀘州主帥俞興，率兵圍瀘州，晝夜急攻，自正月至五月，城幾陷，左右勸元振曰：「事勢如此，宜思變通，整本非吾人，與俱死，無益也。」 元振曰：「人以誠歸我，既受其降，豈可以急而棄之。 且瀘之得失，關國家利害，吾有死而已。」 食將盡，殺所乘馬犒將士，募善游者齎蠟書至成都求援，又權造金銀牌，分賞有功。 未幾，援兵至，元振與整出城合擊興兵，大敗之，斬其都統一人，興退走。 捷聞，且自陳擅造金銀牌罪，帝嘉其通於權變，賜錦衣一襲、白金五百兩。 入朝，又賜黃金五十兩、弓矢、鞍轡。
The Song commander of Luzhou, Yu Xing, besieged the city with relentless day-and-night assaults. From the first month to the fifth the walls nearly fell. His officers urged him: "The situation is desperate. Zhengben is not one of us—there is no point dying with him." Yuanzhen replied: "They submitted to us in good faith. Having accepted their surrender, how can we abandon them now? Whether Luzhou holds or falls concerns the fate of the realm. I am prepared to die here." When food ran low he killed his own horse to feed the troops, sent swimmers with sealed dispatches to Chengdu for reinforcements, and on his own authority forged gold and silver plaques to reward the meritorious. Soon reinforcements arrived. Yuanzhen and Zheng sallied out and routed Yu Xing's army, killing one of his commanders. Xing fled. When victory was reported, he also confessed to forging the plaques without authorization. The Khan praised his resourcefulness and rewarded him with a brocade robe and five hundred taels of silver. At court he received a further fifty taels of gold, a bow and arrows, and saddle and bridle.
26
黑馬卒，元振居喪，起授成都軍民經略使。 至元七年，時議以勳舊之家事權太重，宜稍裁抑，遂降為成都副萬戶。 十一年，命兼潼川路副招討使。 十二年卒，年五十一。
When Heima died, Yuanzhen was recalled from mourning and appointed commissioner for the military and civil administration of Chengdu. In the seventh year of Zhiyuan (1270), court opinion held that old military families wielded too much power. Yuanzhen was reduced to deputy commander of ten thousand households at Chengdu. In the eleventh year (1274) he was appointed deputy pacification commissioner of the Tongchuan circuit as well. In the twelfth year (1275) he died at the age of fifty-one.
27
子緯，數從父行軍。 元振卒，緯襲職，佩虎符，為萬戶。 守潼川，創立遂寧諸處山寨。 從圍釣魚山，數戰有功。 攻合州，授潼川路副招討，遷副都元帥，復授管軍萬戶，遷同知四川西道宣慰司事。 入朝，進四川西道宣慰使，拜陝西行省參知政事，卒。
His son Wei had often accompanied his father on campaign. When Yuanzhen died, Wei inherited his post, received the tiger tally, and became commander of ten thousand households. He defended Tongchuan and established fortified stockades at Suining and elsewhere. He joined the siege of Diaoyu Mountain and distinguished himself in repeated engagements. In the attack on Hezhou he was made deputy pacification commissioner of Tongchuan, then deputy supreme commander, then commander of military households, and finally associate commissioner of the Sichuan Western Circuit Pacification Commission. At court he was promoted to pacification commissioner of the Sichuan Western Circuit and appointed associate administrator of the Shaanxi Branch Secretariat, then died.
28
元振弟元禮
Yuanzhen's younger brother Yuanli
29
元禮，黑馬第五子也。 性沉厚有謀，常從父在軍中。 歲甲寅，授金符，為京兆路奧魯萬戶。 中統四年，遷興元、成都等路兵馬左副元帥。
Yuanli was Heima's fifth son. Steady and thoughtful by nature, he often accompanied his father on campaign. In jiayin (1254) he received a gold tally and was appointed commander of the auru of the Jingzhao circuit. In the fourth year of Zhongtong (1263) he was made left deputy commander of troops and horses for the Xingyuan and Chengdu circuits.
30
元禮又奏：「嘉定去成都三百六十里，其間舊有眉州城，可修復之，屯兵以扼嘉定往來之路。」 世祖從之。 四年，命平章趙寶臣往視可否，或以為眉州荒廢已久，立之無關利害，徒費財力，元禮力爭之，寶臣是其言，遂興役，七日而畢，宋人駭其速。 元禮鎮守眉州五年，召入朝，乞解官養母，從之。 九年，起授懷遠大將軍、延安路緫管，卒。
Yuanli further proposed: "Jiading lies three hundred and sixty li from Chengdu. The old city of Meizhou between them could be restored and garrisoned to block traffic to and from Jiading." Kublai Khan agreed. In the fourth year the chief minister Zhao Baochen was sent to assess the plan. Some argued that Meizhou had been abandoned too long to matter. Yuanli argued forcefully; Baochen agreed, and the work was completed in seven days, astonishing the Song. Yuanli garrisoned Meizhou for five years, then was summoned to court and asked to resign to care for his mother. His request was granted. In the ninth year (1272) he was recalled as General of Far-Reaching Might and administrator of the Yan'an circuit, then died.
31
郭寶玉
Guo Baoyu
32
郭寶玉字玉臣，華州鄭縣人，唐中書令子儀之裔也。 通天文、兵法，善騎射。 金末，封汾陽郡公，兼猛安，引軍屯定州。 歲庚午，童謠曰：「搖搖罟罟，至河南，拜閼氏。」 既而太白經天，寶玉嘆曰：「北軍南，汴梁即降，天改姓矣。」 金人以獨吉思忠、僕散揆行中書省，領兵築烏沙堡，會太師木華黎軍忽至，敗其兵三十餘萬，思忠等走，寶玉舉軍降。
Guo Baoyu, courtesy name Yuchen, was a native of Zheng County in Huazhou and a descendant of the Tang minister Guo Ziyi. He was versed in astronomy and military science and skilled in mounted archery. At the end of the Jin he was enfeoffed as Duke of Fenyang, held a meng'an command, and garrisoned Dingzhou with his troops. In gengwu (1210) a children's rhyme ran: "Yaoyao gugu, reaching Henan, bowing to the Lady." Soon Venus crossed the heavens. Baoyu sighed: "Northern armies are coming south. Bianliang will fall—the mandate of heaven has changed hands." The Jin sent Dugusizhong and Pusan Kui to build Wusha Fort. Muqali's army suddenly appeared, routed over three hundred thousand Jin troops, and Sizhong fled. Baoyu surrendered his entire force.
33
木華黎引見太祖，問取中原之策，寶玉對曰：「中原勢大，不可忽也。 西南諸蕃勇悍可用，宜先取之，藉以圖金，必得志焉。」 又言：「建國之初，宜頒新令。」 帝從之。 於是頒條畫五章，如出軍不得妄殺； 刑獄惟重罪處死，其餘雜犯量情笞決； 軍戶，蒙古、色目人每丁起一軍，漢人有田四頃、人三丁者簽一軍； 年十五以上成丁，六十破老，站戶與軍戶同； 民匠限地一頃； 僧道無益於國、有損於民者悉行禁止之類：皆寶玉所陳也。
Muqali presented him to Genghis Khan and asked his strategy for conquering China. Baoyu replied: "The Central Plains are powerful and must not be underestimated. The tribes of the southwest are fierce and useful. Take them first, then use them against the Jin—you will prevail." He also said: "At the founding of the state, new laws should be promulgated." The Khan agreed. Five articles of law were then promulgated, including that troops on campaign must not kill recklessly; only capital crimes were punishable by death, while lesser offenses were punished by flogging according to circumstances; for military households, each Mongol or semu adult male furnished one soldier; among Han, one soldier was levied from every household with four qing of land or three adult males; adulthood began at fifteen and old age at sixty; relay households were treated like military households; civilian artisans were limited to one qing of land; and Buddhist and Daoist practices that harmed the people were to be prohibited—all proposals made by Baoyu.
34
帝將伐西蕃，患其城多依山險，問寶玉攻取之策，對曰：「使其城在天上，則不可取，如不在天上，至則取矣。」 帝壯之，授抄馬都鎮撫。 癸酉，從木華黎取永清，破高州，降北京、龍山，復帥抄馬從錦州出燕南，破太原、平陽諸州縣。
When the Khan prepared to campaign against the western Tibetans and worried about their mountain fortresses, he asked Baoyu how to take them. Baoyu replied: "If their cities were in the sky they could not be taken. Since they are not, we shall take them when we arrive." The Khan was impressed and appointed him commander of the mounted scouts. In guiyou (1213) he followed Muqali in taking Yongqing, captured Gaozhou, received the surrender of the Northern Capital and Longshan, led scouts from Jizhou into southern Hebei, and captured Taiyuan, Pingyang, and other cities.
35
甲戌，從帝討契丹遺族，歷古徐鬼國訛夷朶等城，破其兵三十餘萬。 寶玉胸中流矢，帝命剖牛腹置其中，少頃，乃蘇。 尋復戰，收別失八里、別失蘭等城。 次忽章河，西人列兩陣迎拒，戰方酣，寶玉望其衆，疾呼曰：「西陣走矣！」 其兵果走，追殺幾盡。 進兵下撏思干城。 次暗木河，敵築十餘壘，陳船河中，俄風濤暴起，寶玉令發火箭射其船，一時延燒，乘勝直前，破護岸兵五萬，斬大將佐里，遂屠諸壘，收馬里四城。
In jiaxu (1214) he followed the Khan in suppressing the surviving Khitan, passing through Guxugui, E'yiduo, and other cities, and routing over three hundred thousand of their troops. Baoyu took a stray arrow in the chest. The Khan ordered him placed inside a freshly slaughtered ox, and before long he revived. He soon returned to battle and recovered Bieshibali, Bieshilan, and other cities. At the Huzhang River the westerners drew up in two formations to resist. As battle raged, Baoyu looked at their lines and shouted: "The western formation is fleeing!" Their troops indeed fled, and the pursuers killed nearly all of them. The army advanced and took Samarkand. At the Anmu River the enemy built over ten stockades and lined boats across the river. When wind and waves rose, Baoyu ordered fire-arrows shot at the boats, which burned at once. Pressing the advantage, they broke fifty thousand shore defenders, killed the general Zuoli, destroyed the stockades, and recovered four cities of Mali.
36
辛巳，可弗叉國唯筭端罕破乃滿國，引兵據撏思干，聞帝將至，棄城南走，入鐵門，屯大雪山，寶玉追之，遂奔印度。 帝駐大雪山前，時谷中雪深二丈，寶玉請封山川神。 壬午三月，封崑崙山為玄極王，大鹽池為惠濟王。 從柘柏、速不台二先鋒收契丹、渤海等諸國，有功，累遷斷事官，卒于賀蘭山。 子德海，德山。 德山以萬戶破陝州，攻潼關，卒。
In xinsi (1221) Kefucha Weisuan Duanhan of the Naiman, having destroyed the Naiman kingdom, held Samarkand. Hearing the Khan approach, he abandoned the city, fled south through the Iron Gate, and encamped on Great Snow Mountain. Baoyu pursued him to India. The Khan encamped before Great Snow Mountain, where snow lay twenty feet deep in the valleys. Baoyu requested that the mountain and river spirits be enfeoffed. In the third month of renwu (1222), Kunlun Mountain was enfeoffed as King of the Mysterious Pole and the Great Salt Lake as King of Beneficent Aid. He followed the vanguards Jebe and Subutai in reducing the Khitan, Bohai, and other states, distinguished himself, rose to judicial officer, and died at Helan Mountain. His sons were Dehai and Deshan. Deshan, as commander of ten thousand households, captured Shaanzhou and attacked Tong Pass, then died.
37
子德海
His son Dehai
38
德海字大洋，資貌奇偉，亦通天文、兵法。 金末，為謀克，擊宋將彭義斌於山東，敗之。 知父寶玉北降，遁入太行山，大軍至，乃出降，為抄馬彈壓。
Dehai, courtesy name Dayang, was of imposing stature and likewise versed in astronomy and military science. At the end of the Jin he was a mouke and defeated the Song general Peng Yibin in Shandong. Learning that his father had surrendered to the north, he fled into the Taihang Mountains. When the main army arrived he came out and surrendered, and served as commander of mounted scouts.
39
從先鋒柘柏西征，渡乞則里八海，攻鐵山，衣幟與敵軍不相辨，乃焚蒿為號，煙焰漫野，敵軍動，乘之，斬首三萬級。 踰雪嶺西北萬里，進軍次荅里國，悉平之。 乙酉，還至崢山，吐蕃帥尼倫、回紇帥阿必丁反，復破斬之。
He followed the vanguard Jebe on the western campaign, crossed Lake Qizili, and attacked Tieshan. When banners and dress could not be distinguished from the enemy's, he burned artemisia as a signal. Smoke filled the plain, the enemy stirred, and his troops cut down thirty thousand men. Crossing Snow Ridge ten thousand li to the northwest, he marched on and encamped at the kingdom of Daliguo, which he entirely subdued. On the yiyou day he returned to Zhengshan. The Tibetan commander Nirun and the Uyghur commander Abiding rose in revolt; he again routed them and put them to death.
40
戊子春，從元帥闊闊出游騎入關中，金人閉關拒守，德海引驍騎五百，斬關入，殺守者三百人，直擣風陵渡寨，後兵不至，引還。 己丑秋，破南山八十三寨，陝西平。 德海導大將魁欲那拔都，假道漢中，歷荊、襄而東，與金將武僊軍十萬遇於白河，德海提孤軍轉戰，僊敗走，斬首二萬餘級，復破金移剌粘哥軍于鄧。 冬十一月，至鈞州。 辛卯春正月，睿宗軍由洛陽來會于三峰山，金人溝地立軍圍之。 睿宗令軍中祈雪，又燒羊胛骨，卜得吉兆，夜大雪，深三尺，溝中軍僵立，刀槊凍不能舉。 我軍衝圍而出，金人死者三十餘萬，其帥完顏哈達、移剌蒲兀走匿浮圖上，德海命掘浮圖基，出其柱而焚之，完顏斜烈單騎遁還洛陽。 又破金將合喜兵於中牟，完顏斜烈復帥軍十萬來拒，戰于鄭，先登破之，殺其都尉左崇。 以功遷右監軍。 壬辰正月，破金師於黃龍岡。 癸巳，取申、唐二州。 甲午，河南復叛，德海往討之，砲傷其足，以疾歸，卒。
In the spring of the wuzi year he followed Marshal Kuokuotai's raiding cavalry into Guanzhong. The Jin shut the passes and refused battle. Dehai led five hundred elite horsemen, broke through a pass, killed three hundred defenders, and struck straight at the Fenglingdu fort. When the rear columns failed to come up, he withdrew. In the autumn of the jichou year he captured eighty-three fortified camps in the Southern Mountains, and Shaanxi was brought under control. Dehai guided the great general Küyükbüke by a detour through Hanzhong and then east through Jing and Xiang. At the Bai River he encountered the Jin general Wuxian with one hundred thousand men. Dehai fought on alone with a detached force, routed Wuxian, and took more than twenty thousand heads. He also defeated the Jin general Yelü Niange's army at Deng. In the eleventh month of winter he arrived at Junzhou. In the first month of spring in the xinmao year, Prince Ruizong's army marched from Luoyang to join forces at Sanfeng Mountain. The Jin dug trenches, established camps, and laid siege. Prince Ruizong ordered the army to pray for snow and burned sheep shoulder blades for divination until an auspicious omen appeared. That night snow fell heavily to a depth of three chi. The Jin troops in the trenches stood frozen stiff, unable to raise their blades and spears. Our army broke through the siege. More than three hundred thousand Jin soldiers were killed. Their commanders Wanyan Hada and Yelü Puwu fled and hid atop a pagoda. Dehai ordered the pagoda undermined, its pillars pulled out, and the structure burned down. Wanyan Xielie escaped alone on horseback to Luoyang. He again defeated the Jin general Hexi's army at Zhongmou. Wanyan Xielie once more led one hundred thousand men to resist. At Zheng, Dehai was first over the walls, broke the enemy, and killed their commandant Zuo Chong. For his achievements he was promoted to Right Army Supervisor. In the first month of the renchen year he routed the Jin army at Huanglong Ridge. On the guisi day he took the two prefectures of Shen and Tang. On the jiawu day Henan rebelled again. Dehai marched to suppress the revolt but was wounded in the foot by cannon fire. He returned home on account of illness and died.
41
先是，太宗詔大臣忽都虎等試天下僧尼道士，選精通經文者千人，有能工藝者，則命小通事合住等領之，餘皆為民。 又詔天下置學廩，育人材，立科目，選之入仕，皆從德海之請也。 子侃。
Earlier, Emperor Taizong had decreed that the minister Huduhu and others examine Buddhist monks, nuns, and Daoist priests throughout the realm. One thousand who were proficient in scripture were retained; those skilled in crafts were assigned to the junior interpreter Hezhu and others, and the rest were returned to lay life. The emperor also decreed that academies be established throughout the realm to nurture talent, that civil service categories be created, and that successful candidates be selected for office—all at Dehai's request. His son was Kan.
42
德海子侃
Dehai's Son Kan
43
侃字仲和，幼為丞相史天澤所器重，留于家而教養之。 弱冠為百戶，鷙勇有謀略。 壬辰，金將伯撒復取衛州，侃拒之，破其兵四萬於新衛州。 遂渡河，襲金主，至歸德，敗其兵於閼伯臺，即從速不台攻汴西門，金元帥崔立降。 以功授緫把。 從天澤屯太康，復以下德安功為千戶。
Kan, courtesy name Zhonghe, was greatly valued in his youth by Chancellor Shi Tianze, who kept him in his home to raise and educate him. At twenty he became a centurion—fierce, courageous, and possessed of strategic talent. In the renchen year the Jin general Bosa recaptured Weizhou. Kan resisted him and destroyed his army of forty thousand at New Weizhou. He then crossed the river to strike at the Jin emperor, reached Guide, and defeated the Jin army at Yuebota. He then followed Subutai in the assault on the west gate of Bianjing, where the Jin marshal Cui Li surrendered. For his achievements he was appointed chief commander. He followed Tianze in garrison at Taikang and was again made commander of a thousand households for his merit in taking De'an.
44
壬子，送兵仗至和林，改抄馬那顏。 從宗王旭烈兀西征。 癸丑，至木乃兮。 其國塹道，置毒水中，侃破其兵五萬，下一百二十八城，斬其將忽都荅而兀朱筭灘。 筭灘，華言王也。
In the renzi year he delivered arms to Karakorum and was reassigned as chaoma nayin, commander of mounted scouts. He followed Prince Hulagu on the western campaign. On the guichou day he reached Munakke. That kingdom had ditches filled with poisoned water. Kan destroyed their army of fifty thousand, captured one hundred twenty-eight cities, and beheaded their general Qutay and Prince Wuzhu. Suanban means "king" in Chinese.
45
丙辰，至乞都卜。 其城在擔寒山上，懸梯上下，守以精兵悍卒，乃築夾城圍之，莫能克。 侃架砲攻之，守將火者納失兒開門降。 旭烈兀遣侃往說兀魯兀乃筭灘來降。 其父阿力據西城，侃攻破之，走據東城，復攻破殺之。 丁巳正月，至兀里兒城，伏兵，下令聞鉦聲則起。 敵兵果來，伏發，盡殺之，海牙筭灘降。 又西至阿剌汀，破其游兵三萬，禡拶荅而筭攤降。 至乞石迷部，忽里筭灘降。 西戎大國也，地方八千里，父子相傳四十二世，勝兵數十萬。 侃兵至，破其兵七萬，屠西城。 又破其東城，東城殿宇，皆搆以沉檀木，舉火焚之，香聞百里，得七十二弦琵琶、五尺珊瑚燈檠。 兩城間有大河，侃預造浮梁以防其遁。 城破，合里法筭灘登舟，睹河有浮梁扼之，乃自縛詣軍門降。 其將紂荅兒遁去，侃追之，至暮，諸軍欲頓舍，侃不聽，又行十餘里，乃止。 夜暴雨，先所欲舍處水深數尺。 明日，獲紂荅兒，斬之，拔三百餘城。
On the bingchen day he reached Kitab. The city stood on Dahan Mountain and could be reached only by ropes and ladders. Elite troops and fierce soldiers defended it. The besiegers built a double ring of siege works around it but could not capture it. Kan set up siege cannon to attack. The defending general Khaja Nasir opened the gates and surrendered. Hulagu sent Kan to persuade Prince Ulugunan to surrender. His father Ali held the west city. Kan stormed it. Ali fled to the east city, which Kan stormed as well and killed him. In the first month of the dingsi year he reached the city of Wulier, laid an ambush, and ordered his men to rise at the sound of the gong. When the enemy came as expected, the ambush sprang and wiped them out. Prince Hayya surrendered. Advancing west to Alatin, he routed their roaming force of thirty thousand. Prince Mazasadai surrendered. When he reached the Qishimi region, Prince Huli surrendered. It was a great state of the Western Regions, eight thousand li in extent, with forty-two generations of father-to-son rule and several hundred thousand men under arms. When Kan's army arrived, it destroyed their force of seventy thousand and sacked the west city. He then stormed the east city. Its halls were built entirely of agarwood; he set them ablaze, and the fragrance carried for a hundred li. Among the spoils were a seventy-two-string pipa and a five-chi coral lamp stand. A great river lay between the two cities. Kan had a pontoon bridge built in advance to prevent their escape. When the city fell, Prince Helifa boarded a boat but saw the pontoon bridge blocking the river. He bound himself and came to the camp gate to surrender. Their general Zhoudaer fled. Kan pursued him. At dusk the troops wished to make camp, but Kan refused and marched another ten-odd li before stopping. That night a violent storm broke. Where they had meant to camp, the water stood several chi deep. The next day they captured Zhoudaer and beheaded him, and took more than three hundred cities.
46
又西行三千里，至天房，其將住石致書請降，左右以住石之請為信然，易之不為備，侃曰：「欺敵者亡，軍機多詐，若中彼計，恥莫大焉。」 乃嚴備以待。 住石果來邀我師，侃與戰，大敗之，巴兒筭灘降，下其城一百八十五。 又西行四十里，至密昔兒。 會日暮，已休，復驅兵起，留數病卒，西行十餘里頓軍，下令軍中，銜枚轉箭。 敵不知也，潛兵夜來襲，殺病卒，可乃筭灘大驚曰：「東天將軍，神人也。」 遂降。
Advancing another three thousand li west, he reached Tianfang. Its general Zhushi sent a letter requesting surrender. The attendants took the offer at face value and made no preparations. Kan said, "He who underestimates the enemy is doomed. War is full of deception. If we fall into their trap, there is no greater disgrace." He then made strict preparations and waited. Zhushi indeed came to ambush our army. Kan gave battle and routed him completely. Prince Ba'er surrendered, and one hundred eighty-five cities were taken. Advancing another forty li west, he reached Misr. At dusk, after the men had already settled to rest, he roused the army again. He left a few sick soldiers behind, marched west for ten-odd li and encamped, ordering the men to hold arrows in their mouths and keep silent. The enemy knew nothing of this. Hidden troops came by night to attack and killed the sick soldiers. Prince Kena was greatly alarmed and said, "The Eastern Heaven General is a divine man." He then surrendered.
47
戊午，旭烈兀命侃西渡海，收富浪。 侃喻以禍福，兀都筭灘曰：「吾昨所夢神人，乃將軍也。」 即來降。 師還，西南至石羅子，敵人來拒，侃直出掠陣，一鼓敗之，換斯干阿荅畢筭灘降。 至賓鐵，侃以奇兵奄擊，大敗之，加葉筭灘降。 己未，破兀林游兵四萬，阿必丁筭灘大懼，來降，得城一百二十。 西南至乞里彎，忽都馬丁筭灘來降。 西域平。 侃以捷告至釣魚山，會憲宗崩，乃還鄧，開屯田，立保障。
On the wuwu day Hulagu ordered Kan to cross the sea westward and subdue Folang. Kan admonished him with talk of fortune and calamity. Prince Wudu said, "The divine man I dreamed of yesterday is none other than the general." He immediately came to surrender. The army returned and marched southwest to Shiluozi. The enemy came to resist. Kan charged straight out and broke their formation; at the first drumbeat he defeated them. Prince Huansigan A'dabi surrendered. At Bintie, Kan struck suddenly with a surprise force and routed the enemy. Prince Jiaye surrendered. On the jiwei day he routed Wulin's roaming army of forty thousand. Prince Abiding was greatly afraid and surrendered, yielding one hundred twenty cities. Marching southwest to Qiliwan, Prince Hudu Mading came to surrender. The Western Regions were pacified. Kan sent word of victory as far as Diaoyu Mountain. Learning of Emperor Xianzong's death, he returned to Deng, opened military colonies, and established defensive posts.
48
中統二年，擢江漢大都督府理問官。 三年二月，益都李璮及徐州緫管李杲哥俱反，宋夏貴復來犯邊。 史天澤薦侃，召入見，世祖問計所出，曰：「群盜竊發，猶柙中虎。 內無資糧，外無救援，築城環之，坐待其困，計日可擒也。」 帝然之，賜尚衣弓矢。 馳至徐，斬杲哥。 夏貴焚廬舍，徙軍民南去，侃追貴，過宿遷縣，奪軍民萬餘人而還。 賜金符，為徐、邳二州緫管。 杲哥之弟驢馬，復與夏貴以兵三萬來擾邊境，侃出戰，斬首千餘級，奪戰艦二百。
In the second year of the Zhongtong era he was promoted to judicial inquirer of the Jianghan Grand Military Governor's office. In the second month of the third year, Li Tan of Yidu and Li Gaoge, commander of Xuzhou, both rebelled, and the Song general Xia Gui again invaded the frontier. Shi Tianze recommended Kan, who was summoned to audience. Emperor Shizu asked what plan he proposed. He said, "When bandits rise in rebellion, they are like tigers in a cage. With no supplies within and no relief from without, encircle them with fortifications and wait for them to exhaust themselves—they can be captured within days." The emperor approved and granted him imperial robes, a bow, and arrows. He galloped to Xuzhou and beheaded Gaoge. Xia Gui burned dwellings and withdrew troops and civilians southward. Kan pursued Xia Gui, passed through Suqian County, and brought back more than ten thousand troops and civilians. He was granted a gold tally and made commander of the two prefectures of Xu and Pi. Gaoge's younger brother Lüma again joined Xia Gui with thirty thousand men to raid the border. Kan gave battle, took more than a thousand heads, and captured two hundred warships.
49
至元二年，有言當解史天澤兵權者，天澤遂遷他官，侃亦調同知滕州。 三年，侃上言：「宋人羈留我使，宜興師問罪。 淮北可立屯田三百六十所，每屯置牛三百六十具，計一屯所出，足供軍旅一日之需。」 四年，徙高唐令，兼治夏津、武城等五縣。 五年，邑人吳乞兒、濟南道士胡王反，討平之。 七年，改白馬令，僧臧羅漢與彰德趙當驢反，又平之。 帝以侃習於軍務，擢為萬戶，從軍下襄陽，由陽羅上流渡江。 江南平，遷知寧海州，居一年，卒。
In the second year of the Zhiyuan era, amid talk that Shi Tianze's military authority should be removed, Tianze was transferred to another post and Kan was reassigned as deputy prefect of Tengzhou. In the third year Kan memorialized: "The Song have detained our envoys. We ought to raise an army and demand redress. North of the Huai, three hundred sixty military colonies could be established. Each colony would be furnished with three hundred sixty teams of oxen, and the output of one colony would suffice to supply an army for one day." In the fourth year he was transferred as magistrate of Gaotang and concurrently administered Xiajin, Wucheng, and four other counties. In the fifth year the local man Wu Qi'er and the Jinan Daoist Hu Wang rebelled; he suppressed and pacified them. In the seventh year he was reassigned as magistrate of Baima. The monk Zang Luohan and Zhao Danglü of Zhangde rebelled, and he pacified them as well. Because Kan was versed in military affairs, the emperor promoted him to commander of ten thousand households. He followed the army in the capture of Xiangyang and crossed the Yangzi at the upper reaches of Yangluo. When Jiangnan was pacified, he was transferred as prefect of Ninghaizhou. After one year in office he died.
50
侃行軍有紀律，野爨露宿，雖風雨不入民舍，所至興學課農，吏民畏服。 子秉仁、秉義。
Kan maintained strict discipline on campaign, cooking in the open and sleeping under the sky; even in wind and rain his men did not enter civilian houses. Wherever he went he established schools and urged agriculture, and officials and common people alike feared and respected him. His sons were Bingren and Bingyi.
51
石天應
Shi Tianying
52
石天應字瑞之，興中永德人。 善騎射，豪爽不羈，頗知讀書，鄉里人多歸之。 太祖時，太師、國王木華黎南下，天應率衆迎謁軍門。 木華黎即承制授興中府尹、兵馬都提控，俾從南征。 天應造戰攻之具，臨機應變，捷出如神，以功拜龍虎衛上將軍、元帥右監軍，戍燕。 天應旌旗色用黑，人目之曰黑軍。 屢從木華黎，大小二百餘戰，常以身先士卒，累功遷右副元帥。
Shi Tianying, courtesy name Ruizhi, was a native of Yongde in Xingzhong. He was skilled in riding and archery, bold and generous and unrestrained by convention, and well versed in books; many in his village followed him. In the time of Taizu, the Grand Preceptor and Prince Muqali marched south. Tianying led his followers to welcome him at the army gate. Muqali immediately by imperial commission appointed him prefect of Xingzhong and commander of all troops and horses, and ordered him to follow the southern campaign. Tianying made siege and assault equipment, adapted to circumstances with swift responses like those of a divine hand, and for his achievements was appointed senior general of the Longhu Guard and Right Army Supervisor of the marshal, garrisoning Yan. Tianying's banners and flags were black, and people called them the Black Army. He repeatedly followed Muqali through more than two hundred battles large and small, often leading the troops in person ahead of the ranks, and through accumulated merit was promoted to Right Vice Marshal.
53
辛巳秋八月，從木華黎征陝右，假道西夏，自東勝濟河，南攻葭州拔之。 天應因說太師曰：「西戎雖降，實未可信。 此州當金、夏之衝，居人健勇，倉庫豐實，加以長河為限，脫為敵軍所梗，緩急非便，宜命將守之，多造舟楫，以備不虞，此萬世計也。」 木華黎然之，表授金紫光祿大夫、陝西河東路行臺兵馬都元帥，以勁兵五千，留守葭蘆。 遂造舟楫，建浮橋，諸將多言水漲波惡，恐勞費無功，天應下令曰：「有沮吾事者，斷其舌！」 橋成，諸將悅服。 先時，葭守王公佐收合餘燼，攻函谷關，將圖復故地，及見橋成，遂潰去。 於是分兵四出，悉定葭、綏之地。
In the eighth month of autumn in the xinsi year he followed Muqali in campaigning in western Shaanxi. By a detour through Western Xia, from Dongsheng he crossed the river and attacked Jiazhou to the south, capturing it. Tianying thereupon advised the Grand Preceptor: "Although the Western Rong have submitted, in truth they cannot yet be trusted. This prefecture stands at the crossroads of Jin and Xia. Its inhabitants are hardy and brave, its storehouses abundant. With the long river as a barrier, if enemy forces should block it, neither advance nor retreat would be convenient. A general ought to be appointed to garrison it and many boats built to guard against the unexpected. This is a plan for ten thousand generations." Muqali approved. By memorial he was appointed Golden Purple Light Grandee and marshal of all troops of the Shaanxi Hedong Circuit Mobile Bureau, and with five thousand elite troops he remained to garrison Jialu. He then built boats and constructed a floating bridge. Many generals said the water was swollen and the waves fierce, fearing labor and expense without result. Tianying issued an order: "Whoever obstructs my work, I shall cut off his tongue!" When the bridge was completed, the generals were pleased and submitted. Earlier, Jia's defender Wang Gongzuo had gathered the remaining embers of resistance, attacked Hangu Pass, and was about to plan the recovery of the old territory. When he saw the bridge completed, he routed and fled. Thereupon he divided his troops in four directions and entirely pacified the territories of Jia and Sui.
54
一日，謁木華黎於汾水東，木華黎諭以進取之策。 天應還鎮，召將佐謂曰：「吾累卿等留屯於此，今聞河中東西皆平川廣野，可以駐軍，規取關陝，諸君以為如何？」 或諫曰：「河中雖用武之地，南有潼關，西有京兆，皆金軍所屯； 且民新附，其心未一，守之恐貽噬臍之悔。」 天應曰：「葭州正通鄜、延，今鄜已平，延不孤立，若發國書，令夏人取之，猶掌中物耳。 且國家之急，本在河南，此州路險地僻，轉餉甚難，河中雖迫於二鎮，實用武立功之地，北接汾、晉，西連同、華，地五千餘里，戶數十萬，若起漕運以通餽餉，則關內可剋期而定，關內既定，長河以南，在吾目中矣。 吾年垂六十，老耄將至，一旦卧病床第，聞後生輩立功名，死不瞑目矣。 男兒要當死戰陣以報國，是吾志也！」
One day he visited Muqali east of the Fen River, and Muqali instructed him in a strategy of advance and capture. Tianying returned to his garrison and summoned his generals and staff, saying, "I have burdened you all with remaining garrisoned here. Now I hear that east and west of Hezhong are all flat plains and broad fields where troops can be stationed, and that we may plan to take Guan and Shaan. What do you gentlemen think?" Someone remonstrated: "Although Hezhong is ground fit for war, to the south is Tong Pass and to the west is Jingzhao, both garrisoned by Jin troops; Moreover, these people have only just submitted and their loyalties remain divided. To garrison the place would risk remorse we could never undo." Tianying replied: "Jiazhou sits on the road to Fu and Yan. Fu is already pacified, so Yan cannot hold out alone. Send a letter under the imperial seal and let the Xia take it—it will be as easy as closing one's fist around it. The empire's true urgency lies south of the Yellow River. This region's roads are treacherous and its land remote, making supply a constant struggle. Hezhong may be squeezed between two enemy garrisons, yet it is ground where a warrior can win lasting fame. It borders Fen and Jin to the north and Tong and Hua to the west—more than five thousand li of territory and tens of thousands of households. Open the grain routes by canal, and the interior can be secured on schedule. Once the passes are ours, everything south of the long river will lie open before us. I am nearly sixty, and feebleness is not far off. If I should fall ill and hear the young winning glory while I lie helpless, I would die with my eyes open. A man should die fighting for his country—that is my purpose!"
55
秋九月，遂移軍河中。 既而金軍果潛入中條，襲河中。 天應知之，先遣驍將吳澤伏兵要路。 澤勇而嗜酒，是夕，方醉卧林中，金兵由間道已直抵城下。 時兵燼後，守具未完，新附者爭縋而去，敵乘隙入。 天應見火舉，知敵已入，奮身角戰，左右從者四十餘騎，皆曰：「吳澤誤我。」 或勸西渡河，天應曰：「先時人諫我南遷，吾違衆而來此，事急棄去，是不武也。 縱太師不罪我，何面目以見同列乎！ 今日惟死而已，汝等勉之。」 少頃，敵兵四合，天應飲血力戰，至日午，死之。 木華黎聞而痛惜焉。
In the ninth month of autumn, he moved his army to Hezhong. Before long, Jin forces slipped through the Zhongtiao range and struck at Hezhong. Tianying learned of the threat and sent the fierce general Wu Ze ahead to ambush the vital road. Ze was brave but loved his wine. That night he lay drunk in the woods while Jin troops, taking a hidden path, marched straight to the foot of the walls. The city was still rebuilding from the fires of war; its defenses were unfinished. Newly submitted troops scrambled down ropes to escape, and the enemy poured through the breach. Tianying saw the signal fires and knew the enemy was inside the walls. He threw himself into the melee. The forty-odd horsemen at his side cried out, "Wu Ze has betrayed us!" Some urged him to flee west across the river. Tianying said, "Men warned me against coming south. I defied them and came here. To abandon the city now would be cowardice unworthy of a soldier. Even if the Grand Preceptor spared me, how could I face my comrades again! Today we die—that is all. Do your best." Moments later the enemy closed in from every side. Tianying fought on, blood in his mouth, until noon, when he fell. When Muqali heard, he mourned the loss bitterly.
56
子煥中，知興中府事； 執中，行軍千戶； 受中，興中府相副官。
His son Huanzhong served as administrator of Xingzhong Prefecture; Zhizhong was a mobile chiliarch; Shouzhong was deputy officer of Xingzhong Prefecture.
57
初，天應死事時，弟天禹子佐中在軍中。 伺敵少懈，倒抽其斧，反斫之，突城而出，趨木華黎行營，求得蒙古軍數千，回與敵戰，敗之。 木華黎嘉其勇，奏授金符，行元帥； 尋詔將官各就本城，授興中府千戶。
When Tianying fell in battle, his younger brother Tianyu's son Zuozhong was serving in the army. When the enemy slackened for a moment, he wrested an axe from them and struck back, broke out of the city, and raced to Muqali's camp. There he secured several thousand Mongol troops, returned to meet the foe, and routed them. Muqali praised his valor, memorialized for a golden tally, and appointed him acting marshal; Soon an edict sent the officers back to their home cities, and Zuozhong was made chiliarch of Xingzhong Prefecture.
58
子安琬
Anwan
59
子安琬，襲職，佩金符，從征大理，討李璮，皆有功。 十三年，隆興之分寧叛，行省檄安琬討之。 賊背山而陣，安琬引兵出陣後，賊驚潰，退而距守。 安琬揮兵直抵壘門，賊揚言曰：「願少容行伍而戰，死且不憾。」 安琬從之，賊果出陣，安琬突陣而入，大呼曰：「吾止誅賊首，庸卒非我敵也。」 手刃中賊背，生擒之。 累功至右衛親軍副都指揮使，進階懷遠大將軍，賜金虎符，後授大同等處萬戶，領江左新附卒萬人，屯田紅城。
His son Anwan inherited the family post, wore the golden tally, and earned distinction in campaigns against Dali and in the suppression of Li Tan. In the thirteenth year, Fenning in Longxing rose in revolt, and the Branch Secretariat ordered Anwan to put it down. The rebels formed their line with the mountain at their backs. Anwan swung his troops behind them; the rebels broke in panic and fell back to their fortifications. Anwan drove his men straight to the stockade gate. The rebels called out: "Give us room to deploy our ranks and fight—we will die without regret." Anwan agreed. The rebels came out to fight. He plunged through their ranks and shouted, "I want only the rebel leaders—common soldiers are not my concern!" He struck the rebel chief in the back with his own blade and took him alive. Through repeated merit he rose to deputy commander of the Right Imperial Guard, was promoted to Grand General of Cherishing the Distant, and received a golden tiger tally. Later he was made myriarch of Datong and neighboring regions, commanding ten thousand newly submitted troops from south of the Yangtze at the Hongcheng garrison farms.
60
大德三年，李萬戶當戍和寧，親老且病，安琬請代其行，及還，以病卒。 子居謙襲職，後改忠翊侍衛親軍都指揮使。
In the third year of Dade, when Li the Myriad Household was scheduled to garrison Hening, his parents were old and ill. Anwan volunteered to go in his stead. He died of illness upon his return. His son Juqian inherited the post and was later appointed commander of the Loyal Support Personal Guard.
61
移剌捏兒
Yelü Nie'er
62
移剌捏兒，契丹人也。 幼有大志，膂力過人，沉毅多謀略。 遼亡，金以為參議、留守等官，皆辭不受。 聞太祖舉兵，私語所親曰：「為國復讎，此其時也。」 率其黨百餘人詣軍門獻十策。 帝召見，與語奇之，賜名賽因必闍赤。 又問：「爾生何地？」 對曰：「霸州。」 因號為霸州元帥。
Yelü Nie'er was a Khitan. From boyhood he burned with ambition. His strength surpassed other men's, and he was grave, resolute, and full of stratagem. After the fall of Liao, the Jin offered him posts such as councilor and territorial commissioner, but he refused them all. When he heard that Genghis Khan had taken up arms, he told those closest to him in private: "To avenge our country—this is the moment." He led more than a hundred followers to the army gate and presented ten stratagems. The emperor summoned him, was struck by his speech, and granted him the name Sayin Bayichi. The emperor asked again, "Where were you born?" He answered, "Bazhou." Thereupon he was styled the Marshal of Bazhou.
63
乙亥，拜兵馬都元帥，佐太師木華黎取北京，下高、利、興、松、義、錦等二十六城，破五十四寨，平利州賊劉四祿。 及錦州賊張致兵勢方熾，且盜名號，木華黎命捏兒與大將烏也兒、椆斡兒合兵討之。 致拒戰，捏兒出奇兵掩擊，斬致。 木華黎第功以聞，遷龍虎衛上將軍、兵馬都提控元帥。 繼取遼東西廣寧、金、復、海、蓋等十五城。 興州監州重兒反，復與烏也兒討平之。 帝遣使者詔之曰：「自汝效順，戰功日多，今錫汝金虎符，居則理民，有事則將，其勿替朕意。」
In the yihai year he was made marshal of all troops and horses and assisted Grand Preceptor Muqali in taking Beiping. He captured twenty-six cities—including Gao, Li, Xing, Song, Yi, and Jin—broke fifty-four stockades, and crushed the Li Prefecture rebel Liu Silu. When the Jin Prefecture rebel Zhang Zhi's forces were at their peak and he had seized imperial titles for himself, Muqali ordered Nie'er to join generals Uya'er and Chuo'guo'er in a combined campaign against him. Zhi gave battle. Nie'er sent a surprise force in a flanking attack and beheaded him. Muqali ranked their merits and reported to the throne. Nie'er was promoted to senior general of the Longhu Guard and overall controller marshal of all troops and horses. He went on to capture fifteen cities in eastern and western Liaodong, including Guangning, Jin, Fu, Hai, and Gai. Chong'er, the Jin Prefecture commissioner of Xingzhou, rebelled. Nie'er again joined Uya'er and put the revolt down. The emperor sent an envoy with an edict: "Since you came over in loyalty, your battlefield achievements have only grown. I now grant you a golden tiger tally—in peace you shall govern the people, in war you shall lead the armies. Do not disappoint my trust."
64
戊寅，從攻東平。 辛巳，從攻延安。 壬午，從圍鳳翔，先登，手殺數十人，左臂中流矢，創甚，裹創進攻丹、延。 木華黎止之，對曰：「創未至死，敢自愛耶！」 木華黎壯之，與所乘白馬。 明日，介其馬，飾以朱纓，簡驍衛七百人，與金兵戰。 木華黎乘高，見其馳突萬衆中，曰：「此霸州元帥也。」 諸軍繼進，金兵敗走，丹、延十餘城皆降，遷軍民都達魯花赤、都提控元帥，兼興勝府尹。
In the wuyin year, he joined the assault on Dongping. In the xinsi year, he joined the assault on Yan'an. In the renwu year, at the siege of Fengxiang, he was first over the wall and killed several dozen men with his own hand. An arrow struck his left arm—a grievous wound—but he bound it and pressed on against Dan and Yan. Muqali tried to stop him. He replied, "This wound has not killed me yet—how dare I hold back!" Muqali was moved by his spirit and gave him the white horse he himself rode. The next day he armored the horse, hung it with red tassels, picked seven hundred elite guards, and met the Jin in battle. From a height Muqali watched him charge through the mass of enemy troops and said, "There goes the Marshal of Bazhou." The armies pressed forward. The Jin broke and fled, and more than ten cities in Dan and Yan surrendered. He was promoted to chief darughachi of military and civil affairs, overall controller marshal, and concurrently prefect of Xingsheng.
65
癸未，從帝征河西，取甘、合、辛、蛇等州。 師還，復從木華黎攻益都，下萊、膠、淄等三十二城。 戊子，得疾歸高州，卒。 贈推忠宣力保德功臣、太尉、開府儀同三司、上柱國，追封興國公，諡武毅。 子買奴。
In the guiwei year he followed the emperor's campaign into the Hexi region and captured Gan, He, Xin, She, and other prefectures. When the army returned, he again followed Muqali against Yidu and captured thirty-two cities, including Lai, Jiao, and Zi. In the wuzi year he fell ill, returned to Gaozhou, and died. Posthumously he was honored as Meritorious Minister Who Promotes Loyalty, Proclaims Strength, and Preserves Virtue, with the ranks of Grand Preceptor, Grand Master with the Golden Seal and Grand Marshal of the State, and Upper Pillar of the State. He was enfeoffed posthumously as Duke of Xing and given the temple name Martial Resolve. His son was Mainu.
66
買奴，蚤從父習戰陣，初入見，太祖問曰：「汝年小，能襲父爵乎？」 對曰：「臣年雖小，國法不小。」 帝異其對，顧左右曰：「此兒甚肖乃父。」 以為高州等處達魯花赤，兼征行萬戶。
Mainu had studied warfare under his father from boyhood. At his first audience the Taizu asked, "You are still young—can you inherit your father's rank?" He answered, "I may be young, but the laws of the state are not." The emperor was impressed and turned to his attendants. "This boy is very much his father's son." He was appointed darughachi of Gaozhou and neighboring regions, and concurrently campaign mobile myriarch.
67
庚寅，命攻高麗花涼城，監軍張翼、劉霸都殞於敵，買奴怒曰：「兩將陷賊，義不獨生！」 趨出戰，破之，誅首將，撫安其民。 進攻開州，州將金沙密逆戰，擒之，城中人出童男女及金玉器以獻，却不受。 遂下龍、宣、雲、泰等十四城。
In the gengyin year, ordered to attack Hualiang City in Goryeo, he learned that supervising generals Zhang Yi and Liu Badu had fallen to the enemy. Mainu raged: "Two commanders lost—I cannot live on alone!" He charged into battle, broke the enemy, executed their commander, and restored order among the people. Advancing on Kaizhou, he captured the prefectural commander Jin Shami after a hard fight. The townspeople offered boys and girls and gold and jade in tribute, but he refused them all. He then captured fourteen cities, including Long, Xuan, Yun, and Tai.
68
癸巳，從諸王按赤台征女直萬奴部，有功。 未幾召還。 興州趙祚反，土豪楊買驢等附之。 帝命從親王察合台帥師討之，斬賊將董蠻等，圍買驢於險樹寨，三月不能下。 買奴令健卒劉五兒，即寨北小徑上大樹，以繩潛引百人登寨，直前劫之，買驢投崖死，餘黨悉平。 太宗即位，錄功，賜金鞍良馬。
In the guisi year he followed Prince Anchitai against the Jurchen chieftain Wan Nu and distinguished himself. Before long he was recalled to court. Zhao Zuo of Xingzhou rose in rebellion, and local magnates such as Yang Mailü rallied to him. The emperor ordered him to follow Prince Chagatai against the rebels. They beheaded rebel generals including Dong Man and besieged Mailü in Xianshu Stockade, but could not take it for three months. Mainu ordered the stalwart Liu Wu'er to climb a great tree on the narrow path north of the stockade and secretly haul a hundred men up by rope onto the ramparts. They struck straight in. Mailü leapt from the cliff to his death, and the remaining rebels were all pacified. When Ögedei ascended the throne, Mainu's merits were recorded and he was rewarded with a golden saddle and fine horses.
69
乙未，從征高麗，入王京，取其西京而還，賜金鎖甲，加鎮國上將軍、征東大元帥，佩金符。 復命出師高麗，將行，以疾卒，年四十。 贈推誠效義功臣、榮祿大夫、平章政事，追封興國公，諡顯懿。 子元臣。
In the yiwei year he joined the campaign against Goryeo, entered the royal capital, seized its Western Capital, and returned. He received golden chain armor, was promoted to State-pacifying Senior General and Grand Marshal for the Eastern Campaign, and was granted a golden tally. Ordered once more to lead troops against Goryeo, he fell ill on the eve of departure and died at forty. Posthumously he was honored as Meritorious Minister Who Promotes Sincerity and Proves Righteousness, with the ranks of Grand Master for Glorious Salary and Grand Councillor. He was enfeoffed posthumously as Duke of Xing and given the temple name Illustrious and Virtuous. His son was Yuanchen.
70
元臣，別名哈剌哈孫，年十六入宿衛，應對進止有度，世祖謂丞相和魯火孫曰：「此勳臣子，非凡器也。」 以為怯薛必闍赤，襲千戶，將其父軍。 從伐宋，攻淮西，戍清口，取瓜洲，下通、泰，累有功。
Yuanchen, also called Qaraqasun, entered the palace guard at sixteen. In speech and bearing he showed uncommon poise. Kublai said to Chancellor Arghun, "This is the son of a meritorious minister—not an ordinary man." He was made a keshik baurchi, inherited the chiliarchate, and took command of his father's army. He joined the campaign against Song, fought west of the Huai, garrisoned Qingkou, took Guazhou, and captured Tong and Tai, earning repeated distinction.
71
至元十二年，從丞相伯顏平宋，進階武義將軍、中衛親軍緫管，佩金虎符。 十四年，只兒瓦台叛，圍應昌府，時皇女魯國公主在圍中。 元臣以所部軍馳擊，只兒瓦台敗走，追至魚兒濼，擒之，公主賜賚甚厚，奏請暫留元臣鎮應昌，以安反側。 居一歲，召至京師，遷明威將軍、後衛親軍副都指揮使，還鎮應昌。 又三歲，召還，加昭勇大將軍。 十九年，帝以所籍入權臣家婦賜之，元臣辭曰：「臣家世清素，不敢自污。」 帝嘉嘆不已。
In the twelfth year of Zhiyuan he followed Chancellor Bayan in the conquest of Song and was promoted to Martial Righteousness General and chief commander of the Central Imperial Guard, with a golden tiger tally. In the fourteenth year Jirwatay rebelled and besieged Yingchang Prefecture while the emperor's daughter, the Princess of Lu, was trapped inside. Yuanchen galloped to the rescue with his troops. Jirwatay was routed and fled; Yuanchen pursued him to Yuer Lake and captured him. The princess rewarded him lavishly and petitioned to keep him at Yingchang to calm the restless region. After a year he was summoned to the capital, promoted to Bright Martial General and deputy commander of the Rear Imperial Guard, and sent back to garrison Yingchang. Three years later he was recalled again and promoted to Illustrious Valor Grand General. In the nineteenth year the emperor wished to grant him a woman confiscated from a powerful minister's household. Yuanchen declined: "My family has lived in plain honesty for generations—I dare not stain myself." The emperor praised him again and again.
72
二十二年，進昭毅大將軍，同僉江淮行樞密院事； 行院罷，歸高州。 帝親征乃顏，元臣率家僮五十人見行在所，願效前驅。 八年，移僉湖廣行樞密院，時溪洞施、容等州蠻獠作亂，元臣親入其境，喻以禍福，賊首魯萬丑降。 三十年，卒于官。 贈安遠功臣、龍虎衛上將軍、同知樞密院事，追封興國公，諡忠靖。 子迪，中奉大夫、湖廣宣慰使都元帥。
In the twenty-second year he was promoted to Illustrious Resolve Grand General and made associate envoy of the Jianghuai Branch Privy Council; When the branch council was abolished, he returned to Gaozhou. When Kublai personally marched against Nayan, Yuanchen brought fifty household retainers to the imperial camp and offered to serve as vanguard. In the eighth year he was transferred to the Huguang Branch Privy Council as associate envoy. When the tribal peoples of the stream-cave prefectures Shi, Rong, and others rose in revolt, Yuanchen entered their lands in person, spoke to them of reward and ruin, and the rebel chief Lu Wanchou surrendered. In the thirtieth year he died in office. Posthumously he was honored as Meritorious Minister Who Pacifies the Distant, with the ranks of senior general of the Longhu Guard and vice-director of the Privy Council. He was enfeoffed posthumously as Duke of Xing and given the temple name Loyal and Tranquil. His son Di served as Grand Master for Glorious Acceptance and commander-in-chief and pacification commissioner of Huguang.
73
耶律禿花
Yelu Tuhua
74
耶律禿花，契丹人。 世居桓州，太祖時，率衆來歸。 大軍入金境，為嚮導，獲所牧馬甚衆。 後侍太祖，同飲班朮河水。 從伐金，大破忽察虎軍。 又從木華黎收山東、河北，有功，拜太傅、緫領也可那延，封濮國公，賜虎符、銀印，歲給錦幣三百六十匹。 統萬戶扎剌兒、劉黑馬、史天澤伐金，卒于西河州。
Yelu Tuhua was a Khitan. His family had long lived at Huanzhou; in the time of Taizu he led his people to come over. When the main army entered Jin territory, he served as guide and captured a great many horses from the enemy pastures. Later he attended Taizu and drank with him from the Banzhu River. He followed the campaign against Jin and routed the army of Huchahu. He also followed Muqali in pacifying Shandong and Hebei. For his achievements he was made Grand Tutor and yeke nayan commander-in-chief, enfeoffed as Duke of Pu, granted a tiger tally and silver seal, and given three hundred and sixty bolts of brocade each year. Commanding the Jala'ir, Liu Heima, and Shi Tianze ten-thousand-household units, he campaigned against Jin and died at Xihe Prefecture.
75
子朱哥嗣，仍統劉黑馬等七萬戶，與都元帥塔海紺卜同征四川，卒于軍。 子寶童嗣，以疾不任事。 朱哥弟買住嗣，而以寶童充隨路新軍緫管。 買住言於憲宗曰：「今欲略定西川下流諸城，當先定成都，以為根本，臣請往相其地。」 帝從之，遂率諸軍往成都，攻嘉定，未下而卒。 子忽林帶嗣，緫諸軍，立成都府，卒于軍。 以兄百家奴嗣。 自朱哥至百家奴，並襲太傅、緫領也可那延。
His son Zhuge succeeded him and still commanded the seventy thousand households of Liu Heima and others. Campaigning against Sichuan with the commander-in-chief Tachar Keben, he died in the field. His son Baotong succeeded him but, owing to illness, could not carry out his duties. Zhuge's younger brother Maizhu succeeded him, while Baotong was appointed overall commander of the new armies along the routes. Maizhu said to Emperor Xianzong: "If we mean to pacify the downstream cities of western Sichuan, we must first secure Chengdu as our base. I ask leave to go and survey the ground." The emperor agreed. He then led the armies to Chengdu and attacked Jiading, but died before the city was taken. His son Hulindai succeeded him, took command of the armies, established Chengdu Prefecture, and died in the field. His elder brother Baijianu succeeded him. From Zhuge down to Baijianu, each in turn inherited the posts of Grand Tutor and yeke nayan commander-in-chief.
76
買住子禿滿荅兒
Maizhu's son Tumandai'er
77
禿滿荅兒者，百家奴之弟，忽林帶之兄也，常留中宿衛。 後百家奴解兵柄為他官，乃授成都管軍萬戶，代將其軍。
Tumandai'er was Baijianu's younger brother and Hulindai's elder brother, and was often kept at court on palace guard duty. Later, when Baijianu gave up military command for another post, Tumandai'er was appointed commander of the Chengdu garrison ten-thousand-household unit and took over his army.
78
至元十一年，從忽敦攻嘉定，修平康寨以守之。 十二年，從汪田哥攻九頂山，破之，殺都統一人，嘉定降。 從忽敦徇下瀘、敘諸城，圍重慶，守合江口，又以舟師塞龍門濠，遏其援兵。 十三年，瀘州叛，從汪田哥攻之。 重慶遣兵援瀘，邀擊破之，獲七十人。 瀘堅守不下，禿滿荅兒夜率兵，攻奪水城以進，黎明，先登，入瀘城，克之，斬其將王世昌、李都統。 復從不花圍重慶，守將張珏搏戰，敗之城下，重慶降。 賜虎符，授夔路招討使，遷四川東道宣慰使，仍兼夔路招討，改同僉四川等處行樞密院事，遷四川等處行中書省左丞。 尚書省立，改行尚書省左丞，進右丞，卒。
In the eleventh year of Zhiyuan (1274) he followed Hudun in attacking Jiading, built Pingkang Stockade, and held it. In the twelfth year he followed Wang Tiange in attacking Jiuding Mountain, broke the position, killed a commander-in-chief, and Jiading surrendered. He followed Hudun in subduing the cities downstream of Lu and Xu, besieged Chongqing, held Hejiang Mouth, and used his fleet to block Longmen Moat and cut off enemy relief. In the thirteenth year Luzhou rebelled, and he followed Wang Tiange to attack it. Chongqing sent troops to relieve Luzhou; he intercepted them, won the fight, and took seventy prisoners. Luzhou held out stubbornly. Tumandai'er led a night attack, seized Shuicheng to press forward, and at dawn was first over the wall into Luzhou. The city fell, and its generals Wang Shichang and Commander Li were beheaded. He again followed Buhua in besieging Chongqing. The defending commander Zhang Jue fought fiercely but was defeated beneath the walls, and Chongqing surrendered. He was granted a tiger tally and appointed pacification commissioner of the Kuizhou circuit, then promoted to pacification commissioner of eastern Sichuan while retaining the Kuizhou post. He became associate administrator of the Sichuan Branch Secretariat for Military Affairs and was then promoted to Left Vice Administrator of the Sichuan Branch Secretariat. When the Ministry of Revenue was established, he was made Left Vice Administrator of the Branch Ministry, promoted to Right Vice Administrator, and died in office.
79
寶童子忙古帶
Baotong's son Mangudai
80
忙古帶，寶童之子也。 世祖時，賜金符，襲父職，為隨路新軍緫管，統領山西兩路新軍。 從行省也速帶兒征蜀及思、播、建都諸蠻夷，有功，陞萬戶。 從攻羅必甸，至雲南，詔以其衆入緬，迎雲南王。 金齒、白衣、荅奔諸蠻，往往伏險要為備，忙古帶奮擊破之，凡十餘戰，至緬境，開金齒道，奉王以還，遷副都元帥。 從諸王阿台征交趾，至白鶴江，與交趾偽昭文王戰，奪其戰艦八十七艘。 又從雲南王攻羅必甸，破之。 二十九年，入覲。
Mangudai was Baotong's son. Under Kublai he was granted a golden tally, inherited his father's post as overall commander of the new armies along the routes, and took charge of the new armies of the two Shanxi circuits. He followed the regional commissioner Yesudai'er in campaigns in Shu and against the Si, Bo, and Jiandu tribes, and for his achievements was promoted to commander of ten thousand households. He joined the attack on Luobidian, reached Yunnan, and by imperial order led his troops into Burma to escort the Prince of Yunnan back. The Jinchí, Baiyi, and Daben tribes often lay in ambush at strategic passes. Mangudai fought through them in more than ten battles, reached the Burmese frontier, opened the Jinchí road, escorted the prince home, and was promoted to deputy commander-in-chief. He followed Prince Atai in the campaign against Annam, reached the Baihe River, fought the self-styled King Zhaowen of Annam, and captured eighty-seven warships. He again followed the Prince of Yunnan in attacking Luobidian and defeated it. In the twenty-ninth year he came to court for an audience.
81
王珣字君寶，本姓耶律氏，世為遼大族。 金正隆末，契丹窩斡叛，祖成，從母氏避難遼西，更姓王氏，遂為義州開義人。 父伯俊。 伯父伯亨無子，以珣為後。
Wang Xun, courtesy name Junbao, was originally of the Yelü clan and for generations had been one of Liao's great families. At the end of the Jin Zhenglong era, when the Khitan Wohuo rebelled, his grandfather Cheng fled with his mother's people to western Liao, changed his surname to Wang, and became a native of Kaiyi in Yizhou. His father was Bojun. His uncle Boheng had no son and adopted Xun as his heir.
82
珣武力絕人，善騎射，尤長於擊鞠。 年三十餘，遇道士，謂珣曰：「君之相甚奇，它日因一青馬而貴。」 珣未之信。 居歲餘，有客以青馬來鬻，珣私喜曰：「道士之言或驗乎？」 乃倍價買之，後乘以戰，其進退周旋，無不如意。 又嘗行凌水濱，得一古刀，其背銘曰：「舉無不克，動必成功。」 常佩之，每有警，必先鳴，故所向皆捷。
Xun's martial prowess was unmatched. He excelled at mounted archery and was especially skilled at cuju. When he was over thirty he met a Daoist who said to Xun: "Your face is most extraordinary. One day you will rise to eminence because of a blue horse." Xun did not believe him. After more than a year a traveler came to sell a blue horse. Xun said to himself with quiet delight: "Could the Daoist's words be coming true?" He bought it at double the price. Later, riding it in battle, every advance, retreat, and maneuver went exactly as he wished. Once, walking along the Ling River, he found an ancient blade. On its back was an inscription: "Raise it and nothing fails to fall; act and success is assured." He wore it constantly. Whenever danger was near it would ring first, and so wherever he went he prevailed.
83
初，河朔兵動，豪強各擁衆據地，珣慨然曰：「世故如此，大丈夫當自振拔，否則為人所制。」 乃召諸鄉人，諭以保親族之計，衆從之，推珣為長，旬月之間，招集遺民至十餘萬。 歲乙亥，太師木華黎略地奚霫，珣率吏民出迎，承制以珣為元帥，兼領義、川二州事。
At first, when turmoil broke out north of the Yellow River, local strongmen each raised bands and seized territory. Xun said with feeling: "Affairs have come to this. A true man must lift himself up, or else others will master him." He summoned the people of his district, explained a plan to protect their kinsmen, and they agreed to make Xun their leader. Within a month he had gathered more than a hundred thousand displaced people. In yihai (1215), Grand Preceptor Muqali pacified the Xi lands. Xun led officials and people out to welcome him and, by provisional appointment, was made marshal with charge of both Yizhou and Chuanzhou.
84
丙子春，張致僭號錦州，陰結開義楊伯傑等來掠義州，珣出戰，伯傑引去。 會致兄子以千騎來衝，珣選十八騎突其前，復令左右掎角之，一卒以鎗刺珣，珣揮刀殺之，其衆潰走，獲其馬幾盡。 時興中亦叛，木華黎圍之，召珣以全軍來會，致窺覘其虛，夜襲之，家人皆遇害。 及興中平，珣無所歸，木華黎留之興中，遣其子榮祖馳奏其事，帝諭之曰：「汝父子宣力我家，不意為張致所襲。 歸語汝父，善撫其軍，自今以往，當忍恥蓄銳，俟逆黨平，彼之族屬、城邑、人民，一以付汝，吾不吝也。 仍免徭賦五年，使汝父子世為大官。」 珣以木華黎兵復開義，擒伯傑等，殺之。 進攻錦州，致部將高益，縛致妻子及其黨千餘人以獻，木華黎悉以付珣，珣但誅致家，其餘皆釋之，始還義州。
In the spring of bingzi (1216), Zhang Zhi declared himself ruler at Jinzhou and secretly joined with Kaiyi's Yang Bojie and others to raid Yizhou. Xun went out to fight and Bojie withdrew. Just then Zhang Zhi's nephew came with a thousand horsemen to charge them. Xun chose eighteen riders to burst upon their van and ordered flankers to pincer them. One soldier thrust a spear at Xun; Xun swung his blade and killed him. The enemy broke and fled, and nearly all their horses were captured. At that time Xingzhong also rebelled. Muqali besieged it and summoned Xun with his full army to join him. Zhang Zhi spied out his undefended home and raided it by night, and Xun's family were all killed. When Xingzhong was pacified, Xun had nowhere to return. Muqali kept him at Xingzhong and sent his son Rongzu at full gallop to report what had happened. The emperor told him: "Your father and you have served our house with distinction. I did not expect you to be struck down by Zhang Zhi. Go tell your father to treat his troops well. From now on he must swallow his shame and sharpen his edge. When the rebel faction is crushed, I shall entrust their clans, cities, and people wholly to you—I shall not begrudge them. He was also exempted from corvée and taxes for five years, so that he and his father might hold high office for generations." With Muqali's troops Xun recovered Kaiyi, captured Bojie and the others, and executed them. Advancing to attack Jinzhou, Zhang Zhi's subordinate Gao Yi bound Zhang Zhi's wife and children and more than a thousand of his followers and surrendered them. Muqali turned them all over to Xun. Xun executed only Zhang Zhi's household, released the rest, and returned to Yizhou.
85
丁丑，入朝，帝嘉其功，賜金虎符，加金紫光祿大夫、兵馬都元帥，鎮遼東便宜行事，兼義、川等州節度使。 珣貌黑，人呼為哈剌元帥，哈剌，中國言黑也。 從木華黎兵略山東，至滿城，令還鎮，戒之曰：「彼新附之民，恃山海之險，反覆不常，非盡坑之，終必為變。」 對曰：「國朝經略中夏，宜以恩信結人，若降者則殺，後寧復有至者乎！」 遂還，以子榮祖代領其衆。 甲申春正月卒，年四十八。
In dingchou (1217) he came to court. The emperor praised his achievements, granted him a golden tiger tally, made him Grand Master of Golden Purple Glory and commander-in-chief of horse and foot, gave him discretionary authority to pacify Liaodong, and appointed him military commissioner of Yizhou, Chuanzhou, and other prefectures. Xun's complexion was dark, and people called him the Kara Marshal—kara meaning "black" in Chinese. He followed Muqali's army in pacifying Shandong as far as Mancheng. Muqali ordered him back to his post and warned him: "Those newly submitted people rely on mountains and sea for protection and are ever changeable. Unless they are wholly exterminated, they will surely rebel in the end." He replied: "In extending the dynasty's sway over central China, one ought to win people by grace and good faith. If those who surrender are killed, who afterward would ever come over?" He then returned and had his son Rongzu take command of his forces in his stead. In the first month of spring in jiashen (1224) he died, aged forty-eight.
86
珣為政簡易，賞罰明信，誅強撫弱，毫髮無徇。 子四人，榮祖襲。
In governing, Xun was plain and direct. Rewards and punishments were clear and trustworthy; he punished the strong and comforted the weak, without the slightest partiality. He had four sons; Rongzu succeeded him.
87
子榮祖
His son Rongzu
88
榮祖字敬先，珣長子也。 性沉厚，語音如鐘，勇力絕人。 珣初附於木華黎，以榮祖為質，稍見任用。 珣卒，襲榮祿大夫、崇義軍節度使、義州管內觀察使。 從嗣國王孛魯入朝，帝聞其勇，選力士三人迭與之搏，皆應手而倒。 欲留置宿衛，會金平章政事葛不哥行省於遼東，咸平路宣撫使蒲鮮萬奴僭號於開元，遂命榮祖還，副撒里台進討之。 拔蓋州、宣城等十餘城，葛不哥走死。 金帥郭琛、完顏曳魯馬、趙遵、李高奴等猶據石城，復攻拔之，曳魯馬戰死，遵與高奴出降。 虜生口千餘，撒里台欲散於麾下，榮祖屢請，皆放為民。 方城未下時，榮祖遣部卒賈實穴其城，城崩被壓，衆謂已死，弗顧也。 榮祖曰：「士忘身死國，安忍棄去。」 發石取之，猶生，一軍感激，樂為效死。 有言義人懷反側者，撒里台將屠之，榮祖馳驛奏辨，事乃止。
Rongzu, courtesy name Jingxian, was Xun's eldest son. By nature he was steady and grave. His voice rang like a bell, and his courage and strength were unmatched. When Xun first submitted to Muqali, he gave Rongzu as a hostage, and Rongzu gradually won trust and employment. When Xun died, Rongzu inherited the posts of Grand Master of Splendid Happiness, military commissioner of the Chongyi Army, and surveillance commissioner within Yizhou. He followed the heir to the princely title Belu to court. The emperor, hearing of his bravery, chose three strongmen to wrestle with him in turn, and each was knocked down at once. The emperor wished to keep him as an imperial guard, but just then the Jin grand councilor Gebu Ge was administering Liaodong and Puxian Wannu, pacification commissioner of Xianping Circuit, had usurped the title at Kaiyuan. Rongzu was ordered back to serve as Saritai's deputy in advancing against him. They captured Gaizhou, Xuancheng, and more than ten other cities. Gebu Ge fled and died. The Jin commanders Guo Chen, Wanyan Yeluma, Zhao Zun, and Li Gaonu still held Shicheng. They attacked and took it again. Yeluma died in battle; Zun and Gaonu came out and surrendered. More than a thousand captives were taken. Saritai wished to distribute them among his officers, but Rongzu repeatedly petitioned and they were all released to live as civilians. While Fangcheng had not yet fallen, Rongzu sent a subordinate, Jia Shi, to undermine the wall. The wall collapsed and buried him. The troops thought him dead and would not go to him. Rongzu said: "This man forgot himself and died for the state—how could I bear to abandon him?" They dug away the stones and brought him out; he was still alive. The whole army was moved and gladly willing to die in his service. When someone reported that the people of Yi were disloyal, Saritai was about to massacre them. Rongzu raced post-horses to court to plead their case, and the massacre was stopped.
89
己丑，授北京等路征行萬戶，換金虎符。 伐高麗，圍其王京，高麗王力屈，遣其兄淮安公奉表納貢。 進討萬奴，擒之。 趙祁以興州叛，從諸王按只台平之。 祁黨猶剽掠景、薊間，復從大將唐兀台討之，將行，榮祖曰：「承詔討逆人耳，豈可戮及無辜，宜惟抗我者誅。」 大將然之，由是免死者衆。 再從征高麗，破十餘城，高麗遣子綧入質。 帝賜錦衣，旌其功。 又從諸王也忽略地三韓，降天龍諸堡，皆禁暴掠，民悅服之。 破五里山城，請於主將，全其民，遂下甕子城、竹林寨、苦苫數島。 帝嘉其功，賜以金幣，官其子興千戶，仍賞其部曲。 移鎮高麗平壤，帝遣使諭之曰：「彼小國負險自守，釜中之魚，非久自死，緩急可否，卿當熟思。」 榮祖乃募民屯戍，辟地千里，盡得諸島嶼城壘，高麗遣其世子倎出降，遂以倎入朝。
In jichou (1229) he was appointed campaign commander of the ten-thousand-household unit of the Beijing circuit and other routes and was given a new golden tiger tally. Campaigning against Goryeo, he besieged the royal capital. The Goryeo king's strength broke, and he sent his elder brother the Duke of Huai'an with a memorial offering tribute. Advancing against Wannu, he captured him. Zhao Qi rebelled at Xingzhou, and he followed Prince Anjitai in pacifying it. Qi's followers still raided between Jing and Ji. He again followed the great general Tangwutai to suppress them. Before they set out, Rongzu said: "We have received orders to punish rebels—how can we slaughter the innocent? Only those who resist us should be put to death." The general agreed, and so many were spared death. He again followed a campaign against Goryeo, broke more than ten cities, and Goryeo sent Prince Chŏng as a hostage. The emperor granted him brocade robes in recognition of his achievements. He again followed Prince Yehu in pacifying the Three Han regions, reduced the Tianlong forts, and everywhere forbade looting. The people were pleased and submitted. He broke Wulishan Fort, asked the commanding general to spare the people, and then took Wengzi Fort, Zhulin Stockade, and several islands of Kuchan. The emperor praised his achievements, rewarded him with gold and silk, appointed his son Xing as a thousand-household commander, and also rewarded his retainers. Transferred to garrison Pyongyang in Goryeo, he received an imperial envoy who told him: "That small state relies on its defensible terrain and holds out on its own—it is a fish in a pot and before long will perish of itself. You must think carefully whether to press hard or hold back as circumstances allow." Rongzu then recruited settlers for garrison colonies, opened up land for a thousand li, and took all the island fortresses. Goryeo sent its heir apparent Tian to surrender, and Rongzu escorted Tian to court.
90
中統元年夏，詔榮祖詣闕，帝撫慰之曰：「卿父子勤勞於國，誠節如一。」 進沿邊招討使，兼北京等路征行萬戶，賜寶鞍、弓矢。 還鎮，以病卒，年六十五。
In the summer of the first year of Zhongtong (1260), Rongzu was ordered to come to court. The emperor comforted him, saying: "Your family, father and son, have toiled for the state with unwavering loyalty." He was promoted to frontier pacification commissioner while retaining his post as campaign commander of the Beijing circuit and other routes, and was granted a treasured saddle, bow, and arrows. He returned to his post, died of illness, aged sixty-five.
91
子十三人，顯者六人：通，興中府尹； 泰，權知義、錦、川等州緫管； 興，征東千戶； 遇，襄陽路管軍萬戶； 達，東京五處征行萬戶； 廷，鎮國上將軍、中衛親軍都指揮使； 璲，江西湖東道提刑按察使。
He had thirteen sons; six were prominent: Tong, prefect of Xingzhong; Tai, acting overall administrator of Yizhou, Jinzhou, Chuanzhou, and other prefectures; Xing, thousand-household commander of the Eastern Campaign; Yu, garrison commander of the ten-thousand-household unit of Xiangyang Circuit; Da, campaign commander of the ten-thousand-household unit of the five posts of the Eastern Capital; Ting held the rank of State-pacifying Senior General and commanded the Central Guard Imperial Army; and Sui served as judicial and surveillance commissioner of the Jiangxi Huguang East Circuit.