Volume 170 Biographies 57: Shang Wen, Shen Tuzhiyuan, Lei Ying, Hu ZhiYu, Wang Liyong, Chang Shiwen, Zhang Zhao, Yuan Yu, Zhang Fang, Hao Bin, Gao Yuan, Yang Shi, Wu Ding, Liang Degui

尚文，字周卿，世為祁州深澤人，後徙保定，遂佔籍焉。文幼穎悟，負奇志。張文謙宣撫河東，參政王椅薦其才，遂辟掌書記。未幾，西夏行中書省復辟之。至元六年，始立朝儀，太保劉秉忠言於世祖，詔文與諸儒，採唐《開元禮》及近代禮儀之可行於今者，斟酌損益，凡文武儀仗、服色差等，皆文掌焉。七年春二月，朝儀成，百官肄習，帝臨觀之，大悅，遂為定制。冬十一月，立侍儀司，擢右直侍儀使，轉司農都事。十七年，出守輝州。時河朔大旱，輝獨以禱得雨，境內大稔。懷孟民馬氏、宋氏，誣伏殺人，積歲獄不能決，提刑使者命文讞以論報。文推跡究情，得獄吏、獄卒羅織狀，兩獄皆釋。十九年，進戶部郎中，奏罷懷、衛竹稅提舉司，民便之。

Shang Wen, whose courtesy name was Zhouqing, came from a family long established at Shenze in Qizhou; they later moved to Baoding and took up household registration there. As a boy, Wen was unusually quick-witted and nursed uncommon ambitions. While Zhang Wenqian served as pacification commissioner of Hedong, Vice Administrator Wang Yi recommended his abilities, and Wen was recruited as chief secretary. Before long the Branch Secretariat for Western Xia recruited him again. In the sixth year of the Zhiyuan reign, court ceremony was established for the first time. Grand Guardian Liu Bingzhong advised Kublai, who ordered Wen and other scholars to draw on the Tang Kaiyuan Ritual and on recent rites still applicable, adjusting them as needed; Wen oversaw all civil and military regalia, ranks of dress, and related matters. In the second month of spring in the seventh year the court ceremonies were complete. Officials rehearsed them while the emperor watched in person, was greatly pleased, and made them the permanent standard. In the eleventh month of winter the Directorate of Ceremonial Attendants was established; he was promoted to Right Direct Attendant of Ceremonies, then transferred to chief clerk in the Directorate of Agriculture. In the seventeenth year he was sent out to serve as prefect of Huizhou. A severe drought gripped the region north of the Yellow River, but Huizhou alone received rain after Wen prayed for it, and the prefecture enjoyed a bumper harvest. The Ma and Song families of Huaimeng had falsely confessed to murder, and their cases had dragged on for years without resolution. The judicial investigation commissioner ordered Wen to review the files and pronounce sentence. Wen traced the facts to their root and found that jail clerks and guards had fabricated the charges; both prisoners were released. In the nineteenth year he was promoted to Director in the Ministry of Revenue and memorialized to abolish the bamboo-tax intendant offices for Huai and Wei; the people benefited.

二十二年，除御史臺都事。行台御史上封事，言上春秋高，宜禪位皇太子。太子聞之懼，中台秘其章不發。答即古阿散等知之，請收內外百司吏案，大索天下埋沒錢糧，而實欲發其事，乃悉拘封御史臺吏案。文拘留秘章不與，答即古聞於帝，命宗正薛徹幹取其章。文曰：「事急矣！」即白御史大夫曰：「是欲上危太子，下陷大臣，流毒天下之民，其謀至姦也。且答即古乃阿合馬餘黨，贓罪狼籍，宜先發以奪其謀。」大夫遂與丞相相議，即入言狀，帝震怒曰：「汝等無罪耶？」丞相進曰：「臣等無所逃罪，但此輩名載刑書，此舉動搖人心，宜選重臣為之長，庶靖紛擾。」帝怒稍解，可其奏。既而答即古受人金，與其黨竟坐姦贓論死，其機實自文發之。升大司農丞，轉少卿，遷吏部侍郎，改江南湖北道肅政廉訪使。三十一年，召為刑部尚書。元貞初，拜中台侍御史。時行台御史及浙西憲司劾江浙行省平章不法者十七事，制遣文往詰之。左驗明著，猶力爭不服，文以上聞，平章乃言御史違制取會防鎮軍數。成宗命省台大臣雜議，咸曰：「平章勳臣之後，所犯者輕，事宜宥；御史取會軍數，法當死。」文抗言：「平章罪狀明白，不受簿責，無人臣禮，其罪非輕。御史糾事之官，因兵卒爭訴，責其帥如籍均役，情無害法，即有罪亦輕。」廷辯數四，與省台入奏，帝意始悟，平章、御史各杖遣之。其守正不阿類如此。

In the twenty-second year he was appointed chief clerk of the Censorate. A censor of the Branch Secretariat submitted a sealed memorial arguing that the emperor was advanced in years and ought to abdicate in favor of the crown prince. The crown prince was alarmed when he heard of it, and the Central Secretariat kept the memorial secret without forwarding it. Dajigahasun and his faction learned of the memorial and petitioned to seize the personnel files of every office, ostensibly to hunt nationwide for concealed revenues, but in truth to expose the abdication proposal; they had all Censorate files impounded and sealed. Wen held back the secret memorial and refused to surrender it. Dajigahasun reported this to the emperor, who ordered Director of the Imperial Clan Xue Chegan to seize it. Wen said, "The situation is urgent!" He immediately told the Censor-in-Chief, "Their aim is to endanger the crown prince from above, entrap the ministers below, and bring harm to the people throughout the realm. The scheme is utterly treacherous. Moreover, Dajigahasun is a holdover from Ahmad's faction, his record of corruption is notorious, and we should strike first to break their plot." The Censor-in-Chief conferred with the chief councillor and at once reported the matter to the throne. The emperor flew into a rage and said, "Are you yourselves without guilt?" The chief councillor stepped forward and said, "We cannot escape blame, but these men are already named in the penal statutes. Their maneuver is unsettling the court. Appoint a senior minister to head the investigation, and the turmoil may be quieted." The emperor's anger eased somewhat, and he approved the proposal. Soon afterward Dajigahasun was found to have taken bribes, and he and his associates were condemned to death for treachery and corruption. The initiative had in fact come from Wen. He rose to Vice Director of the Directorate of Agriculture, then Junior Director, then Vice Minister of Personnel, and was appointed Surveillance Commissioner of the Jiangnan-Hubei Circuit for Purging Corruption. In the thirty-first year he was summoned to serve as Minister of Justice. At the opening of the Yuanzhen reign he was appointed Attending Censor of the Central Secretariat. Censors of the Branch Secretariat and the Zhexi Surveillance Commission had impeached the Jiang-Zhe Branch Secretariat's Grand Administrator on seventeen counts of misconduct. An imperial order sent Wen to investigate. Even with the evidence plainly against him, the Grand Administrator still fought the charges. Wen reported to the throne, whereupon the Grand Administrator countered that the censors had violated regulations by obtaining tallies of garrison troops. Chengzong ordered senior officials of the secretariat and censorate to deliberate jointly. All agreed: "The Grand Administrator is descended from a meritorious house; his offenses are minor and should be pardoned; the censors, for obtaining military tallies, deserve death by law." Wen objected forcefully: "The Grand Administrator's guilt is clear. He refused to accept investigation and showed no deference owed a subject—the offense is not minor. Censors exist to investigate wrongdoing. They demanded that a commander apportion corvée according to the register because soldiers had petitioned in dispute. The circumstances do no real violence to the law, and even if there is guilt, it is slight." After four rounds of debate in court, Wen and the secretariat and censorate officials reported to the throne. The emperor at last understood the matter, and both the Grand Administrator and the censors were flogged and sent away. His integrity and refusal to yield were characteristic in this way.

元貞二年，建言：「治平之世，不宜數赦；不急之役，宜且停罷。」咸為成宗所嘉納，授河北河南肅政廉訪使。大德元年，河決蒲口，台檄令文按視防河之策。文建言：

In the second year of Yuanzhen he memorialized: "In a time of good order, amnesties should not be issued frequently; non-urgent labor projects should be suspended for now." Chengzong praised and adopted all of these proposals and appointed him Surveillance Commissioner of the Hebei-Henan Circuit for Purging Corruption. In the first year of Dade the Yellow River broke through at Pukou. The Censorate dispatched Wen to review flood-control policy. Wen submitted a memorial:

長河萬里西來，其勢湍猛，至盟津而下，地平土疏，移徙不常，失禹故道，為中國患，不知幾千百年矣。自古治河，處得其當，則用力少而患遲；事失其宜，則用力多而患速。此不易之定論也。今陳留抵睢，東西百有餘里，南岸舊河口十一，已塞者二，自涸者六，通川者三，岸高於水，計六七尺，或四五尺；北岸故堤，其水比田高三四尺，或高下等，大概南高於北，約八九尺，堤安得不壞，水安得不北也！蒲口今決千有餘步，迅疾東行，得河舊瀆，行二百里，至歸德橫堤之下，復合正流。或強湮遏，上決下潰，功不可成。揆今之計，河北郡縣，順水之性，遠築長垣，以御氾濫；歸德、徐、邳，民避衝潰，聽從安便。被患之家，宜於河南退灘地內，給付頃畝，以為永業；異時河決他所者，亦如之。信能行此，亦一時救荒之良策也。蒲口不塞便。

The great river flows ten thousand li from the west with a swift, violent current. Below Mengjin the terrain is flat and the soil loose, and the channel shifts constantly, having long since abandoned Yu's ancient course. It has plagued China for untold centuries. Since antiquity, when river control has been rightly handled, little labor has been needed and disaster has come slowly; when policy misses the mark, great labor is expended and disaster comes quickly. This is an established truth that does not change. From Chenliu to Sui, more than a hundred li east to west, the south bank has eleven old mouths: two already sealed, six that dried up on their own, and three still open. The banks stand six or seven feet above the water in places, or four or five; on the north bank the old levee holds water three or four feet above the fields, or level with them. Overall the south bank stands some eight or nine feet higher than the north. How can the levee hold, and how can the water fail to break northward! At Pukou the breach now spans more than a thousand paces. The current rushes east along the river's old channel for two hundred li, reaches the transverse dike below Guide, and rejoins the main stream. If we forcibly dam it, the river will break out above and collapse below—the work cannot succeed. As I see the policy for today: in the prefectures and counties of Hebei, follow the water's course and build long embankments at a distance to hold back floods; at Guide, Xu, and Pi let the people flee the rushing breach and settle wherever they find safety. Families stricken by flood should receive allotments of land on the receded shoals south of the river as permanent holdings; when the river breaks out elsewhere in future, the same policy should apply. If this can truly be implemented, it will also serve as an excellent measure for famine relief in the present crisis. It is better to leave Pukou unblocked.

朝廷從之。會河朔郡縣、山東憲部爭言：「不塞則河北桑田盡為魚鱉之區，塞之便。」帝復從之。明年，蒲口復決。塞河之役，無歲無之。是後水北入复河故道，竟如文言。

The court accepted his advice. But officials north of the river and the Shandong Surveillance Commission all argued: "If we do not block it, Hebei's mulberry fields will all become a domain of fish and turtles. Blocking is the better course." The emperor again sided with them. The following year Pukou burst again. River-blocking projects were undertaken every single year. Afterward the river turned north into its old channel again, exactly as Wen had predicted.

三年，調山東憲使，歷行省參知政事、行御史臺中丞。七年，召拜資善大夫、中書左丞。浙西飢，發廩不足，募民入粟補官以賑之。山東歲凶，盜賊竊發，出鈔八百五十餘萬貫以弭之。選十道使者，奏請巡行天下，問民疾苦。又奏斥罷南方白雲宗，與民均事賦役。西域賈人有奉珍寶進售者，其價六十萬錠，省臣平章顧謂文曰：「此所謂押忽大珠也，六十萬酬之不為過矣。」一坐傳玩，文問何所用之，平章曰：「含之可不渴，熨面可使目有光。」文曰：「一人含之，千萬人不渴，則誠寶也；若一寶止濟一人，則用已微矣。吾之所謂寶者，米粟是也，一日不食則飢，三日則疾，七日則死；有則百姓安，無則天下亂。以功用較之，豈不愈於彼乎！」平章固請觀之，文竟不為動。年六十九，因疾告老而歸。十年，拜昭文館大學士、中書右丞、商議中書省事，召不起。武宗、仁宗之世，屢延致，訪以國事，賜燕及金帛有加，進階自光祿大夫轉銀青榮祿大夫，仍中書左丞，丐還田裡。延祐六年，拜太子詹事，使三往，乃起。仁宗命盡言以教太子，待以殊禮。泰定三年，以中書平章政事致仕。明年，卒於家，年九十二。

In the third year he was transferred to serve as Shandong Surveillance Commissioner, then held successive posts as Branch Secretariat Vice Administrator and Branch Censorate Vice Censor-in-Chief. In the seventh year he was summoned and appointed Grand Master for Excellent Goodness and Left Vice Director of the Secretariat. Western Zhe suffered famine. Granary releases were insufficient, so he recruited people to contribute grain in exchange for official appointments as a means of relief. Shandong had a bad harvest year and banditry broke out. He released more than 8.5 million strings of paper currency to suppress it. He selected envoys for ten circuits and memorialized that they tour the realm to inquire into the people's hardships. He also memorialized to suppress the southern White Cloud sect and subject its members to the same corvée and tax burdens as ordinary people. A merchant from the Western Regions offered precious goods for sale at a price of 600,000 ingots. A provincial Grand Administrator turned to Wen and said, "This is the so-called yahu great pearl. Six hundred thousand would not be too much to pay." The whole assembly passed it around in admiration. Wen asked what use it served. The Grand Administrator said, "Hold it in the mouth and you will not thirst; press it to the face and your eyes will shine." Wen said, "If one man could hold it and ten million men would never thirst, then it would truly be a treasure; but if one treasure benefits only one man, its usefulness is already slight. What I call a treasure is grain. One day without food brings hunger, three days bring illness, seven days bring death; with it the people are secure; without it the realm falls into chaos. Measured by usefulness, is it not far better than that pearl!" The Grand Administrator pressed him to look, but Wen would not be moved. At sixty-nine he retired on grounds of illness and returned home. In the tenth year he was appointed Grand Academician of the Hall for Promoting Literature, Right Vice Director of the Secretariat, and Commissioner for Deliberation on Secretariat Affairs, but he did not answer the summons. Under Wuzong and Renzong he was repeatedly invited, consulted on affairs of state, and honored with banquets and generous gifts of gold and silk. He rose from Grand Master of Splendid Happiness to Grand Master of Silver-Green Glory and Blessing while retaining the post of Left Vice Director of the Secretariat, but begged to return to his home district. In the sixth year of Yanyou he was appointed Grand Mentor of the Heir Apparent. Envoys were sent three times before he finally accepted. Renzong ordered him to speak freely in instructing the crown prince and treated him with exceptional honor. In the third year of Taiding he retired from his post as Grand Administrator of the Secretariat. The following year he died at home, aged ninety-two.

○申屠致遠

○ Shen Tuzhiyuan

申屠致遠，字大用，其先汴人。金末從其父義徙居東平之壽張。致遠肄業府學，與李謙、孟祺等齊名。世祖南征，駐兵小濮，荊湖經略使乞寔力台薦為經略司知事，軍中機務，多所謨畫。師還，至隨州，所俘男女，致遠悉縱遣之。至元七年，崔斌守東平，聘為學官。十年，御史臺辟為掾，不就，授太常太祝，兼奉禮郎。帝遣太常卿孛羅問毛血之薦，致遠對曰：「毛以告純，血以告新，禮也。」宋平，焦友直、楊居寬宣慰兩浙，舉為都事，首言：「宋圖籍宜上之朝；江南學田，當仍以贍學。」行省從之。轉臨安府安撫司經歷。臨安改為杭州，遷總管府推官。宋駙馬楊鎮從子玠節，家富於貲，守藏吏姚溶竊其銀，懼事覺，誣玠節陰與宋廣、益二王通，有司榜笞，誣服，獄具。致遠讞之，得其情，溶服辜，玠節以賄為謝，致遠怒絕之。杭人金淵者，欲冒籍為儒，儒學教授彭宏不從，淵誣宏作詩有異志，揭書於市，邏者以上。致遠察其情，執淵窮詰，罪之。屬縣械反者十七人，訊之，蓋因寇作，以兵自衛，實非反者，皆得釋。西僧楊璉真加，作浮圖於宋故宮，欲取高宗所書《九經》石刻以築基，致遠力拒之，乃止。改壽昌府判官。時寇盜竊發，加之造徵日本戰船，遠近騷然，致遠設施有方，眾賴以安。

Shen Tuzhiyuan, whose courtesy name was Dayong, came from a family originally of Bian. At the end of the Jin dynasty he moved with his father Yi to Shouzhang in Dongping. Zhiyuan studied at the prefectural school and was ranked alongside Li Qian, Meng Qi, and others of equal renown. When Kublai campaigned south he encamped at Xiao Pu. The Jing-Hu Pacification Commissioner Qishilitai recommended Zhiyuan as director of affairs in the pacification office, and he drafted many of the army's strategic plans. When the army returned and reached Suizhou, Zhiyuan released all the men and women who had been taken captive. In the seventh year of Zhiyuan, while Cui Bin was defending Dongping, he engaged Zhiyuan as a school officer. In the tenth year the Censorate recruited him as a clerk, but he declined and was appointed Grand Sacrificer of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, concurrently Master of Ceremonies. The emperor sent Director of Imperial Sacrifices Boluo to inquire about the offering of fur and blood. Zhiyuan replied, "Fur announces purity; blood announces freshness. That is ritual propriety." After the Song were pacified, Jiao Youzhi and Yang Jukuan, serving as pacification commissioners of the Two Zhes, recommended him as chief clerk. His first memorial stated: "The Song maps and registers should be submitted to the court; school lands in the south should continue to support education." The Branch Secretariat adopted his proposals. He was transferred to serve as administrator of the Lin'an Pacification Commission. When Lin'an was renamed Hangzhou, he was promoted to investigating censor of the metropolitan prefecture. Jiejie, a nephew of the Song imperial son-in-law Yang Zhen, was a man of great wealth. The storekeeper Yao Rong stole his silver and, fearing discovery, falsely accused Jiejie of secretly communicating with the Song princes Guang and Yi. Officials tortured him until he confessed to the fabricated charge, and the case was closed. Zhiyuan reviewed the case, uncovered the truth, and Rong confessed his crime. Jiejie tried to thank him with a bribe, but Zhiyuan angrily refused all contact. A Hangzhou man named Jin Yuan tried to register falsely as a scholar. Confucian school instructor Peng Hong refused. Yuan then accused Hong of writing seditious poetry, posted the writings in the marketplace, and passers-by reported them to the authorities. Zhiyuan saw through the scheme, arrested Yuan, interrogated him thoroughly, and punished him. In a subordinate county seventeen men had been shackled as rebels. On investigation Zhiyuan found that they had armed themselves only to defend against bandits and were not rebels at all. All were released. The Tibetan monk Yang Lianzhenjia built a pagoda in the former Song palace and wanted to use stone slabs of the 《Nine Classics》 inscribed by Emperor Gaozong as foundation material. Zhiyuan forcefully resisted, and the plan was abandoned. He was transferred to serve as assistant prefect of Shouchang Prefecture. At the time bandits were rising throughout the region, and the levy of warships for the campaign against Japan added to the turmoil. Zhiyuan organized relief with wise measures, and the people came to depend on him for security.

二十年，拜江南行台監察御史。江淮行省宣使郄顯、李兼訴平章忙兀台不法，有詔勿問，仍以顯等付忙兀台鞫之，係於獄，必抵以死。致遠慮囚浙西，知其冤狀，將縱之，忙兀台脅之以勢，致遠不為動，親脫顯等械，使從軍自贖。桑哥當國，治書侍御史陳天祥使至湖廣，劾平章要束木，桑哥摘其疏中語，誣以不道，奏遣使往訊之，天祥就逮。時行台遣御史按部湖廣，咸憚之，莫敢往，致遠慨然請行。比至，累章極論之。桑哥方促定天祥罪，會致遠章上，桑哥氣沮。江西行省平章馬合謀於商稅外橫加徵取，忽辛籍鄉民為匠戶，轉運使盧世榮榷茶牟利，致遠並劾之。又言占城、日本不可涉海遠征，徒費中國；銓選限以南北，優苦不均，宜考其殿最，量地遠近，定為立制，則銓衡平而吏弊革。他如罷香莎米，弛竹課禁，設司獄官醫學職員，皆致遠發之。

In the twentieth year he was appointed censor of the Jiangnan Branch Secretariat. Xi Xian and Li Jian, envoys of the Jianghuai Branch Secretariat, accused the Pacification Commissioner Mamudai of misconduct. An edict ordered that the matter not be pursued, yet the complainants were handed over to Mamudai for trial. Imprisoned, they faced certain execution. Zhiyuan, concerned for the prisoners in western Zhejiang, knew they had been wronged and was prepared to release them. Mamudai tried to intimidate him, but Zhiyuan would not be swayed. He personally removed the shackles from Xi and the others and sent them into military service to earn their redemption. While Sangge dominated the government, Associate Drafting Censor Chen Tianxiang was dispatched to Huguang and impeached the Pacification Commissioner Yaosumu. Sangge seized on phrases in Chen's memorial, falsely accused him of treason, and had him arrested for interrogation. When the Branch Secretariat dispatched censors to inspect Huguang, everyone feared Sangge's influence and no one dared go. Zhiyuan boldly volunteered for the assignment. Once there, he submitted memorial after memorial arguing Chen's case with utmost force. Sangge was on the verge of securing Chen Tianxiang's conviction when Zhiyuan's memorial reached the throne. Sangge's resolve faltered. Zhiyuan also impeached the Pacification Commissioner Ma of the Jiangxi Branch Secretariat for levying illegal surcharges beyond commercial taxes, Huxin for registering villagers as artisan households, and Transport Commissioner Lu Shirong for profiting from a tea monopoly. He also argued that distant expeditions by sea against Champa and Japan were impracticable and would merely waste the empire's resources; Appointments restricted by north-south divisions created unequal hardship; he urged that officials be rated on merit, that posting distances be weighed, and that fixed rules be established so selection would be fair and bureaucratic abuses corrected. Other reforms he proposed included abolishing the fragrant sago rice levy, relaxing bamboo tax restrictions, and establishing posts for prison administrators and medical officers.

二十八年，丁父憂，起復江南行台都事，以終制辭。二十九年，僉江東建康道肅政廉訪司事，未至，移疾還。元貞元年，纂修《世祖實錄》，召為翰林待制，不赴。大德二年，僉淮西江北道肅政廉訪司事，行部至和州，得疾卒。

In the twenty-eighth year, upon his father's death, he entered mourning. He was recalled to serve as chief administrator of the Jiangnan Branch Secretariat but declined, insisting on completing the full mourning period. In the twenty-ninth year he was appointed to the Jiankang Circuit Surveillance Commission in eastern Jiangdong, but before taking up the post he pleaded illness and withdrew. In the first year of the Yuanzhen era, when the 《Veritable Records of Shizu》 was being compiled, he was summoned to serve as Hanlin Attendant Drafting Scholar but declined the appointment. In the second year of the Dade era he was appointed to the Huai-West and Jiang-North Circuit Surveillance Commission. While on inspection in Hezhou he fell ill and died.

致遠清修苦節，恥事權貴，聚書萬卷，名曰墨莊。家無餘產，教諸子如師友。所著《忍齋行稿》四十卷，《釋奠通禮》三卷，《杜詩纂例》十卷，《集驗方》十二卷，《集古印章》三卷。

Zhiyuan was a man of pure conduct and stern integrity who shunned service to the powerful. He amassed a library of ten thousand scrolls, which he called Ink Manor. The family had no surplus wealth; he raised his sons as both teacher and friend. His works included the forty-scroll 《Collected Manuscripts of the Forbearance Studio》, the three-scroll 《General Rites for the Sacrifice to Confucius》, the ten-scroll 《Collected Examples from Du Fu's Poetry》, the twelve-scroll 《Collected Proven Prescriptions》, and the three-scroll 《Collected Ancient Seals》.

子七人：伯騏，徵事郎、嶺北湖南道肅政廉訪司知事；驥，驪，俱為學官；駉，奉政大夫、兵部員外郎。

He had seven sons. The eldest, Boqi, served as Attendant Gentleman and administrator of the Lingbei and Hunan Circuit Surveillance Commission; Ji and Li both served as school officers; Jiong held the rank of Grand Master for Governance and served as Vice Director in the Ministry of War.

○雷膺

○ Lei Ying

雷膺，字彥正，渾源人。父淵，金監察御史。膺生七歲而孤，金末，母侯氏挈膺北歸渾源，艱險備嘗，織紝為業，課膺讀書。膺篤志於學，事母以孝聞。太宗時，詔郡國設科選試，凡佔儒籍者復其家，膺年甫弱冠，得與其選，愈自砥礪，遂以文學稱。丞相史天澤鎮真定，辟為萬戶府掌書記。世祖即位，初置十路宣撫司，詔選耆舊使副子弟為僚屬，授膺大名路宣撫司員外郎。中統二年，斡林承旨王鶚、王磐薦膺為翰林修撰、同知制誥，兼國史院編修官。五年，調陝西西蜀四川按察司參議。至元二年，改陝西五路轉運司諮議。四年，用兵於蜀，佩金符，參議左壁總帥府事，師還，升承務郎、同知恩州事。憲府表薦其能，遂入拜監察御史，首以「正君心、正朝廷百官」為言，又斥聚斂之臣不宜作相。十一年，加奉議大夫，僉河東山西道提刑按察司事，以稱職聞。十四年，進朝列大夫、山南湖北道提刑按察副使。是時，江南新附，諸將市功，且利俘獲，往往濫及無辜，或強籍新民以為奴隸。膺出令，得還為民者以數千計。十八年，轉淮西江北道提刑按察副使，以母老辭。二十年，遷行台侍御史，奉母之官，分司湖廣、江西，奏劾按察使二人及行省官吏之不法者。二十二年，丁母憂，去官。明年，起復，授中議大夫、江南浙西道提刑按察使。時蘇、湖多雨傷稼，百姓艱食，膺請於朝，發廩米二十萬石賑之。江淮行省以發米太多，議存三之一，膺曰：「布宣皇澤，惠養困窮，行省臣職耳，豈可效有司出納之吝耶！」行省不能奪，悉給之。時年六十二，即致仕，歸老於山陽。二十九年，徵拜集賢學士。成宗即位，朝會上都，召諸故老，諮詢國政，膺為稱首，多所建白。一日，延見便殿，奏對稱旨，賜白玉帶環一。明年，賜鈔五千貫，進秩二品。大德元年夏六月，以疾卒於京師，年七十三。贈通奉大夫、河南江北等處行中書省參知政事、護軍，追封馮翊郡公，諡文穆。

Lei Ying, whose courtesy name was Yanzheng, came from Hunyuan. His father Yuan had served as a Jin dynasty censor. Ying was orphaned at the age of seven. At the end of the Jin dynasty his mother, Lady Hou, took him north to Hunyuan. Enduring every hardship, she supported them by weaving and made him study. Ying devoted himself to learning and became known for his filial devotion to his mother. During the reign of Ögedei Khan, an edict ordered regional examinations. Scholar households were exempted from labor service. Ying had just come of age, qualified for the examination, redoubled his efforts, and won a reputation for literary accomplishment. When Chancellor Shi Tianze was stationed at Zhending, he recruited Ying as chief secretary of the Ten-Thousand Households Office. After Kublai's accession, when the ten circuit Pacification Commissions were first established, the court ordered that sons of senior officials be selected as staff. Ying was appointed Assistant Director of the Daming Circuit Pacification Commission. In the second year of the Zhongtong era, Hanlin Academy Chancellor Wang E and Wang Pan recommended Ying for appointment as Hanlin Compiler, Associate Director of Edicts and Decrees, and concurrent compiler in the Historiography Institute. In the fifth year he was transferred to serve as counsellor of the Shaanxi, Western Shu, and Sichuan Investigation and Supervision Commission. In the second year of the Zhiyuan era he was reassigned as adviser to the Shaanxi Five-Circuit Transport Commission. In the fourth year, during the campaign in Shu, he wore an imperial gold tally and served as counsellor on the staff of the Left Wing Commander-in-Chief. When the army returned he was promoted to Gentleman for Attending to Affairs and Vice Prefect of En Prefecture. The Surveillance Commission recommended his abilities, and he was appointed censor. His first memorial urged "rectifying the ruler's heart and rectifying the conduct of all court officials," and he also denounced revenue-grabbing ministers as unfit to serve as chancellor. In the eleventh year he was granted the rank of Grand Master for Discussion of Governance and appointed to the Hedong and Shanxi Penal and Investigation Commission, where he earned a reputation for competent service. In the fourteenth year he was promoted to Grand Master of the Court and appointed Vice Commissioner of the Shannan and Hubei Penal and Investigation Commission. At this time the south had only recently submitted. Generals sought credit for military merit and profited from captives, often implicating the innocent or forcibly registering newly submitted subjects as slaves. Ying issued orders that restored thousands of people to free commoner status. In the eighteenth year he was transferred to Vice Commissioner of the Huai-West and Jiang-North Penal and Investigation Commission but declined on account of his elderly mother. In the twentieth year he was promoted to Palace Censor of the Branch Secretariat and brought his mother with him to his post. Operating separately in Huguang and Jiangxi, he impeached two Investigation Commissioners and various corrupt Branch Secretariat officials. In the twenty-second year, upon his mother's death, he left office to observe mourning. The following year he was recalled from mourning and appointed Grand Master for Discussing Governance and Commissioner of the Jiangnan and Western Zhejiang Penal and Investigation Commission. Heavy rains around Suzhou and Huzhou had damaged the harvest, and the people were going hungry. Ying petitioned the court to release two hundred thousand shi of granary rice for relief. The Jianghuai Branch Secretariat, thinking the amount excessive, proposed retaining only one-third. Ying said, "To spread the emperor's benevolence and succor the destitute is the duty of Branch Secretariat officials. How can we imitate the petty stinginess of clerks counting receipts and disbursements!" The Branch Secretariat could not overturn his decision, and the full amount was distributed. At the age of sixty-two he retired and spent his old age at Shanyang. In the twenty-ninth year he was summoned and appointed Academic Scholar of the Academy of Scholarly Worthies. When Chengzong ascended the throne, he held court at Shangdu and summoned former senior officials to advise on state affairs. Ying was chief among them and offered many recommendations. One day he was received in audience in the side hall. His responses pleased the emperor, who bestowed on him a white jade belt clasp. The following year he was granted five thousand guan in paper currency and promoted to second rank. In the sixth month of summer in the first year of the Dade era he died of illness in the capital at the age of seventy-three. He was posthumously granted the rank of Master for Promoting Governance, Vice Administrator of the Henan and Jiang-North Branch Secretariat, and Defender of the Army, and was enfeoffed as Duke of Fengyi Commandery with the posthumous title Wenmu.

子肇，順德路總管府判官。孫豫，南陽府穰縣尹。

His son Zhao served as Assistant Administrator of the Zhende Circuit Metropolitan Prefecture. His grandson Yu served as magistrate of Xiang County in Nanyang Prefecture.

○胡祗皞

○ Hu Zhiyuan

胡祗遹，字紹聞，磁州武安人。少孤，既長讀書，見知於名流。中統初，張文謙宣撫大名，辟員外郎。明年，入為中書詳定官。至元元年，授應奉翰林文字，尋兼太常博士，調戶部員外郎，轉右司員外郎，尋兼左司。時阿合馬當國，進用群下，官冗事煩，祗遹建言：「省官莫如省吏，省吏莫如省事。」以是忤權奸，出為太原路治中，兼提舉本路鐵冶，將以歲賦不辦責之。及其蒞職，乃以最聞。改河東山西道提刑按察副使。宋平，為荊湖北道宣慰副使。有佃民訴其田主謀為不軌者，祗遹察其冤，坐告者。十九年，為濟寧路總管，上八事於樞府言軍政：曰役重，曰逃戶，曰貧難，曰正身入役，曰偽署文牒，曰官吏保結，曰有名無實，曰合併偏頗。樞府是之，以其言著為定法。濟寧移治鉅野縣，自國初經兵戈，其廢已久，民居未集，風俗樸野。祗遹選郡子弟，擇師教之，親為講論，期變其俗，久之，治效以最稱。升山東東西道提刑按察使，所至抑豪右，扶寡弱，以敦教化，以厲士風。民有父子兄弟相訟者，必懇切諭以天倫之重，不獲已，則繩以法。召拜翰林學士，不赴，改江南浙西道提刑按察使，未幾，以疾歸。二十九年，朝廷徵耆德者十人，祗遹為之首，以疾辭。三十年，卒，年六十七。延祐年，贈禮部尚書，諡文靖。子持，太常博士。

Hu Zhiyuan, whose courtesy name was Shaowen, came from Wu'an in Cizhou. Orphaned as a youth, he devoted himself to study and won recognition among leading scholars. In the early Zhongtong era, when Zhang Wenqian served as pacification commissioner of Daming, he recruited Hu as Assistant Director. The following year he entered central service as Detailed Review Officer in the Secretariat. In the first year of the Zhiyuan era he was appointed Hanlin Attendant for Drafts, then concurrently Grand Master of Ceremonial. He was transferred to Vice Director in the Ministry of Revenue, then to Vice Director in the Right Secretariat, and soon served concurrently in the Left Secretariat as well. While Ahmad dominated the government and packed offices with his followers, bureaucratic workload grew unbearable. Hu Zhiyuan submitted a memorial: "The best way to reduce officials is to reduce clerks; the best way to reduce clerks is to reduce unnecessary business." This offended the powerful faction, and he was sent out to serve as Vice Administrator of Taiyuan Circuit while also supervising the circuit's iron smelting. His enemies intended to blame him if the annual levy fell short. Once he took up the post, he distinguished himself as the circuit's most capable administrator. He was transferred to serve as Vice Commissioner of the Hedong and Shanxi Penal and Investigation Commission. After the pacification of the Song, he served as Vice Pacification Commissioner of the Jinghu North Circuit. When a tenant accused his landlord of plotting rebellion, Hu Zhiyuan found the charge false and punished the accuser. In the nineteenth year he served as Metropolitan Prefect of Jining Circuit and submitted eight proposals on military administration to the Military Affairs Commission: burdensome corvée, fleeing households, poverty and hardship, personal conscription, forged documents, officials' surety bonds, nominal units with no real force, and uneven consolidation of units. The Military Affairs Commission approved his proposals and codified them as permanent regulations. Jining's administrative seat was moved to Juye County, which had lain in ruins since the wars at the dynasty's founding. The population had not yet recovered, and local customs remained rough and uncultivated. Hu Zhiyuan selected local youths, appointed teachers, and personally lectured them in the hope of reforming local customs. In time his administration was rated the best in the region. Promoted to Commissioner of the Shandong East and West Penal and Investigation Commission, he suppressed powerful local families, aided the weak, promoted education, and strengthened scholarly standards wherever he served. When fathers and sons or brothers sued one another, he always earnestly appealed to the bonds of family duty. Only when persuasion failed did he punish them according to law. Summoned to serve as Hanlin Academy Scholar, he declined. He was instead appointed Commissioner of the Jiangnan and Western Zhejiang Penal and Investigation Commission but soon retired on account of illness. In the twenty-ninth year the court summoned ten venerable scholars of virtue. Hu Zhiyuan headed the list but declined on grounds of illness. In the thirtieth year he died at the age of sixty-seven. In the Yanyou era he was posthumously granted the title Minister of Rites with the posthumous name Wenjing. His son Chi served as Grand Master of Ceremonial.

○王利用

○ Wang Liyong

王利用，字國賓，通州潞縣人。遼贈中書令、太原郡公籍之七世孫，高祖以下皆仕金。利用幼穎悟，弱冠與魏初同學，遂齊名，諸名公交口稱譽之。初事世祖於潛邸，中書辟為掾，辭不就。中統初，命監鑄百司印章，歷太府內藏官，出為山東經略司詳議官，遷北京奧魯同知，歷安肅、汝、蠡、趙四州知州，入拜監察御史。薊州有禁地，民不得射獵其中，邏者誣州民冒禁，籍其家，利用糾之，邏者訴於上，利用辨愈力，得以所沒入悉歸之民。擢翰林待制，兼興文署，奉旨程試上都、隆興等路儒士。升直學士，與耶律鑄同修實錄。出為河東、陝西、燕南三道提刑按察副使、四川提刑按察使。四川土豪有持官府長短者，問得其實，而當以罪，民賴以安。都元帥塔海，抑巫山縣民數百口為奴，民屢訴不決，利用承檄核問，盡出為民。大德二年，改安西、興元兩路總管。其在興元，減職田租額，站戶之役於他郡者悉除之，民甚便焉。有婦毒殺其夫，問藥所從來，吏教婦指為富商所貨。獄上，利用曰：「家富而貨毒藥，豈人情哉？」訊之，果冤也。未幾，致仕，居漢中。

Wang Liyong, whose courtesy name was Guobin, came from Lu County in Tongzhou. He was the seventh-generation descendant of Ji, who had been posthumously granted Secretariat Director and enfeoffed as Duke of Taiyuan Commandery under the Liao. From his great-great-grandfather onward, his forebears had all served the Jin dynasty. Liyong was unusually bright as a boy. When he came of age he studied with Wei Chu, and the two quickly won equal renown. Leading scholars competed to praise them. He first served Kublai while the future emperor was still heir apparent. The Secretariat recruited him as a clerk, but he declined. In the early Zhongtong era he was charged with supervising the casting of seals for the various offices. He served as an officer in the Grand Capital Inner Storehouse, then as Detailed Review Officer on the Shandong Pacification Commission staff, Vice Administrator of the Beijing garrison command, and successively as prefect of Ansu, Ru, Li, and Zhao before being appointed censor. Jizhou had a prohibited hunting ground, and a patrol officer falsely accused local residents of trespassing and confiscated their property. Liyong investigated the case. When the patrol officer appealed to the court, Liyong argued all the more forcefully, and the confiscated goods were fully restored to the people. He was promoted to Hanlin Attendant Drafting Scholar and concurrently served in the Office for the Promotion of Literature. By imperial order he conducted examinations of scholars in Shangdu, Longxing, and other circuits. Promoted to Direct Academy Scholar, he collaborated with Yelü Zhu on compiling the Veritable Records. He was sent out to serve concurrently as Vice Commissioner of the Hedong, Shaanxi, and Yannan Penal and Investigation Commissions and as Commissioner of the Sichuan Penal and Investigation Commission. In Sichuan, when powerful local families tried to hold officials hostage, he investigated thoroughly, punished the guilty, and the people lived in peace. The Commander-in-Chief Tahai had forced several hundred residents of Wushan County into slavery. Repeated appeals had gone unresolved until Liyong was ordered to investigate and restored them all to free status. In the second year of the Dade era he was reassigned as Metropolitan Prefect of the Anxi and Xingyuan circuits. At Xingyuan he reduced the rents on official fields and exempted station households from corvée service in other jurisdictions. The people found the relief greatly beneficial. When a woman poisoned her husband, clerks coached her to claim she had bought the poison from a wealthy merchant. When the case came before him, Liyong said, "Would a wealthy family really sell poison? That defies common sense." On re-examination, the merchant was indeed innocent. Before long he retired and lived in Hanzhong.

成宗朝，起為太子賓客，首以切於時政者疏上十七事：曰謹畏天戒，取法祖宗，孝事母后，敬奉至尊，撫愛百姓，敦本抑末，清心聽政，寡欲養身，酒宜節飲，財宜節用，有功必賞，有罪必罰，杜絕讒言，求納直諫，官職量材而授，工役相時而動，俾近侍時赴經筵講讀經史。帝及太子嘉納之。皇后聞之，命錄別本以進。利用以老病不能朝，帝遣醫診視之，利用謂弟利貞、利亨曰：「吾受國厚恩，愧不能報，死生有命，藥不能為也。」遂卒，年七十七。

During the reign of Chengzong he was recalled to serve as Preceptor of the Heir Apparent. He submitted a memorial listing seventeen urgent recommendations on current policy: reverently heed Heaven's warnings, take the founding emperors as models, serve the empress dowager with filial devotion, honor the sovereign, cherish the people, promote agriculture and restrain commerce, govern with a clear mind, live simply, drink in moderation, spend sparingly, reward merit and punish crime, shut out slander, welcome frank counsel, appoint officials according to talent, launch public works at proper seasons, and require attendants to attend regular lectures on the classics and histories. The emperor and the heir apparent praised and accepted his recommendations. When the empress heard of this, she ordered a separate copy made and submitted to the court. Liyong's age and illness kept him from court, so the emperor sent physicians to examine him. He told his younger brothers Lizhen and Liheng, "The state has shown me great favor, and I am ashamed that I cannot repay it. Life and death are ordained; medicine can do nothing." He then died, at the age of seventy-seven.

利用每自言，平生讀書，於恕字有得焉。廉希憲當時名相，簡重慎許可，嘗語人曰：「方今文章政事兼備者，王國賓其人也。」武宗即位，以官僚舊臣，制贈榮祿大夫、柱國、中書平章政事，封潞國公，諡文貞。

Liyong often said that of all he had read in his life, he had gained most from the virtue of forbearance. Lian Xixian, then a celebrated chancellor, was sparing and solemn in praise. He once said, "Of those today who unite literary talent with administrative skill, Wang Guobin is the man." When Wuzong ascended the throne, Liyong was posthumously honored as an old servant of the bureaucracy: Grand Master for Splendid Happiness, Pillar of the State, and Associate Grand Councillor of the Central Secretariat, enfeoffed as Duke of Lu State with the posthumous name Wenzhen.

○暢師文

○ Chang Shiwen

暢師文，字純甫，南陽人。祖淵，贈中順大夫、上騎都尉、魏郡伯。父訥，有詩名，注《地理指掌圖》，仕為汴幕官，贈太中大夫、上輕車都尉、魏郡侯。師文幼警悟，家貧無書，手錄口誦，過目輒不忘。弱冠，謁許衡，與衡門人姚燧、高凝皆相友善。至元五年，陳時政十六策，丞相安童奇其才，辟為右三部令史。十二年，丞相伯顏攻宋，選為掾屬，從定江南，及歸，舟中惟載書籍而已。十三年，編《平宋事蹟》上之。十四年，除東川行樞密院都事，盡心贊畫，多所裨益。十六年，安西王承製改四川北道宣慰司經歷，尋除承直郎、潼川路治中。修府舍，發地得銀五十錠，同僚分師文十錠，不受，用以修廟學及傳舍，餘作酒器給公用。十九年，承製改同知保寧路事，治尚平簡，反側以安。二十二年，僉西蜀四川道提刑按察司事。二十三年，拜監察御史，糾劾不避權貴，上所纂《農桑輯要》書。二十四年，遷陝西漢中道巡行勸農副使，置義倉，教民種藝法。二十八年，改僉陝西漢中道提刑按察司事。時更提刑按察司為肅政廉訪司，就僉本道肅政廉訪司事，黜姦舉才，咸服其公。三十一年，徙山南道。松滋、枝江有水患，歲發民防水，往返數百里，苦於供給，師文以江水安流，悉罷其役。駙馬亦都護家人怙勢不法，師文治其甚惡者，流之。大德二年，改山東道，入為國子司業。七年，出為陝西行中書省理問官，決滯獄，不少阿徇。頃之，以疾家居。九年，擢陝西漢中道肅政廉訪副使，又以疾不赴。十年，改太常少卿，轉翰林侍讀學士、朝請大夫、知制誥同修國史。至大元年，修《成宗實錄》，賜鈔壹百錠，不受。時製作多出其手。二年，加少中大夫。三年，請補外任，除太平路總管。時大旱，師文捐俸致禱，不數日，澍雨大降，遂為豐年。當塗人坐殺牛祈雨，囚系者六十餘人，師文憫而出之。公田米積之盈屋，曰：「我家幾人，能盡食此乎！」呼貧士及細民，恣其取去。廉訪分司官前後至者，必先謁師文，稱為先生。師文在任未久，境內晏然。皇慶二年，復召為翰林侍讀學士、中奉大夫、知制誥同修國史，奉旨撰《王勃成道記序》等文，賜銀貳鋌，不受。除燕南河北道肅政廉訪使，以病去官。延祐元年，徵拜翰林學士、資德大夫，行至河南，復以病歸襄陽。四年秋八月，考河南鄉試歸，次襄縣，卒於傳舍，年七十一，葬襄陽峴山。泰定二年，贈資政大夫、河南江北等處行中書省左丞、上護軍，追封魏郡公，諡文肅。後至元八年，加贈推忠守正亮節功臣。

Chang Shiwen, whose courtesy name was Chunfu, came from Nanyang. His grandfather Yuan was posthumously granted the rank of Grand Master for Ordered Fidelity and Chief Cavalry Commandant of the Upper Rank and was enfeoffed as Baron of Wei Commandery. His father Ne was known for poetry, annotated the 《Geographical Handbook Map》, and served as a secretariat officer at Bian. He was posthumously granted the rank of Grand Master for Grand Harmony and Light Chariot Commandant of the Upper Rank and enfeoffed as Marquis of Wei Commandery. Shiwen was unusually bright as a boy. The family was poor and owned no books, so he copied texts by hand and recited them aloud; whatever he glanced at once stayed in memory. When he came of age he visited Xu Heng and became close friends with Xu's disciples Yao Sui and Gao Ning. In the fifth year of the Zhiyuan reign he submitted sixteen proposals on current affairs. Chancellor Antong was struck by his ability and recruited him as a clerk in the Right Three Departments. In the twelfth year, when Chancellor Bayan attacked the Song, he was chosen as a staff officer and followed the campaign to pacify Jiangnan. On the voyage home his boat held nothing but books. In the thirteenth year he compiled the 《Records of the Pacification of Song》 and presented it to the throne. In the fourteenth year he was appointed chief of staff at the Eastern Sichuan Branch Secretariat for Military Affairs, where he threw himself into planning and rendered substantial service. In the sixteenth year Prince Anxi provisionally transferred him to administrative officer of the Northern Sichuan Circuit Pacification Commission. He was soon appointed Gentleman for Upholding Integrity and Vice Prefect of Tongchuan Circuit. While renovating the official residence, workers unearthed fifty ingots of silver. His colleagues offered Shiwen ten ingots, but he refused them. He used the silver to repair the temple school and the relay station and had the remainder made into wine vessels for public use. In the nineteenth year he was provisionally appointed Vice Administrator of Baoning Circuit. His administration was fair and unpretentious, and the unsettled were calmed. In the twenty-second year he was appointed Associate Commissioner of the Sichuan Circuit Penal and Investigation Commission. In the twenty-third year he was appointed censor. He impeached without sparing the powerful, and presented the emperor's compiled work, the 《Essentials of Agriculture and Sericulture》. In the twenty-fourth year he was transferred to Vice Commissioner for Encouraging Agriculture on the Shaanxi-Hanzhong Circuit. He established charity granaries and taught the people improved farming methods. In the twenty-eighth year he was transferred to Associate Commissioner of the Shaanxi-Hanzhong Circuit Penal and Investigation Commission. When the Penal and Investigation Commission was reorganized as the Commission for Purging Corruption and Investigating Misconduct, he was appointed its associate commissioner for the circuit. He removed the corrupt and advanced the able, and all acknowledged his fairness. In the thirty-first year he was transferred to the Southern Mountains Circuit. Songzi and Zhijiang suffered from flooding. Each year the people were conscripted for flood control, traveling hundreds of li back and forth at great cost in supplies. Shiwen saw that the river had settled, and abolished the labor entirely. Members of Imperial Son-in-law Yidu Hu's household relied on their patron's power to break the law. Shiwen punished the worst offenders and had them banished. In the second year of the Dade reign he was transferred to the Shandong Circuit, then recalled to the capital as Vice Director of the Directorate of Education. In the seventh year he was sent out as judicial inquirer of the Shaanxi Branch Secretariat. He cleared backlogged cases without showing favor to anyone. Before long illness forced him to retire to his home. In the ninth year he was promoted to Vice Surveillance Commissioner of the Shaanxi-Hanzhong Circuit for Purging Corruption, but illness again kept him from taking office. In the tenth year he was appointed Vice Director of the Court of Imperial Sacrifices, then transferred to Hanlin Attendant Reader with the ranks of Grand Master for Court Appearances, Drafting Officer, and Joint Compiler of National History. In the first year of the Zhida reign he helped compile the 《Veritable Records of Chengzong》. He was granted one hundred ingots of paper money but refused them. At that time many court compositions came from his hand. In the second year he was promoted to Junior Middle Grand Master. In the third year he asked for a provincial post and was appointed Chief Administrator of Taiping Circuit. A severe drought gripped the region. Shiwen donated his salary to pray for rain, and within days a soaking rain fell; the year turned abundant. More than sixty people of Dangtu who had slaughtered cattle to pray for rain were imprisoned. Shiwen took pity on them and set them free. Rice from the public fields piled up until it filled the house. He said, "There are only a few of us at home—how could we ever eat all this!" He summoned poor scholars and common people and let them take as much as they wished. Surveillance sub-commission officials who arrived in succession always paid their first visit to Shiwen and addressed him as Master. Though Shiwen had been in office only a short time, the circuit was entirely at peace. In the second year of the Huangqing reign he was recalled as Hanlin Attendant Reader with the ranks of Grand Master for Attending the Court, Drafting Officer, and Joint Compiler of National History. By imperial order he wrote pieces including the 《Preface to the Record of Wang Bo's Attainment of the Way》. He was granted two ingots of silver but refused them. He was appointed Surveillance Commissioner of the Yannan-Hebei Circuit for Purging Corruption but resigned because of illness. In the first year of the Yanyou reign he was summoned to serve as Hanlin Academician and Grand Master for Cherishing Virtue. When he reached Henan, illness forced him to return to Xiangyang. In the eighth month of autumn in the fourth year, while returning from supervising the Henan provincial examination, he stopped at Xiang County and died at a relay station. He was seventy-one and was buried on Xian Mountain in Xiangyang. In the second year of the Taiding reign he was posthumously granted the rank of Grand Master for Assisting Governance and Chief Guard General of the Upper Rank and appointed Left Assistant Administrator of the Henan-Jiangbei Branch Secretariat. He was enfeoffed posthumously as Duke of Wei Commandery with the posthumous name Wensu. In the eighth year of the Later Zhiyuan reign he received the additional posthumous title Honorable Minister Upholding Loyalty, Integrity, and Bright Conduct.

三子，長曰篤，仕至太中大夫、江東道肅政廉訪副使。

He had three sons. The eldest, Du, rose to Grand Master for Grand Harmony and Vice Surveillance Commissioner of the Jiangdong Circuit for Purging Corruption.

○張炤

○ Zhang Zhao

張炤，字彥明，濟南人。父信，以商賈起家，貲雄於鄉。壬辰歲饑，出粟賑貸，鄉人賴以全活。炤，幼穎悟力學，始補吏濟南，上計壽陽，行省有積年勾考未輸銀一十萬五千兩，炤條陳利害切至，遂獲免徵，民得無擾。中統元年，辟為中書省掾，俄遷右司提控案牘。四年，出為山東東路大都督府員外郎。至元四年，轉陝西五路西蜀四川行中書省左右司員外郎。八年，進階奉訓大夫、知兗州事。時州境亢旱，吏民懇禱不雨，炤始至，甘雨沾足。聞屬邑有桀黠吏，挾官府肆為暴橫，炤繩之以法，杖出境外，民害遂息。十一年，改授淮西等路行中書省左右司郎中。丞相阿塔海領軍進攻瓜洲、鎮江，炤運糧儲，給戰具，凡二年，贊畫之力居多。十三年，揚州未下，丞相阿術提兵攻之。五月，宋將李庭芝棄城遁泰州，炤領兵迫揚州城下，躬往招諭，制置硃煥以城降，庭芝亦就擒。炤傳檄未下州郡，皆望風款附。從阿術入覲，世祖賜錦衣、鞍勒。十三年，升太中大夫、揚州路總管府達魯花赤，商議行中書省事，佩金虎符。時行省在揚州，據南北要津，炤撫綏勞來，上下安之。十六年，改鎮江路總管府達魯花赤，謝病歸，購書八萬卷，以萬卷送濟南府學資教育。二十一年，起為東昌路總管，蒞政二年，吏民畏服，以治最稱。二十五年卒，年六十四。延祐五年，贈太中大夫、東昌路總管，追封清河郡侯，諡敬惠。子用中，沂州山場同提舉。

Zhang Zhao, whose courtesy name was Yanming, came from Jinan. His father Xin had built the family fortune through trade, and his wealth was the greatest in the district. In the renchen year, when famine struck, he distributed grain for relief and loan. The people of his district relied on him and survived. Zhao was bright and diligent from boyhood. His first appointment was as a clerk in Jinan. On an annual accounting trip to Shouyang, he found that the branch secretariat still owed one hundred five thousand taels in long-standing audit arrears. Zhao laid out the costs and benefits with sharp precision, secured an exemption from collection, and spared the people further hardship. In the first year of the Zhongtong reign he was recruited as a clerk in the Central Secretariat and was soon promoted to Chief Controller of Records in the Right Secretariat. In the fourth year he was sent out to serve as Outer Section Officer of the Shandong Eastern Circuit Grand General's Bureau. In the fourth year of the Zhiyuan reign he was transferred to Outer Section Officer of the Left and Right Secretariats of the Shaanxi Five Circuits and Western Sichuan Branch Secretariat. In the eighth year he was promoted to Grand Master for Cherished Instruction and appointed Administrator of Yan Prefecture. The prefecture was gripped by severe drought. Officials and commoners prayed without result until Zhao arrived; then a soaking rain fell. Learning that a subordinate county harbored a brutal clerk who used official power to terrorize the people, Zhao punished him by law, flogged him, and expelled him beyond the border. The people's suffering then ended. In the eleventh year he was reassigned as Chief Director of the Left and Right Secretariats of the Huai-Xi Branch Secretariat. When Chancellor Atahai led the army against Guazhou and Zhenjiang, Zhao handled grain transport and military supplies. For two years his planning made up the greater part of the effort. In the thirteenth year Yangzhou had not yet fallen, and Chancellor Aju led troops to besiege it. In the fifth month Song general Li Tingzhi abandoned Yangzhou and fled to Taizhou. Zhao brought his troops to the city walls, went in person to summon the defenders, and Pacification Commissioner Zhu Huan surrendered the city. Li Tingzhi was captured as well. Zhao's proclamations reached prefectures and commanderies still holding out, and one after another they submitted without a fight. When he followed Aju to audience with the emperor, Kublai bestowed brocade robes and saddle trappings on him. In the thirteenth year he was promoted to Grand Master for Grand Harmony and appointed Daruqad of the Yangzhou Circuit Chief Administrator's Office with authority to deliberate Branch Secretariat affairs, bearing a golden tiger tally. The branch secretariat was then stationed at Yangzhou, the vital crossing of north and south. Zhao soothed and encouraged the people, and the region settled. In the sixteenth year he was transferred to Daruqad of the Zhenjiang Circuit Chief Administrator's Office. Illness forced him to resign and return home. He bought eighty thousand scrolls of books and donated ten thousand to the Jinan Prefecture School to support education. In the twenty-first year he was recalled to serve as Chief Administrator of Dongchang Circuit. After two years in office officials and people alike respected him, and his governance was judged the best in the realm. In the twenty-fifth year he died, at the age of sixty-four. In the fifth year of the Yanyou reign he was posthumously granted the rank of Grand Master for Grand Harmony and the post of Chief Administrator of Dongchang Circuit. He was enfeoffed posthumously as Marquis of Qinghe Commandery with the posthumous name Jinghui. His son Yongzhong served as Associate Intendant of the Yizhou Mountain Works.

○袁裕

○ Yuan Yu

袁裕，字仲寬，洛陽人。幼孤，從兄避難聊城，因家焉。稍長嗜學。中統初，由聊城縣丞辟中書右司掾，始建言「給重囚衣糧醫藥，免籍其孥、產，止令出焚瘞錢」，後著為令。順天路民王住兒，因鬥誤殺人，其母年七十，言於朝曰：「妾寡且老，恃此兒以為生，兒死，則妾亦死矣。」裕言於執政曰：「囚誤殺人，情非故犯，當矜其母，乞宥之。」執政以聞，帝從之，囚得免死。南京總管劉克興掠良民為奴隸，後以矯制獲罪，當籍孥、產之半，裕言於中書，止籍其家，奴隸得復為民者數百。至元六年，遷開封府判官。洧川縣達魯花赤貪暴，盛夏役民捕蝗，禁不得飲水，民不勝忿，擊之而斃，有司當以大逆置極刑者七人，連坐者五十餘人。裕曰：「達魯花赤自犯眾怒而死，安可悉歸罪於民！」議誅首惡者一人，餘各杖之有差。部使者錄囚至縣，疑其太寬，裕辨之益力，遂陳其事狀於中書，刑曹竟從裕議。八年，拜監察御史，俄有旨授西夏中興等路新民安撫副使，兼本道巡行勸農副使、奉直大夫，佩金符。時徙鄂民萬餘於西夏，有司雖與廩食，而流離顛沛猶多。裕與安撫使獨吉請於朝，計丁給地，立三屯，使耕以自養，官民便之。又言：「西夏羌、渾雜居，驅良莫辨，宜驗已有從良書者，則為良民。」從之，得八千餘人，官給牛具，使力田為農。十三年，進甘州等路宣撫副使，兼西夏中興等路新民安撫副使。明年，移鎮甘州。十八年，調南陽知府。明年，召拜刑部侍郎，出為順德路總管。郡有鐵冶提舉張鑑，無子，買妾，其妻妒而殺之。裕捕其妻，訊之服辜。裕用法平允，而疾惡不少貸如此。二十一年，卒於官，年五十九。裕以其兄有鞠育之恩，令其子師愈推廕兄子仁，師癒後仕至侍御史。

Yuan Yu, whose courtesy name was Zhongkuan, came from Luoyang. Orphaned in childhood, he followed an elder cousin to Liaocheng to escape turmoil and settled there. As he grew older he devoted himself to learning. Early in the Zhongtong era he was recruited from assistant magistrate of Liaocheng County to clerk of the Right Secretariat of the Central Secretariat. He first proposed that heavy prisoners be given clothing, grain, and medicine, that their wives, children, and property not be registered for confiscation, and that they be charged only a cremation and burial fee. The proposal later became law. Wang Zhu'er, a resident of Shuntian Circuit, had killed a man by mistake in a brawl. His seventy-year-old mother petitioned the court, saying, "I am a widow and old. I depend on this son for my livelihood. If he dies, I die as well." Yu told the chief administrators, "The prisoner killed by mistake, not by design. Pity his mother and grant him pardon." The administrators reported to the throne, the emperor agreed, and the prisoner was spared execution. Liu Kexing, chief administrator of Nanjing, had seized good people as slaves. Later he was punished for forging an edict, and half his family and property should have been confiscated. Yu appealed to the Central Secretariat, which registered only his household. Several hundred enslaved people were restored to common status. In the sixth year of the Zhiyuan reign he was transferred to Vice Magistrate of Kaifeng Prefecture. The Daruqad of Weichuan County was greedy and cruel. In midsummer he conscripted the people to catch locusts and forbade them to drink water. Unable to endure it, the people attacked and killed him. The authorities proposed capital punishment for great treason against seven men, with more than fifty others implicated. Yu said, "The Daruqad brought public wrath on himself and died by his own fault. How can the whole blame fall on the people!" Only one ringleader was sentenced to death; the rest received floggings of varying severity. When a departmental envoy reviewing prisoners arrived at the county, he thought the punishment too mild. Yu argued all the more forcefully and reported the case to the Central Secretariat. The Penal Bureau finally upheld Yu's judgment. In the eighth year he was appointed censor. Soon afterward an edict made him Vice Pacification Commissioner of Xingzhong and other circuits of Western Xia for New Residents, concurrently Vice Commissioner for Encouraging Agriculture on the same circuit, with the rank of Grand Master for Direct Uprightness and a golden tally. More than ten thousand people had been relocated from Ezhou to Western Xia. Though the authorities issued grain from the storehouses, many still wandered in misery. Yu and Pacification Commissioner Duji petitioned the court to allocate land by household, establish three agricultural colonies, and let the settlers farm for their own support. Both the government and the people benefited. He also proposed, "In Western Xia Qiang and Hun live side by side, and it is hard to tell who has been wrongly seized. Those who already hold certificates of manumission should be recognized as free commoners." The court approved. More than eight thousand people were identified, given oxen and tools by the government, and settled as farmers. In the thirteenth year he was promoted to Vice Pacification Commissioner of Ganzhou and other circuits, while retaining his concurrent post as Vice Pacification Commissioner of Xingzhong and other circuits of Western Xia for New Residents. The following year he was transferred to administer Ganzhou. In the eighteenth year he was transferred to Administrator of Nanyang Prefecture. The following year he was summoned to serve as Vice Minister of Punishments, then sent out as Chief Administrator of Shunde Circuit. In the circuit Iron Smelting Intendant Zhang Jian, who had no son, bought a concubine. His wife killed her in a fit of jealousy. Yu arrested the wife, interrogated her, and she confessed to the crime. Yu enforced the law with evenhanded fairness, yet in punishing wickedness he rarely showed mercy, as he did here. In the twenty-first year he died in office, at the age of fifty-nine. Because his elder brother had raised him, Yu had his son Shi Yu secure hereditary privilege for his brother's son Ren. Shi Yi later entered service and rose to Attending Censor.

○張昉

○ Zhang Fang

張昉，字顯卿，東平汶上人。父汝明，金大安元年經義進士，官至治書侍御史。昉性縝密，遇事敢言，確然有守，以任子試補吏部令史。金亡，還鄉里。嚴實行台東平，辟為掾。鄉人有執左道惑眾謀不軌者，事覺逮捕，詿誤甚眾，諸僚佐莫敢言，昉獨別白出數百人，實才之，進幕職。時兵後，吏曹雜進，不習文法，東平轄郡邑五十四，民眾事繁，簿書填委，漫無統紀。昉坐曹，躬閱案牘，左酬右答，咸得其當，事無留滯。初，有將校死事，以弟襲其職者，至是革去，昉辨明，復之，持金夜饋昉，昉卻之，慚謝而去。同里張氏，以絲五萬兩寄昉家而他適，俄而昉家被火，家人惶駭走避，貲用悉焚，惟力完所寄絲，付張氏。乙卯，權知東平府事，以疾辭，家居養母。中統四年，參知中書省事。商挺鎮巴蜀，表為四川等處行樞密院參議。至元元年，入為中書省左右司郎中，甄別能否，公其黜陟，人無怨言。三年，遷制國用使司郎中。制司專職財賦，時宰領之，倚任集事，尤號煩重，昉竭誠贊畫，出納惟謹，賦不加斂，而國用以饒。四年，丁內憂，哀毀踰制。尋詔起復，錄囚東平，多所平反。七年，轉尚書省左右司郎中。九年，改中書省左右司郎中。昉有識慮，損益古今，裁定典憲，時皆宜之，名為稱職。十一年，拜兵刑部尚書，上疏乞骸骨，致其事，卒。贈中奉大夫、參知政事，追封東平郡公，諡莊憲。

Zhang Fang, whose courtesy name was Xianqing, came from Wen County in Dongping. His father Ru Ming passed the jingyi jinshi examination in the first year of the Jin D'ing'an era and eventually reached the post of Investigation Censor. Fang was meticulous by nature, spoke out boldly when matters arose, and held firmly to his principles. Through the son-of-official quota he entered service as a trial appointee to clerk of the Ministry of Personnel. After the fall of the Jin, he returned home. When Yan Shi established the Eastern Pacification Commandery as a mobile bureau, he recruited Fang as an aide. A fellow townsman practiced heterodox teachings to mislead the people and plotted rebellion. When the plot was uncovered and arrests followed, many innocent people were implicated. None of the staff dared speak up, but Fang alone distinguished the guilty from the innocent and cleared several hundred people. Shi recognized his talent and promoted him to secretariat staff. In the aftermath of war, officials had been appointed in haste and knew little of legal procedure. Dongping governed fifty-four counties and districts. The population was large, business was heavy, documents piled up, and there was no order to anything. Fang sat at his desk and personally reviewed the case files, fielding requests from every side. Everything was handled appropriately, and no business was left pending. Previously, when military officers died in service, their younger brothers had inherited their posts, but that practice had now been abolished. Fang clarified the matter and restored it. One man brought gold by night as a gift; Fang refused it, and the man withdrew in shame. A man surnamed Zhang of the same village left fifty thousand liang of silk in Fang's care and went away on business. Soon afterward Fang's house caught fire. The family fled in panic and all their property was burned, yet they managed to preserve the deposited silk intact and returned it to the Zhang family. In a yimao year he served as acting prefect of Dongping. He then resigned on grounds of illness and remained at home to care for his mother. In the fourth year of Zhongtong he was appointed Assistant Manager of Secretariat Affairs. When Shang Ting was stationed in Bashu, he recommended Fang as Consultant of the Sichuan Regional Pacification Commission. In the first year of Zhiyuan he entered the capital as Director of the Left and Right Secretariats of the Central Secretariat. He assessed who was capable and who was not, made promotions and demotions impartially, and no one raised complaint. In the third year he was transferred to Director of the State Revenue Office. The Revenue Office handled finances alone, and the chief minister who supervised it relied on it for the most demanding work in government. Fang devoted himself wholeheartedly to planning. Receipts and disbursements were handled with scrupulous care, taxes were not increased, and yet state revenue grew ample. In the fourth year he entered mourning for his mother, and his grief and self-mortification exceeded what custom prescribed. Soon an edict recalled him from mourning. He reviewed prisoners in Dongping and reversed many wrongful convictions. In the seventh year he was transferred to Director of the Left and Right Secretariats of the Ministry of Revenue. In the ninth year he was reassigned as Director of the Left and Right Secretariats of the Central Secretariat. Fang had foresight and sound judgment. He weighed ancient and modern practice, settled institutions and laws, and made decisions suited to the times. He was regarded as fully competent in office. In the eleventh year he was appointed Minister of War and Punishments. He submitted a memorial requesting retirement, relinquished his duties, and died. He was posthumously granted the title Zhongfeng Grand Master and the post of Assistant Manager of Secretariat Affairs, posthumously enfeoffed as Duke of Dongping Commandery, and given the posthumous name Zhuangxian.

子克遹，平陰縣尹。孫振，秘書著作郎；揆，中書省左司都事；拱，常德路蒙古學教授。

His son Ke Yu served as magistrate of Pingyin County. His grandson Zhen served as Compilation Officer of the Secretariat; Kui served as Commissioner of the Left Secretariat of the Central Secretariat; and Gong served as Professor of the Mongolian School of Changde Circuit.

○郝彬

○ Hao Bin

郝彬，字景文，霸州信安人也。世祖初，年十六，充太子宿衛，擢揚州路治中。宋末，鄞縣顧閏，聚眾海島，時出攻剽，宋羈縻以官，內附後益橫，侵揚州境，彬討禽之。泰興人有被殺二年而捕賊不獲者，吏誣平人，獄已具。彬疑其誣，讞之，果得真賊。御史薦彬同知淮西道宣慰司事，核戶版，理屯田，諸廢修舉。江淮財賦總管府掌東宮田賦，其官屬皆從詹事院奏授，不隸中書，往往為奸利，誅求無厭。彬為總管，入見，請受憲司糾察以革私弊，罷所隸六提舉司以蘇民瘼。從之，遂罷其四。國家經費，鹽利居十之八，而兩淮鹽獨當天下之半，法日以壞，以彬行戶部尚書經理之。彬請度舟楫所通、道里所均，建六倉，煮鹽於場，運積之倉；歲首，聽群商於轉運司探倉籌定其所，乃買券，又定河商、江商市易之不如法者，著為法。入為工部尚書，改戶部尚書，拜中書參知政事，俄免歸。尚書省立，拜參知政事，辭不獲命。同列務生事要功，殺無罪之人，彬積誠意開引，或從或違，橫不可製。命兼大司徒，不拜。仁宗在東宮，彬懇辭至力，因稱疾篤。時相強起之，至奏重賜以餌之，彬不為動。議罪之，罪無從得，彬堅臥一榻至數月，尚書省臣皆得罪，彬不與焉。家居七年，足跡未嘗一出門外。仁宗思之，以為大司農卿，未幾，謝病。延祐七年三月卒。

Hao Bin, whose courtesy name was Jingwen, came from Xin'an in Bazhou. Early in the reign of Shizu, at the age of sixteen, he entered the Crown Prince's guard corps and was promoted to Vice Prefect of Yangzhou Circuit. Near the end of the Song, Gu Run of Yin County gathered followers on offshore islands and periodically launched raids. The Song kept him pacified by granting him office, but after he submitted to the Yuan he grew bolder still and invaded Yangzhou territory. Bin captured him. In Taixing a man had been murdered two years earlier and the killer still had not been caught. Officials framed an innocent man, and the case was already settled. Bin suspected a false accusation, referred the case upward for review, and the real culprit was found. A censor recommended Bin for the post of Vice Commissioner of the Huaidao Pacification Commission. He verified household registers, managed military colonies, and restored projects that had fallen into neglect. The Jianghuai Revenue General Office managed the Crown Prince's field taxes. Its officials were appointed on memorial from the Crown Prince Household Office rather than through the Central Secretariat, and they often used their posts for private profit, extorting the people without end. When Bin became General Manager, he appeared at court and asked that his office be subject to Surveillance Commission inspection in order to root out private abuses. He also requested the abolition of the six sub-offices under its jurisdiction to relieve the people's suffering. The court approved the request, and four of the six sub-offices were abolished. Salt profits accounted for eight tenths of state revenue, and Liang-Huai salt alone supplied half the empire. As the system grew daily more corrupt, Bin was appointed acting Minister of Revenue to reform it. Bin proposed surveying where waterways were navigable and routes were evenly spaced, building six warehouses, boiling salt at the production sites, and transporting it for storage; permitting merchants at the year's start to inspect the warehouses at the Transport Office and choose their locations before purchasing certificates. He also regulated improper trading by river merchants and river-boat merchants and incorporated the rules into law. He entered the capital as Minister of Works, was transferred to Minister of Revenue, and was appointed Assistant Manager of the Central Secretariat, but soon was dismissed and sent home. When the Ministry of Revenue was established, he was again appointed Assistant Manager of Secretariat Affairs. He declined, but the order could not be refused. His colleagues manufactured affairs to win credit and killed innocent people. Bin remonstrated with them sincerely and at length. Some listened and some did not, and their excesses could not be checked. He was ordered to serve concurrently as Grand Minister of Agriculture, but he refused to accept the appointment. While Renzong was still at the Eastern Palace, Bin declined the appointment with all the force he could muster and then claimed grave illness. The chief minister forcibly tried to recall him and even memorialized for lavish rewards to entice him, but Bin would not be moved. They debated punishing him, but no charge could be made to stick. Bin lay on a single couch for months on end. When the officials of the Ministry of Revenue were all punished, Bin was not among them. He remained at home for seven years and never once set foot outside his door. Renzong missed him and appointed him Grand Minister of Agriculture, but before long Bin resigned on grounds of illness. He died in the third month of the seventh year of Yanyou.

○高源

○ Gao Yuan

高源，字仲淵，晉州人。高祖揖，為州法吏，用法公平。父汝霖，為真定廉訪司照磨，使東平，道高唐，遇盜死。源幼力學，事母孝，補縣吏。中統初，擢衛輝路知事，累升齊河縣尹，有遺愛，去官十年，民猶立碑頌之。遷行台都事，僉江南浙西道提刑按察司事。劾常州路達魯花赤馬恕奪民田及他不法事。恕懼，走賂權臣阿合馬，以他事誣源。既係獄，一日，忽釋之，莫知所由。先時，源所居鄰里，多阿合馬姻戚，素知源事母至孝。至是，聞源坐非辜，悉詣阿合馬曰：「源，孝子也，非但我知之，天必知之。況媒孽之罪非實，若妄殺源，悖天不祥。」阿合馬感悟，得不死。尋除河間等路都轉運副使，撫治有條，灶戶逃者皆復業，常賦外，羨餘幾十萬緡。至元二十四年，為江東道勸農營田使。二十八年，遷都水監。開通惠河，由文明門東七十里，與會通河接，置閘七、橋十二，人蒙其利。授同知湖南道宣慰司事。卒，年七十七。子夢弼、良弼、公弼。

Gao Yuan, whose courtesy name was Zhongyuan, came from Jizhou. His great-grandfather Yi served as a district legal clerk and applied the law with fairness. His father Ru Lin served as recording secretary of the Zhending Investigation Commission. While traveling on mission to Dongping, he was killed by bandits at Gaotang. From youth Yuan applied himself to learning, served his mother with filial devotion, and entered service as a county clerk. Early in the Zhongtong era he was promoted to assistant of Weihui Circuit and eventually rose to magistrate of Qihe County. The people cherished him, and ten years after he left office they still erected a stele in his praise. He was transferred to Chief of Staff of the Mobile Bureau and appointed to the Jiangnan Zhexi Circuit Investigation and Surveillance Commission. He impeached Ma Nu, the darughachi of Changzhou Circuit, for seizing commoners' land and other unlawful acts. Nu was afraid and fled to bribe the powerful minister Ahmad, who then framed Yuan on other charges. After Yuan was imprisoned, he was suddenly released one day, and no one knew why. Earlier, many of Ahmad's relatives by marriage had lived in Yuan's neighborhood and had long known how filial he was toward his mother. When they heard that Yuan had been wrongfully imprisoned, they all went to Ahmad and said, "Yuan is a filial son. It is not only we who know this--Heaven knows it as well. Moreover the charges against him are false. If you kill Yuan without cause, you will defy Heaven and bring misfortune upon yourself." Moved by their words, Ahmad spared Yuan's life. Soon he was appointed Deputy Transport Commissioner of Hejian Circuit and other circuits. He governed in an orderly way, salt-household deserters all returned to their work, and beyond the regular taxes he produced a surplus of nearly several hundred thousand strings of cash. In the twenty-fourth year of Zhiyuan he was appointed Commissioner for Agricultural Encouragement and Colony Management of Jiangdong Circuit. In the twenty-eighth year he was transferred to Supervisor of Waterworks. He opened the Tonghui Canal from a point seventy li east of Civilization Gate, connecting it with the Hui Tong River. He installed seven locks and twelve bridges, and the people reaped the benefit. He was appointed Vice Commissioner of the Hunan Pacification Commission. He died at the age of seventy-seven. His sons were Mengbi, Liangbi, and Gongbi.

○楊湜

○ Yang Shi

楊湜，字彥清，真定藁城人。習章程學，工書算，始以府吏遷檢法。中統元年，辟為中書掾，與中山楊珍、無極楊卞齊名，時人以三楊目之。中書省初立，國用不足，湜論鈔法宜以榷貨制國用，朝廷從之，因俾掌其條製。四年，授益都路宣慰司諮議，遷左司提控掾，請嚴贓吏法。至元二年，除河南大名諸處行中書省都事。三年，立制國用司，總天下錢穀，以湜為員外郎，佩金符。改宣徽院參議。湜計帑立籍，具其出入之算，每月終上之，遂定為令。加諸路交鈔都提舉，上鈔法便宜事，謂平準行用庫白金出入，有偷濫之弊，請以五十兩鑄為錠，文以元寶，用之便。七年，改制國用司為尚書省，拜戶部侍郎，仍兼交鈔提舉。時用壬子舊籍定民賦役之高下，湜言：「貧富不常，歲久浸易，其可以昔時之籍，而定今之賦役哉！」廷議善之，因俾第其輕重，人以為平。湜心計精析，時論經費者，咸推其能焉。

Yang Shi, whose courtesy name was Yanqing, came from Gaocheng in Zhending. He studied regulatory learning and was skilled in writing and calculation. He began as a prefectural clerk and was later transferred to legal inspector. In the first year of Zhongtong he was recruited as an aide of the Central Secretariat. Together with Yang Zhen of Zhongshan and Yang Bian of Wuji he was equally renowned, and people of the time called them the Three Yangs. When the Central Secretariat was first established, state revenue was insufficient. Shi argued that the paper-money system should be used to fund the state through monopoly trade. The court agreed and put him in charge of drafting the regulations. In the fourth year he was appointed Consultant of the Yidu Circuit Pacification Commission and was transferred to Control Aide of the Left Secretariat, where he requested strict laws against corrupt officials. In the second year of Zhiyuan he was appointed Chief Staff Officer of the Henan-Daming Regional Central Secretariat. In the third year the State Revenue Office was established to oversee the empire's finances. Shi was appointed Vice Director and was granted a gold tally. He was transferred to Consultant of the Imperial Household Commission. Shi inventoried the treasury and established ledgers detailing income and expenditure, submitting accounts at the end of each month. The practice was then fixed as a regulation. He was additionally appointed Chief Inspector of Paper Money Circuits and submitted proposals to improve the paper-money system. He said the stable-circulation warehouses suffered theft and dilution in their handling of white silver, and requested that fifty-liang ingots marked as yuanbao be cast for easier use. In the seventh year the State Revenue Office was reorganized as the Ministry of Revenue. He was appointed Vice Minister of Revenue while retaining his concurrent post as Chief Inspector of Paper Money. At the time the renzi household register was used to fix people's tax and corvee obligations. Shi said, "Wealth and poverty are not fixed. Over the years they gradually shift. How can a register from former times be used to fix present taxes and corvee obligations?" The court discussion approved his view and had him rank obligations by degree of burden. People regarded the result as fair. Shi had a precise and analytical mind for financial calculation, and whenever people of the time discussed state finances they praised his ability.

子克忠，安豐路總管。孫貞。

His son Kezhong served as General Manager of Anfeng Circuit. His grandson was Zhen.

○吳鼎

○ Wu Ding

吳鼎，字鼎臣，燕人。至元十七年，見裕宗於東宮，命入宿衛。二十五年，授織染雜造局總管府副總管，後積官至禮部尚書、宣徽副使。太德十一年，山東諸郡飢，詔鼎往賑之。朝廷議發米四萬石，鈔折米一萬石，鼎謂同使者曰：「民得鈔，將何從易米？」同使者曰：「朝議已定，恐不可復得。」鼎曰：「人命豈不重於米耶！」言於朝，卒從所請。至大元年，改正奉大夫、保定路總管。時皇太后欲幸五台，言者請開保定西五回嶺，以取捷徑。遣使即鼎，使視地形，計工費，鼎言：「荒山斗入，人跡久絕，非乘輿所宜往。」還報，太后喜，為寢其役。三年，召授資善大夫、同知中政院事。兩浙財賦隸中政者巨萬計，前往者率多取其贏，鼎治之，一無私焉。浙有兩富豪，曰硃、張家，多貸與民錢，其後兩家誅沒，而券之已償者，亦入於官，官唯驗券徵理，民不能堪。鼎力為辨白，始獲免。四年，改京畿澧運使。皇慶二年，特旨复僉宣徵院事；四月，進資政大夫、崇祥院使。延祐三年卒，年五十有三。贈榮祿大夫、平章政事、柱國，追封薊國公，諡孝敏。

Wu Ding, whose courtesy name was Dingchen, came from Yan. In the seventeenth year of Zhiyuan he was received by Crown Prince Zong at the Eastern Palace and ordered to enter the guard corps. In the twenty-fifth year he was appointed Deputy General Manager of the Dyeing and Miscellaneous Manufactures Bureau. He later rose through successive posts to Minister of Rites and Vice Commissioner of the Imperial Household Commission. In the eleventh year of Dade the circuits of Shandong suffered famine, and an edict ordered Ding to go and provide relief. The court planned to distribute forty thousand shi of grain and paper money equivalent to ten thousand shi of grain. Ding told his fellow envoy, "If the people receive paper money, where will they get grain to exchange for it?" His fellow envoy said, "The court's decision is already settled. I fear it cannot be changed." Ding replied, "Are human lives not worth more than grain?" He appealed to the court, and in the end his request was granted. In the first year of Zhida he was promoted to Zhengfeng Grand Master and appointed General Manager of Baoding Circuit. At that time the empress dowager wished to visit Mount Wutai, and memorializers proposed opening Wuhui Ridge west of Baoding as a shortcut. An envoy was sent to Ding to survey the terrain and estimate the cost of the work. Ding said, "The mountains are barren and rise steeply, and human traffic has long ceased. It is not a route fit for the imperial carriage." He reported back, and the empress dowager was pleased and abandoned the project. In the third year he was summoned and appointed Grand Master for Excellent Goodness and Vice Director of the Central Government Affairs Court. The Two Zhes' revenues under the Central Government Affairs Court ran to tens of millions, and officials sent there usually skimmed profits for themselves. Ding administered the office without taking anything for himself. In Zhe two wealthy houses, the Zhu and Zhang families, had lent heavily to the people. Later both families were executed and their property confiscated, and even receipts for debts already repaid were seized by the state. Officials enforced payment by bond alone, and the people could not endure it. Ding argued strenuously on their behalf, and only then were they released from the demand. In the fourth year he was appointed Transport Commissioner of the Capital Region. In the second year of Huangqing, by special imperial order he was again appointed to administer the Bureau of Palace Provisions; In the fourth month he was promoted to Grand Master for Governance Assistance and Director of the Court of August Felicity. In the third year of Yanyou he died, aged fifty-three. He was posthumously granted Grand Master of Glory and Blessing, Grand Administrator of the Secretariat, and Pillar of the State, enfeoffed posthumously as Duke of Ji, with the posthumous title Xiaomin.

○梁德圭

○ Liang Degui

梁德圭，字伯溫，大興良鄉人。初給事昭睿順聖皇后宮，令習國語，通奏對。年十一，見世祖。至元十六年，為中書左司員外郎，俄升郎中，六遷至參議尚書省事。至元三十一年，執政入奏事，帝詢其曲折，不能對，德圭從旁辯析，明白通暢，帝大悅，拜參知政事。在省日久，凡錢穀出納之制，銓選進退之宜，諸籓賜予之節，命有驟至，不暇閱簡牘，同列莫知措辭，德圭數語即定；間遇疑事，則曰某事當如某律，某年嘗有此旨，驗之皆然。北京地震，帝閱州郡報囚之數，怪其過多，德圭方在右司，詔問焉。對曰：「當國者急於徵索，蔓延收系，以致此爾。」帝感悟，為大赦中外逋負，民賴以蘇。大德間，成宗即位，一遵祖武，廟堂以安靜為治，求進者不得逞其志，朋聚興怨，摭事中傷德圭。會帝有疾，言者盛氣致詰，德圭以位居執政，不受凌轢，慷慨引咎，遂安置湖廣。帝疾愈，問知之，召使復位。既至，帝問：「卿安在？」德圭涕泣不能語。賜酒饌，使往拜其母，因以氣疾，乞骸骨歸。大德八年九月，卒於家，年四十有六。

Liang Degui, whose courtesy name was Bowen, came from Liangxiang in Daxing. He began as an attendant in the palace of Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng, was instructed to study Mongolian, and became adept at audience with the throne. At eleven he was received in audience by Kublai. In the sixteenth year of Zhiyuan he served as Vice Director in the Left Department of the Secretariat, was soon promoted to Director, and after six further appointments reached Commissioner for Deliberation on Secretariat Affairs. In the thirty-first year of Zhiyuan a chief administrator came to report on affairs, but when the emperor asked for details he could not answer. Degui explained from the side with clarity and fluency. The emperor was greatly pleased and appointed him Vice Administrator of the Secretariat. After long service in the secretariat he knew every rule governing revenue, appointments and dismissals, and grants to the princely domains. When sudden orders arrived with no time to consult documents and his colleagues did not know how to respond, Degui settled the matter in a few words; When doubtful cases arose he would say that a given matter should follow a given statute, or that an edict on the subject had been issued in a given year—and verification always proved him right. When Beijing was struck by an earthquake, the emperor reviewed prisoner counts reported from the prefectures and found them alarmingly high. Degui was serving in the Right Department at the time, and the emperor questioned him by edict. He replied, "Those governing the state are overzealous in collection and seizure, and arrests have spread everywhere until this is the result." The emperor took the point to heart, proclaimed a great amnesty for debts and arrears throughout the realm, and the people were able to recover. During the Dade reign Chengzong succeeded to the throne and followed his grandfather's policies in full. The court governed by quietism, and those eager for advancement could not achieve their aims. They banded together in resentment and seized on incidents to slander Degui. When the emperor fell ill, his accusers confronted him with fierce aggression. Degui, holding high office, refused to be bullied, boldly accepted blame, and was posted to Huguang. When the emperor recovered and learned what had happened, he summoned Degui back to his post. When he arrived, the emperor asked, "Where have you been?" Degui wept and could not speak. The emperor granted him wine and food and sent him to visit his mother. Citing a respiratory ailment, he then begged to retire and return home. In the ninth month of the eighth year of Dade he died at home, aged forty-six.

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